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+
vi k l s nguyn ty
2) PHNG PHP A V DNG TNG
Bin i phng trnh v dng: v tri l tng ca cc bnh phng, v phi l tng
ca cc s chnh phng.
V d 3: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
2 2
8 x y x y + (1)
Gii:
(1)
2 2
4 4 4 4 32 x y x y +
2 2
2 2 2 2
(4 4 1) (4 4 1) 34
| 2 1| | 2 1| 3 5
x x y y
x y
+ + + +
+ +
Bng phng php th chn ta thy 34 ch c duy nht mt dng phn tch thnh
tng ca hai s chnh phng
2 2
3 , 5 . Do phng trnh tha mn ch trong hai kh
nng:
| 2 1| 3
| 2 1| 5
x
y
'
hoc
| 2 1| 5
| 2 1| 3
x
y
'
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Gii cc h trn
1 ;
2), (
2 ;
1)
3) PHNG PHP DNG BT NG THC
Trong khi gii cc phng trnh nghim nguyn rt cn nh gi cc min gi tr
ca cc bin, nu s gi tr m bin s c th nhn khng nhiu c th dng phng
php th trc tip kim tra. nh gi c min gi tr ca bin s cn vn
dng linh hot cc tnh cht chia ht, ng d, bt ng thc
a) Phng php sp th t cc n
V d 4: Tm ba s nguyn dng sao cho tng ca chng bng tch ca chng
Gii:
Cch 1: Gi cc s nguyn dng phi tm l x, y, z. Ta c:
. . x y z x y z + +
(1)
Ch rng cc n x, y, z c vai tr bnh ng trong phng trnh nn c th sp xp
th t gi tr ca cc n, chng hn:
1 x y z
Do :
3 xyz x y z z + +
Chia hai v ca bt ng thc
3 xyz z
cho s dng z ta c:
3 xy
Do
{1; 2;3} xy
Vi xy = 1, ta c x = 1, y = 1. Thay vo (1) c 2 + z = z (loi)
Vi xy = 2, ta c x = 1, y = 2. Thay vo (1) c z = 3
Vi xy = 3, ta c x = 1, y = 3. Thay vo (1) c z = 2 loi v
y z
Vy ba s phi tm l 1; 2; 3.
Cch 2: Chia hai v ca (1) cho
0 xyz
c:
1 1 1
1
yz xz xy
+ +
Gi s
1 x y z
ta c
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
1
yz xz xy z z z z
+ + + +
Suy ra
2
3
1
z
do
2
3 z nn z = 1. Thay z = 1 vo (1):
1 x y xy + +
1 xy x y
( 1) ( 1) 2 x y y
( 1)( 1) 2 x y
Ta c
1 1 0 x y
nn
Suy ra
Ba s phi tm l 1; 2; 3
V d 5:
Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh sau :
5(x + y + z + t) + 10 = 2xyzt .
x 1 2
y 1 1
x 3
y 2
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Gii
V vai tr ca x, y, z, t nh nhau nn c th gi thit
x y z t.
Khi : 2xyzt = 5(x + y + z + t) +10 20x + 10
3
15 15 2 yzt t t
Vi t = 1 ta c : 2xyz = 5(x + y + z) +15 15x + 15
2
2 30 2 30 3 yz z z
Nu z = 1 th 2xy = 5(x + y) + 20 hay 4xy = 10(x + y) + 40 hay
(2x 5)(2y 5) = 65 .
D thy rng phng trnh ny c nghim l
(x = 35; y = 3) v (x = 9; y = 5).
Gii tng t cho cc trng cn li v trng hp t = 2. Cui cng ta tm c
nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh cho l (x; y; z; t) = (35; 3; 1; 1); (9; 5; 1; 1)
v cc hon v ca cc b s ny.
b) Phng php xt tng khong gi tr ca n
V d 6: Tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh:
1 1 1
3 x y
+
Gii:
Do vai tr bnh ng ca x v y, gi s
x y
. Dng bt ng thc gii hn
khong gi tr ca s nh hn (l y).
Hin nhin ta c
1 1
3 y
<
nn
3 y >
(1)
Mt khc do
1 x y
nn
1 1
x y
. Do :
1 1 1 1 1 2
3 x y y y y
+ +
nn
6 y
(2)
Ta xc nh c khong gi tri ca y l
4 6 y
Vi y = 4 ta c:
1 1 1 1
3 4 12 x
nn x = 12
Vi y = 5 ta c:
1 1 1 2
3 5 15 x
loi v x khng l s nguyn
Vi y = 6 ta c:
1 1 1 1
3 6 6 x
nn x = 6
Cc nghim ca phng trnh l: (4 ; 12), (12 ; 4), (6 ; 6)
c) Phng php ch ra nghim nguyn
V d 7: Tm cc s t nhin x sao cho:
2 3 5
x x x
+
Gii:
Vit phng trnh di dng:
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
2 3
1
5 5
x x
_ _
+
, ,
(1)
Vi x = 0 th v tri ca (1) bng 2, loi.
Vi x = 1 th v tri ca (1) bng 1, ng
Vi 2 x th
2 2 3 3
,
5 5 5 5
x x
_ _
< <
, ,
nn:
2 3 2 3
1
5 5 5 5
x x
_ _
+ < +
, ,
loi
Nghim duy nht ca phng trnh l x = 1
d) S dng diu kin 0 V phng trnh bc hai c nghim
V d 8: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
2 2
x y xy x y + + + (1)
Gii
Vit (1) thnh phng trnh bc hai i vi x:
2 2
( 1) ( ) 0 x y x y y + + (2)
iu kin cn (2) c nghim l 0 V
2 2 2
( 1) 4( ) 3 6 1 0 y y y y y + + + V
2
3 6 1 0 y y
2
3( 1) 4 y
Do
2
( 1) 1 y suy ra:
y 1 -1 0 1
y 0 1 2
Vi y = 0 thay vo (2) c
2
1 2
0 0; 1 x x x x
Vi y = 1 thay vo (2) c
2
3 4
2 0 0; 2 x x x x
Vi y = 2 thay vo (2) c
2
5 6
3 2 0 1; 2 x x x x +
Th li, cc gi tr trn nghim ng vi phng trnh (1)
p s: (0 ; 0), (1 ; 0), (0 ; 1), (2 ; 1), (1 ; 2), (2 ; 2)
4) PHNG PHP DNG TNH CHIA HT, TNH NG
D
Khi gii cc phng trnh nghim nguyn cn vn dng linh hot cc tnh cht v
chia ht, ng d, tnh chn l, tm ra im c bit ca cc bin s cng nh
cc biu thc cha trong phng trnh, t a phng trnh v cc dng m ta
bit cch gii hoc a v nhng phng trnh n gin hn..
a) Phng php pht hin tnh chia ht ca n:
V d 9: Gii phng trnh vi nghim nguyn:
3x + 17y = 159
Gii:
Gi s x, y l cc s nguyn tha mn phng trnh. Ta thy 159 v 2x u chia ht
cho 3 nn 17yM3 do yM3 ( v 17 v 3 nguyn t cng nhau)
t y = 3t ( t ). Thay vo phng trnh ta c:
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
3x + 17.3t = 159
x + 17t = 53
Do :
53 17
3
x t
y t
'
( t )
o li, thay cc biu thc ca x v y vo phng trnh ta c nghim ng.
Vy phng trnh (1) c v s nghim nguync xc nh bng cng thc:
53 17
3
x t
y t
'
(t l s nguyn ty )
V d 10:
Chng minh rng phng trnh :
2 2
5 27 x y (1) khng c nghim l s
nguyn.
Gii
Mt s nguyn x bt k ch c th biu din di dng x = 5k hoc x = 5k 1 hoc x
= 5k 2 trong k
Nu x = 5k th :
2 2 2 2
(1) (5 ) 5 27 5(5 ) 27 k y k y
iu ny v l, v v tri chia ht cho 5 vi mi k v y l s nguyn, cn v phi
khng chia ht cho 5
Nu x = 5k 1 th :
2 2
(1) (5 1) 5 27 k y t
2 2
25 10 1 5 27 k k y t +
2 2
5(5 4 ) 23 k k y t
iu ny cng v l, v tri chia ht cho 5 vi mi k v y l s nguyn, cn v phi
khng chia ht cho 5
Nu x = 5k 2 th :
2 2
(1) (5 2) 5 27 k y t
2 2
25 20 4 5 27 k k y t +
2 2
5(5 4 ) 23 k k y t
Lp lun tng t nh trn, iu ny cng v l
Vy phng trnh cho khng c nghim l s nguyn
V d 11:
Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh sau :
19x
2
+ 28y
2
= 729.
Gii
Cch 1. Vit phng trnh cho di dng
(18x
2
+ 27y
2
) + (x
2
+ y
2
) = 729 (1)
T (1) suy ra x
2
+ y
2
chia ht 3, do x v y u chia ht cho 3. t
x = 3u, y = 3v
( , ) u v
Thay vo phng trnh cho ta c : 19u
2
+ 28v
2
= 81. (2)
T (2) lp lun tng t trn ta suy ra u = 3s, v = 3t
( , ) s t
Thay vo (2) ta c 19s
2
+ 28t
2
= 9. (3)
T (3) suy ra s, t khng ng thi bng 0, do
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
19s
2
+ 28t
2
19 > 9.
Vy (3) v nghim v do phng trnh cho cng v nghim.
Cch 2. Gi s phng trnh c nghim
T phng trnh cho ta suy ra x
2
-1 (mod 4), iu ny khng xy ra vi mi s
nguyn x. Vy phng trnh cho v nghim
b) Phng php a v phng trnh c s
V d 12: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
xy x y = 2
Gii:
Bin i phng trnh thnh:
x(y 1) y = 2
x(y 1) (y 1) = 3
(y 1)(x 1) = 3
Ta gi phng trnh trn l phng trnh c s: v tri l 1 tch cc tha s nguyn,
v phi l mt hng s. Ta c x v y l cc s nguyn nn x 1 v y 1 l cc s
nguyn v l c ca 23.
Do vai tr bnh ng ca x v y trong phng trnh nn c th gi s xy, khi
x 1y 1
Ta c:
Do :
x 4 0
y 2 -2
Nghim nguyn ca phng trnh: (4 ; 2), (2 ; 4), (0 ; -2), (-2 ; 0)
V d 13:
Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh : x + xy + y = 9.
