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B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN CHNG TRNH H TR NGNH LM NGHIP & I TC

CM NANG NGNH LM NGHIP

Chng H SINH THI RNG T NHIN VIT NAM

NM 2006

Bin son: Phng Ngc Lan Phan Nguyn Hng Triu Vn Hng Nguyn Ngha Thn L Trn Chn Chnh l: Nguyn Vn T V Vn M Nguyn Hong Ngha Nguyn B Ngi Trn Vn Hng Quang Tng H Tr k thut v ti chnh: D n GTZ-REFAS

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Mc lc .........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 1. Tnh a dng ca h sinh thi rng t nhin Vit Nam ........................................5
1.1. a dng h sinh thi rng ............................................................................................5 1.2. a dng sinh hc ca h sinh thi rng Vit Nam.....................................................8

2. Cc nhm nhn t sinh thi pht sinh (phytooecogenetic factors) h sinh thi rng t nhin Vit Nam............................................................................................8
2.1. Nhm nhn t a l - a hnh .....................................................................................8 2.2. Nhm nhn t kh hu, thu vn ...............................................................................10 2.3. Nhm nhn t m, th nhng .............................................................................12 2.4. Nhm nhn t khu h thc vt ..................................................................................13 2.5. Nhm nhn t sinh vt v con ngi.........................................................................15

3. Nhng h sinh thi rng t nhin ch yu Vit Nam .......................................20


3.1. H sinh thi rng kn thng xanh ma m nhit i............................................20 3.1.1. Phn b................................................................................................................20 3.1.2. iu kin sinh thi ..............................................................................................20 3.1.3. Cu trc rng ......................................................................................................20 3.1.4. Ti sinh v din th rng ....................................................................................29 3.1.5. ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc ..............................................................35 3.2. H sinh thi rng kn na rng l m nhit i ......................................................36 3.2.1. Phn b................................................................................................................36 3.2.2. iu kin sinh thi ..............................................................................................36 3.2.3. Cu trc rng ......................................................................................................36 3.2.4. Ti sinh v din th rng ....................................................................................38 3.2.5. ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc ..............................................................42 3.3. H sinh thi rng l rng thng xanh trn ni vi...........................................43 3.3.1. Phn b................................................................................................................43 3.3.2. iu kin sinh thi ..............................................................................................43 3.3.3. Cu trc t thnh thc vt ...................................................................................45 3.3.4. Khu h ng vt ni vi .................................................................................53 3.3.5. Ti sinh v din th rng ....................................................................................54 3.3.6. ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc ..............................................................55 3.4. H sinh thi rng l kim t nhin .............................................................................55 3.4.1. Phn b................................................................................................................55 3.4.2. iu kin sinh thi ..............................................................................................56 3.4.3. Cc loi h sinh thi rng l kim t nhin ..........................................................56 3.4.4. ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc ..............................................................59 3.5 H sinh thi rng tha cy h du (rng khp, dry dipterocarp forest) ...............60 3.5.1. Phn b................................................................................................................60 3.5.2. iu kin sinh thi ..............................................................................................60 3.5.3. Cu trc rng ......................................................................................................61 3.5.4. Ti sinh v din th rng ....................................................................................64 3.5.5. ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc ..............................................................65 3.6. H sinh thi rng ngp mn ......................................................................................65

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3.6.1. Phn b................................................................................................................65 3.6.2. iu kin sinh thi v qun th cy ngp mn....................................................67 3.6.3. Khu h thc vt rng ngp mn..........................................................................76 3.6.4. Khu h ng vt rng ngp mn.........................................................................76 3.6.5. Ti sinh v din th rng ....................................................................................77 3.6.6. Khai thc hp l v s dng bn vng rng ngp mn .......................................79 3.6.7. ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc ..............................................................80 3.7. H sinh thi rng trm (Melaleuca cajuputi)...........................................................81 3.7.1. Phn b................................................................................................................81 3.7.2. iu kin sinh thi ..............................................................................................81 3.7.3. Cu trc rng ......................................................................................................83 3.7.4. Ti sinh v din th rng ....................................................................................84 3.7.5. ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc ..............................................................85 3.8. H sinh thi rng tre na (Bambusa spp) ................................................................85 3.8.1. Khi qut v rng tre na ...................................................................................85 3.8.2. H sinh thi rng lung (Dendrocalamus barbatus) ...........................................90 3.8.3. H sinh thi rng vu ..........................................................................................96 3.8.4. H sinh thi rng na..........................................................................................98 3.8.5. H sinh thi rng l (Bambusa balcoa Roxb.)...............................................100

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1. Tnh a dng ca h sinh thi rng t nhin Vit Nam

1.1. a dng h sinh thi rng


a) iu kin sinh thi c nh hng quyt nh n tnh a dng ca h sinh thi rng Vit Nam. Lnh th lc a tri di t v tuyn 23o 24 B n v tuyn 8o 35 B, nm trong vnh ai nhit i bc bn cu tip cn gn vi xch o.Vit Nam c kh hu nhit i gi ma c ma ng lnhv cn xch o. B bin di 3.260 km t Mng Ci n H Tin, ni c rng ngp mn, ni c rng phi lao trn ct. i ni chim ba phn t lnh th, t vng ven bin n ng bng, trung du, cao nguyn, vng ni vi nh ni cao nht l Phan Xi Png cao 3.143 m. Chnh iu kin a hnh ny lm cho Vit Nam khng ch c kh hu nhit i gi ma m cn c c kh hu nhit i v n i ni cao. Khng k min kh hu bin ng, kh hu lc a c 3 min kh hu (pha Bc, ng Trng Sn, pha Nam) vi 10 vng kh hu c trng cho cc vng sinh thi khc nhau. iu kin a hnh v kh hu trn y to nn nhiu qu trnh hnh thnh t khc nhau. Vit Nam khng ch c nhng lp t nhit i in hnh nh t Feralit, t nu v t en nhit i v.v m cn c c lp t nhit i, lp t ph nhit i vng ni v c t vng alt ptzn ho trn ni cao. b) Tnh a dng v loi cy v ng vt l mt trong nhng nhn t quyt nh tnh a dng v h sinh thi rng t nhin ca Vit Nam. V khu h thc vt, ngoi nhng yu t bn a c hu, Vit Nam cn l ni hi t ca 3 lung thc vt di c t Trung Quc, n - Himalaya , Malaixia - Innxia v cc vng khc k c n i. Theo Nguyn Ngha Thn (1997), nc ta c khong 11.373 loi thc vt thuc 2524 chi v 378 h. Cc nh thc vt hc d on con s loi thc vt nc ta cn c th ln n 15.000 loi. Trong cc loi cy ni trn c khong 7.000 loi thc vt c mch, s loi thc vt c hu ca Vit Nam chim khong 30% tng s loi thc vt min Bc v chim khong 25% tng s loi thc vt trn ton quc (L Trn Chn, 1997), c t nht 1.000 loi cy t kch thc ln, 354 loi cy c th dng sn xut g thng phm. Cc loi tre na Vit Nam cng rt phong ph, trong c t nht 40 loi c gi tr thng mi. S phong ph v loi cy mang li cho rng Vit Nam nhng gi tr to ln v kinh t v khoa hc. Theo thng k ca Vin Dc liu (2003), hin nay pht hin c 3.850 loi cy dng lm dc liu cha bnh, trong cha c c nhng bnh nan y him ngho. Theo thng k ban u, pht hin c 76 loi cy cho nha thm, 600 loi cy cho tananh, 500 loi cy cho tinh du v 260 loi cy cho du bo. V ng vt, theo ng Huy Hunh (1997), nc ta c khong 11.050 loi ng vt bao gm 275 loi v phn loi th, 828 loi chim (nu tnh c phn loi th khu h chim nhit i nc ta ln n 1.040 loi v phn loi), 260 loi b st v 82 loi ch nhi, khong 7.000 loi cn trng v hng nghn loi ng vt t, c bit c nhiu t rng v.vTheo t liu ca IUCN/CNPPA (1986) khu h ng vt Vit Nam kh giu v thnh phn loi v c mc cao v tnh c hu so vi cc nc trong vng ph ng Dng. Trong s 21 loi kh c trong vng ph ny th Vit Nam c 15 loi, trong c 7 loi v phn loi c hu (Eudey 1987) .Theo Mackinon, trong vng ph c 49 loi chim c hu th Vit Nam c 33 loi trong c 10 loi c hu ca Vit Nam. c) H thng phn loi h sinh thi rng Vit Nam Thi Vn Trng (1978, 1999) cn c vo quan im sinh thi pht sinh qun th thc vt phn loi thm thc vt rng Vit Nam. T tng hc thut ca quan im ny l trong mt mi trng sinh thi c th ch c th xut hin mt kiu thm thc vt nguyn sinh nht

nh. Trong mi trng sinh thi , c 5 nhm nhn t sinh thi pht sinh nh hng quyt nh n t thnh loi cy rng, hnh thi, cu trc v hnh thnh nn nhng kiu thm thc vt rng tng ng. Cn c vo c s l lun trn, Thi Vn Trng phn loi thm thc vt rng Vit Nam thnh 14 kiu thm thc vt c trn t lm nghip nh sau: Cc kiu rng, rng kn vng thp: I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Kiu rng kn thng xanh, ma m nhit i Kiu rng kn na rng l, m nhit i Kiu rng kn rng l, hi m nhit i Kiu rng kn l cng, hi kh nhit i Kiu rng tha cy l rng, hi kh nhit i Kiu rng tha cy l kim, hi kh nhit i

Cc kiu rng tha:

VII. Kiu rng tha cy l kim, hi kh nhit i ni thp Cc kiu trng trung: VIII. Kiu trng cy to, cy bi, c cao kh nhit i IX. X. XI. XII. Kiu trung bi gai, hn nhit i Kiu rng kn thng xanh, ma m nhit i ni thp Kiu rng kn hn hp cy l rng l kim, m nhit i ni thp Kiu rng kn cy l kim, m n i m ni va Cc kiu rng kn vng cao:

Cc kiu qun h kh lnh vng cao: XIII. Kiu qun h kh vng cao XIV. Kiu qun h lnh vng cao Trong mi kiu thm thc vt li chia thnh cc kiu ph min (ph thuc vo t thnh thc vt), kiu ph th nhng (ph thuc vo iu kin t), kiu ph nhn tc (ph thuc vo tc ng ca con ngi) v trong mi kiu ph tu theo u th ca loi cy m hnh thnh nn nhng phc hp, u hp v qun hp t nhin khc nhau. Nh vy, bc tranh h sinh thi rng nc ta rt a dng v phong ph. Nm 1970, Trn Ng Phng cng xut bng phn loi rng min bc Vit Nam. ng phn loi rng min bc thnh 3 ai rng: A. ai rng nhit i ma ma: 1. Kiu rng nhit i l rng thng xanh ngp mn 2. Kiu rng nhit i ma ma l rng thng xanh 3. Kiu rng nhit i m l rng thng xanh 4. Kiu rng nhit i l rng thung lng 5. Kiu rng nhit i l rng thng xanh ni vi

B. ai rng nhit i ma ma: 1. Kiu rng nhit i l rng thng xanh 2. Kiu rng nhit i l kim trn ni vi 3. Kiu rng nhit i l kim trn ni t C. ai rng nhit i ma ma ni cao ai ny c 3 loi hnh: P mu (Fokienia hodginsii), Sa mc (Cunninghamia lanceolata), quyn (Rhododendron simsii). Theo thang phn loi ca UNESCO (1973), thm thc vt nc ta c 4 lp qun h, trong c 2 lp qun h c lin quan n rng l: rng rm v rng tha. Mi lp qun h li chia thnh cc phn lp, mi phn lp li chia thnh cc nhm qun h v sau mi n cc qun h. Mi qun h li c chia thnh cc phn qun h v di l qun hp. Cn c vo nguyn tc phn loi nh trn, thm thc vt rng Vit Nam c phn loi nh sau: I. Lp qun h 1: Rng rm Lp qun h ny gm 3 phn lp qun h chnh l: rng thng xanh, rng rng l v rng kh. 1. Phn lp qun h rng thng xanh nhit i: a) Nhm qun h rng ma thng xanh b) Nhm qun h rng ma ma thng xanh: Rng t thp Rng ni thp Rng ni va Rng ni cao Rng ni vi thp Rng ni vi trung bnh Rng bi ct ven bin Rng trn t ph sa Rng ngp nc Rng s vt Rng thng trn ni thp Rng tre na trn ni thp c) Nhm qun h rng na rng l nhit i: Rng na rng l nhit i trn t thp Rng na rng l nhit i trn ni thp Rng na rng l nhit i trn ni vi Rng na rng l nhit i trn ni cao trung bnh

2. Phn lp qun h rng rng l nhit i 3. Phn lp qun h rng kh nhit i a) Nhm qun h rng l cng kh b) Nhm qun h rng gai: Rng gai na rng l Rng gai rng l II. Lp qun h 2: Rng tha Lp qun h ny c 3 phn lp qun h: 1. Phn lp qun h rng tha thng xanh: a) Nhm qun h rng tha l rng: Rng trn t thp Rng trn ni thp b) Nhm qun h rng l kim 2. Phn lp qun h l rng rng l vng ni v vng t thp 3. Phn lp qun h rng tha kh: a) Nhm qun h rng tha l cng kh b) Nhm qun h rng tha c gai: ng gai na rng l * Rng gai thng xanh Phn loi thm thc vt rng ca Thi Vn Trng, Trn Ng Phng v UNESCO khng nh tnh a dng ca h sinh thi rng Vit Nam.

1.2. a dng sinh hc ca h sinh thi rng Vit Nam


Do tc hi ca ph rng nn tnh a dng sinh hc ca rng nhit i Vit Nam ang trong qu trnh suy gim. Nhiu loi thc vt rng qu him ang b e do c nguy c tuyt chng nh: Bch xanh, Thu tng, Thng hai l dt v.v Khng ch nhng loi cy g ln m c nhiu loi cy lm sn ngoi g nh cc loi cy lm thuc cha bnh (dc liu): Sa nhn, H th , Sm Ngc Linh v.v cng ngy cng cn kit. ng vt rng cng ang him dn. Nhiu loi ng vt rng qu him cng ang b e do tuyt chng nh T gic mt sng, B xm, H, Voi v.vNhiu h sinh thi rng nhit i nguyn sinh ang b khai thc lu. Phn ln rng cn li hin nay l rng th sinh ngho. Bo v rng l bin php c bn quyt nh n vic bo tn tnh a dng sinh hc ca cc h sinh thi rng nhit i Vit Nam. 2. Cc nhm nhn t sinh thi pht sinh (phytooecogenetic factors) h sinh thi rng t nhin Vit Nam

2.1. Nhm nhn t a l - a hnh


Nhm nhn t a l a hnh bao gm nhng nhn t hnh thnh trong lch s kin to ca Tri t qua cc k i a cht v quyt nh s phn phi ca hi dng v lc a, s hnh thnh a hnh, a mo v thnh phn a cht ca v Tri t.Tuy nhm nhn t a l a hnh khng nh hng trc tip n cc kiu thm thc vt, nhng chng l nhng nhn t c tc

dng chi phi nh hng ca nhng nhm nhn t khc nh kh hu thu vn, m th nhng v khu h thc vt. Nhm nhn t a l a hnh bao gm nhng nhn t sau y : v v kinh, c bit l v v n c nh hng ln n ch kh hu. Nhn t v hnh thnh nn vnh ai v c nh hng ln n kh hu v phn b thc vt trn tri t. lc a l khong cch t vng n bin. cao, hng phi, dc l nhng nhn t c nhiu nh hng n tiu kh hu. Nhn t cao hnh thnh nn vnh ai cao c nh hng n kh hu v phn b thc vt. Nn tng m din ra qu trnh hnh thnh t.