Gii
Phng trnh cho c th a v dng :
(x + 1)(y + 1) = 10. (1)
T (1) ta suy ra (x + 1) l c ca 10 hay
( 1) { 1; 2; 5; 10} x + t t t t
T ta tm c cc nghim ca phng trnh l :
(1, 4), (4, 1), (-3, -6), (-6, -3), (0, 9), (9, 0), (-2, -11), (-11, -2).
V d 14:
Xc nh tt c cc cp nguyn dng (x; n) tha mn phng trnh sau
3
3367 2
n
x +
Gii
s dng c hng ng thc a
3
b
3
= (a b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
) ta chng minh n
chia ht cho 3 .
T phng trnh cho ta suy ra
3
2
n
x (mod 7).
x 1 3 -1
y 1 1 -3
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Nu n khng chia ht cho 3 th 2
n
khi chia cho 7 ch c th cho s d l 2, 4 hoc 7,
trong khi
3
x khi chia cho 7 ch c th cho s d l 0, 1, hoc 6 nn khng th c
ng d thc
3
2
n
x (mod 7).
Vy n = 3m vi m l mt s nguyn dng no . Thay vo phng trnh cho ta
c
3 3
3367 2
m
x +
2
(2 )[(2 ) 3 .2 ] 3367
m m
x m x x + (1)
T (1) ta suy ra 2
m
x l c ca 3367
Hn na,
3 3 3
(2 ) 2 3367
m m
x x < nn (2 ) {1;7;13}
m
x
Xt 2 1
m
x , thay vo (1) ta suy ra 2
m
(2
m
1) = 2 561, v nghim.
Xt 2 3
m
x , thay vo (1) ta suy ra 2
m
(2
m
13) = 2 15, v nghim.
Xt 2 7
m
x , thay vo (1) ta suy ra 2
m
(2
m
7) = 24 32. T ta c
m = 4; n = 3m = 12, v x = 9.
Vy (x; n) = (9; 12)
c) Phng php tch ra cc gi tr nguyn:
V d 15: Gii phng trnh v d 2 bng cch khc
Gii:
Biu th x theo y:
x(y 1) = y + 2
Ta thy y 1 ( v nu y = 1 th ta c 0x = 3 v nghim)
Do :
2 1 3 3
1
1 1 1
y y
x
y y y
+ +
+
Do x l s nguyn nn
3
1 y
l s nguyn, do y 1 l c ca 3. Ln lt cho y
1 bng -1, 1, -3, 3 ta c cc p s nh v d 2.
5) PHNG PHP DNG TNH CHT CA S CHNH
PHNG
a) S dng tnh cht v chia ht ca s chnh phng
V d 16: Tm cc s nguyn x 9x + 5 l tch ca hai s nguyn lin tip
Gii:
Cch 1: Gii s 9x + 5 = n(n + 1) vi n nguyn th:
36x + 20 =
2
4 4 n n +
2
36 21 4 4 1 x n n + + +
2
3(12 7) (2 1) x n + +
S chnh phng
2
(2 1) n + chia ht cho 3 nn cng chia ht cho 9. Ta li c 12x +
7 khng chia ht cho 3 nn 3(12x + 7) khng chi ht cho 9.
Mu thun trn chng t khng tn ti s nguyn x no 9x + 5 = n(n + 1).
Cch 2: Gi s 9x + 5 = n(n + 1) vi n nguyn
Bin i
2
9 5 0 n n x +
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
phng trnh bc hai i vi n c nghim nguyn, iu kin cn l
V
l s
chnh phng.
Nhng
1 4(9 5) 36 21 x x + + + V
chi ht cho 3 nhng khng chia ht hco 9 nn
khng l s chnh phng.
Vy khng tn ti s nguyn n no 9x + 5 = n(n + 1), tc l khng tn ti s
nguyn x 9x + 5 l tch ca hai s nguyn lin tip.
b) To ra bnh phng ng:
V d 17: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
2 2
2 4 19 3 x x y +
Gii :
2 2
2 4 2 21 3 x x y + +
2 2
2( 1) 3(7 ) x y +
Ta thy
2 2
3(7 ) 2 7 2 y y M M y l
Ta li c
2
7 0 y nn ch c th
2
1 y
Khi (2) c dng:
2
2( 1) 18 x +
Ta c: x + 1 = 3 t , do :
1 2
2; 4 x x
Cc cp s (2 ; 1), (2 ; -1), (-4 ; 1), (-4 ; -1) tha mn (2) nn l nghim ca phng
trnh cho.
c) Xt cc s chnh phng lin tip:
V d 18: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn k cho trc, khng tn t5ai s
nguyn dng x sao cho:
( 1) ( 2) x x k k + +
Gii:
Gi s
( 1) ( 2) x x k k + +
vi k nguyn, x nguyn dng.
Ta c:
2 2
2 x x k k + +
2 2 2
1 2 1 ( 1) x x k k k + + + + +
Do x > 0 nn
2 2 2
1 ( 1) x x x k < + + + (1)
Cng do x > 0 nn
2 2 2 2
( 1) 1 2 1 ( 1) k x x x x x + + + < + + + (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
2 2 2
( 1) ( 1) x k x < + < + v l
Vy khng tn ti s nguyn dng x x(x + 1) = k(k + 2)
V d 19: Tm cc s nguyn x biu thc sau l mt s chnh phng:
4 3 2
2 2 3 x x x x + + + +
Gii:
t
4 3 2
2 2 3 x x x x + + + + =
2
y (1) vi
y
Ta thy:
2 4 3 2 2
2 2 2 2
( 2 ) ( 3)
( ) ( 3)
y x x x x x
y x x x x
+ + + + +
+ + + +
Ta s chng minh
2 2 2
( 2) a y a < < + vi a =
2
x x +
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Tht vy:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 4 3 2
1 11
3 ( ) 0
2 4
( 2) ( 2) ( 2 2 3)
y a x x x
a y x x x x x x
+ + + + >
+ + + + + + +
2
2
3 3 1
1 1
3( ) 0
2 4
x x
x
+ +
+ + >
Do
2 2 2
( 2) a y a < < + nn
2 2
( 1) y a +
4 3 2 2 2
2
2 2 3 ( 1)
2 0
1
2
x x x x x x
x x
x
x
+ + + + + +
+
Suy ra:
2 2
( ) z xy ab do , z = ab
Nh vy:
2
2
x ta
y tb
z tab
'
vi t l s nguyn dng ty .
o li, hin nhin cc s x, y, z c dng trn tha mn (1)
Cng thc trn cho ta cc nghim nguyn dng ca (1)
e) S dng tnh cht: nu hai s nguyn lin tip c tch l mt s chnh phng
th mt trong hai s nguyn lin tip bng 0
V d 21: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
2 2 2 2
x xy y x y + + (1)
Gii:
Thm xy vo hai v:
2 2 2 2
2 x xy y x y xy + + +
2
( ) ( 1) x y xy xy + + (2)
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Ta thy xy v xy + 1 l hai s nguyn lin tip, c tch l mt s chnh phng nn
tn ti mt s bng 0.
Xt xy = 0. T (1) c
2 2
0 x y + nn x = y = 0
Xt xy + 1 = 0. Ta c xy = -1 nn (x , y) = (1 ; -1) hoc (-1 ; 1)
Tha li, ba cp s (0 ; 0), (1 ; -1), (-1 ; 1) u l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
6) PHNG PHP LI V HN, NGUYN TC CC
HN
V d 22: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
3 3 3
2 4 x y z +
Gii:
Hin nhin 2 xM. t
1
2 x x
vi
1
x
nguyn. Thay vo (1) ri chia hai v cho 2 ta
c:
3 3 3
1
4 2 x y z + (2)
Do 2 yM. t
1
2 y y
vi
1
y
nguyn. Thay vo (2) ri chia hai v cho 2 ta c:
3 3 3
1 1
2 4 x y z + (3)
Do 2 zM. t
1
2 z z
vi
1
z
nguyn. Thay vo (3) ri chia hai v cho 2 c:
3 3 3
1 1 1
4 4 x y z + (4)
Nh vy nu (x , y , z) l nghim ca (1) th
1 1 1
( , , ) x y z
cng l nghim ca (1) trong
1 1 1
2 , 2 , 2 x x y y z z
.
Lp lun tng t nh trn,
2 2 2
( , , ) x y z
cng l nghim ca (1) trong
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 , 2 , 2 x x y y z z
.
C tip tc nh vy ta i n: x, y, z chia ht cho
2
k
vi k l s t nhin ty . iu
ny cha xy ra khi x = y = z = 0.
l nghim nguyn duy nht ca (1)
V d 23:
Tm ba s nguyn dng i mt khc nhau x, y, z tha mn :
3 3 3 2
( ) x y z x y z + + + +
Gii
V vai tr ca x, y, z nh nhau nn c th gi s x < y < z.
p dng bt ng thc :
3
3 3 3
3 3
x y z x y z + + + +
_
,
Vi mi x, y, z 0 ta suy ra x + y + z 9.
Du bng khng xy ra v x, y, z i mt khc nhau.
Vy x + y + z 8. (1)
Mt khc: x + y + z 1 + 2 + 3 = 6. (2)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra
{6;7;8} x y z + +
T y kt hp vi phng trnh ban u ta tm c x, y, z
Vy (x, y, z) = (1, 2, 3) v cc hon v ca b ba s ny
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
7) PHNG PHP XT CH S TN CNG
V d 24: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh :
2
1! 2! ... ! x y + + + (1)
Gii: Cho x ln lt bng 1; 2; 3; 4, ta c ngay2 nghim nguyn dng (x ; y) c
phng trnh l (1 ; 1), (3 ; 3)
Nu x > 4 th d thy k! vi k > 4 u c ch s tn cng bng 0
1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + + x! = 33 + 5! + + x! c ch s tn cng bng 3.
Mt khc v phi l s chnh phng nn khng th tn cng l 3.
Vy phng trnh (1) ch c hai nghim nguyn dng (x ; y) l (1 ; 1) v (3 ; 3)
V d 25: Tm x, y nguyn dng tha mn phng trnh:
2 2 1
1 3
y
x x
+
+ (1)
Gii:
Cho x cc gi tr t n 9, d dng xc nh c cha s tn cng ca
2
1 x x +
ch nhn cc gi tr 1; 5; 9. Mt khc ta thy
2 1
3
y+
l ly th bc l ca 3 nn ch s
tn cng ca n ch c th l 3 hoc 7, khc vi 1; 5; 9.
Vy (1) khng th xy ra. Ni cc khc phng trnh (1) khng c nghim nguyn
dng.
8) PHNG PHP TM NGHIM RING
a) Cch gii
Xt phng trnh
0 ax by c + +
(1)
trong , , a b c , 0, 0 a b
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi thit rng (a, b, c) = 1. Tht vy, nu
( ) a, b, c 1 d
th ta chia hai v ca phng trnh cho d.
Ta c hai nh l:
nh l 1: Nu phng trnh (1) c nghim nguyn th (a, b) = 1 (*)
Chng minh: Gi s
( , )
o o
x y
l nghim nguyn ca (1) th
o o
ax by c +
Nu a v b c c chung l 1 d th c d M , tri vi gi thit (a, b, c) = 1.
Vy (a, b) = 1
nh l 2: Nu
( , )
o o
x y
l mt nghim ca phng trnh (1) th phng trnh (1) c
v s nghim nguyn v mi nghim nguyn ca n u c th biu din di dng:
o
o
x x bt
y y at
+
'
trong t l mt s nguyn ty
( 0, 1, 2,...) t t t
.
Chng minh:
Bc 1: Mi cp s
( ; )
o o
x bt y at +
u l nghim nguyn ca (1). Tht vy
( , )
o o
x y
l nghim ca (1) nn
o o
ax by c +
Ta c:
( ) ( )
o o o o
ax by a x bt b y at ax by c + + + +
Do
( ; )
o o
x bt y at +
l nghim ca (1)
Bc 2: Mi nghim (x, y) ca (1) u c dng
( ; )
o o
x bt y at +
vi t Z
Tht vy, do
( , )
o o
x y
v (x, y) l nghim ca (1) nn
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
o o
ax by c
ax by c
+
+
Tr tng v:
( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( )
o o
o o
a x x b y y
a x x b y y
+
(2)
Ta c
( )
o
a x x b M
m (a, b) = 1 ( theo nh l 1) nn
o
x x b M
Vy tn ti s nguyn t sao cho:
o
x x
= bt
Tc l:
o
x x bt +
.
Thay vo (2):
( )
o
abt b y y
o
o
at y y
y y at
Vy tn ti s nguyn t sao cho:
o
o
x x bt
y y at
+
'
b) V d:
V d 26: Tm mi nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
3x 2y = 5
Gii:
Cch 1: Ta thy
3; 2
o o
x y
l mt nghim ring.
Theo nh l 2, mi nghim nguyn ca phng trnh l:
3 2
2 3
x t
y t
'
(t l s nguyn ty )
Cch 2: Ta thy
1; 1
o o
x y
l mt nghim ring
Theo nh l 2, mi nghim nguyn ca phng trnh l:
1 2
1 3
x t
y t
'
(t l s nguyn ty )
Ch : Qua hai cch gii trn, ta thy c nhiu cng thc biu th tp hp cc nghim
nguyn ca cng mt phng trnh.
c) Cch tm mt nghim ring ca phng trnh bc nht hai n:
tm mt nghim nguyn ring ca phng trnh
ax by c +
, ta c th dng
phng php th chn: ln lt cho x bng s c gi gi tr tuyt i nh
(0; 1; 2...) t t
ri tm gi tr tng ng ca y.
9) PHNG PHP H BC
V d 27:
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh :
x
3
+ 2y
3
4z
3
= 0 (1)
Gii
(1)
x
3
= 4z
3
2y
3
(2)
R rng v phi ca (2) chia ht cho 2 nn x
3
M2 do x M2. t x = 2x
1
(x
1
Z).
Thay vo (2) ta c :
(2)
8x
1
3
= 4x
3
2y
3
y
3
= 2z
3
4x
1
3
(3)
Lp lun tng t ta c y M2, t y = 2y1 (y1
8z
1
3
= 4y
1
3
+ 2x
1
3
x
1
3
+ 2y
1
3
4z
1
3
= 0 (5)
R rng nu b s (x
0
; y
0
; z
0
) l nghim ca (1) th b s
0 0 0
( ; ; )
2 2 2
x y z
cng l
nghim ca (1), hn na x
0
, y
0
, z
0
l s chn v
0 0 0
; ;
2 2 2
x y z
cng l s chn. Qu
trnh ny c th tip tc mi v cc s
0 0 0
; ;
2 2 2
n n n
x y z
l s chn vi mi n l s nguyn
dng.
Vy x = y = z = 0
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
1) PHNG TRNH BC NHT HAI N
V d 1: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
11x + 18y = 120
Gii:
Ta thy 11 6 xM nn 6 xM. t x = 6k (k nguyn). Thay vo (1) v rt gn ta c:
11k + 3y = 20
Biu th n m h s ca n c gi tr tuyt i nh (l y) theo k ta c:
20 11
3
k
y
vi t l s nguyn ty
Cch gii:
- Rt gn phng trnh, ch n tnh chia ht ca cc n
- Biu th n m h s ca n c gi tr tuyt i nh (chng hn x) theo n kia.
- Tch ring gi tr nguyn biu thc ca x
- t iu kin phn b trong biu thc ca x bng mt s nguyn
1
t
, ta c
mt phng trnh bc nht hai n y v
1
t
- C tip tc nh trn cho n khi cc n u c biu th di dng mt a thc
vi cc h s nguyn
2) PHNG TRNH BC HAI HAI N
V d 2: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
5x 3y = 2xy 11
Gii: Biu th y theo x:
(2x + 3)y = 5x + 11
D thy 2x + 3 0 ( v x nguyn ) do :
5 11 5
2
2 3 2 3
x x
y
x x
+ +
+
+ +
y
phi c 5 2 3 x x + + M
2( 5) 2 3 x x + + M
2 3 7 2 3 x x + + + M
7 2 3 x + M
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Ta c:
Th li cc cp gi tr trn ca (x , y) u tha mn phng trnh cho.
V d 3: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
2 2
2 11 x x y
Gii:
Cch 1: a v phng trnh c s:
2 2
2 1 12 x x y +
2 2
( 1) 12 x y
( 1 )( 1 ) 12 x y x y +
Ta c cc nhn xt:
a) V (1) cha y c s m chn nn c th gi thit rng
0 y
. Th th
1 1 x y x y +
b)
( 1 ) ( 1 ) 2 x y x y y +
nn
1 x y +
v
1 x y
cng tnh chn l.
Tch ca chng bng 12 nn chng cng chn.
Vi cc nhn xt trn ta c hai trng hp:
x 1 + y 6 -2
x 1 - y 2 -6
Do :
x - 1 4 -4
y 2 2
x 5 -3
p s: (5 ; 2), (5 ; -2), (-3 ; 2), (-3 ; -2)
Cch 2:
Vit thnh phng trnh bc hai i vi x:
2 2
2 (11 ) 0 x x y +
2 2
' 1 11 12 y y + + + V
iu kin cn (2) c nghim nguyn:
' V l s chnh phng
2 2
12 ( ) y k k +
2 2
12 ( )( ) 12 k y k y k y +
Gi s
0 y
th k + y k y v k + y 0
(k + y) (k y) = 2y nn k + y v k y cng tnh chn l v phi cng chn.
T cc nhn xt trn ta c:
6
2
k y
k y
+
'
Do : y = 2
2x + 3 1 -1 7 -7
x -1 -2 2 -5
y 6 -1 3 2
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Thay vo (2):
2
2 15 0 x x
1 2
5, 3 x x
Ta c bn nghim: (5 ; 2), (5 ; -2), (-3 ; -2), (-3 ; 2)
V d 4: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
2 2
2 3 3 0 x y xy x y + + + (1)
Gii:
Vit thnh phng trnh bc hai i vi x:
2 2
(3 1) (2 3) 0 x y x y y + + + (2)
2 2 2
(3 1) 4(2 3) 2 11 y y y y y + V
iu kin cn v (2) c nghim nguyn l
V
l s chnh phng
2 2
2 11 ( ) y y k k (3)
Gii (3) vi nghim nguyn ta c
1 2
5, 3 y y
Vi y = 5 thay vo (2) c
2
14 48 0 x x + + . Ta c:
1 2
8, 6 x x
Vi y = -3 thay vo (2) c
2
10 24 0 x x + . Ta c
3 4
6, 4 x x
p s: (-8 ; 5), (-6 ; 5), (6 ; -3), (4 ; -3)
3) PHNG TRNH BC BA TR LN C HAI N:
V d 5: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
2
( 1)( 2)( 3) x x x x y + + + (1)
Gii:
Nu y tha mn phng trnh th y cng tha mn, do ta gi s
0 y
(1)
2 2 2
( 3 )( 3 2) x x x x y + + +
t
2
3 2 1 x x a + + + , ta c:
2 2 2
( 1)( 1) 1 a a y a y +
( )( ) 1 a y a y +
Suy ra a + y = a y, do y = 0
Thay vo (1) c:
1 2 3 4
0; 1; 2; 3 x x x x
p s: (0 ; 0), (-1 ; 0), (-2 ; 0), (-3 ; 0)
V d 6: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
3 3
8 x y xy + (1)
Gii:
Cch 1:
2 2
| | . | | | 8 | x y x xy y xy + + +
D thy
x y
, v nu x = y th (1) tr thnh
2
0 8 x + , loi.