S bin ng nhit theo v v cao c tnh tng ng v hnh thnh nn hin tng "song hnh sinh hc", t dn n s tng ng v phn b thc vt theo v v cao. Xut pht t quan im ny, Thi Vn Trng (1978, 1999) phn chia thm thc vt trong mt vng thnh hai nhm ln: nhm cc qun th thc vt theo v v nhm cc qun th thc vt theo cao. Trong iu kin Vit Nam, gii hn vnh ai nhit i vng ni thp min Bc l 600 - 700 m, min Nam l 1.000m do min Nam gn xch o hn min Bc. Nhm nhn t a l a hnh nc ta c nh hng quyt nh n kh hu v thm thc vt nh sau: Tnh cht c xa ca lch s kin to a cht l ngun gc khin cho nhng kiu thm thc vt nguyn thu vn cn tn ti, in hnh nht l rng nguyn sinh Cc Phng (Ninh Bnh) vi ng ngi xa. Ngoi ra, nhng loi tn di (Reliques) tng xut hin t nhng thi k rt c xa.

Hnh s 1. Nhm nhn t sinh thi pht sinh a l- a hnh (theo Thi Vn Trng ) Nhng hin nay vn ang cn st li nh nhng loi cy trong cc chi Cycas, Ducampopinus, Fokienia, Libocedrus, Glyptostrobus v.v a hnh i ni chim n ba phn t lnh th. H thng ni ca Vit Nam l s ko di t h thng ni min nam Trung Quc v chn dy ni Himalaya. H thng ni non trong nc ko di lin tc t bc vo nam. Nhng iu kin trn y to iu kin thun li cho cc lung di c thc vt t vng nhit i v c n i vo lnh th Vit Nam. Chnh v vy m h thc vt Vit Nam rt a dng v phong ph v loi cy. Hng u th ca a hnh l hng Ty Bc - ng Nam, hng ny li vung gc vi hng gi ma ng Bc ngn cn bt khng kh lnh t pha Bc trn v. Mt ct ngang ca dy Trng Sn khng i xng, sn ty th dc thoai thoi ko di n lu vc sng M Kng, cn sn ng li c dc cao v tip cn ngay vi b bin. Do vy, nhng h sinh thi rng dy Trng Sn c ngha phng h cc k quan trng cho vng ven bin Trung B. Do tnh him tr ca h thng ni vi ca Vit Nam nn hin nay vn cn c mt h sinh thi rng nhit i c bit m khng phi nc no cng c. Do h thng ni non him tr vi nh ni cao nht l Phan Xi Png (3143 m) v do Vit Nam ko di hn 15 v nn gii hn di ca vnh ai nhit i vng ni thp tng di hai min nam bc khc nhau. Gii hn ny min Bc l 600 - 700 m, min Nam l 1.000 m. y cng l ranh gii phn bit cc h sinh thi rng Vit Nam theo cao.

2.2. Nhm nhn t kh hu, thu vn


Nhm nhn t kh hu thu vn l nhm nhn t ch o quyt nh hnh dng v cu trc ca cc kiu thm thc vt (Aubreville, 1949). Trong nhm nhn t kh hu thu vn vng nhit i th nhn t nhit c nh hng khng ch thm thc vt nhng vng ni cao, cn nhn t nh sng li nh hng n i sng ca cc thc vt sng di tn rng, c bit l ti sinh rng v din th rng. Tuy nh sng khng gy nh hng trc tip n vic hnh thnh cc

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kiu thm thc vt trc mt nhng thng qua nh hng ca nh sng n ti sinh v din th rng m hnh thnh nn nhng h sinh thi rng c t thnh loi thc vt khc nhau. Nhn t gi nh hng n ch kh hu, c bit ch gi ma c nh hng trc tip n nhit , lng ma, s phn phi lng ma v ch kh hn. Trong nhm nhn t kh hu thu vn, ch kh m l tc nhn khng ch quyt nh s hnh thnh nhng kiu kh hu nguyn sinh ca thm thc vt thin nhin trn mt vng ln min nhit i gi ma. Ch kh m l mt phc h bao gm lng ma hng nm, ch s kh hn v m trung bnh thp nht. Ch s kh hn (X) c xc nh theo cng thc sau: X=S.A.D trong : S l s thng kh: thng kh l thng c lng ma tnh bng mm nh hn hoc bng hai ln nhit trung bnh thng. A l s thng hn: thng hn l thng c lng ma nh hn hoc bng mt ln nhit trung bnh thng. D l s thng kit: thng kit l thng c lng ma trung bnh hng thng xp x bng 0. y l nhng thng khng c ma hoc lng ma rt t di 5 mm.

Nh vy, ch cn bit lng ma v nhit trung bnh thng l c th xc nh c thng kh, hn hay kit. V lng ma, c 5 cp sau y: Cp I: lng ma trung bnh hng nm trn 2.500 mm thuc loi ma m. y l lng ma m kiu thm thc vt rng kn thng xanh l rng c hnh thnh v tn ti trong bt k hon cnh no. Cp II: lng ma trung bnh hng nm t 1.200 mm - 2.500 mm thuc loi m v hi m Cp III: lng ma trung bnh hng nm t 600mm - 1.200 mm thuc loi hi kh v kh. Cp IV: lng ma trung bnh hng nm t 300mm - 600 mm thuc loi hn Cp V: lng ma trung bnh hng nm di 300 mm thuc loi cc hn

Nhm nhn t kh hu thu vn l c s phn loi kiu thm thc vt kh hu. l kiu thm thc vt m s hnh thnh pht sinh pht trin ca n chu nh hng quyt nh bi iu kin kh hu. Kh hu Vit Nam l kh hu nhit i gi ma. Ch gi ma c nh hng quyt nh chi phi n kh hu thi tit c nm. Gi ma ng Bc chuyn khng kh lnh t phng bc. Gi ma Ty Nam i qua vng bin a ma m vo lc a. Hng nm c mt ma ma vo ma h nng v mt ma kh vo ma ng gi lnh. Vng Bc Trung B cn chu nh hng ca gi Lo kh nng, tc ng trc tip n i sng thc vt. c bit, Vit Nam cn chu nh hng trc tip ca bo t bin ng i vo lc a gy ra nhng bin ng mnh v thi tit kh hu nht l ch ma bao gm lng ma ln v cng ma mnh. Ch nhit Vit Nam cng khc nhau gia hai min Nam, Bc v theo cc ai cao khc nhau. Kh hu min Nam mang tnh cht nhit i chun, khng c ma ng lnh, tr mt

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vi vng cc nam kh hu mang tnh cht cn xch o. Kh hu min Bc mang tnh cht nhit i nhiu hn v c mt ma ng gi lnh bt thng. Ch nhit vng ni thay i theo cao. Cng ln cao nhit cng gim. Chnh v vy, vng ni cao cng xut hin nhng loi, chi, h thc vt vng nhit i v n i. Yu t cao trong a hnh c nh hng n phn b cc loi thc vt rng nh sau: Vnh ai cao t 700m - 1.600m ( min Bc) v t 1.000m - 1.800m ( min Nam) l vnh ai cao nhit i ni thp tng di. Nhit trung bnh hng nm t 15 - 20 o C, nhit ti thp tuyt i c khi xung n 0 oC, xut hin sng mui.

T thnh thc vt vng ni pha bc c nhng h thc vt nhit i chim u th r rt nh h D (Fagaceae), h Re (Lauraceae), h Ch (Theaceae), h Du (Ulmaceae), h Mc lan (Magnoliaceae), h c ch (Juglandaceae), h Hoa hng (Rosaceae) v.v Trong vnh ai ny t thy nhng loi cy ca kh hu nhit i vng thp v vng c cao trung bnh nh h Du (Dipterocarpaceae), cy sng l hoc bng lng (Lagerstroemia calyculata Kurz) v.v Ngoi ra cn thy xut hin loi du sam (Keteleeria davidiana) T thnh thc vt vnh ai cao ny min Nam c loi thng ba l (Pinus kesiya) Vnh ai cao t 1.600 m - 2.400 m ( min Bc) v t 1.800 m - 2.600 m ( min Nam) l vnh ai n i m ni thp tng trn. Nhit trung bnh hng nm t 10o C - 15oC, nhit trung bnh thng lnh nht di 10oC, nhit ti thp tuyt i xung di 0oC. Thc vt y c nhng loi cy ca vng n i m thuc cc chi nh: Alnus, Betula, Acer, Carpinus v.vNhng loi cy ny hn giao vi nhiu loi cy l kim thuc cc chi nh Dacrydium, Libocedrus, Cephalotaxus, Fokienia v.v min Nam, y l vnh ai cao xut hin loi thng nm l Lt (Pinus dalatensis) v c bit l loi thng l dt (Ducampopinus krempfii), mt loi c c hu Vit Nam pht hin c pha nam dy Trng Sn. Vnh ai cao trn 2.400 m ( min Bc) v trn 2.600 m ( min Nam) l vnh ai n i lnh ni va tng di. Vnh ai ny c tuyt ph trong ma ng. Nhng kt qu nghin cu v vnh ai cao ny cn rt t.

Ch kh m Vit Nam ph thuc nhiu vo ch gi ma, c nhng thay i mang tnh a phng do hng phi ca a hnh v b bin quyt nh. V vy, lng ma hng nm bin ng nhiu qua cc vng sinh thi khc nhau, c vng lng ma trung bnh rt ln trn 4.000 mm/nm nhng cng c vng kh hn ca min bn hoang mc nh vng Phan Rang lng ma trung bnh nm l 757 mm, lng ma trung bnh nm thp nht 413 mm, c nm lng ma thp nht tuyt i ch c 272 mm/nm. min Bc, vng An Chu (Bc Giang), Mng Xn (Ngh An), Pha in, C Ni (Lai Chu) cng c ch hn kit do lng ma thp v ma kh ko di gay gt. Nhm nhn t kh hu thu vn c nh hng quyt nh n vic hnh thnh cc kiu thm thc vt kh hu nguyn sinh Vit Nam.

2.3. Nhm nhn t m, th nhng


m th nhng l nhm nhn t tham gia tc ng trong qu trnh pht sinh pht trin cc kiu thm thc vt. Trn nhng loi hnh t a i hon ton thnh thc s hnh thnh pht sinh nhng kiu thm thc vt a i. Tuy nhin, nu nhng bin i t bin ca ch ma m lm nh hng n l tnh ca t th s xut hin nhng kiu thm thc vt m Thi Vn Trng (1978, 1999) gi l kiu ph th nhng kh hu nh rng tha, trng c, trung gai v.vNu qu trnh a i pht sinh th nhng khng hon chnh s to nn t phi a i

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hoc t ni a i. Trn nhng loi t ny s hnh thnh pht sinh kiu ph th nhng c t thnh loi cy c bit khc vi cc kiu thm thc vt kh hu trong vng nh t ni vi, t rng ngp mn v.vTrn t Feralit thoi ho c tng ong cht cng hnh thnh nn nhng kiu thm thc vt thoi ho khng hi nguyn c trng thi ban u. Nhng kiu ph ny chnh l loi hnh ni a i ca thm thc vt trn t phn, t ngp, t ly v.v... Nhng loi hnh ny, t thnh loi cy, cu trc hnh thi ca qun th s c nhng c trng khc hn vi nhng kiu thm thc vt kh hu. Nh vy, nhm nhn t m th nhng tc ng n qu trnh pht sinh cc kiu thm thc vt v hnh thnh nn nhng kiu thm thc vt th nhng kh hu v kiu thm thc vt ph th nhng.

2.4. Nhm nhn t khu h thc vt


Khu h thc vt l nhm nhn t tham gia vo qu trnh pht sinh cc kiu thm thc vt. Trong thc t c nhiu trng hp, tuy iu kin kh hu v t hon ton ging nhau nhng li xut hin nhng kiu thm thc vt khc nhau v t thnh loi cy. Gii thch iu ny phi da vo nhm nhn t khu h thc vt. Theo quan im a l thc vt th khu h thc vt mt vng bao gm cc thnh phn thc vt bn a c hu (k c c hu c v c hu mi) v cc thc vt ngoi lai t cc lung thc vt di c t ni khc n. Tu theo iu kin a hnh, hnh thc pht tn ca thc vt (nh gi, nc v.v) v kh nng thch nghi ca thc vt m t l tham gia ca cc loi thc vt ngoi lai vo khu h thc vt a phng khc nhau. S tham gia ca cc lung thc vt di c hnh thnh nn nhng kiu thm thc vt c thnh phn loi cy khc vi cc kiu thm thc vt kh hu. Thi Vn Trng (1978, 1999) gi y l " kiu ph min thc vt ". y cng l loi hnh ni a i ca thm thc vt do nh hng ca t l v thnh phn loi cy trong khu h thc vt bn a c hu v cc yu t thc vt ngoi lai di c t ni khc n. Trong nhng trng hp ny, cc kiu ph min thc vt c t thnh, hnh thi, cu trc qun th khc nhau. Trong iu kin, di nh hng ca kh hu hnh thnh nhng loi t a i nhng do nh hng ca tiu a hnh, vi a hnh, hng phi, dc m hnh thnh nn nhng tiu kh hu, th nhng c bit. Ti y, xut hin nhng kiu thm thc vt khc hn vi cc kiu thm thc vt a i. Nhng kiu thm thc vt ny c gi l kiu tri . Tuy nhin, nhng kiu tri ny thng ch xut hin trn phm vi hp. Khu h thc vt Vit Nam, ngoi thnh phn bn a c hu cn c cc thnh phn di c bao gm ba lung thc vt di c chnh v mt s nhn t di c khc. Lung thc vt di c t Malaixia - Indnxia. i din cho lung di c ny l cc loi cy thuc h Du (Dipterocarpaceae) xut pht t trung tm pht sinh o Bocneo. Colani tm thy g ho thch v du vt l ca rng du lu vc sng a Hng, min nam Vit Nam. iu ny chng t nhng loi cy h Du di c n Vit Nam t k tam. Nhng loi cy trong h Du bao gm c nhng loi cy thng xanh v mt s loi cy rng l thch nghi vi nhng vng kh hn, hnh thnh nn rng tha cy h Du, in hnh l rng khp c Lc, Gia Lai v.v Lung thc vt di c t vng n i theo v (Vn Nam- Qu Chu) v vng ai n i ni va thuc dy ni Himalaya.

Lung thc vt di c ny bao gm cc loi cy l kim ca ngnh ph ht trn (Gymnospermae) nh Pinus merkusii, Pinus kesiya, Keteleeria davidiana, Fokienia hodginsii, Libocedrus macrolepis, Tsuga yunnanensis, Abies pindrow, Cryptomeria japonica v.v... Ngoi ra cn c cc loi cy l rng, rng l trong ma ng thuc h D (Fagaceae),h Hoa (Betulaceae), h Thch (Aceraceae), h liu (Oleaceae), h c ch (Juglandaceae), h quyn

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(Ericaceae),h Ch nem (Vacciniaceae). Cc loi cy thuc lung di c ny thng xut hin ch yu vng ni cao v ni va. - Lung thc vt di c t vng kh hn ca n - Myanma. i din cho lung di c ny l h Bng (Combretaceae) trong phn ln cc loi thuc cc chi Terminalia, Anogeissus, Finetia, Combretum c c im rng l trong ma kh. Ngoi ra cn c nhng loi cy rng l nh Tch (Tectona grandis), Li th (Gmelina arborea) trong h Verbenaceae, Tung (Tetrameles nudiflora) trong h Datiscaceae, Sng l hay Bng lng (Largerstroemia sp) trong h Lythraceae, Go (Cossampinus malabaricus) trong h Bombacaceae v.vCc loi thc vt thuc lung di c ny di c vo vng ni cao Ty Bc Vit Nam v dc theo dy Trng Sn i n cc cao nguyn Ty Nguyn.

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Theo Thi Vn Trng (1978, 1999), c lng thnh phn cc nhn t bn a v ngoi lai trong khu h thc vt Vit Nam nh sau: Nhn t bn a c hu: (Khu h Bc Vit Nam - Nam Trung Hoa) Nhn t di c: T khu h thc vt Malaixia - Indonexia T khu h thc vt Himalaya - Vn Nam - Qu Chu T khu h thc vt n - Myanma Cc nhn t khc: Nhit i khc n i Th gii Tng cng (Khng k cc loi cy nhp ni) Thnh phn khu h thc vt trn y lm tng tnh a dng v loi v h sinh thi cho thm thc vt rng Vit Nam. 7% 3% 1% 100% 15% 10% 14% 50%

2.5. Nhm nhn t sinh vt v con ngi


Nhm nhn t ny bao gm nhng tc ng ca sinh vt v con ngi n h sinh thi rng, k c tc ng tiu cc v tch cc. Nhng h sinh thi rng nguyn sinh, khi b sinh vt v con ngi tc ng s din ra mt qu trnh din th th sinh. Nhng h sinh thi ny c hnh thi, cu trc v c t thnh loi cy khc hn vi nhng h sinh thi nguyn sinh ban u. Nhm nhng h sinh thi ny c gi l kiu ph sinh vt nhn tc. y cng l loi hnh qun th phi a i khng ging vi cc qun th nguyn sinh ngay c trong cng mt iu kin a l a hnh, kh hu, t v khu h thc vt tng t. Con ngi vi t cch l ch th va c tc ng tch cc v tiu cc n h sinh thi rng. Gy trng rng nhn to l hot ng tch cc ca con ngi. Nhng qun th nhn to ny c xp vo kiu ph nui trng nhn to. Ngoi nhng qun th thc vt nhn to thun loi t thnh bi nhng loi cy nhp ni, dn ging t nhng vng sinh thi khc k c t nc ngoi cn c mt s loi cy bn a c hu. Nhng qun th ny c t thnh loi cy, hnh thi cu trc hon ton khc vi cc qun th thc vt a i. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh tn ti v pht trin, con ngi cng c nhiu tc ng tiu cc n h sinh thi rng di cc hnh thc khc nhau. Chnh nhng tc ng ny dn n qu trnh din th th sinh ca h sinh thi rng nguyn sinh. Do vy, nhng qun th rng th sinh hnh thnh di tc ng ca con ngi c gi l kiu ph th sinh nhn tc. Tc ng ca con ngi n rng c th c ba hnh thc sau y : t rng lm ry trng cy nng nghip Khai thc lm sn lm thay i t thnh loi cy, ph v cu trc hnh

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thi qun th ban u. Chin tranh, cht c ho hc v.v

Nu tc ng ph hoi ca con ngi khng c ngn chn m vn tip tc t rng lm ry v khai thc lm sn qu mc lp li nhiu ln th khng ch thnh phn thc vt b xo trn m t rng cng b thoi ho, cn ci lm cho rng khng th tn ti c v bin thnh trng cy bi, trng c. Nhng h sinh thi ny khng ch chu s tc ng trc tip ca con ngi m cn chu tc ng ca iu kin th nhng thoi ho. Do vy, nhng qun th rng ny c xp vo kiu ph th nhng nhn tc. y nhn t th nhng tr thnh nhn t quyt nh lm cho qun th thc vt rng khng th din th phc hi li trng thi ban u. Trong thc tin Vit Nam cn c tc ng ca con ngi thng qua chn nui gia sc vng trung du v min ni. Cc dn tc min ni c tp qun t c vo ma kh sang xun c non mc ln cho tru b n. y l nguyn nhn hnh thnh nn nhng ng c th sinh Vit Nam. Nhng qun th trong iu kin ny c gi l kiu ph sinh vt nhn tc. Kiu ph ny c hnh thnh di tc ng ca con ngi thng qua hot ng chn nui gia sc. Kiu ph th sinh nhn tc c nhiu Vit Nam. Rng nguyn sinh ch cn li cc vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin v nhng ni xa xi ho lnh, a hnh him tr. Nghin cu kiu ph th sinh nhn tc rt c ngha thc tin i vi vic phc hi rng t nhin nc ta. Kiu ph ny c th chia ra hai loi ln : Kiu thm thc vt hnh thnh trn t cn tnh cht t rng, t cha b thoi ho. Trong iu kin ny, qun th thc vt rng c kh nng phc hi, "hi nguyn" li trng thi ban u thng qua mt qu trnh din th tin ho. Nu thc hin lun canh nng ry, ch trng cy nng nghip trong thi gian ngn, t rng cha thoi ho vn cn tnh cht t rng th rng vn cn c kh nng phc hi trong iu kin rng c bo v nghim ngt. Din th th sinh bt u t ti sinh ca nhng loi cy tin phong a sng, mc nhanh, i sng ngn, g mm v nh nh Ba bt (Mallotus apelta), Hu nu (Mallotus cochinchinensis), Ba soi (Macaranga denticulata), B (Styrax tonkinensis), Mng tang (Litsea citrata), Na (Schizostachyum funghomii), Giang (Maclurochloa sp. ) v.v Cu trc ca h sinh

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Hnh s 2. Chy rng do con ngi

Hnh s 3. My bay M ri cht c ho hc trong chin tranh thi ny n gin thun nht, t thnh phn ln l nhng loi cy a sng chim u th, c ni gn nh thun loi nh rng B (Styrax tonkinensis), Rng rng mt (Ormosia balansae), Cho (Engelhardtia chrysolepis) v.vTuy nhin, do i sng ca nhng loi cy tin phong thng ngn nn gi l loi cy tin phong tm thi. Ch tr mt s loi cy a sng c i sng di mi c kh nng tn ti lu di trong qun th nh Sau sau (Liquidamba formasana), T hp in Bin (Altingia takhtajanii ), M (Manglietia conifera), v.v Nhng loi cy ny gi l loi cy tin phong nh c. Nhng loi cy tin phong ny hnh thnh nn h sinh thi rng th sinh Vit Nam do tc ng ca con ngi. Trong qu trnh din th tip theo, tu theo mc phc tp ca t thnh loi cy m hnh thnh nn nhng phc hp, u hp v qun hp. Ch tiu phn bit ba loi hnh ny l u th ca c th cc loi trong tng lp qun, Phc hp (Complexion) l nhng qun th m u th ca cc loi cy cha phn ho r rt. y l mt c trng cu trc t thnh ca rng ma nhit i ni chung v Vit Nam ni ring. u hp (Dominion) l nhng qun th c s c th ca 10 loi chim 40 - 50% tng s c th trong tng lp qun, mi loi cy chim khong 4 - 5 % tng s c th. Vit Nam, nhng u hp ny xut hin nhiu trong cc h sinh thi rng t nhin nh u hp Sao en (Hopea odorata), u hp Ch en (Parashorea stellata), u hp Ch nu (Dipterocarpus tonkinensis), u hp Du ri (Dipterocarpus alatus), u hp Tu (Vatica tonkinensis) v.v Ngoi cc u hp loi ni trn cn c th xut hin u hp chi, u hp h. l nhng u hp c mt chi hoc mt h chim u th. Qun hp (Association) l nhng qun th gn nh thun loi, u th ca 1 - 2 loi cy rng chim 90% tng s c th trong tng lp qun. Trong iu kin nhit i, nhng qun hp

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xut hin khng mang tnh ph bin nh phc hp, u hp nhng khng phi l khng c. Th d : rng thng ba l thun loi trn ni cao, rng c (Rhizophora conjugata) rng ngp mn ven bin. Lch s ghi li nhng khu rng lim xanh (Erythrophloeum fordii Olive) Hu Lng (Lng Sn), Qu Chu (Ngh An), rng Sao en (Hopea odorata) thun loi t nhin L Lt ( Nha Trang ) v.vNhng qun hp ny thng xut hin trong nhng iu kin c bit, khng phi l do mi trng sinh thi xu. Kiu thm thc vt hnh thnh trn t thoi ho khng cn tnh cht t rng. Trong iu kin ny, qun th thc vt ang nm trong qu trnh din th thoi ho, khng th "hi nguyn" c trng thi ban u v rng s din th chch hng so vi rng ban u. y l trng hp qun th rng b t nng lm ry nhiu ln, rng b khai thc kit qu, t b thoi ho khng cn tnh cht t rng. Lp thc vt rng b thay th bi trng cy bi, trng c th sinh. Trong nhng iu kin ny, h sinh thi rng ch c th phc hi bng gy trng rng nhn to. Nh vy, cc bc phn loi kiu thm thc vt theo quan im sinh thi pht sinh nh sau: Nhm nhn t a l a hnh: Nhm cc qun th thc vt theo v Nhm cc qun th thc vt theo cao Gii hn vnh ai nhit i vng ni thp tng di min Bc l 600 - 700 m v min Nam l 1.000 m. Nhm nhn t kh hu - thu vn Kiu thm thc vt kh hu Nhm nhn t m th nhng Kiu thm thc vt th nhng kh hu Kiu ph th nhng Nhm nhn t khu h thc vt Kiu ph min Kiu tri Nhm nhn t sinh vt v con ngi Kiu ph gy trng nhn to Kiu qun th th sinh nhn tc Kiu ph th nhng nhn tc Kiu ph sinh vt nhn tc Cn c vo cc bc phn loi k trn, Thi Vn Trng phn loi thm thc vt Vit Nam thnh 14 kiu, trong c 10 kiu lin quan n qun th rng. Nhng n v phn loi ny cha phi l n v phn loi c bn. Trong mi kiu thm thc vt li c nhiu kiu ph vi nhiu phc hp, u hp, qun hp khc nhau. Do vy s c nhiu h sinh thi c th khc nhau.

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Di y ch gii thiu nhng h sinh thi rng t nhin ch yu, quan trng i vi sn xut lm nghip.

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3. Nhng h sinh thi rng t nhin ch yu Vit Nam

3.1. H sinh thi rng kn thng xanh ma m nhit i

3.1.1. Phn b
Nhng h sinh thi rng thuc kiu thm thc vt ny rt phong ph v a dng, phn b cc tnh: Qung Ninh, Cao Bng, Lng Sn, Ph Th, Yn Bi, Tuyn Quang, Lo Cai, Ninh Bnh (Cc Phng), Thanh Ho, Ngh An, H Tnh, Qung Bnh, Qung Tr, Tha Thin Hu, Qung Nam, Ty Nguyn v.v Phn b theo cao so vi mc nc bin: min Bc: di 700 m min Nam: di 1.000 m

3.1.2. iu kin sinh thi


Kh hu: Nhit khng kh trung bnh hng nm t 20 - 25 oC , nhit khng kh trung bnh thng lnh nht t 15 - 20 oC. Lng ma trung bnh hng nm t 2.000 mm - 2.500 mm, nhiu vng c lng ma rt cao t 3.000 mm - 4.000 mm Ch s kh hn chung: 3 - 0 - 0 Hng nm khng c thng hn, thng kit, ch c 3 thng kh. m khng kh tng i trung bnh trn 85% Lng bc hi thng thp. t: m: nai (gneiss), phin thch mica (micaschiste), phin sa thch (gres schisteux ), vi hoa cng (microgranit ), lu vn (rioolit), hoa cng (granit), huyn v (bazan) v.v t a i ca vnh ai nhit i m vng thp t vng Feralit hon ton thnh thc, su, dy, khng c tng ong. t hung (terra rossa) nhit i phong ho trn vi v trn t bi t trong thung lng di chn cc ni vi. Theo Friedland, y l loi t en macgalit.

3.1.3. Cu trc rng


a) Cu trc tng th Nhng h sinh thi rng thuc kiu thm thc vt ny c nhiu tng, cao t 25 - 30 m, tn kn rm bi nhng loi cy g ln l rng thng xanh. Cu trc tng th c 5 tng : Tng vt tn A1: hnh thnh bi nhng loi cy g cao n 40 - 50 m, phn ln thuc h Du (Dipterocarpaceae), h Du tm (Moraceae), h u (Leguminosae) v.v Phn ln l loi cy thng xanh nhng cng c loi cy rng l trong ma kh rt. Tng ny thng khng lin tc, tn cy xo rng hnh , hnh tn.

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Tng u th sinh thi A2: y cn gi l tng lp qun bao gm cy g cao trung bnh t 20 - 30 m, thn thng, tn l trn v hp, tng tn lin tc, phn ln l nhng loi cy thng xanh thuc cc h D (Fagaceae), h Re (Lauraceae), h Vang (Caesalpiniaceae), h Trinh n (Mimosaceae),

Hnh s 4. Cy ch ngn nm, Vn quc gia Cc Phng, Ninh Bnh H sinh thi rng kn thng xanh ma m nhit i. (nh: VNTTX - Phm )

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Hnh s 5. Bnh v cy rng nhit i, Vn quc gia Ct Tin, ng Nai

Hnh s 6. Cnh quan sinh thi vn quc gia Phong Nha, Qung Bnh

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Hnh s 7. Cnh quan sinh thi vn quc gia Ct B, Hi Phng

Hnh s 8. Phu din rng kn thng xanh ma m nhit i (Theo Thi Vn Trng) h Cnh bm (Papilionaceae), h B hn (Sapindaceae), h Xoan (Meliaceae), h Mc lan (Magnoliaceae), h Trm (Burseraceae) v.v... Tng di tn A3: cao t 8 - 15 m, mc ri rc di tn rng, tn hnh nn hoc hnh thp ngc. T thnh loi cy thuc cc h Ba (Clusiaceae), h Du (Ulmaceae), h Mu ch (Myristicaceae), h Na (Annonaceae), h Mng qun (Flacourtiaceae) v.v... Ngoi ra cn c cy con, cy nh ca cc loi cy tng A1 v tng A2 c kh nng chu bng. Tng cy bi B: cao t 2 - 8 m. T thnh loi cy thuc cc h C ph (Rubiaceae), h Trc o (Apocynaceae), h Cam qut (Rutaceae), h Na (Annonaceae), h Mua (Melastomaceae), h Nhn sm (Araliaceae), h Thu du (Euphorbiaceae) v.vNgoi ra cn c nhng " cy g gi " thuc h Da (Palmae), h ph Tre na (Bambusoideae), h S (Scitaminaceae) v.vTrong tng ny cn c nhng loi quyt thn g, chu c bng rp. Tham gia tng ny cn c nhng cy con, cy nh ca nhng loi cy g ln tng A1 , A2 , A3.

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Tng c quyt C: cao khng qu 2 m. T thnh loi cy thuc cc h r (Acanthaceae), h Gai (Urticaceae), h Mn ry (Araceae), h Gng (Zingiberaceae), h Hnh ti (Liliaceae) v nhng loi dng x v.vTham gia tng ny cn c nhng cy ti sinh ca nhng loi cy g ln tng A1 , A2 , A3.