Do x, y nguyn nn
| | 1 x y
Suy ra:
2 2
| | | 8 | x xy y xy + + +
Do :
2 2
| 8 | x xy y xy + + + (2)
Xt hai trng hp:
a) xy + 8 < 0. Khi (2) tr thnh:
2 2 2
8 ( ) 8 x xy y xy x y + + + , loi
b)
8 0 xy +
. Khi (2) tr thnh:
2 2 2 2
8 8 x xy y xy x y + + + + (3)
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Do :
2 2
, {0;1; 4} x y
Nu x = 0 th t (1) c
3
8 y nn y =
2
Nu y = 0 th t (1) c
3
8 x nn x = 2
Nu x, y khc 0 th
2 2
, {1; 4} x y . Do
x y
nn ch c:
2
2
1
4
x
y
'
hoc
2
2
4
1
x
y
'
v
3 3 1 215
1
x y
A
'
'
8 0
64
1736
Ch rng
2
( ) 4 0 x y xy + nn
2
4 0 a b + , do trong bn trng hp trn ch
c 2; 0 a b . Ta c: x y = 2; xy = 0
p s: (0 ; -2) v (2 ; 0)
4) PHNG TRNH A THC C BA N TR LN
V d 7: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
6 15 10 3 x y z + +
Gii:
Ta thy10 3 zM nn 3 zM. t z = 3k ta c:
6 15 10.3 3 x y k + +
2 5 10 1 x y k + +
a v phng trnh hai n x, y vi cc h s tng ng 2 v 5 l hai s nguyn t
cng nhau.
2 5 1 10 x y k +
1 10 5 1
5 2
2 2
k y y
x k y
+
t
1
2
y
= t vi t nguyn. Ta c:
1 2
5 2(1 2 ) 5 5 2
3
y t
x k t t t k
z k
+
' '
p s: (43 ; 7), (7 ; 43)
V d 10: Tm cc s nguyn x sao cho
17
9
x
x
,
vi
*
, a b .
Xt a = 0 th x = 17
Xt 0 a . Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s (a, b) = 1. Do
2 2
( , ) 1 a b nn:
2
17 x a k (1)
2
9 x b k (2) k nguyn
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
2 2
( 9) ( 17) ( ) x x b a k
8 ( )( ) b a b a k +
Ta thy b + a v b a l c ca 8. Ch rng (b + a) (b a) = 2a nn b + a v b
a cng tnh chn l. Ta li c b + a > b a v b + a > 0. C cc trng hp:
b + a b a k b a
2
9 x b k +
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
4 2 1 3 1 18
4
2
1 1 3 8
2
2
2 0, loi
2
4
1
1, loi
C ba p s:
x = 17 th
2
17 17 0
0
17 9 8
x = 18 th
2
18 17 1 1
18 9 9 3
,
x = 8 th
2
8 17
9 3
8 9
2)
V d 12: Gii phng trnh vi nghim nguyn dng:
2
2 57
x
y + (1)
Gii:
Xt hai trng hp:
a) x l. t x = 2n + 1
( ) n
. Ta c:
2 1
2 2 2.4 2(3 1) 2( 3 1) 3 2
x n n n
BS BS
+
+ + +
Khi v tri ca (1) l s chia cho 3 d 2, cn v phi l s chnh phng chia cho
3 khng d 2, loi.
b) x chn. t x = 2n
*
( ) n . Ta c:
2 2
2 57
( 2 )( 2 ) 3.19
n
n n
y
y y
+
Ta thy 2
n
y + > 0 nn 2
n
y > 0 v 2
n
y + > 2
n
y
Do c cc trng hp:
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
2
n
y +
57 19
2
n
y
1 3
2
n
28, loi 8
n 3
y 11
x = 2n 6
Ta c:
6 2
2 57 11 +
Kt lun: nghim ca phng trnh l (6 ; 11)
V d 13: Gii phng trnh vi nghim t nhin:
2 2 2 1024
x y z
+ +
(1) vi
x y z
Gii:
Chia hai v ca (1) cho 2 0
x
ta c:
10
1 2 2 2
y x z x x
+ +
(2)
Do
10
2
x
> 1 nn
10
2
x
l bi ca 2. Ta li c z > x, v nu z = x th x = y = z, khi
(2) tr thnh
0 0
1 2 2 2 BS + + , loi. Do
2
y x
l bi ca 2.
Suy ra
1 2
y x
+
l bi ca 2. Do
2
y x
= 1, vy y = x.
Thay vo (2):
10
10
1 10
1 9
1 1 2 2
2 2 2
2(1 2 ) 2
1 2 2
z x x
z x x
z x x
z x x
+ +
+
+
+
Do
9
2
x
> 1 nn
9
2
x
l bi ca 2. Do
1
2
z x
= 1 v 2 =
9
2
x
. T x = 8; y = 9;
z = 9.
7) PHNG TRNH V T
V d 14: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
2 1 2 1 y x x x x + +
Gii:
iu kin: 1 x
( 1) 1 2 1 ( 1) 1 2 1 y x x x x + + + +
| 1 1| | 1 1| x x + +
1 1 | 1 1| x x + +
Xt hai trng hp:
a) Vi x = 1 th y =2.
b) Vi 2 x th 1 1 1 1 2 1 y x x x + +
Do :
2
4( 1) y x . Do 2 x nn c th t x 1 =
2
t vi t nguyn dng.
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Ta c:
2
1
2
x t
y t
+
'
Gii:
Ta c hng ng thc:
3 3 3 3
( ) ( ) 3( )( )( ) x y z x y z x y y z z x + + + + + + +
Nn :
27 3 3( )( )( ) x y y z z x + + +
8 ( )( )( ) x y y z x z + + +
t x + y = c, y + z = a, z + x = b.
Ta c: abc = 8
, , { 1, 2, 4, 8} a b c t t t t
Gi s
x y z
th a b c .
Ta c: a + b + c = 2(x + y + z) = 6 nn 2 a
a) Vi a = 2 ta c
4
4
b c
bc
+
'
Suy ra: b = c = 2
Ta c: x = y = z = 1
b) Vi a = 4 ta c
2
2
b c
bc
+
'
Suy ra: b = c =
1
Ta c: x = y = 4; z =
5
p s: (1 ; 1 ; 1), (4 ; 4 ;
5), (4 ;
5 ; 4), (
5 ; 4 ; 4)
9) PHNG TRNH PYTAGO
V d 19: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
2 2 2
x y z + (1)
Gii:
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Trc ht ta gi s x, y, z nguyn t cng nhau. Tht vy nu b ba s
, ,
o o o
x y z
tha mn (1) v c CLN l d, gi s
1 1 1
, ,
o o o
x dx y dy z dz
th
1 1 1
( ; ; ) x y z
cng
l nghim ca (1)
Vi x, y, z nguyn t cng nhau th chng i mt nguyn t cng nhau, v nu hai
trong ba s y c c chung l d th s cn li cng chia ht cho d.
Ta thy x v y khng th cng chn (v chng nguyn t cng nhau, khng th cng
l (v nu x v y cng l th z chn, khi
2 2
x y + chia cho 4 d 2, cn
2
4 z M
). Nh
vy trong hai s x v y c mt s chn, mt s l.
Cch 1: Gi s x l, y chn th z l. Ta vit (1) di dng:
2
( )( ) x z y z y +
Ta c z + y v z y l cc s l. Chng nguyn t cng nhau. Tht vy, gi s
, z y d z y d + M M (d l) th:
(z + y) + (z y) = 2z d M
(z + y)
(z
y) = 2y d M
Do (2,d) = 1 nn ; z d y d M M
Do (y,z) = 1 nn d = 1. Vy (z + y, z y) = 1
Hai s nguyn dng z + y v z y nguyn t cng nhau, c tch l s chnh
phng
2
x nn mi s z + y v z y cng l s chnh phng.
t
2
2
z y m
z y n
+
Vi m, n l cc s l, nguyn t cng nhau, m > n.
Ta c:
2 2
2 2
2
2
x mn
m n
y
m n
z
'
Vi m v n l cc s l, nguyn t cng nhau, m > n.
o li, d thy b ba s (x, y, z) ni trn tha mn (1)
Cch 2: Gi s x chn, y l th z l s l.
Ta c:
2
( )( ) x z y z y +
2
.
2 2 2
x z y z y +
_
,
. Do z, y l cc s l nguyn t cng nhau nn
2
z y +
v
2
z y
l cc s nguyn v nguyn t cng nhau (tht vy, gi s
2
z y
d
+
M ,
2
z y
d
M
th
2 2
1
2 2
z y z y
d
z d
d
z y z y y d
d
+
+
' '
+
M
M
M
M
)
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Hai s nguyn dng
2
z y +
v
2
z y
nguyn t cng nhau c tch l s chnh
phng
2
2
x
_
,
nn mi s l s chnh phng.
t
2
2
z y
m
+
;
2
2
z y
n
(m, n ) th:
2 2
z m n + ;
2 2
y m n .
Do y, z l nn m, n chn l khc nhau.
Do
2 2
( , ) m n = 1 nn (m, n) = 1
Nh vy:
2 2
2 2
2 x mn
y m n
z m n
'
Do :
1 2 1 2
1 2 2
1 2
( ) 2
( 1) ( 1) 3
( 1)( 2) 3
x x x x
x x x
x x
+
1
1 x
v
2
2 x
l c ca 3. Gi s
1 2
x x
th
1
1 x
2
2 x
. Ta c hai trng
hp:
a)
1 1
2 2
1 3 4
1 1 2
x x
x x
' '
Khi a = 6
b)
1 1
2 2
1 1 0
1 3 2
x x
x x
' '
Khi a =
2
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Bi 1: Tm tt c cc cp nghim nguyn (x, y) tha mn :
y(x 1) = x
2
+ 2.
Hng dn:
Ta c y(x 1) = x
2
+ 2
2
2 3
1
1 1
x
y x
x x
+
+ +
V x, y nguyn nn x 1 l c ca 3
Vy (x, y) = (4, 6) ; (2, 6) ; (-2, -2 ) ; (0, -2)
Bi 2: Tm x, y tha mn :
2x
2
2xy = 5x y 19 .
Hng dn:
(x, y) = (0, -19) ; (1, 16) ; (9, 8) v (-8, -11)
Bi 3: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh:
xy
2
+ 2xy 243y + x = 0
Hng dn:
Ta c xy
2
+ 2xy 243y + x = 0
x(y + 1)
2
= 243y (1)
T (1) vi ch rng (y + 1; y) = 1 ta suy ra (y + 1)
2
l c ca 243.