Ngoi 5 tng trn, cn c nhiu thc vt ngoi tng, chng tham gia vo tt c cc tng trong h sinh thi rng nh dy leo, thc vt ph sinh, thc vt k sinh. Thc vt ngoi tng a dng phong ph l mt c im in hnh ca rng ma nhit i. Dy leo c th l thn g hoc thn c thuc cc h u (Leguminosae), h Na (Annonaceae), h Trc o (Apocynaceae), h Gm (Gnetaceae) v.v... Ngoi ra cn c nhng loi dy leo in hnh ca rng nhit i thuc h C da di hng trm mt thuc cc chi Calamus, Daemonorops c hu ca vng ng Nam . Thc vt ph sinh (loi thc vt sng nh vo nhng loi cy khc) gm nhng loi cy thuc h Phong lan (Orchidaceae), h Mn ry (Araceae), nhng loi quyt thuc cc chi Asplenium, Drynaria, Platycerium, c bit l nhng loi cy sng nh cy k ch nh loi a (Ficus), chn chim (Schefflera) v mt loi Fragraea obovata trong h Loganiaceae. Thc vt k sinh bao gm nhng loi cy thuc chi Loranthus trong h Tm gi (Loranthaceae), chi Balanophora trong h Cu ch (Balanophoraceae) sng bm trn cnh l v r cy. b) Cu trc t thnh loi thc vt, cc kiu ph v u hp Cc kiu ph min v u hp: Kiu ph min thc vt thn thuc vi khu h thc vt Malaixia - Innxia , u hp h Du (Dipterocarpaceae) Phn b: Kiu ph min ny phn b rt rng. min bc Vit Nam, chng phn b di cao so vi mt bin t 600 - 700 m, nam Trung B di cao 800 - 900 m v Nam B di cao 1.000 m. Ngoi ra, cn c th tm thy kiu ph ny cc thung lng gia cc ni vi v vng thp ven cc sng ln. Cu trc t thnh loi cy g ln: c trng c bn d nhn bit ca kiu ph ny l u th ca cc loi cy h Du (Dipterocarpaceae) cc tng trn, nht l tng vt tn v tng tn rng. Phn ln cc loi cy rng u thng xanh nh Sao en (Hopea odorata), Kin kin (Hopea pierrei), Sng o (Hopea ferrea ), Tu mt qu (Hopea mollissima), Tu l nh (Vatica tonkinensis), Tu mui (Vatica fleuryana), Ch en (Parashorea stallata) v.v... min Nam, c bit l Ty Nguyn, loi cy tiu biu cho h Du l cy Du ri (Dipterocarpus alatus), Du ng (Dipterocarpus turberculatus). Ngoi cy h Du (Dipterocarpaceae), cn c nhng loi cy bn a thng xanh thuc cc chi : - Sindora, Ormosia, Cassia v.v thuc h u (Leguminosae) - Lithocarpus, Castanopsis, Quercus v.vthuc h D (Fagaceae) - Syzygium, Eugenia thuc h Sim (Myrtaceae) - Camellia, Terstoemia, Schima thuc h Ch (Theaceae) - Garcinia, Mesua, Calophyllum thuc h Ba (Clusiaceae ) - Dracotomelum, Bouea v.v... thuc h Xoi (Anacardiaceae)

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- Aglaia, Aphanamixis, Dysoxylon, Chisocheton thuc h Xoan ( Meliaceae) T thnh loi cy bi thng bao gm nhng loi cy thuc cc chi : - Psychotria, Prismatomeris, Pagetta, Ixora, Lasianthus v.v thuc h C ph (Rubiaceae) - Ervatamia, Tabermontana, Rauwolfia v.vthuc h Trc o (Apocynaceae) - Ardisia, Maesa v.v thuc h n nem (Myrsinaceae) - Polyalthia v.vthuc h Na (Annonaceae) - Diospyros v.vthuc h Th (Ebenaceae) Ngoi ra cn c nhiu i din thuc h Da (Palmae), T thnh tng c quyt c nhiu dng x . c trng cu trc c bn nht ca kiu h sinh thi rng ny l c t thnh loi cy hn giao phc tp nhiu tng, hnh thnh nn nhiu phc hp trong c c u hp, thm ch c nhng qun th rng t nhin gn nh thun loi. Di y ch gii thiu nhng u hp thc vt rng ca nhng loi cy c hu c gi tr kinh t. Cc u hp : - u hp Sao en (Hopea odorata) Theo Maurand (1943), rng sao nguyn sinh c L Lt ( Nha Trang ). Thi Vn Trng (1952) cng pht hin rng sao t nhin gn nh thun loi dc Bt gia Hu v Nng, cao so vi mc nc bin khong 500 - 600 m. Trn v 16 o Bc bn cu, cha pht hin thy sao mc t nhin. Sao l loi cy a sng, i hi t phi tt, su, m. Sao trng ti ph L c (H Ni) lm cy xanh bng mt, sinh trng thn thng p nhng ra hoa kt qu km. iu ny chng t H Ni v min Bc ni chung khng cn l vng phn b t nhin ca loi cy Sao en. Sao l loi cy rng nhit i c gi tr, g tt dng trong xy dng, ng tu thuyn, cn c nghin cu bo tn, xc tin ti sinh t nhin v gy trng pht trin. - u hp Kin kin (Hopea pierrei) Kin kin l loi cy c hu xut hin vng trung gian gia hai khu h thc vt Bc v Nam. Schmid pht hin kin kin trong qun th rng thng xanh ma m nhit i vng thng du Nam B v nam Trng Sn. min Bc, Kin kin phn b n Qu Hp, Ngha n (Ngh An) v Nh Xun (Thanh Ho). C th xc nh gii hn pha bc ca loi cy kin kin n v tuyn 20o C bc bn cu v di cao 350 m so vi mc nc bin. V iu kin t, u hp ny pht trin ch yu trn t vng Feralit v cng c th pht trin trn t do vi phong ho. Kin kin c th tham gia vo qun th vi t cch l loi cy u th, c khi chim n 70% c th tng vt tn. Chiu cao c th t n 23 - 25 m v ng knh trn 40 cm. min Nam, chng mc hn giao vi mt s loi cy h Du (Dipterocarpaceae) v Ngh An mc hn giao vi cc loi cy Ch ch (Parashorea chinensis), Lim xanh ( Erythrophleum fordii Olive) v.v... Kin kin ti sinh mnh nhng qun th rng c tn che khong 0,6 - 0,7 vi i din nhiu kch thc khc nhau. Kin kin l loi cy rng bn a c hu c gi tr g tt, p dng trong xy dng, ng tu thuyn, trang tr ni tht v.v Cn nghin cu bo tn, xc tin ti sinh t nhin loi cy ny t v tuyn 20o tr vo.

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- u hp Ch ch ( Parashorea chinensis) Ch ch l loi cy rng c hu vng qu trung gian gia hai khu h thc vt Nam v Bc. Tuy nhin, phn b t nhin loi ch ch c th n cc thung lng, lu vc cc sng Lo Cai, Yn Bi, Tuyn Quang, Bc Kn, Thi Nguyn, Lng Sn, Ninh Bnh, Thanh Ho, Ngh An v.vPhn b t nhin theo cao ca loi cy Kin kin ti Ngha n (Ngh An) t n cao 300 m so vi mc nc bin. Cha c ti liu no pht hin ch ch khu h thc vt Vn Nam - Qung Ty (Trung Quc), v vy c th khng nh y l loi cy c hu ca khu h thc vt Vit Nam. Ch ch tham gia vo thnh phn ca qun th rng thng xanh, phn b t v 16o 22 B trn cc loi t vng Feralit, yu cu m t ln nn thng xut hin trong cc thung lng gia cc trin ni vi, ven khe sui , sng ngi. Ch ch l loi cy thng xanh nhng trong nhng nm kh rt ko di cng rng l ng lot. Thn thng trn, cao n 40 - 50 m chim v tr tng vt tn A1. Ch ch c th mc hn giao vi Lim xanh (Erythrophoeum fordii Olive) v cc loi cy rng khc to thnh mt qun th kn rm c tn che n 0,7 0,8. Ti sinh cy m ch ch di tn rng c nhiu nhng cy con, cy nh c rt t. iu chng t cy m ch ch c kh nng chu bng, nhng khi ln ln nhu cu nh sng ngy cng nhiu nn khng th tn ti c di tn rng. Ch ch l loi cy c hu c gi tr cao, g cng bn, t b mi mt dng ng thuyn, lm ct bum v cc cng trnh xy dng. Cn nghin cu bo tn, xc tin ti sinh v gy trng pht trin loi cy ny.
o

- u hp Ch nu (Dipterocarpus tonkinensis) u hp Ch nu phn b Ph Th, Yn Bi, Tuyn Quang, Thi Nguyn, Thanh Ho v.vy l vng thp c kh hu m t. Ch nu cao n 35 - 40 m thng chim v tr tng vt tn trong qun th. Cy ra hoa kt qu hng nm, sai qu, ht d ny mm, c kh nng pht tn ht ging i xa nh qu c cnh. G Ch nu khng cng nh Ch ch nhng nu bo qun tt th c th s dng ng thuyn. Mt s a phng Ph Th trng Ch nu hn giao vi M ( Manglietia conifera) trn t rng cn tt m. - u hp Du ri (Dipterocarpus alatus) u hp ny phn b ch yu min Nam, t Qung Nam n min ng Nam B, c bit c nhiu Ty Nguyn. V c Minh (1963) pht hin u hp Du ri B Trch (Qung Bnh) Trong kiu thm thc vt rng kn thng xanh, Du ri v Vn vn (Anisoptera costata) thng chim v tr tng A1. Nhng u hp cy h Du (Dipterocarpaceae) s c trnh by mc 8.3.5. H sinh thi rng tha cy h Du (cn gi l rng khp) - Cc u hp tu (Vatica sp) u hp Tu mt qu (Hopea mollissima) u hp ny c nhiu Hng Sn (H Tnh). Tu mt qu chim u th trong qun th rng kn tn vi tn che 0,7 - 0,8, chiu cao t ti 30 - 35 m, mang c trng in hnh ca cy rng nhit i l c bnh v cao n 5 - 6 m. Tu mt qu mc hn giao vi su (Dracontomelum duperreanum) v mt s loi cy khc thuc cc chi Lindera, Litsea, Phoebe, Cinnamomum chim v tr tng A1 . Tng A2 gm mt s loi cy nh Nang trng (Horsfieldia amygdalina), Mu ch (Knema conferta),

26

Hnh s 9. Phu din rng thng xanh ma m nhit i Hng Lin, Hng Kh, H Tnh (Theo Phng Ngc Lan v Bi nh Toi) Trm (Syzygium sp.). Tng A3 c Ba (Garcinia oblongifolia), Ngt (Gironniera subaequalis ), Trm trng (Canarium album), re (Cinnamomum sp.). Tng cy bi cao t 5 - 7 m, tha tht gm loi cy Nh ni (Diospyros filipendula), Chn (Microdesmis caeserfolia) v.v, mt s loi cy trong h Na (Annonaceae), mt s loi trong chi Litsea thuc h Re (Lauraceae). Tng c quyt rm rp gm cc loi dng x thuc cc chi Asplenium, Diplazium, Tectaria v.vThc vt ph sinh c nhiu, c bit c loi a (Ficus) mc trn cc cy tu, c, su. G Tu mt qu cng bn c s dng trong xy dng v ng thuyn. Cn xc tin ti sinh t nhin, c th trng trn t rng mi khai thc nhng phi trng hn loi vi nhng loi cy mc ch khc hoc cy ph tr. u hp Tu mui (Vatica fleuryana) u hp ny phn b cao t 300 - 800 m nhng phn b tp trung cao t 600 700 m (theo Vin iu tra Quy hoch rng) trn t Feralit vng c tng t kh dy. u hp ny c nhiu Hng Sn (H Tnh). T thnh loi cy ca u hp ny phc tp nhng Tu mui vn chim u th, tn che ca rng 0,7 - 0,8, tng tn lin tc. Ngoi tu mui cn c Tu mt qu, Lim xanh (Erythrophloeum fordii Olive), mt s loi cy trong h D (Fagaceae), h Re (Lauraceae) v.v tng di tn, Tu mui khng chim u th r rt. Tng cy bi thm ti tha tht, Ti sinh tt nhng phn ln l cy m, chng t tn che cao ch thch hp cho nhng loi cy m c kh nng chu bng. Cy con v cy nh ti sinh thiu nh sng khng tn ti c. G Tu mui khng bn, d b mc nn cn c bo qun trc khi s dng. u hp Tu mt l nh + Tu mui (Vatica tonkinensis + Vatica fleuryana) V c Minh gp u hp ny ti K Ln (Tuyn Quang) cao 480 m so vi mc nc bin. Tu mt l nh v tu mui chim u th trong t thnh tng cy g , cy cao n 30

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m, hn giao vi Trm trng (Canarium album), Mu ch (Knema conferta), Lng mang (Pterospermum lancaefolium) v.v Tng cy bi thp gm c cc loi Gordonia sp, Ardisia sp, Alchornea rugosa, Psychotria montana, Chloranthus sp, Antidesma, Strobilanthes v.v Tng c quyt gm c cc loi Panicum sp, Tectaria, Abacopteris, Scleria v.v V c Minh cn gp u hp ny ti V L ( Thi Nguyn ). y, Tu mt l nh mc hn giao vi Sn mt (Madhuca pasquieri), Trm en (Canarium nigrum), Rng rng mt (Ormosia balansae), re (Cinnamomun sp.), kho (Phoebe sp.), Ngt (Gironniera subacqualis), Lng bng (Dillennia heterosealpa), Ba (Garcinia oblongifolia) v.v Tng cy bi gm c cc loi Ardisia conjugate, Psychotria montana, Phyllostachys sp, Melastoma sp, Annona sp v.v Tng c quyt c Tectaria quintaphylla, Selaginella rependa, Diplajium sp, Scleria herbacarpa v.v C hai u hp ny u c Tu mt l nh ti sinh, cy cao n 1 - 2m, cy m nhiu nhng cy con v cy nh t . Loi cy ny cng ch chu bng trong giai on cn nh. G Tu mt l nh cng bn c s dng trong cc cng trnh xy dng v ng thuyn. u hp Vn vn (Anisoptera costata) u hp ny xut hin trong kiu rng l rng thng xanh ma m nhit i vng thp. Vit Nam c hai loi vn vn (Anisoptera costata v Anisoptera glabra) u thuc h Du. Chng mc hn giao vi Du ri (Dipterocarpus alatus). Trong kiu rng kn l rng thng xanh ma m nhit i cn c nhiu u hp cy h Du thuc kiu ph min thc vt Malaixia - Indonesia nhng cha pht hin c ht, cn nghin cu b sung. Kiu ph min thc vt thn thuc khu h thc vt Bc Vit Nam - Nam Trung Hoa. Kiu ph min ny thng vng thp, min Bc di cao 700 m so vi mc nc bin v trn ng ng nhit thng lnh nht 20o C; min Nam vng thp m, di cao 1.000 m so vi mc nc bin thuc dy Trng Sn. Kiu ny bao gm nhiu u hp h nh : - u hp h Re (Lauraceae) - u hp h D (Fagaceae) - u hp h Xoan (Meliaceae) - u hp h Du tm (Moraceae) - u hp h Mc lan (Magnoliaceae) - u hp h u (Leguminosae) - u hp h Xoi (Anacardiaceae) - u hp h Trm (Burseraceae) - u hp h B hn (Sapindaceae)

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- u hp h Hng xim (Sapotaceae) - v.v T thnh loi cy phn ln l thng xanh c xen ln mt s loi cy rng l, khng c tng vt tn r rt, cy c bnh v ln. Tng cy bi thp nhiu cy thuc h C da (Palmaceae), h ph Tre na (Bambusoidae). Dy leo thn g v thc vt ph sinh (phong lan), mn ry v.vc nhiu. Trn Ng Phng v V c Minh (1970) cng pht hin hai loi hnh thc vt kh hu ai thp di 300 m so vi mc nc bin l u hp Lim xanh (Erythrophoeum fordii Olive) t o Ngang tr ra v u hp g + hunh (Sindora cochinchinensis + Tarrietia javanica) t o Ngang tr vo. vnh ai cao 300 - 700 m c u hp Sn + Tu (Madhuca pasquieri + Hopea mollissima). Vnh ai nhit i vng ni c u hp D (Castanopsis). Nhng u hp h trong kiu ph min ny cn c nhiu nhng cha pht hin ht. Kiu ph th nhng: y l kiu thm thc vt rng ph hnh thnh do iu kin th nhng quyt nh, mc d c chung iu kin kh hu nh cc kiu thm thc vt khc. Kiu ph th nhng kit nc trn ni vi H sinh thi rng trn ni vi l mt th d in hnh (xem mc 8.3.3). Kiu ph th nhng ng nc mn H sinh thi rng ngp mn l mt th d in hnh (xem mc 8.3.6)

3.1.4. Ti sinh v din th rng


Tc ng ca con ngi n h sinh thi rng rt a dng v phc tp v nhng hnh thc, mc khc nhau. Chnh tc ng ny l nguyn nhn dn n qu trnh din th th sinh v to nn nhng kiu ph th sinh nhn tc. Trong qu trnh din th th sinh hnh thnh nn nhiu u hp khc nhau tu theo hnh thc, mc tc ng ca con ngi tiu cc hay tch cc. a) Tc ng ph hoi ca con ngi: Sau nng ry: - u hp M + Rng rng mt ( Manglietia conifera + Ormosis balansae) u hp ny phn b nhiu Tuyn Quang, Yn Bi, H Giang v.vVng ny c ch kh hu ma nhiu v m, t cn tnh cht t rng. Bc Quang (H Giang) tng xut hin ti sinh rng rng thnh nhng qun th rng phc hi sau nng ry gn nh thun loi. M v Rng rng mt l hai loi cy rng a sng nhng c i sng di, t kch thc ln. y l loi cy tin phong nh c. Nu c bo v nghim ngt c th phc hi li rng c gi tr kinh t. - u hp hu ay + hu tru + hu nu + ba bt + ba soi + hu en u hp ny xut hin nhiu vng kh hu m nh Ph Th, Tuyn Quang, Yn Bi v.vTi sinh nhiu loi cy a sng hnh thnh nn nhng u hp gn nh thun loi nh hu ay (Trema angustifolia), Ba bt (Mallotus apelta), Hu en (Commersonia echinata), hu nu (Mallotus cochinchinensis ), hn giao vi Ba soi (Macaranga denticulata). Ngoi ra, cn gp ti sinh ca cc loi cy khc nh B (Styrax tonkinensis), Mng tang ( Litsea citrata), Tru

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(Aleurites montana), Na l to (Schizostachyum funghomii), M (Manglietia conifera), Lim xanh (Erythropheoum fordii Olive) v.v Nhng loi cy hu l loi cy a sng, mc nhanh, i sng ngn, ch l cy tin phong tm thi. Tuy nhin, nu c bo v nghim ngt th di tn rng s xut hin ti sinh nhng loi cy chu bng, mc chm hn v c gi tr kinh t. Mi vng c iu kin sinh thi, khu h thc vt a phng khc nhau nn t thnh qun th phc hi sau nng ry cng khc nhau. - u hp thn tho

Hnh s 10. t rng lm

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Hnh s 11 . Din th th sinh loi m ca thm thc vt nhit i vng thp tnh Yn Bi ( theo Thi Vn Trng ) Rng kn thng xanh m nhit i nguyn sinh (d , d gai)+(re, m,c l)+( vng anh,rng rng)+(gi np, gi nc, quych)+ (m, gii)+trm trng+ch nu+lim xanh+sn mt+tu l nh lim xanh+trm trng+rng rng+m+cho+( d ,d gai)+(re, kho)+ch nu m + hu + ba soi + cho b +lim xt+ rng rng+trm +re, kho+ d , d gai

Rng kn cy g ln th sinh thng xanh v na rng l

Rng kn cy g thp th sinh thng xanh v na rng l

b + hu + ba soi + lim xt

Rng tre na xen cy g

na nm + hu + ba soi + giang

na tp + b

Rng tre na

na nm + giang

na tp + giang gy

Trng c th sinh

c lau + c cht

c ch v+c tranh

t m mt,cn mn v ti xp

t xi mn, nng cn, kh nng, cng cht

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Hnh s 12. Din th th sinh loi kh ca thm thc vt rng vng Bin ng, tnh Bc Giang v Hu Lng, tnh Lng Sn. ( theo Thi Vn Trng )

QUN H

X HP lim xanh + sn mt + tu l nh + d gai + d + re + kho

Rng kn thng xanh

Rng kn na rng l

lim xanh + sau sau + re + kho + d gai + d

Rng kn rng l

sau sau + thnh ngnh

Rng tha rng l

thnh ngnh + c lo + thu tu + c tranh

Trng cy bi

c lo + c tranh + c ch v + thu tu

Trng c th sinh

c tranh

c ch v

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u hp thn tho c nhiu nh chui rng, lau, cht, ch v v.vt u hp chui rng cn m nhng u hp lau, cht, ch v th t thoi ho sang trng thi xu hn. + Sau khai thc rng : - u hp Lim xanh + Trm trng (Erythrophoeum fordii+ Canarium album) u hp ny xut hin sau khai thc chn nhng vng c lim xanh phn b. Chnh nhng cy m ca th h rng c l ngun ht ging cho ti sinh rng sau khai thc. Lim xanh l loi cy a sng nhng chu bng trong giai on cn nh. Sau khi khai thc, tn rng b ph v to iu kin cho ti sinh lim xanh v cc loi cy khc sinh trng pht trin tham gia vo t thnh ca rng. - u hp Na l to (Schizostachyum funghomii) u hp ny phn b dc theo cc con sng ln nh sng Hng, sng M, sng Chu, sng Chy, sng L v.vu hp ny c cc tnh Lo Cai, Yn Bi, Tuyn Quang, Ph Th, Bc Kn, Thi Nguyn, Cao Bng, Lng Sn, Thanh Ho, Ngh An, H Tnh v.vTng cy g cn st li sau khai thc l Lim xanh (Erythrophoeum fordii), Trm trng (Canarium album), Ngt (Gironniera subaequalis), Ch nu (Dipterocarpus tonkinensis) v.vDi tng ny l na pht trin dy c to thnh tng tn na lin tc c tn che cao. y l nguyn nhn lm cho ti sinh ca nhng loi cy g rt kh khn. Qun th na n nh trong thi gian di v kh c loi cy no cnh tranh c vi na. Ch trong trng hp na b khuy th qun th rng na mi c thay th bng mt qun th khc. - u hp Giang (Maclurochloa sp.) u hp ny phn b nhiu vng m. Thn khng mc thng ng m chng cho ln nhau lm cho rng kn rm rp . Ti sinh ca cc loi cy g rt kh khn. Do vy, qun th rng giang tn ti trong mt thi gian di. t di rng giang khng tt lm nn nhn dn c kinh nghim l khng t rng giang lm nng. Nhng u hp xut hin sau khai thc ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t. l t thnh ca rng trc khai thc, t thnh loi cy khai thc, cng v lun k khai thc, k thut khai thc v vn xut v.v Do vy, mi a phng c th xut hin nhiu u hp sau khai thc khc nhau. b) Tc ng tch cc ca con ngi y l nhng kiu ph nui trng nhn to. Con ngi trng rng mi nh rng thng, m, bch n, b , lung, phi lao, c v.v(xem chng Trng rng trong Cm nang ngnh lm nghip)

33

Hnh s 13. Rng trng bch n (E. urophylla), Tuyn Quang

34

Hnh s 14. Voi rng nhit i Ty Nguyn, Vit nam

Hnh s 15. H, ng vt qu him, trong rng nhit i Vit Nam

3.1.5. ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc


H sinh thi rng ny phn b rng trn cc tnh trung du v min ni Vit Nam. Tr lng g rng nguyn sinh c th t n 400 - 500 m3/ ha, trong c nhiu loi g qu nhit i v l loi bn a c hu ca Vit Nam c gi tr s dng cao nh inh, lim, sn, tu v.vv c bit l c nhiu loi lm sn ngoi g c gi tr nh dc liu qu, nhiu loi cy cho nha v tinh du v.vy l i tng rng khai thc trong nhiu nm qua v cung cp mt khi lng ln g xy dng, nguyn liu cng nghip ch bin lm sn v.v cho nn kinh t quc dn. Tuy nhin, do khai thc chy theo k hoch trong thi kinh t bao cp, khai thc khng ng k thut, khng bo m ti sinh rng nn din tch v tr lng rng b suy gim. T l rng th sinh ngho kit tng ln. Trong nhng nm gn y, ngnh lm nghip c ch trng hn ch lng khai thc g rng t nhin, tin ti "ng ca" rng t nhin. Ngoi ra, nhiu khu rng nguyn thu nhit i nh Cc Phng (Ninh Bnh), Phong Nha - K Bng (Qung Bnh), Bch M (Tha Thin - Hu), Ct Tin (ng Nai) v.v , ang v s mang li ngun thu nhp ln t du lch sinh thi. H sinh thi rng ny phn b hu ht cc vng u ngun ca cc con sng ln Vit Nam. y l kiu h sinh thi rng nhit i in hnh c c trng bi rng l rng thng xanh hn giao phc tp nhiu tng tn. C th coi nhng c trng ny l m hnh chun p ng ti u cho yu cu phng h u ngun min ni v trung du. Trn thc t, kiu h sinh thi rng ny v ang gi vai tr cc k quan trng cho vic nui dng ngun nc, bo v t, chng xi mn, hn ch l lt cho c vng ng bng, th v ven bin Vit Nam. H sinh thi rng nhit i ny c tnh a dng sinh hc cao c v a dng ngun gen, a dng loi v a dng h sinh thi. Trong h sinh thi ny c nhiu loi thc vt ng vt rng qu him, c loi ang b e do dit chng cn c bo tn nghim ngt v pht trin. y l i

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tng nghin cu khoa hc ca cc vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin v nhiu c quan nghin cu trong v ngoi ngnh lm nghip. Di tm mn xanh ca nhng h sinh thi rng nhit i ny vn cn cha ng bit bao iu b n m cc nh lm sinh hc Vit Nam cha pht hin c.

3.2. H sinh thi rng kn na rng l m nhit i

3.2.1. Phn b
H sinh thi rng ny phn b Qung Ninh, Bc Giang, Bc Kn, Tuyn Quang, Ph Th, Yn Bi, Sn La, Lai Chu, Thanh Ho, Ngh An, Ty Nguyn, min ng Nam B v.v Phn b theo cao so vi mc nc bin : min Bc : di 700 m min Nam : di 1.000 m

3.2.2. iu kin sinh thi


Kh hu: Nhit khng kh trung bnh hng nm Nhit khng kh trung bnh thng lnh nht Lng ma trung bnh hng nm Ch s kh hn 20o - 25o C 15o - 20oC 1.200 - 2.500 m (1-3) - (0-1) - (0)

Ma hn ko di t 1 - 3 thng vi lng ma di 50 mm v mt thng c lng ma di 25 mm. m trung bnh thp nht t: m: phin thch, sa thch, sa dip thch, badan, ph sa c, k c t vi hung , t nu en v.v t vng Feralit, tng t dy trn 85%

3.2.3. Cu trc rng


a) Tng th Cu trc tng th gm 3 tng cy g (A1 , A2 , A3). in hnh l hai loi cy rng l : Sng l (Lagerstroemia tomentosa ) v Sau sau (Liquidambar formosana). Ngoi ra cn c cc loi cy thuc h Dipterocarpaceae, Meliaceae, Leguminosae, Datiscaceae, Moraceae, Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae, Lauraceae, Burseraceae, Sapindaceae v.v Chiu cao qun th t n 40 m. Nhiu loi cy c bnh v. Tng di tn v tng cy bi tha. Tng thm ti rm rp c cc loi quyt (Pteridophyta) v cy h Da (Palmae) b) Cu trc t thnh loi thc vt, cc kiu ph v u hp Cc kiu ph min

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Kiu ph min thc vt thn thuc vi khu h Malaixia - Innxia v khu h n Myanma . Kiu ph ny pht hin Mng Xn, Con Cung (Ngh An), in hnh l cy Sng l (Lagerstroemia tomentosa) mc hn giao vi Lim xanh (Erythrophoeum fordii), Lim xt (Peltophorum tonkinensis), Sn mt (Madhuca pasquieri) c trng c bn ca h sinh thi ny l s c th rng l phi c t 25 - 75% so vi tng s c th trong qun th. Ngoi hai loi cy rng l in hnh l Sng l (Lagerstroemia tomentosa) ty bc Ngh An v Sau sau (Liquidamba formosana) Bin ng, Bc Giang. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu

Hnh s 16. H sinh thi rng hn giao nhit i min ni nh: VNTTX - Tun Hi loi cy rng l khc nh cc loi d (Quercus acutissima, Quercus serrata, Quercus griffithii), B (Styrax tonkinensis), Xoan ta (Melia azedarach), Lim xt ( Peltophorum tonkinensis ) C qun th t thnh loi cy rng l gn nh thun loi nh Sng l (Lagerstroemia tomentosa) Con Cung (Ngh An), Sau sau (Liquidamba formosana ) Hu Lng (Lng Sn) v Bin ng (H Bc) Khu h thc vt Vit Nam c nhiu loi cy rng l thuc cc h Dipterocarpaceae, Leguminosae, Combretaceae, Datiscaceae, Sterculiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, Bignoniaceae, Ulmaceae, Moraceae, Verbenaceae iu d nhn bit l mt s loi cy rng l tham gia vo qu trnh din th phc hi rng sau nng ry nh B (Stryrax tonkinensis) Ph Th, Tuyn Quang v Sau sau (Liquidamba formosana) Hu Lng (Lng Sn) v Bin ng (H Bc) Trong h sinh thi rng ny, nhng loi cy rng l cn mc hn giao vi cc loi cy thng xanh khc thuc cc h Lauraceae, Burseraceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Sapindaceae Kiu ph min thc vt thn thuc vi khu h bn a Bc Vit Nam - Nam Trung Hoa v khu h di c n - Myanma Kiu ph min ny c cc loi cy rng l thuc cc h Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, Leguminosae, Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Verbenaceae Nhng loi ny rng l dn dn v ko di trong sut ma kh hn. iu ng ch l nguyn nhn rng l ca mt s loi cy trong h sinh thi rng ny khng ch l do kh hu. Khi rng b khai thc nhiu ln hoc rng phc hi

37

trn t ang thoi ho c tng ong ngn cch vi mc nc ngm th hn t lm cho mt s loi cy c phn ng rng l trong ma kh hn. Cc kiu ph th nhng Kiu ph th nhng kit nc trn ni vi H sinh thi rng trn ni vi l mt th d in hnh (xem mc 8.3.3). Kiu ph th nhng ng nc mn H sinh thi rng ngp mn l mt th d in hnh (xem mc 8.3.6)

3.2.4. Ti sinh v din th rng


Din th th sinh ca h sinh thi ny hnh thnh di tc ng ca con ngi nh phc hi rng nng ry, sau khai thc v trng li rng mi. Cc u hp trnh by di y l kiu ph th sinh nhn tc. Tc ng ph hoi ca con ngi: Sau nng ry: - u hp M + B + Xoan ta u hp ny hnh thnh sau nng ry. Rng phc hi ban u l ti sinh ca loi cy tin phong a sng, in hnh nht l loi cy b rng l. C ni hnh thnh nn rng b ( Styrax tonkinensis ) t nhin gn nh thun loi nh Ph Th, Tuyn Quang, Yn Bi Cc dn tc min ni tnh Ho Bnh c kinh nghim gieo ht Xoan ta (Melia azederach) trn nng ry, sau t nng kch thch ht xoan ny mm. Ngoi ra cn c M (Manglietia glauca) cng tham gia vo t thnh rng phc hi sau nng ry v l loi cy tin phong nh v, c kh nng tn ti lu di trong i sng ca qun th. - u hp na (Shizostachyum funghomii ) u hp ny hnh thnh trn nng ry lu nm, t b thoi ho. Tu theo mc t thoi ho m qun th na phc hi c ng knh cy khc nhau. t cng xu th ng knh na cng nh v tr thnh na tp. Trong qu trnh phc hi rng c th c mt s loi cy ti sinh chu hn hn xut hin nh giang (Maclurochloa), st (Arundinaria sp.), trc (Phyllostachys sp.), vu (Acidosasa sp.) Do c th ti sinh thn ngm nn qun th na n nh trong mt thi gian tng i di. Khi no na b khuy th s xut hin din th mi tu theo iu kin c th ca tng a phng. - u hp Hu ay + B (Trema angustifolia + Styrax tonkinensis) u hp ny hnh thnh sau nng ry, phn b vng kh hu m, c ni phc hi thnh rng B (Styrax tonkinensis) gn nh thun loi. Ban u nhng loi cy tin phong a sng nh Hu ay (Trema angustifolia), Ba bt (Mallotus apelta), Hu nu (Mallotus cochinchinensis) xut hin cng vi loi cy rng l in hnh l loi b . B l loi cy a sng nhng c i sng di hn cc loi hu, nhiu a phng hnh thnh nn nhng qun th rng b phc hi gn nh thun loi u tui. Qun th rng tin phong ny ch c tnh cht tm thi v cu trc rng thun loi, u tui, mt tng, rng l, tn tha khng thch hp vi iu kin nhit i ma nhiu, t dc. Lng t xi mn trong qun th ny cao nn khng th n nh lu di. Xu hng din th ca qun th s din ra theo hai chiu hng sau y: Nu bo v rng tt th di tn rng s xut hin ti sinh ca nhng loi cy chu bng thuc cc h Caesalpinaceae, Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Meliaceae v.vTh h cy ti sinh ny s