Vy (x, y) = (54, 2) ; (24, 8)
Bi 4: Tm nghim ca phng trnh:
2
x
3 = 65y
Hng dn:
Ta chng t phng trnh cho khng c nghim nguyn. Gi s phng trnh 2
x
3 =
65y c nghim nguyn ta suy ra
2
x
3 (mod 5) v 2
x
3 (mod 13)
T 2
x
3 (mod 5) suy ra x 3 (mod 4) (1)
T 2
x
3 (mod 13) ta suy ra x 4 (mod 12), tri vi (1)
Bi 5: Tm nghim nguyn ca cc phng trnh sau :
a) 15x
2
7y
2
= 9
b) 29x
2
28y
2
= 2000
c) 1999x
2
2000y
2
= 2001
d) x
2002
2000.y
2001
= 2003
e) 19x
2
84y
2
= 198
Hng dn:
a) T phng trnh cho ta suy ra y chia ht cho 3. t y = 3y
1
. Ta c
5x
2
21y1
2
= 3 (1)
T (1) suy ra x chia ht cho 3. t x = 3x1. Ta c
15x1
2
7y1
2
= 1 (2)
T (2) suy ra y
1
2
-1 (mod 3), v nghim
b) T phng trnh cho ta suy ra x
2
5 (mod 7). Vy phng trnh cho v
nghim
c) T phng trnh cho ta suy ra x
2
-1 (mod 4). Vy phng trnh cho v
nghim
d) T phng trnh cho ta suy ra x l v x
2002
1 (mod 4)
Suy ra 2003 1 (mod 4), v l. Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
e) Gi s phng trnh cho c nghim. Khi : y
2
+ 1 0 (mod 19). V 19 l s
nguyn t c dng 4k + 3 nn y
2
+ 1 0 (mod 19) ta suy ra 19 \ 1, v l
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Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Bi 6: Tm cc s nguyn dng tha mn :
x < y < z v 5
x
+ 2.5
y
+ 5
z
= 4500.
Hng dn:
Nu z < 5 th 5
x
+ 2.5
y
+ 5
z
< 4500.
Nu z > 5 th 5
x
+ 2.5
y
+ 5
z
> 4500.
Vy x = 3, y = 4, z = 5.
Bi 7: Tm cc s t nhin x, y, x tha mn:
a)
2002 2001 1
x y
b)
5 1 2
x y
+
c)
5 1 2
x y
+
d)
2 .3 1 5
x y z
+
Hng dn:
a) Ta c2002 2001 1 2(mod 4),
x y
+ suy ra x = 1 v y = 1.
b) Nu x chn th 5 1(mod3)
x
suy ra 2 0(mod3)
y
: loi
Nu x l th 5 5(mod8)
x
suy ra 2 4(mod8)
y
. Suy ra y = 2
p s : (x; y) = (1; 2)
c) Nu x l th
5 1
x
+
chia ht cho 3 cn
2
y
khng chia ht cho 3: loi
Nu x chn th 5 1 2(mod 4)
x
+ suy ra 2 2(mod 4)
y
. Suy ra y = 1 v x = 0
p s : (x; y) = (0; 1)
d) Ta c 1 5 2(mod 4)
z
+ suy ra 2 .3 2(mod 4)
x y
do x = 1.
Khi ta c 2.3 1 5
y z
+
Nu y = 0 th z = 0. Nu y = 1 th z = 1.
Nu y > 1 th 2.3 0(mod9)
y
nn 5 1(mod9)
z
.
Suy ra z chia ht cho 3 v z l.
Vy z c dng z =
6 3( ). k k +
Nhng khi ,
2 1
2.3 1 125 0(mod7)
y k +
+ : loi
Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim t nhin l: (1; 0; 0) v (1; 1; 1)
Bi 8: Tm cc s nguyn dng x, y, z tha mn:
a)
2
1! 2! ... ! x y + + +
b)
! ! 10 9 x y z + +
Hng dn:
a) y l bi ton lin quan n ch s tn cng ca mt s chnh phng.
Nu 4 x th 1!+2!++x! tn cng bi 3 v khng c s nguyn dng y no tha mn.
p s : x= y = 1 hoc x = y = 3.
b) Nu x, y > 1 th x!+y! chia ht cho 2; loi
Nu y = 1 th x! = 10z + 8
8(mod10), suy ra 4. x
p s : v nghim .
Bi 9: Tm cc s nguyn t x, y, z tha mn :
x
y
+ 1 = z
Hng dn:
35
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
V x, y nguyn t nn x, y 2. T phng trnh cho ta suy ra z 5 v z l (do z
nguyn t). V z l nn x chn hay x = 2. Khi , z = 1 + 2
y
.
Nu y l th z chia ht cho 3 (loi). Vy y = 2.
p s : x = y = 2 v z = 5.
Bi 10: Tm tt c cc cp s t nhin (n, z) tha mn phng trnh :
2
n
+ 12
2
= z
2
3
2
Hng dn:
Nu n l th 2
n
-1 (mod 3). T phng trnh cho ta suy ra z
2
-1 (mod 3), loi.
Nu n chn th n = 2m (m N) v phng trnh cho tr thnh:
z
2
2
2m
=153 hay (z 2
m
)(z + 2
m
) = 153.
Cho z + 2
m
v z 2
m
l cc c ca 153 ta tm c m = 2, z = 13.
p s : n = 4, z = 13.
Bi 11: Tm x, y nguyn tha mn :
x
2
y
2
x
2
8y
2
=2xy
Hng dn:
Vit li phng trnh cho di dng:
y
2
(x
2
7) = (x + y)
2
. (1)
Phng trnh cho c nghim x = y = 0. Xt x, y 0. T (1) suy ra x
2
7 l mt s
chnh phng. t x
2
7 = a
2
, ta c
(x a)(x + a) = 7
T tm c x
p s: (0, 0) ; (4, -1) ; (4, 2) ; (-4, 1) ; (-4, -2)
Bi 12: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh :
2 3 x y z + +
Hng dn:
V vai tr ca x, y, z nh nhau nn c th gi s
. y z
T phng trnh cho ta suy ra
2 3 2 . x y z yz + + + Suy ra
2
( ) 4 3( ) 4 12. x y z x y z yz + (1)
V 3 l s v t nn t (1) ta suy ra :
x y z = 4yz 12 = 0
yz = 3
y = 3, z = 1 v x = y + z =4
p s : phng trnh c 2 nghim l (4; 3; 1) v (4; 1; 3)
Bi 13: Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng a, b, c i mt khc nhau sao cho biu thc :
A =
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c ab bc ca
+ + + + + nhn gi tr nguyn dng.
Hng dn:
Ta c A.abc = ab + bc + ca + a + b + c (1)
T (1) ta CM c a, b, c cng tnh chn l. V vau tr ca a, b, c nh nhau v a, b, c i
mt khc nhau nn c th gi thit a < b < c.
Nu 3 a th
5, 7 b c
v A < 1, loi. Suy ra a = 1 hoc a = 2
Nu a = 1 th
3, 5 b c
do 1 < A < 3 suy ra A = 2. Thay a = 1, A = 2 ta c:
2(b + c) + 1 = bc hay (b 2)(c 2) =5. T ta c b = 3, c = 7. Trng hp a = 2 xt
tng t.
p s : (2; 4; 14), (1; 3; 7) v cc hon v ca 2 b s ny
36
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Bi 14: Tm tt c cc b ba s t nhin khng nh hn 1 sao cho tch ca hai s bt
k cng vi 1 chia ht cho s cn li
Hng dn:
Gi s ba s cho l 1. a b c Ta c
, ,
1 1 1
c a b
ab bc ac + + +
Suy ra
( 1)( 1)( 1)
abc
ab ac bc + + +
ab + bc + ca + 1Mabc
ab + bc + ca + 1 = k.abc, . k
+
(1)
V ab + bc + ca + 1 4abc nn k 4
Nu k = 4 th a = b = c = 1 (tha mn)
Nu k = 3 th t (1) ta suy ra 3abc 4ab suy ra c 1
Do c = 1
a = 2, b = 1
Trng hp k = 2, k = 1 c xt tng t nh trng hp k = 3
p s : (1; 1; 1) , (2; 1; 1) , (3; 2; 1) , (7; 3; 2)
Bi 15: Tm ba s nguyn dng i mt khc nhau x, y, z tha mn :
3 3 3 2
( ) x y z x y z + + + +
Hng dn:
V vai tr ca x, y, z nh nhau nn c th gi s x < y < z
p dng bt ng thc
3
3 3 3
3 3
x y z x y z + + + + _
,
, , 0 x y z
ta suy ra x + y + z 9
Du bng khng xy ra v x, y, z i mt khc nhau
Vy x + y + z 8 (1)
Mt khc x + y + z 1 + 2 + 3 =6 (2)
T (1) , (2) ta suy ra x { } 6, 7, 8
T y kt hp vi phng trnh ban u ta tm c x, y, z
p s : (1, 2, 3) v cc hon v ca b ba s ny
Bi 16: Tm tt c nghim nguyn (x; y) ca phng trnh :
2 2 3
( )( ) ( ) x y x y x y + +
Hng dn:
Bin i phng trnh v dng
2 2 2
[2 ( 3 ) ( 3 )] 0 y y x x y x x + + + (1)
TH 1: y = 0
TH 2: y 0 . Khi
(1)
2 2 2
2 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 0 y x x y x x + + + (2)
Xem (2) l phng trnh bc 2 i vi bin y. (2) c nghim nguyn th
2
( 1) ( 8) x x x + phi l mt s chnh phng, tc l
2
( 8) ( ) ( 4 )( 4 ) 16 x x a a x a x a +
37
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
T ta tm c x
p s : (x; y) = (9; -6) , (9; -21) , (8; -10) , (-1; -1) v (m; 0) vi m
Bi 17: Tm cc s nguyn khng m x, y sao cho :
2 2
1 x y y + +
Hng dn:
Nu y = 0 th x = 1
Nu y 1 th t phng trnh cho ta suy ra y < x < y + 1, v l
Bi 18: Tm cc s nguyn x, y, z, t sao cho :
a)
2 2 2 2 2
x y z x y + +
b)
2 2 2
2 x y z xyz + +
c)
2 2 2 2
2 x y z t xyzt + + +
Hng dn:
S dng phng php xung thang
a) Phng trnh cho :
2 2 2 2 2
x y z x y + + (1)
Nu c x v y u l th t (1) suy ra z chn. Khi ,
2 2 2
2(mod 4) x y z + + cn
2 2
1(mod 4) : x y v l
Vy 1 trong 2 bin x, y phi chn
Gi s x chn, t (1) suy ra
2 2
4 y z + M do c y v z u phi chn
t
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 , 2 , 2 ( , , ) x x y y z z x y z
.
Thay vo (1) ta c
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
4 . . x y z x y + + (2)
T (2) li lp lun nh trn ta suy ra
1 1 1
, , x y z
u chn
C tip tc nh vy s dn n 2 , 2 , 2 , .
k k k
x y z k M M M
iu ny ch xy ra khi x = y = z = 0
b) , c) tng t
Bi 19: Tm cc s nguyn x, y, z, t tha mn:
{
3 1
2.
xy zt
xz yt
+
Hng dn:
Ta c
3 1
2
xy zt
xz yt
+
2
2
( 3 ) 1
3( ) 12
xy zt
xz yt
+
Cng theo tng v ta c
2 2 2 2
( 3 )( 3 ) 13 x t y z + +
p s : (x; y; z; t) = (1; 1; 2; 0) , (-1; -1; -2; 0) , (1; 1; 0; 2) , (-1; -1; 0; -2)
Bi 20: Tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca h phng trnh :
{
3 3 2
x y z
x y z
+
+
Hng dn:
Kh z a n phng trnh :
2 2
( 1) 0 y x y x x + +
38
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Xem y l phng trnh bc 2, bin y, t iu kin tn ti nghim ta suy ra x = 1 hoc x
= 2
p s : (x; y; z) = (1; 2; 3) , (2; 1; 3) , (2; 2; 4)
Bi 21: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh :
7(x + y) = 3(x
2
xy + y
2
)
Hng dn:
p s : (x, y) = (4, 5) hoc (5,4)
Cch 1: i bin u = x + y, v = x y ta a v phng trnh:
28u = 3(u2 + 3v2). (*)
T (*) chng minh c u chia ht cho 9 v 0 u 9 suy ra u = 0 hoc u = 9
Cch 2: Xem phng trnh cho l phng trnh bc hai i vi x.
3x2 (3y + 7)x + 3y2 7y = 0 (1)
(1) c nghim th bit thc phi l s chnh phng
T tm c y
Bi 22: Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn (x, y) tha mn
12x
2
+ 6xy + 3y
2
= 28(x + y)
Hng dn:
p s (x, y) = (0, 0) ; (1, 8) ; (-1, 10)
Phng trnh : 12x
2
+ 6xy + 3y
2
= 28(x + y) (*)
Cch 1
Ta s nh gi min gi tr ca x :
T (*) suy ra
2
2
2 2
2 2
14 14 196
9 3( ) 28( ) 3 ( )
3 3 3
7 {0,1, 4}
x x y x y x y
x x
1
+ + + +
1
]
Cch 2 : tng t Bi 24
Bi 23: Tm x, y
+
Z tha mn :
x
2000
+ y
2000
= 2003
2000
(1)
Hng dn:
p s: phng trnh v nghim
Gi s x y. T (1) suy ra x < 2003 v x + 1 < 2003
Ta c
2003
2000
(x + 1)
2000
> x
200
0 + 2000.x
1999
y
2000
> 2000.x
1999
2000.y
1999
+
l s nguyn
Hng dn:
T gi thit suy ra
2( ) ( 2) 2( ) ( 2) a b ab a b k ab + + + + M (1)
T (1) chng t k = 1 suy ra a = 4, b = 3
p s : (a; b) = (4; 3)
Bi 28: Tm n nguyn dng sao cho phng trnh x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= nx
2
y
2
z
2
c nghim
nguyn dng. Vi cc gi tr va tm c ca n, hy gii phng trnh trn.
Hng dn:
p s : n = 1 hoc n = 3
Bi 29: Cho phng trnh : x
3
3xy
2
+ y
3
= n
a) Gi s phng trnh cho c mt nghim nguyn (x, y). Chng minh rng
phng trnh cho c t nht ba nghim nguyn
b) Gii phng trnh tm nghim nguyn vi n = 2002
Hng dn:
a) Ta c
3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3
3 ( ) 3( ) ( ) ( ) 3( )( ) ( ) . x xy y y x y x x x y y x y x y + + +
b) T phng trnh cho ta suy ra
3 3
1(mod3). x y +
Suy ra
1(mod3) x
v
0(mod3) y
hoc
0(mod3) x
v
1(mod3) y
C hai trng hp ta u c
3 2 3
3 1(mod9) x xy y + . Do phng trnh cho khng
c nghim khi n = 2002.
Bi 30: Chng minh
*
, n
phng trnh 1 2 1 2
... . ...
n n
x x x x x x + + +
lun c
nghim trong
*
.
Hng dn:
Cho
1 2 2
... 1
n
x x x
ta i n phng trnh
1
( 1)( 1) 1.
n n
x x n
(1)
D thy
n
x n
v
1
2
n
x
tha mn (1)
40
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Vy phng trnh cho c t nht mt nghim nguyn dng l
1 2
( ; ;...; ) (1;1;...; 2; )
n
x x x n
Bi 31: Chng minh rng phng trnh x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3xyz = 2001
n
lun c nghim
nguyn vi mi n 2
Hng dn:
t 2001 9
n
m . B ba s (m; m 1; m + 1) l mt nghim ca phng trnh cho
Bi 32: Chng minh rng phng trnh x
2
+ y
5
= z
3
c v s nghim nguyn (x, y, z)
tha mn xyz 0
Hng dn:
D thy b cc b ba sau l nghim ca phng trnh cho
(3; -1; 2) v (10; 3; 7)
Ta thy nu (x; y; z) l nghim ca phng trnh cho th
15 6 10
( , , ) k x k y k z
cng l nghim ca phng trnh cho. T c iu phi chng minh
Bi 33: Chng minh cc phng trnh sau khng c nghim nguyn?:
2 2
2 2
2 2
5 3
5 3 2
)3 4 13
)19 28 2001
) 2 8 3
) 5 4 24(5 1)
)3 6 18 2001
a x y
b x y
c x y y
d x x x y
e x x x x
+
+
+ +
+
Hng dn: dng phng php xt s d ca tng v. T ta thy s d ca hai v
phng trnh s khng bng nhau. iu dn ti cc phng trnh v nghim.
Bi 34: Tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh:
1 1 1
4 x y
+
Hng dn: Gi s
1 x y
th
1 1
x y
1 1 1 2
8
4
1 1
4
4
x
x y x
x
x
+
< >
Vy 4 8 x < , th chn tm nghim.
p s: (5 ; 20), (20 ; 5), (6 ; 12), (12 ; 6), (8 ; 8)
Bi 35: Tm ba s nguyn dng sao cho tch ca chng gp i tng ca chng.
Hng dn:
2( ) xyz x y z + +
Gii s
x y z
. Ta c
2( ) 2.3 6 xyz x y z z z + +
Suy ra
6 xy
, th chn ln lt xy = 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6.
p s: (1 ; 3 ; 8), (1 ; 4 ; 5), (2 ; 2 ; 4) v cc hon v.
Bi 36: Tm bn s nguyn dng sao cho tng ca chng bng tch ca chng.
Hng dn:
x y z t xyzt + + +
41
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Gi s
z t z y x
. Ta c
4 xyzt x y z t t + + +
nn
4 xyz
.
Th chn ln lt xy = 1; 2; 3; 4.
p s: 1 ; 1 ; 2 ; 4.
Bi 37: Tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca cc phng trnh:
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
) 2
)
) 3 3 3
) 2 5 1
a x xy y x y
b x xy y x y
c x xy y y
d x xy y y
+ + +
+ + +
+
+ +
Hng dn: a cc phng trnh v dng phng trnh bc hai theo n x, tm iu
kin ca phng trnh c nghim nguyn.
p s: a) (1 ; -1), (2 ; -1), (0 ; 0), (2 ; 0), (0 ; 1), (1 ; 1)
b) (0 ; 0), (1 ; 0), (0 ; 1)
c) (0 ; 0), (0 ; 1), (3 ; 1), (3 ; 3), (6 ; 3), (6 ; 4)
d) (1 ; 0), (-1 ; 0)
Bi 38: Tm cc s t nhin x sao cho: 2 3 35
x x
+
Hng dn: Th x = 0, 1, 2, 3 vo phng trnh.
Vi x > 3, phng trnh v nghim.
p s: x = 3
Bi 39: Tm cc s nguyn x v y sao cho:
3 2 3
1 x x x y + + +
Hng dn: Chng minh y > x ri xt hai trng hp:
y = x + 1 v y > x + 1
Bi 40: Tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh:
x! + y! = (x + y)!
Hng dn: Gi s
x y
th
! ! x y
. Do
( )! ! ! 2 !
2 ( 1)( 2)...( )
x y x y x
x x x y
+ +
+ + +
Ch c x = 1, y = 1 tha mn.
p s (1 ; 1)
Bi 41: Chng minh rng phng trnh sau khng c nghim nguyn dng:
17 17 17
19 x y +
Hng dn: gi s
17 17 17
19 x y + v
1 19 x y <
Ta c:
17 17
17 17 16
19 ( 1)
19 17
y
y y
+
> +
Vy x > 17, ch c th x = y = 18.
Th li, x = y = 18 khng tha.
Vy phng trnh cho khng c nghim nguyn dng.
Bi 42: Tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh:
2 2
3 4 6 13 x y x + +
42
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Hng dn: bin i
2 2
3 6 3 16 4 x x y +
2 2
3( 1) 4(4 ) x y
p s: (3 ; 1), (3 ; -1), (-1 ; 1), (-1 ; -1), (1 ; 2), (1 ; -2)
Bi 43: C tn ti hay khng hai s nguyn dng x v y sao cho
2
x y +
v
2
y x + u l s chnh phng?
Hng dn: gi s
y x
. Ta c:
2 2 2 2
( 1) x x y x x x < + + < +
Vy khng tn ti hai s tha mn bi.
Bi 44: Chng minh rng c v s s nguyn x biu thc sau l s chnh
phng:
2 2 2 2 2
(1 2 3 4 ... )(1 2 3 4 ... ) x x + + + + + + + + + +
Hng dn: t
2 2 2 2 2 2
(1 2 3 4 ... )(1 2 3 4 ... ) x x y + + + + + + + + + +
Ta c:
2
( 1) ( 1)(2 1)
.
2 6
x x x x x
y
+ + +
2
2
( 1) 2 1
.