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thay th rng b v c kh nng hi nguyn li trng thi rng ban u t thnh bi nhng loi cy c gi tr kinh t v phng h. y l qu trnh din th tin ho, cu trc rng ngy cng phc tp c v t thnh loi cy v tng th. Nu rng phc hi khng c bo v th s tip tc qu trnh din th thoi ho, cc loi tre na xm nhp vo thnh phn qun th, chim u th hoc gn nh thun loi n nh hoc din th thnh trng cy bi, trng c th sinh nh cht (Thysanolaena maxima), ch v (Miscanthus sinensis) Nhng u hp thuc loi ny cn c coi l i tng khoanh nui rng, nu khng ti sinh ca nhng loi cy mc ch th cn trng dm b sung thm nhng loi cy bn a c gi tr. Sau khai thc rng - u hp Lim xanh + Lim xt (Erythrophoeum fordii +Peltophorum tonkinensis) u hp ny hnh thnh sau khai thc chn, phn b Bin ng, An Chu (Bc Giang ), Nh Xun ( Thanh Ho ), Qu Chu ( Ngh An ) v.v Ngun gc ban u ca u hp ny l rng hn loi l rng c lim xanh tham gia vo t thnh qun th. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi cy khc nh trm (Canarium copalierum), Rng rng mt (Ormosia balansae), Lim xt (Peltophorum tonkinensis), cc loi d (Lithocarpus sp, Castanopsis sp), cc loi re (Cinnamomum, Phoebe), M (Lysidice rhodostegia), Ngt (Gironniera subaequalis), Ba (Garcinia bonii) Nu c bo v v nui dng lu di, u hp ny c kh nng phc hi li trng thi rng ban u. Nu tip tc b khai thc, t b thoi ho c kt vn ong s lm tng t l loi cy rng l trong qun th. - u hp Sau sau + Lim xanh (Liquidamba formosana + Erythrophoeum fordii) u hp ny c pht hin Hu Lng (Lng Sn), Bin ng, An Chu (Bc Giang) C th coi y l mt trong nhng vng trung tm phn b ca Lim xanh (Erythrophoeum fordii Olive) Vit Nam. Trong nhng nm 60 ca th k 20, ni y tng c nhng cnh rng Lim xanh t nhin gn nh thun loi, ng knh to n 1 - 1,2 m (Phng Ngc Lan, 1962). Rt tic l con ngi xo i nhng "di sn thin nhin" qu bu ca thm thc vt c xa. Ngun gc ca u hp ny l rng hn giao l rng thng xanh. Qua khai thc nhiu ln bin thnh trng cy bi, trng c gut. Ti y, bt u xut hin nhng loi cy c kh nng chng la cao nh Hoc quang (Wendlandia paniculata), Thu tu ( Aporosa sp), sau l ti sinh Sau sau (Liquidamba formosana) v hnh thnh nn qun th rng sau sau thun loi, mt loi cy rng l in hnh vng ng Bc Vit Nam. Sau sau l loi cy a sng, tn tha, tn che ca rng khong 0,4 - 0,5 rt thch hp cho ti sinh ca loi lim xanh. Mt th h cy Lim xanh mi c hnh thnh di tn rng sau sau v tham gia vo t thnh ca rng sau ny. Ngoi ra, cn c cc loi cy hn giao l rng khc nh

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Hnh s 18. Khai thc ph hoi rng

40

Hnh s 19. Din th rng kiu ph kh hu d gai ( Castanopsis sp ) huyn Thch An, tnh Cao Bng. ( theo Trn Ng Phng )

Kiu ph kh hu d gai Castanopsis sp

cng l - kho b sau sau

mc ning Kiu ph th sinh t nhin

vi thuc

trng c cy bi

trng c Kiu ph th nhng th sinh nhn tc

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Hnh s 20. Din th rng vng Hu Lng sng Thng, tnh Lng Sn ( theo Trn Ng Phng )

Kiu ph nguyn sinh hay phc hi lim xanh lim xanh + d gai

sau sau

Kiu ph phc tp

trng cy g

trng cy bi

trng c
kho (Phoebe sp.), re (Cinnamomum sp.), d gai (Castanopsis sp.), d (Lithocarpus sp.) Nhng u hp hnh thnh sau khai thc chn cn phi c "ng ca rng", nui dng rng phc hi li trng thi rng ban u. b) Tc ng tch cc ca con ngi Con ngi tc ng n kiu h sinh thi rng ny thng qua trng rng mi nh m, b , bch n, thng v.v Ngoi ra cn tin hnh tra dm lm giu rng bng nhng loi cy bn a c gi tr kinh t ( xem mc 14. Trng rng. Cm nang lm nghip )

3.2.5. ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc


H sinh thi rng ny phn b tng i rng trn lnh th Vit Nam v nm trong vnh ai ni thp thuc i tng tc ng ca ngnh lm nghip. Tr lng rng nguyn sinh c th t n 300 - 400 m3 / ha. T thnh rng c nhiu loi cy rng nhit i c gi tr trong c nhiu loi cy bn a c hu ca Vit Nam, c nhiu loi thc vt, ng vt rng qu him v lm sn nhit i ngoi g ln nh dc liu qu, nhiu loi cy cho tinh du, nha, cht bo, ta nanh v.vy cng l i tng rng khai thc g xy dng v cung cp nguyn liu cho cng

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nghip ch bin lm sn, c bit l nguyn liu cho cng nghip giy si. Tuy nhin, tri qua khai thc nhiu ln, phn ln rng hin cn l rng th sinh ngho nn cn phi c xc tin ti sinh, nui dng phc hi rng. H sinh thi rng ny phn b ch yu min ni v trung du. S tn ti ca h sinh thi rng ny gi vai tr cc k quan trng trong vic phng h u ngun, nui dng ngun nc, bo v t, chng xi mn, hn ch l lt cho c vng ng bng, th v vng ven bin. H sinh thi rng ny cng c tnh a dng sinh hc cao. C nhiu thc vt v ng vt rng qu him c nguy c tuyt chng. Nhiu vn khoa hc nh quy lut ti sinh, din th rng, quy lut sinh trng ca cy rng v rng nhit i v.vang ch i cc nh khoa hc nghin cu.

3.3. H sinh thi rng l rng thng xanh trn ni vi

3.3.1. Phn b
Din tch rng ni (ch yu l ni vi) Vit Nam c 1.152.200 ha, trong din tch rng che ph 396.200 ha (34,45%),(theo Vin iu tra Quy hoch rng, 1999). Ni vi phn b trong 24 tnh v thnh ph nhng ch yu tp trung cc tnh pha Bc v Bc Trung B. Cc tnh c ni vi l: in Bin, Lai Chu, Sn La, Ha Bnh, H Giang, Cao Bng, Lng Sn, Qung Ninh, Hi Phng, Ninh Bnh, Thanh Ha, Thi Nguyn, Ngh An, H Tnh, Qung Bnh. Nguyn Huy Phn v cng s (1999) phn vng ni vi thnh 5 vng nh sau : - Vng Cao Bng - Lng Sn - Vng Tuyn Quang - H Giang - Vng Ty Bc - Ty Ho Bnh - Thanh Ho - Vng Trng Sn Bc - Vng qun o Phn b theo v : t H Tin n Cao Bng (23o B), ch yu t Qung Bnh (17o B) tr ra. Phn b theo ai cao t vi chc mt ln n 1.200 m so vi mc nc bin.

3.3.2. iu kin sinh thi


Kh hu: ngoi ch kh hu chung ca khu vc, do a hnh vng ni vi phc tp nn c nhng c im khc bit v to nn nhng tiu vng vi kh hu. y l mt qui lut phi a i, c trng cho h sinh thi nhy cm trn ni vi Vit Nam. Nhit khng kh trung bnh nm khong 20oC. V tng th, nhit trung bnh thng cao nht ca vng ni vi Vit Nam l thng 6 v thng 7, trong khi thng lnh nht l thng 12 v thng 1. Ch ma v m: theo ai cao th vng ni vi ca Vit Nam c nhng ch ma khc nhau, , ai thp c ch ma m vi lng ma trung bnh nm t 1200 2500mm, m khng kh trung bnh 85%. Hin nay cha c s liu kh hu vnh ai ni cao. Th nhng: ai thp, khu vc ni hnh thnh trn nn m l vi m thnh phn c gii nng l t hung (terra rossa) nhit i. a cht ai cao ca khu vc ni vi

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cng ging nh ai thp l hung (terra rossa) nhit i nhng phong ha trn vi v lmt. nhng ni c hin tng xi mn xy ra, thnh phn th nhng l t en xng xu trn ni vi (rendzina).

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3.3.3. Cu trc t thnh thc vt


Tng qut v khu h thc vt rng trn ni vi Vit Nam: H thc vt vng ni vi mang tnh cht pha trn ca nhiu lung thc vt nhng c trng c bn l lung thc vt bn a Bc Vit Nam - Nam Trung Hoa, ng thi cng chu nhiu nh hng ca cc lung thc vt khc. Thm thc vt trn ni vi Vit Nam phn b khng lin tc tp trung vnh ai 300 - 1200m so vi mt nc bin. H thng thm thc vt ni vi phn b theo cao nh sau: a) ai thp di 700m: Thm thc vt trn ni vi: Thm thc vt t b tc ng: Rng kn thng xanh chn ni vi Rng kn thng xanh sn ni vi Rng kn thng xanh nh ni vi Thm thc vt b tc ng: Rng th sinh thng xanh ni vi Trng bi v trng c thng xanh ni vi Thm thc vt trn t phi vi: xen gia cc ni vi: Rng thng xanh trn t phi vi Trng cy bi v trng c thung lng ni bn ngp nc v ngp nc b) ai cao trn 700m: Thm thc vt trn t vi: Thm thc vt t b tc ng: Rng cy l rng thng xanh thung lng v chn ni vi Rng cy l rng thng xanh sn ni vi Rng hn giao cy l rng l kim ni vi Rng ln cy l rng nh ni vi Thm b tc ng (thm thc vt nhn tc): Rng th sinh ni vi Trng cy bi trn ni vi Thm thc vt quanh h Caxt: Thm thc vt nhn tc A. Rng ni vi ai thp di 700 m Phn ln din tch rng ni vi ca khu vc min Trung ai cao di 700 m, tr phn pha ty Ngh An gip bin gii Vit Lo. min Bc, rng ni vi thuc ai thp, c vng phn b rng khu vc ng Bc v phn gip ranh gia Ty Bc v ng bng Bc B,

45

cc o vi ca vnh Bc B. min Nam (H Tin), ni vi ch gii hn mt vi khi ni l t, tha tht, mc ln nh nhng hn o, v th trong phn ny ch tp trung m t thm thc vt ni vi min Bc l chnh. a) H sinh thi rng kn thng xanh chn ni vi: Cu trc rng phc tp, c 5 tng: - Tng vt tn (A1): Cy cao trn 40 m thuc cc h: Leguminosae hay Combretaceae, Dipterocarpaceae v cc loi ph bin, c trng cho tng ny nh: su (Dracontomelum duperreanum), thung (Tetrameles nudiflora), sng (Pometia pinnata), ch nhai ( Anogeissus acuminata). - Tng u th sinh thi (A2): gm nhng cy g cao t 20 n 30m, thn thng, tn trn giao nhau lm nn tn rng lin tc. Cc h c nhiu loi

Hnh s 21. Rng thng xanh sn v nh ni vi ai thp, Hu Lin, Lng Sn. nh : Nguyn Ngha Thn cy trong tng ny l: Fagaceae, Lauceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosaceae, Fabaceae, Sapindaceae, Magnoliaceae, Meliaceae v cc loi Hopea siamensis, Knema sp, Hopea sp. - Tng di tn (A3): gm nhng cy cao di 15 m, mc ri rc thuc cc h: Clusiaceae, Ulmaceae, Annonaceae cng vi Hydnocarpus sp., Sterculia sp., Pterospermum sp., Baccaurea ramiflora v cc loi c trng c th tm thy nh rui r (Streblus ilicifolius), my to (Streblus macrophyllus) v.v

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- Tng bi (B): gm nhng cy bi, g nh cao di 8 m thuc cc h : Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Melastomataceae, Araliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Acanthaceae v.v - Tng thm ti (C): gm cc cy thn tho thp (di 2 m) thuc cc h: Araceae, Acanthaceae, Urticaceae, Zingiberaceae, Begoniaceae, Convallariaceae v.v - Thc vt ngoi tng gm dy leo thuc cc h: Vitaceae, Fabaceae, Connaraceae v cc cy b sinh, k sinh thuc Orchidaceae, Pteridaceae, Araceae, Loranthaceae y l kiu thm thc vt nguyn sinh m in hnh l rng thung lng ni vi Cc Phng ( Ninh Bnh ). Mt s u hp c cc loi cy i din nh sau: - Annamocarya chinensis, Dracontmelum duperreanum, Bischofia javanica, Saraca dives, Saraca indica v.v - Castanopsis symetri, Cryptocaria impressa, Elaeocarpus vigueri, Nephelium chryseum, Streblus macrophyllus v.v... - Xerospermum dongnaiensis, Heritiera cucphuongenesis, Heritiera Clausena excavata, Streblus macrophyllus, Micromelum falcatum v.v macrophylla,

C nhiu loi cy trong cc u hp ca kiu rng ny c gi tr kinh t cao nh: ch ch (Parashorea sinensis), ch xanh (Terminalia myriocarpa), nghin (Burretiodendron tonkinensis), trai (Garcinia fagraeoides), inh (Markhamia stipularis), inh thi (Fernandoa spp), vng king (Nauclea purpurea) v.v b) Rng thng xanh sn ni vi: Cu trc rng vi sn ni khc hn vi nh ni v thnh phn loi cy v ngoi mo. Rng thng c 3 tng: khng c tng A1, 2 tng cy g l A2 , A3 v 1 tng thm ti. Tng A2 : thnh phn loi cy n iu gm c: rui r (Streblus ilicifolius), my to (Streblus macrophyllus), qut hng b (Clausena lansium), lng tong (Walsura sp.), Arytera sp, su (Celtis sp.), trai (Garcinia fagraeoides), Phoebe sp, lt (Chukrasia tabularis), to vng Drypetes perreticulata), an phong (Alphonsea sp.), mi liu (Miliuisa balansae), cm ru (Glycosmis sp.- ), th (Diospyros sp.), bng bng (Arenga pinnata), mu ch (Knema sp.), cch hoa (Cleistanthus sumatranus), nhc (Polyalthia sp.), bnh linh (Vitex sp.), gi (Aglaia gigantea), du da xoan (Spondias lakonensis) v.v - Tng A3: gm cc loi cy g nh chu bng v cy g ti sinh ca tng trn nh cm ngui (Ardisia spp), mn my (Suregada glomerulata), gng (Randia sp.), Sapindus sp, lu (Psychotria spp), x hng (Lasianthus spp) v.v - Tng C: gm c cc loi cy quyn b (Selaginella spp), sa nhn (Amomum sp), cc loi dng x Tectaria sp, Pteris spp, Colysis spp , thu hi ng (Begonia spp ), bng nc (Impatiens spp), cao cng (Ophiopogon spp), na (Arisaema sp), Amorphophalus sp, chooc vi (Arisaema sp), han (Laportea spp) v.v - Dy leo v b sinh: c cc loi dy leo thuc h Bu b (Cucurbitaceae), Dy kh rng (Connaraceae) v cc loi xoi la ( Pergia sarmentosa), qua lu (Trichosanthes sp ) v cc loi b sinh thuc h Phong lan (Orchidaceae), tm gi (Loranthus spp), dng x (Asplenium nidus, Psendodrynaria oronans ) v.v... c) Rng kn thng xanh nh ni vi: Cu trc rng n gin thng ch 1 n 2 tng cy g. Tng trn gm nhng cy cao t 8 - 15m nh Schefflera spp., Memecylon sp., Sinosideroxylon sp., Boniodendron sp., Pistasia sp.,

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cnh kin (Mallotus philippensis) v.vThc vt tng thp l nhng loi cy bi nh Melastoma spp., Syzygium spp v.v v i khi c s xut hin ca tre na (Sasa japonica) lm thnh rng hn giao tre na trn nh ni vi thp. Thm ti y thng thng vn l cc loi c trng cho ni vi, nh dng x: Dryopteris, Colysis, Tectaria v.v, quyn b (Selaginella spp), ring (Alpinia spp), thu hi ng (Begonia spp), bng nc (Impatiens spp), thuc bng (Kalanchoe sp.), v.v Thc vt ngoi tng c cc loi cy thuc h Phong lan (Orchidaceae), tm gi (Loranthus spp), dy leo nh Jasminum sp., mnh bt (Coccinia grandis), i hi (Hodgsonia macrocarpa) v.v d) Rng th sinh thng xanh ni vi: Rng ny l hu qu thoi ho ca rng giu trc y sau khi b tc ng ca con ngi nh khai thc nht l khai thc g nghin lm tht, khai thc v.v tn che ca rng thp. Cu trc tng th ca rng nh sau: - Tng A1: chim u th l cc loi nghin (Burretiodendron tonkinensis) , su (Celtis timorensis), to vng (Drypetes perreticulata) c chiu cao ti 30m, m rng tai (Macaranga auricalata ), cui l to (Heritiera macrophylla), inh vng (Fernandoa bracteata). nhng ni m nh khe sui th xut hin loi phay (Duabanga grandiflora) vi thn cao ln. - Tng A2: y l tng cy g cao 15 - 20 m, gm cc loi tng A1 v my to, rui r, v dt (Hymenodictyon excelsum), tu l nh (Vatica diospyroides), thnh ngnh (Cratoxylum formosum), b (Styrax tonkinensis) v.v - Tng A3: Tng ny c cc loi cy u th nh: rui r, my to, nhc (Polyalthia sp), Diospyros spp, mi liu (Miliusa sp), an phong( Alphonea sp), bng bc (Mallotus sp ), m rng tai (Macaranga auricalata), chiu cao tng ny ch t 6 - 15 m. Tng di tn tha tht, gm cc loi cy g nh v cy ti sinh ca cc loi cy nh trn tr (Eurya dictichophylla), cnh kin (Mallotus philippensis), ba chc (Euodia lepta), dung (Symplocos sp), sung (Ficus tinctoria), re (Cinnamomum sp), Pterospermum sp v.v - Tng cy bi, thm ti v dy leo c cc loi cy u th nh: lu (Psychotria spp), x hng (Lasianthus sp.), dang dnh (Gardenia sp.), mua (Melastoma spp), me (Phyllanthus sp), c lo (Chromolaena odorata), mc mo (Caesalpinia cucullata ), mng b (Bauhinia spp ), li (Jasminum nervosum ), gm ni (Gnetum montanum ), dy du giun (Quisqualis indica), dy chm sao (Combretum sp.) v.v Trong kiu ny, s xut hin hay khng xut hin ca cc loi a sng mc nhanh l th hin rng pht trin t t thoi ha sau nng ry hay sau khai thc chn. i din cho kiu th nht l cc loi bp bc, m rng tai, cn i din cho kiu th hai l cc loi rui r, my to. nhng ni m cn xut hin nhng qun th vu (Indosasa amabilis ), mai (Dendrocalamus giganteus) e) Trng bi v trng c thng xanh trn ni vi : Trn t vi, trng cy bi v trng c cng c hnh thnh do s thoi ha ca rng. Ti , cht (Thysanolaena maxima ), c lo (Chromolaene odorata ) v bp bc (Mallotus paniculatus) chim u th hon ton nhng sinh cnh thuc sn ni v st chn ni. Trn nhng bi rng ca cc thung lng, c lo, c tranh cng vi nhng cy bi v cy g nh nh: dng, b (Styrax tonkinensis), thi chanh (Euodia meliaefolia), mua (Melastoma spp), sm (Memecylon spp), lau (Saccharum spontaneum), gng (Randia spinosa), b cu v (Breynia

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fruticosa), n but (Bidens pilosa), Solanum torvum v.vcng vi nhiu loi thuc h Thu du (Euphorbiaceae), Dng x. Dy leo ph bin l cc loi cy thuc h Khoai lang (Convolvulaceae), h Bu b ( Cucurbitaceae), h Bng (Combretaceae ), h Nho (Vitaceae) v cc loi bm bm (Entada sp.), xng trn (Platea latifolia ), dy (Iodes cirrhoza), Pegia sarmantosa v.v... f) Thm thc vt thng xanh trn t phi vi: Thm thc vt ny phn b nhng thung lng xen k gia cc khi ni trn t thot nc. Tng A1 ch yu l ch xanh, x da voi (Dysoxylum cochinchinensis), thung, ch ch, ch nu v.v Tng A2 c cc loi cy u th nh: su, v hng (Cinnamomum balansae), inh, inh vng, ing thi, trai l, ch nhai v.v Tng A3 c cc loi thuc h Gi (Fagaceae), re (Cinnamomum sp.), th (Diospyros sp.) nhng ni t thot nc chm hoc bn ngp nc th c cc loi cy a m pht trin rt tt to thnh nhng qun x u th c mt cao, nh qun x go (Nauclea orientalis), qun x dng (Broussonetia papyrifera) v qun x phay (Duabanga grandiflora). y cn xut hin cc loi cy g c bnh v to nh: su, sng, thung v cc loi ch xanh, go (Adina indica), sung, a (Ficus spp), vng anh (Saraca divers), s (Dillenia indica), go (Bombax ceiba), bn (Crateva sp), vng (Erythrina indica), r r (Homonoia riparia). g) Trng bi v trng c nhit i trong cc thung lng vi bn ngp nc v ngp nc: nhng thung lng bn ngp nc, nh sng nhiu th cc loi cy nh hu (Trema orientalis), c ke (Grewia spp), Colona spp, thao kn (Helicteres), c lo, cht v.v l nhng loi xut hin nhiu nht. Trong iu kin m t, thm thc vt c trng l cc loi: thch xng b (Acorus gramineus), mua (Phyllagathis spp), mn (Homalomena occulta), ru hm (Tacca chantrieri), r r bi ( Ficus subpyriformis), go nc ( Aidia pilulifera), cm Hi Nam (Elaeocarpus hainanensis), rng t minh (Osmunda vachellii), lau (Saccharum spontaneum), sy (Phragmytes spp), kit (Scleria spp), ci (Cyperus spp). Thc vt thy sinh i din cho nhng vng lun ngp nc l cc loi: rong en (Hydrilla verticillata), rong mi cho (Vallisveria natans), sung (Nymphaea rubescens), rau mng (Ludwigia spp), bo ong tai chut (Salvinia cuculata) B. Rng ni vi ai cao 700 - 1.000 m Khu vc ni vi c cao trn 700m, phn b ch yu min Bc, tp trung khu vc ng Bc m i din l Cao Bng, H Giang, Lng Sn v.v Ngoi ra, cn mt s nh ni vi ri rc Bc Trung B dc theo bin gii Vit - Lo nh: Pu Xai, Lai Leng, P Hot, P Hung, Xun Lin a) Rng cy l rng thng xanh thung lng v chn ni vi: Nm cc thung hp di chn ni vi, xa dn c nn rng cn tt, mt cy cao, khp tn t t khong 0,7, cy c kch thc tng i ln, chiu cao trung bnh 15 - 20 m. Rng c cu trc 3 tng cy g: - Tng A1: cy ln, chiu cao t ti 20 - 25 m. T thnh loi cy bao gm cc loi nh gi (Aglaia sp), phay, inh, sng, nghin, trai, to vng, ch nu (Dipterocarpus retusus), ch ch (Shorea chinensis), tu rui (Vatica diospyroides), cng vi cc loi gi ( Quercus spp), si (Lithocarpus spp), mc lan (Michelia sp.), Manglietia sp. v cc loi thuc h Long no nh Litsea spp, Cryptoccarya spp, Machilus spp

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- Tng A2: cy cao trung bnh 10 - 15 m, c khp tn cao. Ngoi cy tng A1 c mt y cn c cc loi khc nh: th (Dipspyros spp), cho (Engelhardtia sp.), nhi (Bischofia javanica), c mui (Cipadessa baccifera), nh ni (Hydnocarpus clemensorum ), lng mang (Pterospermum sp), su (Celtis cinamomea), sn tr (Eriobotrya poilanei), re (Cinnamomum bonii), xoan hi (Toona sinensis), lt ni (Koelreuteria sp.) - Tng A3: gm c mt s loi cy cao st vi tng A2 nh rui r, my to, nh ni, th ( Diospyros spp ), ngt ( Gironniera subaequalis ), nhc ( Polyalthia sp ), mc mt ( Clausena spp ). - Tng cy bi v thm ti pht trin kh, gm c mua (Melastoma spp), Phyllagathis spp, Syzygium spp, Boehmeria spp, han, dng x, gi hc (Leea sp.) v mt s loi cy thuc h Thng tin (Gesneriaceae), h Bu b (Cucurbitaceae), h Khoai lang (Convolvulaceae). b) Rng cy l rng thng xanh sn ni vi: V cu trc tng th: - Tng A1: t khi c tng ny, c bit c loi nghin nh ln vi ng knh 70 - 80 cm. - Tng A2 c khp tn cao, c chiu cao trung bnh 10 - 15 m. Nhiu loi cy ph bin ca vng ni vi xut hin y nh: nghin, trai, inh, to vng, lng mang (Pterospermum heterophyllum), trm (Syzygium spp), th (Diospyros sp.), kho (Phoebe sp ), nhc (Polyalthia sp), thi ba (Alangium chinense). Tng A2 cng c nhiu cy c ng knh thn cy ln hn 50 cm nhng thng thp v chiu cao.

Hnh s 23. Rng ni vi thuc ai cao, Cao Bng. nh: Nguyn Ngha Thn

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Hnh s 24. Rng hn giao cy l rng vi cy l kim (bch xanh) Phong Nha - K Bng nh: Nguyn Ngha Thn - Tng A3 c chiu cao 5 - 10 m. Ngoi nhng cy nh ca tng A1, A2, y cn c: thnh ngnh (Cratoxylum formosum), dung (Symplocos sp.), gi (Fagaceae sp.), hng b (Clausena sp.), chn chim vi (Schefflera pesavis), Picrasma javanica, lt ni (Koelreuteria sp.) - Tng cy bi thm ti c nhiu loi cy nh: ring (Alpinia sp), sa nhn (Amomum sp.), ry di (Alocasia sp.), han, lu (Psychotria spp), gng (Randia spinosa), huyt gic (Dracaena cambodiarus), sm s (Memecylon sp.), c lo, thao kn (Helicteres sp.), thu tu (Aporosa sp.) v dng x. Dy leo c cc loi thuc h To ta (Rhamnaceae), h Khoai lang ( Convonvulaceae). c) Rng hn giao cy l rng, l kim ni vi : Kiu rng ny chim din tch nh phn b trn cc nh ni hoc nh ging ni. khp tn khong 0, 3 - 0,4. Chiu cao trung bnh ca tng cy g thp : tng trn ch yu l cc loi cy a, sanh (Ficussp.), trm (Syzygium spp), chn chim vi, chn chim tm l (

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Schefflera octophylla), h o ni, du vi (Ulmus sp.), pt t (Pittosporum sp.). Trn ni vi tnh Qung Ninh cn c mt loi c hu l Schefflera halongensis. Ngoi cc loi cy l rng nh trn, cn c cc loi cy ht trn hn giao nh: cc loi tu (Cycas spp), hong n (Cupressus torulosa), hong n gi (Dacrydium elatum), kim giao (Nageia fleuryi), thng tre l ngn (Podocarpus pilgeri), thng P C (Pinus kwangtungensis), du sam vi (Keteleeria davidiana var. davaniana), sam bng sc nu (Amentotaxus hatuyenensis), sam bng sc trng (Amentotaxus yunnanensis), thng (Taxus chinensis), sam kim h ( Pseudotsuga chinensis), bch vng (Xanthocyparis vietnamensis). Hu ht chng l nhng cy g qu, c xp hng trong sch v l i tng sn tm ca lm tc. Tng thp ch yu l cc loi cy nh thanh hng (Pistacia weimanifolia), cng (Calophyllum bonii), mc mt (Clausena indica), huyt gic (Dracaena cambodiana), han, thu hi ng (Begonia sp.), m h (Mahonia nepalensis), c l tre (Setaria palmifolia) v.v Ngoi ra, cn c nhng loi tre na (Bambusa spp), Sasa japonica mc hn giao. Trong cu trc thm thc vt trn nh ni vi thuc ai cao, ni c nhng du hiu cho thy s chuyn tip t nhit i sang nhit i. Do , ngoi nhng loi cy l kim nh trn th cc loi rng l v bn rng l xut hin l mt iu tt nhin. C th k n cc loi thuc h Gi (Fagaceae), cm (Elaeocarpus sp.), thch (Acer sp.), si (Balakata baccata), b (Styrax sp.). d) Rng ln cy l rng nh ni vi : Cu trc rng ch c mt tng vi nhng cy g nh chiu cao khong 6-10 m. y l mt kiu thm thc vt rt c bit, c cc loi cy g nh ht trn nh: tu (Cycas spp), thit sam gi (Pseudotsuga chinensis), thit sam gi l ngn (P. brevifolia ), thit sam ng bc (Tsuga chinensis) v.v Tng cy g nh gm c cc loi cy nh: hi ni (Illicium griffithii), cc loi ng gia b (Schefflera spp), d (Quercus spp), Lithocarpus spp, ch ni (Ternstroemia japonica ), Pistacia weimanifolia. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi thuc h quyn (Ericaceae) nh: Rhododendron spp, Vaccinium dunalianum v cc loi re (Cinnamomum sp.), li ni (Jasminum lanceolarium), cng (Tirpitrzia sinensis) v.v Cy bi cn c cc loi cy nh: mua b ni cao, mm xi, ngy (Rubus spp), sm (Memecylon sp.). Thm ti v thc vt ngoi tng y c cc loi thuc h Phong lan (Orchidaceae), Ru (Bryophyta) v a y (Lichenophyta) cng vi cc loi thuc h C ph (Rubiaceae) v cc loi cy dy leo ch yu l Jasminum lanceolarium, kim cang (Smilax spp), h Nho (Vitaceae), bm bm (Entada sp.) v mng b (Bauhinia spp). y l ni cn lu tr nhiu tim nng a dng sinh hc cn c quan tm khm ph v bo tn. Rt nhiu cc loi phong lan, c bit l lan hi c tm thy y l nhng pht hin mi cho khoa hc, chng thuc cc chi: Bullbophyllum, Phajus, Cheirostylis, Gastrochilus, Liparis, Paphiopedilum, Renanthera. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu loi ht trn khc cng mi c pht hin gn y nh bch vng, du sam vi v.v e) Rng th sinh cy l rng ni vi: Kiu rng ny cng l hu qu tc ng ca con ngi i vi thm thc vt trn ni vi ai cao. khp tn khong 0,3 - 0,4. Chiu cao trung bnh ca cy g tng u th sinh thi: 15 - 20 m. Cc loi cy i din l: c mui, gi (Aglaia sp.), lt ni, xoan hi, b hn (Sapindus sp.), trm (Syzygium sp.), h o ni (Platycarya strobiacea) v.vRng th sinh ny cn li ri rc cc cy g qu nh nghin, trai, cc loi inh v.v. Tng di tn gm nhng cy ti sinh tng trn v qut hng b, thi tranh, dt snh (Pavetta sp.), hun lang (Wendlandia spp), thp t mnh (Decaspermum gracilentum), mn (Prunus spp) v.v Tng cy bi v thm ti c nhiu loi pht trin mnh v rng tha. l cc loi cy nh mua b ni cao (Oxyspora paniculata), Melastoma spp, cc loi thuc h Thu Du (Euphorbiaceae), h Gai (Urticaceae), h C ph (Rubiaceae), h Thng tin (Gesneriaceae) v dng x. Dy leo c cc loi thuc h To ta (Rhamnaceae), h Khoai lang (Convonvulaceae) v.v

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f) Trng cy bi trn ni vi ai cao: T thnh rng l cc loi cy a sng chu hn nh: bc bc (Mallotus spp), b cu v (Breynia fruticosa), ngn (Cratoxylon formosum) v.v. Cc loi cy bi, cy tho thng gp l gng (Randia spinosa), c lo, mua (Melastoma sp.), lau, cht, c tranh, vt, c rc (Microstegium vagans), han, gai (Boehmeria spp), mua b ni cao, k hoa o (Urena cobata), c (Solanum sp.). Trn cc vch cheo leo, nhiu nh sng, c gi mnh thng l nhng cy a sng, chu hn, chu gi v do chng c h r kho bm chc vo k , c trng in hnh cho loi cy ny l: bng bng (Dracaena cambodiana), me (Phyllanthus sp.), c (Livistona saribus), tre (Bambusa spp), Sasa japonica v nhiu cy thuc h Gesneriaceae. g) Thm thc vt quanh h Caxt: Thm thc vt ny xut hin mt s sinh cnh ngp nc v bn ngp nc thuc ai cao, Thnh phn loi cy gm c trng a (Ardisia sp.), trng qu (Desmodium spp), gng (Randia spp), rng t minh (Osmunda wallichiana), cng nhiu loi dng x khc mc ph bin, i khi chng to thnh thm thc vt thun loi nh thm trng a (Ardisia sp.) Thng Heng, Cao Bng, ni y c h thng h Caxt rt ln v cn nhiu b n i vi khoa hc. h) Thm thc vt nhn tc: Th nhng t vi cng c cng ng dn c bn a s dng cho mc ch canh tc nng nghip. Trn cc nng ry canh tc trong thung lng vi, cy trng ph bin l ng (Zea mays), sn (Manhihot esculenta), la nc (Oryza sativa) v.v Cy n qu nh: nhn (Dimerocarpus longan), vi (Litchi sinensis), cam (Citrus spp), da (Ananas comosus), i (Psidium guajava), vu (Indosasa amabilis), mai (Dendrocalamus giganteus), xoan (Melia azedarach), keo (Acasia auriculiformis), lt hoa (Chukrasia tabularis), hng (Diospyros spp.), ng ng (Firmannia simplex). Ngoi ra, khu vc ai cao cn c cc cy trng khc nh o (Prunus persica), mn (Prunus sp.), to mo (Docyna indica), ch ng (Ilexspp.), du chong (Delavaya toxocarpa), nghin, lt, xoan hi (Toona sinensis), tru (Vernicia fordii), kho qun (Neocinnamomum caudatum), bch xanh (Calocedrus macrolepis).