2 3
x x x
y
+ +
1
1
]
Phng trnh ny c v s nghim nguyn:
2
6 6 1 x n n + +
Bi 45: Tm cc s nguyn x biu thc sau l s chnh phng:
4 3 2
1 x x x x + + + +
Hng dn: gi s
4 3 2 2
1 x x x x y + + + +
Bin i v dng:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(2 ) (2 ) 2 ( 2) (2 ) y x x x x x x + + + + > +
Nn
2 2 2
(2 ) (2 1) y x x > + +
1 3 x .
Xt x = -1; 0; 1; 2; 3.
p s: x = -1; x = 0; x = 3
Bi 46: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh :
a) x
3
3y
3
9z
3
= 0
b) 8x
4
4y
4
+ 2z
4
= t4
Hng dn:
a) D thy x, y, z u chia ht cho 3.
t x = x
1
, y = y
1
, z = z
1
(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
Z), ta c :
x
1
3
+ 3y
1
3
9z
1
3
= 0
Suy ra x = y = z = 0
b) p s : x = y = z = t = 0
Bi 47: Tm nm sinh ca Nguyn Du, bit rng vo nm 1786 tui ca nh th
bng tng cc ch s nm ng sinh ra.
Hng dn:
Gi nm sinh ca nh th 17xy
Ta c: 1786 -17xy = 1 + 7 + x + y (0 x 8, 0 y 9)
43
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
11x +2y = 78
p s: 1766
Bi 48: Ba ngi i cu c mt s c. Tri ti v mi ngi u mt l, h
vt c trn b sng, mi ngi tm mt ni ln ra ng. Ngi th nht thc dy, m
s c thy chia 3 tha 1 con, bn vt 1 con xung sng v xch
1
3
v nh. Ngi th
hai thc dy, tng hai bn mnh cn ng, m s c vt 1 con xung sng v xch
1
3
v nh. Ngi th 3 thc dy , tng mnh dy sm nht, li vt 1 con xung sng
v mang
1
3
v nh.
Tnh s c 3 chng trai cu c? bit rng h cu rt ti..
Hng dn:
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1
3 3 3
x y
1
' )
1
]
8x - 27y = 38 ( x, y N)
x = -2 + 27t , y = -2 + 8t
Cho t = 1 x = 25, y = 6
Bi 49: gii cc phng trinh nghim nguyn:
a) x
2
- 4y
2
= 1
b) x
2
- y
2
= 91
c) 2x
3
+ xy = 7
d) x
2
+ y
2
= 2z
2
e) x
2
+ 2y
2
= z
2
f) x
2
+ y
2
= z
2
+ 1
g) 2x
2
+ 3y
2
= z
2
h) x
2
- y
2
+ x = 0
i) x
3
+7y = y
3
+ 7x
j) 3x
2
+ 10xy + 8y
2
= 96
k) 19x
2
+ 28y
2
= 729
l) xy + 3x -5y = -3
m) x + y = xy
n) x + y +1 = xyz
o) x
3
- 2y
3
- 4z
3
= 0
p) y
2
= x
3
+ 7
q) x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 2xyz
r) x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ u
2
= 2xyzu
s) 8x
4
+ 4y
4
+ 2z
4
= t
4
t) x(x + 1)(x +7)(x + 8) = y
2
u) ( x + 2)
4
- x
4
= y
3
v) x
1
4
+ x
2
4
+ .+ x
14
4
=1599
Hng dn
b) ( x + y)( x - y) = 91, m 91= ( 1)( 91) = ( 13)( 7)
44
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
c) x(2x
2
+ y) = 7 = (1)(7)
d) x v y phi cng chn hoc l, suy ra x + y v x - y cng chn
t x + y = 2u, x -y = 2v, c 4u
2
+ 4y
2
= 2( x
2
+ y
2
). gii phng trnh u
2
+ v
2
= z
2
,
ri ly x = u + v, y = u - v
e) x = 2m
2
- 1, y = 2m, z = 2m
2
+ 1.
C th p dng pp gii phng trnh x
2
+ y
2
=z
2
gii phng trnh ax
2
+ y
2
= z
2
(
a > 0)
f) Dng hng ng thc
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
n n 1 2n 1 n n 1 1 + + + + + +
hoc ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 3 3 3
[2n 4n 1 ] 16n 1 16n 1 16n 2n 1 + + + +
g) C th ga thuyt ( x, y,z) = v nu x = dx, y = dy, z= dz( d> 1) th cng c
2x
2
+ 3y
2
=z
2
. x v z khng th l bi ca 3( nu x = 3u, z =3v th y =3t). Ta c 2x
2
= z
2
_ 3y
2
, chng t 2x
2
v z
2
c cng s d ( 0) khi chia cho 3, iu na khng th
xy ra. Phng trnh v nghim
h) x(x +1) = y
2
,m (x, x+1) = 1
j)x = y hoc x
2
+xy + y
2
= 7( vi x y)
(x - y)
2
= 7 - 3xy suy ra xy <
7
3
(x =1, y =2) v (x = 2, y = 1)
(x + 2y)(3x + 4y) = 96. Ch rng (x +2y ) +( 3x +4y ) = 2( 2x +3y) , chng t
rng x + 2y v 3x + 4y u chn
k) (18x
2
+ 27y
2
) + ( x
2
+ y
2
) =3243 suy ra x
2
+ y
2
chia ht cho 3 suy ra x = 3u, y
=3v suy ra 19u
2
+ 28q
2
= 81. Tng t u =3s, v =3r suy ra 19s
2
+ 28r
2
= 9
s =3p, r =3q suy ra 19q
2
+ 28p
2
= 1. Phng trnh v nghim.
l) Gi s x y
x = y th 2x +1 + x
2
z khi v ch khi x(xz - 2) =1 (x = y = 1, z = 3)
x < y th xyz < 2y + 1 khi v ch khi xyz 2y khi v ch khi xz 2
s: x = 1 y = 2 z = 2, x = 2 y = 2 z = 1
m,n) tong t
o) x
3
= 2(y
3
+ 2z
3
) suy ra x
3
chn. Do x chn: x = 2x, suy ra 8x
3
= 2(y
3
+ 2z
3
)
hay y
3
= 4x
3
- 2z
3
. Do y = 2y, z = 2z. Vy x
3
= 2(y
3
+2z
3
). Qu trnh ny c
th tip tc mi, phng trnh ch c nghim ngun (0,0,0).
p) y
2
= z
3
+ 7, chng minh x l
y
2
+ 1= x
3
+ 8 = (x + 2 ) ( x
2
- 2x + 4) = (x -1)
2
+ 3 c dng 4k +3. Suy ra y
2
+ 1
khng phi l bi ca 9. Vy phng trnh v nghim
q,r,s ) tng t p
t) y
2
= (x
2
+ 8x)( x
2
+8x + 7) = z
2
+7z (vi z = x
2
+8x)
Chng minh nu z > 9 khng c y tha
Suy ra x
2
+ 8x 9 -9 x 1. th trc tip chn ga tr ca y
u) y
3
= 8(x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 4x + 2). t y = 2z, c z
3
= x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 4x + 2. Thy ngay :
x = -1, y = 0 l nghim . Chng minh rng phng trnh khng c nghim no khc.
v)Vi n = 2k, n
4
= 16k
4
chia ht 16
Vi n = 2k +1, n
4
-1 = (n -1)(n +1)(n
2
+1)chia ht cho 16.
Nh vy khi chia x + x +.+ x cho 16,c s d bng cc s l trong dy x, x,,x,
tc l khng vt qu 14. cn 1599 = 1600 -1, chia 16 d -1, tc l 15 phng trnh
v nghim.
45
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Bi 50: Tm iu kin cn v cho s k phng trnh c nghim nguyn.
x
2
- y
2
= k
Hng dn:
Nu x
2
-y
2
=k c nghim nguyn th k 4t +2
Xt trng hp k chn k l
Bi 51: Chng minh rng phng trnh :
1 1 1 1
1991 x y z
+ +
ch c mt s hu hn nghim nguyn dng.
Hng dn:
Ga s 0 <x y z. Ta c
1 1 1 1 1 3
1991 x y z t x
+ + +
suy ra 1991 < x 3.1991 nn x
c hu hn gi tr
Vi mi gi tr ca x c y
2.1991
1991
x
x
2
2
.1991 suy ra gi tr tng ng ca z vi
mi ga tr ca x,y
Bi 52: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh:
1 1 1
)
14
1 1 1
)
a
x y
b
x y z
+
+
Hng dn:
a) Xt
1 1 1
x y a
+
( a nguyn dng) Vi x 0, y 0, phng trnh tng ng
ax + ay = xy hay (x - a)(y - a) = a
2
. C tt c 2m -1 nghim, vi m l cc c s ln
hn 0 ca a
2
.
Vi a = 14, a
2
=196 C 9 c s dng v phng trnh c 17 nghim.
Bi 53: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
1! +2! + + x! = y
2
Hng dn:
Th trc tip, thy x < 5, Phng trnh c nghim, tm nghim
Chng minh vi x 5 phng trnh v nghim
Bi 54: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh :
xy + 3x 5y = -3
2x
2
2xy 5x + 5y = -19
Hng dn:
a)
3 5 3 ( 5)( 3) 18 xy x y x y + +
p s : (x;y) =(4;15), ( -13;-2), (3;6), ( 14;-5), (2;3), (11,-6), (8;-9), (23 -4), (6;-21), (-
1;0), (-4;-1), (7;-13)
b) tng t
Bi 55: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh :
4x + 11y = 4xy
x
2
656xy 657y
2
= 1983
Hng dn:
46
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
4 11 4 (4 11)( 1) 1 x y xy x y +
Xt 4 h phng trnh
p s (x; y) (0;0), (3;12)
b)
( 7) (2 7 2 )(2 7 2 ) 49 z z y z y z y + + + +
2 2
656 657 1983 ( )( 657 ) 1983 x xy y x y x y +
p s : (x;y );(-4; -1), (4; -1) , (-660 ;-1), (660;1)
Bi 56: Tm cc cp s nguyn dng (x ; y) tha mn phng trnh :
7x xy 3y = 0
y
2
= x
2
+ 12x 1923
Hng dn:
7 3 0 ( 3)(7 ) 21 x y xy x y +
Ch rng x Z
+
nn x +3 4, do ch c hai phuong trnh
p s : (4;4 ), (8, 16)
Bi 57: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
a) x(x + 1)(x +7)(x + 8) = y
2
b) y(y + 1)(y + 2)(y + 3) = x
2
Hng dn:
2 2 2
( 1)( 7)( 8) ( 8 7) x x x x y x x y + + + + +
t x
2
+ 8x = z (
) z Z
Ta c :
( 7) (2 7 2 )(2 7 2 ) 49 z z y z y z y + + + +
p s : (0;0), (-1;0), (1;12), (1;-12), (-9;12), (-9; -12),( -8; 0), (-7;0), (-4;12), (-4; 12)
47
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
48
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
1) nh l ln Fecma:
Ta bit c v s b ba s nguyn dng tha mn phng trnh
2 2 2
x y z + .
ng nhin xut hin mt cu hi: c ba s nguyn dng no tha mn phng
trnh
3 3 3
x y z + khng?
Vo nm 1637, nh ton hc Php Fecma (Pierre de Fermat, 1601 1665) nu
ln mng sau, c gi l nh l ln Fecma:
Phng trnh
n n n
x y z + (vi n l s nguyn ln hn 2) khng c nghim
nguyn dng.
Fecma vit vo l cun S hc ca iphng, cnh mc gii phng trnh
2 2 2
x y z + : Khng th phn tch c mt lp phng ng thnh tng ca hai
lp phng, khng th phn tch c mt trng phng thnh tng ca hai trng
phng, v ni chung vi bt c ly tha no ln hn 2 thnh tng ca hai ly tha
cng bc. Ti tm c cch chng minh k diu mnh ny, nhng l sch ny
qu cht nn khng th ghi li c.
Nm 1670, nm nm sau khi Fecma mt, con trai ng cng b mnh ny.
2) Lch s v chng minh nh l ln Fecma:
Ngi ta tm thy chng minh ca Fecma vi n = 4, nhng khng bit c
ng gii bi ton tng qut nh th no? Liu li gii ca ng c sai lm hay
khng?
Ch bit rng phi n mt th k sau, le mi chng minh c bi ton vi n =
3 nm 1753 trong th gi Gnbach. Nm 1825, bng nhng pht minh mi v l
thuyt s, irichl v Lgingr chng minh c vi n = 5. Nm 1839 Lam
chng minh c vi n = 7. Sau khong nm 1850 Kume chng minh c vi
mi 100 n . Nm 1978, nh my tnh in t ngi ta chng minh c bi ton
vi mi n nh hn 125000.
Phng trnh
n n n
x y z + c gi l phng trnh Fecma. N li cun cc
nh ton hc chuyn nghip v nghip d sut hn ba th k. Trn con ng tm
cch gii phng trnh , nhiu l thuyt ton hc mi c sng to ra. Trong
bn chc nm gn y, nhiu nh ton hc t c nhng kt qu quan trng. V
chng minh nh l ln Fecma, ch cn chng minh gi thuyt do Taniyama nu
ra: mi ng cong elliptic u l ng cong Weil.
Chng ta tm hiu i cht v iu ny.
Ta xem mi nghim nguyn ca phng trnh l mt in c to nguyn ca
mt ng cong. ng cong elliptic c Taniyama a ra nm 1955 trong mt hi
ngh quc t Nht Bn, l ng cong cho bi phng trnh
2 3 2
y x mx nx p + + + tha mn iu kin khng c im k d.
Nh ton hc c Frey l ngi u tin gn vic chng minh nh l ln
Fecma vi cc ng cong elliptic: gi s nh l ln Fecma khng ng th tn ti
cc s nguyn a, b, c khc 0 v s t nhin n sao cho
n n n
a b c + . Khi tn ti mt
ng cong elliptic c bit dng Frey.
Nm 1986, Ribet chng minh c rng: ng cong elliptic dng Frey nu tn
ti th n khng phi l ng cong Weil.
49
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Nh th, nu nh l ln Fecma khng ng th tn ti mt ng cong elliptic
m khng phi l ng cong Weil, tri vi gi thuey61t Taniyama. iu c
ngha l nu chng minh c gi thuyt Taniyama th cng chng min hc nh
l ln Fecma.
Thng 6 nm 1993, trong mt hi ngh ton hc quc t Anh, nh ton hc Anh
Andrew Wiles (Enriu Oail), sinh nm 1953, cng b chng minh gi thuyt
Taniyama cho cc ng cong elliptic dng Frey dy 200 trang, tc l chng minh
c ng l ln Fecma.
Thng 12 nm y, ngi ta tm thy mt l hng trong chng minh ca Wiles.
Tuy nhin cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc ny cho rng con ng i ca Wiles l hp
l, sai lm ca Wiles l c th khc phc c.
ng nh vy, mt nm sau, thng 10 nm 1994, A.Wiles cng vi R. Taylor
cng b mt bi bo di 25 trang hon thin cc chng minh ca Wiles trc y.
Vic chng minh c nh l ln Fecma cho thy b c ca con ngi tht k
diu: bt c nh cao tr tu no con ngi cng c th vn ti. Khng c bi ton
no m con ngi khng gii c, ch c sm hay mun.
3) Chng minh nh l ln Fecma vi n = 4
chng minh nh l ln Fecma vi n = 4 tc l chng minh tng ca hai trng
phng khng bng mt trng phng, ta ch cn chng minh tng ca hai trng
phng khng bng mt s chnh phng, tc l ch cn chng minh phng trnh
sau khng c nghim nguyn dng:
4 4 2
x y z +
Hng dn: dng nguyn tc cc hn
Gi s
( , , )
o o o
x y z
l nghim ca phng trnh cho c
4 4
o o
x y + nh nht. Hy
chng minh tn ti nghim ca phng trnh l
1 1 1
( , , ) x y z
m
4 4 4 4
1 1 o o
x y x y + < +
S dng b : cc s nguyn t cng nhau x, y, z l nghim nguyn dng
ca phng trnh Pitago
2 2 2
x y z + , iu kin cn v l:
x = 2mn;
2 2
y m n ,
2 2
z m n + (gi s x chn, y l) trong m v n l hai s
nguyn dng ty , nguyn t cng nhau, chn l khc nhau, m > n.
50
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Pytago sinh khong nm 580 v mt khong nm 500 trc Cng nguyn. ng
sinh trng trong mt gia nh qu tc o Xa- mt, mt o giu c ven bin
- gi thuc a trung hi.
Mi 16 tui , cu b Pytago ni ting v tr thng minh khc thng. Cu theo
hc mt nh ton hc ni ting Talt v chnh Talt cng phi kinh ngc v tr thng
minh, ti nng ca cu.
tm hiu khoa hc ca nn vn hc cc dn tc, Pytago dnh nhiu nm
n n , Babilon, Ai Cp v tr nn uyn bc trong hu ht cc lnh vc quan
trng: s hc, hnh hc, thin vn, a l m nhc, y hc, trit hc.
Vo tui 50, ng mi tr v t quc ca mnh. ng thnh lp mt ngi trng
min nam , nhn hng trm mn sinh, k c ph n, vi thi gian hc 5 nm gm 4
b mn: hnh hc, ton hc, thin vn, m nhc. Ch nhng hc sinh gii vo cui
nm th 3 mi c ng trc tip dy. Trng phi Pytago ng mt vai tr quan
trng trong s pht trin nn khoa hc ca th gii c i, c bit v s hc v hnh
hc.
Pytago chng minh h thc gia di cc cnh ca mt tam gac vung . H
thc ny c ngui Ai Cp, ngi Babilon, Trung Quc, Ngi n bit n
t trc, nhng Pytago l ngi u tin chng minh h thc y.
Trng phi Pytago kho st hnh vung c cnh di 1 n v v nhn ra rng
khng th biu th di ng cho ca n bng mt s nguyn hay phn s, tc l
tn ti cc on thng khng biu th c theo on thng n v bi mt s hu t.
S kin y c so snh vi vic tm ra hnh hc clit th k XIX.
Trng phi Pytago cng nghin cu v m nhc. H gia thch rng cao ca
m thanh t l nghch vi chiu di ca dy v ba si dy n c chiu di t l vi 6,
4, 3 s cho mt hp m m tai.
Pytago cn nghin cu c kin trc v thin vn. ng cho rng tri t c hnh
cu v tm ca v tr.
Pytago v cc mn ca ng tn th cc con s v gn cho mi con s mt
ngha thn b : h cho rng s 1 l ngun gc ca mi s, s l l s nam, s chn l
s n, s 5 biu th vic xy dng gai nh, s 7 mang tnh cht ca sc khe, s 8
biu th cho tnh yu Trc lc vo nghe ging, cc hc tr ca Pytago c nhng
cu kinh nh: Hy ban n cho chng ti, hi nhng con s thn linh sng to ra
loi ngi
Pytago cng c nhng cu th v nu ln nhng phng chm x th:
Hy sng gin d, khng xa hoa.
Hy tn trng cha m.
Hy tp chin thng s i kht, s li bing v s gin d.
Ch coi thng sc khe. Hy cung cp cho c th ng lc nhng n thc
ung v s luyn tp cn thit.
Cha nhm mt nu cha sot li nhng vic lm trong ngy.
ng thy ci bng tr ca mnh trn tng m tng mnh v i.
51
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
Trong qu trnh bin son quyn chuyn ny, chng em tham kho v
trch dn t nhiu ngun sch, bo v ti liu khc nhau.
- Phng trnh v bi ton vi nghim nguyn, tc gi V Hu Bnh.
- Mt s chuyn mn ton trung hc c s, tc gi V Dng Thy v
Nguyn Ngc m.
- Mt s chuyn s hc, cc tc gi H Ni.
- Tp ch bo Ton Tui Th 2, do nh xut bn gio dc.
- Mt s ti liu t mng.
Cm n cc tc gi sch, bo ni trn c nhng quyn sch hay gip chng
em hon thnh tt chuyn ny.
Chn thnh cm n thy v cc bn dnh thi gian xem chuyn . Nhm
bin tp hn hnh n nhn nhng ng gp t thy v cc bn./.
Nhm bin tp
Nguyn Hong Anh Th
Trng Thanh Th
L Th Thu Tho
Phm Ngc Xun o
Nguyn Th M Huyn
52
Nhm bin son lp 10 Ton nm hc 2009 2010
53