3.3.4. Khu h ng vt ni vi
Do tnh a dng v rt c bit v a hnh nn h ng vt trn ni vi cng c nhiu c trng ring. Hin nay cha c cng trnh nghin cu chuyn kho v khu h ng vt rng ni vi Vit Nam. Tc (1999) kho st iu tra khu h ng vt rng ni vi 10 a im thuc 10 tnh: Cao Bng, H Giang, Tuyn Quang, Bc Kn, Lng Sn, Sn La, Ninh Bnh, Hi Phng, Thanh Ho, Qung Bnh. Kt qu bc u thng k c 69 loi v phn loi th thuc 18 h, 6 b chim khong 40% khu h th ca a phng. Trong , c 2 b c tnh a dng sinh hc cao l b Di v b Linh trng. V b Gm nhm mi ch quan st c 8 loi sc, cn cc loi chut cha dn liu. a dng sinh hc phong ph nht l loi di thuc b Chiroptera vi khong 50 loi sng trong nhng hang ng ln Hu Lin (Lng Sn), Phong Nha - K Bng (Qung Bnh). Nhng loai di ny thuc cc h Di l mi, Di mui, Di qu, Di ma v.v B Linh trng c 16 loi v phn loi, trong c cc loi c hu trn ni vi nh: Voc qun i (Trachypethucus trancoisii delacouri), voc u trng (Trachypithecus trancoisii phicephalus), voc mi hch (Rhinopithecus avunculus), vn en ( Hylobates concolor), c bit c nhiu H Tnh, Qung Bnh, Cc Phng (Ninh Bnh), Ct B (Hi Phng). B n tht (Carnivora) c 8 loi nh gu nga, cc loi cy v mo rng.

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B Guc chn (Artiodactyla) c 5 loi nh hu x, mang, sn dng, ln rng v cho vao. Theo Tc (1999), c 7 loi v phn loi hon ton sng trong rng ni vi l : vooc u trng, vooc mng trng, vooc gy trng, hu x, don, vooc m trng, di i. Trong c 4 loi th c hu l vooc mi hch, vooc u trng, vooc mng trng, vooc gy trng. Th rng ni c 26 loi qu him chim 37% tng s loi th qu him Vit Nam. V chim: thm thc vt ni vi c h chim phong ph trong a dng nht l b S (Passeriformes). Ni y qui t cc loi qu him nh g li trng (Lophura nycthemera), c ln rng (Phodilus badius ), c l ( Pica pica), g lam ui trng (Lophura hatinhensis) Lng c, b st c 17 loi trong rn h cha (Ophiophagus hannah) l loi c hu, c gi tr kinh t cao cng vi ra hp trn vng (Cistoclemmys galbinifrons), ra ni vng (Indotestudo elongata) l nhng loi ang tnh trng nguy cp, tt c 17 loi ny u l nhng loi qu him ghi tn trong Sch , CITES. Nhc n ng vt sng trn t vi khng th khng ni n cn trng. Chng l mt thnh phn quan trng lm nn tnh a dng cho h sinh thi nhy cm ny bi chng phn ln l nhng loi ch th, ch cn tn ti nu cn rng. Bn b cn trng ch yu l b Cnh vy (Lepidoptera), b Cnh cng (Coleoptera), b Cnh thng (Orthoptera) v b Hai cnh (Diptera), trong cc loi ch th thuc phn h B ra (Cassidinae), h Cn trng cnh cng n l (Chrysomelidae - Coleoptera) v b nga (Mantis religiosa).

3.3.5. Ti sinh v din th rng


Nhn chung t thnh loi cy ti sinh rng ni vi khng phong ph nh rng ni t. Loi cy ti sinh chim u th l nhm loi cy c trng cho rng ni vi nh nghin (Burretiodendron tonkinensis), sng (Sterculia lancacolata), cc loi cy thuc h Du tm (Moraceae) nh a ta (Ficus altissima), a l hp (Ficus stenophylla), sanh (Ficus benjanica) v.vDo vy, din th ca rng ni vi tng i n nh do iu kin th nhng c bit m nhiu loi cy rng ni t khc khng thch nghi c. Ti sinh thm thc vt rng ni vi c cc loi nh sau: Ti sinh rng chn ni vi: ngi (Ficus hispida), v (F. auriculata ), Macaranga denticulata, Balakata baccata, si (Triadica cochinchinensis), T. rotundifolia, Endospermum chinense v Nauclea sp. trong vng bn ngp nc. Ti sinh sn ni: my to, rui r, lng mang v.v Ti sinh thnh trng: chui (Musa sp), Brouessonetia papyrifera, Pterospermum sp, Arenga pinnata, Macaranga auriculata, Mallotus paniculatus, Euodia sp, Styrax tonkinensis v.v Thm dy leo ti sinh : Quisqualis indica, Combretum sp., Trichosanthes sp, Entada sp, Merremia spp v.v Do iu kin t ni vi nn sinh trng ca cy rng ni vi rt chm. Qu trnh phc hi rng ni vi i hi phi c mt thi gian di. Nn khai thc g nghin lm tht v khai thc cn phi c sm ngn chn bo tn ngun ti nguyn rng c bit ny. Nhng loi cy c kh nng thch nghi vi vng ni nh nghin (Burretiodendron tonkinensis), du choong (Delavaya toxocarpa), hong n (Cupressus torulosa), tre mai (Dendrocalamus giganteus), tre m Lng Sn (Dendrocalamus minor), lt hoa (Chukrasia tabularis) v.v, cn phi c nghin cu th nghim gy trng.

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3.3.6. ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc


V kinh t, rng ni vi c nhiu loi cy c gi tr kinh t nh bch vng, hong n, mun sc, nghin, p mu, kim giao, thng P C v.vNhiu loi ng vt ni vi c gi tr kinh t v khoa hc nh vooc u trng, vooc mng trng, vooc gy trng, hu x, don, vooc m trng, di i v.v Ngoi ra, cn c nhiu loi cy lm dc liu nh: ng sm (Codonopsis javanica), kim ngn (Lonicera dasystyla), c bnh vi (Stephania rotunda), mt l (Nervilia fordii), thu bn tho (Sedum sp), kim anh (Rosa laevigata), th sm (Talinum patens) v.v Rng ni vi cn c nhiu cy cnh , c bit l cc loi phong lan nh lan ho tho hoa vng, vy rng, hi v n v.vv to nn nhng hn non b y ngha nhn vn v hng thin. Cnh quan rng ni vi cng to nn nhng hang ng ni ting nh ng Hng Tch - ng p nht tri Nam, ng Phong Nha - K Bng v vnh H Long c cng nhn l di sn thin nhin ca th gii v.vH thng cc h Caxt t nhin m ln nht l h Ba B, h Thng Hen (Cao Bng), nhng hang nc ngt l thin Qung Bnh cng vi nhiu v p hng v, rng ni vi Vit Nam , ang v s l nhng ni c nhiu tim nng pht trin du lch sinh thi. V ngha phng h, vi din tch rng, k c trng cy bi, trng c trn ni vi ng gp phn ng k vo che ph rng ca c nc. Trong lng ni vi cha ng nhng dng sng ngm vi lu lng nc ln gi vai tr iu tit ngun nc. Hng trm nghn con sui ra cc sng min Trung v min Bc nc ta c bt ngun t nhng khi ni vi. Do , h sinh thi ny cn c nhim v iu tit nc v cc ch thy vn, kh hu cho nhng vng h lu ln cn. V ngha khoa hc: Nhiu vng rng ni vi c quy hoch xy dng thnh vn quc gia v khu bo tn thin nhin. Rng ni vi tp trung nhiu loi thc vt c gi tr v kinh t v khoa hc, bao gm cc loi cy l rng nh : mun sc (Diospyros dasyphylla), inh vng, inh thi, trai l, kin kin, lt hoa v.v v cc loi cy l kim nh : hong n, nghin, p mu, kim giao, thng P C, thit sam gi, thit sam gi l ngn, hong n gi v.v... trong c nhiu loi c ghi vo sch . Nhiu loi ng vt qu him nh hu x, sn dng, voc mng trng, voc u trng, voc mi hch, vn en, g li trng, c ln rng, c l, g lam ui trng, rn h cha, ra hp trn vng, ra ni vng v.vThm thc vt trn ni vi l mt h sinh thi c bit v rt nhy cm, do mi tc ng ti h sinh thi ny s gy ra nhng bin i khng th lng trc c, c bit y cn l ni c tim nng a dng sinh hc rt cao. V th nghin cu thm thc vt vi mang mt ngha khoa hc quan trng. C nhiu loi mi c ng v thc vt trong thi gian gn y c cng b l thnh phn ca h sinh thi rng ni vi.

3.4. H sinh thi rng l kim t nhin

3.4.1. Phn b
H sinh thi rng l kim t nhin c hai loi : H sinh thi rng l kim nhit i ni thp phn b ch yu vng ni nh Yn Chu, Mc Chu (Sn La), Ngh An, H Giang, Lt (Lm ng) v.v H sinh thi rng l kim n i ni cao trung bnh phn b ch yu Sa Pa (Lo Cai), Tun Gio (Lai Chu) H Giang, Ty Cn Lnh (Cao Bng), Ch Yang Sinh (Nam Trung B), Lm ng v.v

Phn b theo cao so vi mc nc bin :

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Phn b rng l kim nhit i :

min Nam, phn b thng nha (Pinus merkusii) cao t 600 - 1.000 m. Phn b thng ba l (Pinus kesiya ) cao trn 1.000 m, mt s a phng c th xung thp hn. min Bc, thng nha phn b xung vng thp gn bin nh Ngh An, Qung Ninh. Thng ba l xut hin Hong Su Ph ( H Giang ) cao khong trn 1.000 m. Phn b rng l kim n i: min Bc trn 1.600 m v min Nam trn 1.800 m so vi mc nc bin.

3.4.2. iu kin sinh thi


Kh hu a) Vnh ai kh hu nhit i ni thp y l vnh ai kh hu cn chu nh hng ca ch gi ma. Vnh ai kh hu ny min Bc t 700 - 1.600 m v min Nam t 1.000 - 1.800 m so vi mc nc bin. Nhit khng kh trung bnh hng nm 15o - 20oC Nhit khng kh trung bnh thng lnh nht di 15oC min Bc v di 20oC min Nam Nhit khng kh trung bnh thng trong nm giao ng t 5o - 20oC Lng ma trung bnh hng nm : 600 - 1.200 mm Ch s kh hn : ( 4 - 6 ) ( 1 - 2 ) ( 1 ) Ma kh t 4 - 6 thng, ma hn t 1 - 2 thng v c 1 thng kit. b) Vnh ai kh hu n i ni cao trung bnh Vnh ai kh hu ny min bc t 1.600 - 2.400 m v min nam t 1.800 - 2.600 m so vi mc nc bin. Hin nay cha c s liu kh hu v vnh ai cao ny. t m bao gm sa thch dip thch, cui kt, badan v.vt ca h sinh thi l kim vng ni, cho n nay, cha c nghin cu nhiu.

3.4.3. Cc loi h sinh thi rng l kim t nhin


a) H sinh thi rng l kim nhit i Cu trc rng + min Nam, cu trc tng th gm c 3 tng : Tng cy g c thng nha hoc thng ba l, c ni mc ln vi du tr beng (Dipterocarpus obtusifolius). Tng cy bi, ch yu l cc cy thuc h D (Fagaceae)

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Hnh s 25. H sinh thi rng thng ba l (Pinus kesiya), Lt, Lm ng nh : VNTTX - Th Thun

Hnh s 26. H sinh thi rng hn giao l kim v l rng nh : VNTTX - nh Na hoc h quyn (Ericaceae). Tng thm ti l cc cy thuc h C la (Gramineae), h Cc (Compositae) v.v min Bc, cu trc rng Mc Chu ( Sn La ) c tng vt tn t qung, in hnh l cy du sam (Keteleeria davidiana).Tng cy g l loi thng nha (Pinus merkusii). Tng cy bi gm c b cu v (Breynia fructicosa ), tc ri (Helicteres angustifolia), du (Myrica sapida var tonkinensis) v.vTng c gm c c lng mi (Eremochloa ciliaris), c m (Ichaemum aristatum), c gut (Dicranoteris linearis) v.v

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- Kiu ph min thn thuc vi khu h thc vt nn - Myanma. Rng thng nha (Pinus merkusii) t nhin Kiu ph ny c Rollet, Maurand v Schmid nghin cu min nam Vit Nam. Tng trn l thng nha thun loi, c ni mc xen ln vi du tr beng (Dipterocarpus obtusifolius) hoc xen ln vi d (Lithocarpus harmandii), gii b (Michelia bailonii) v.v Tng cy bi thp thng c loi chua nem (Vaccinium chevalierri) v vi thuc (Schima crenata). Tng thm ti gm c c gut (Dicranopteris linearis), quyt (Nephrolepis hirsuta) v.v min Bc, ti Qung Yn (Qung Ninh), tng trn l thng nha thun loi. Ch thung lng, chn i t m th c cc loi cy l rng mc xen vo qun th nh lim xanh (Erythrophoeum fordii Olive), d gai (Castanopsis tribuloides), re (Cinnamomun sp). Tng cy bi gm c chua nem (Vaccinium chevalierri), hoc quang (Wendlandtis glabrata) v.vTng thm ti gm cc loi c Rottboelia excelsa, c m (Ischaemum aristatum), c hi (Cymbopogon confertiflorus) v.v - Kiu ph min thc vt thn thuc vi khu h thc vt Himalaya - Vn Nam - Qu Chu. Rng thng ba l ( Pinus kesiya ) t nhin u hp ny phn b nhiu trn cc cao nguyn Lm ng v Kon Tum. min bc, thng ba l phn b Hong Su Ph (H Giang). Lm ng, thng ba l phn b ch yu cao khong trn 1.000 m, c ni phn b n cao 1.800 m t Bonom n Lna. Thng ba l hnh thnh nn nhng qun th rng l kim thun loi c th mc xen ln vi cc loi d nh Quercus helferiana, Lithocarpus dealbata, Lithocarpus pynostachya v.v Ngoi ra cn c cc loi trong h quyn ( Ericaceae ), Tng thm ti gm c cc loi trong h C la (Gramineae) v cc loi dng x nh Dicranopteris linearis, Brainia insignis v.v u hp Du sam + D rng l u hp ny c cao nguyn Mc Chu (Sn La), Thun Chu (Lai Chu) v.vDu sam (Keteleeria davidiana) chim u th tng trn.

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Hnh s 27. H sinh thi rng ni cao n i, Phan Xi Png (Lo Cai) nh: VNTTX Xun Quang Tng di gm cc loi d rng l nh Quercus griffthii, Quercus serrata, Quercus acutissima v.vv cc loi cy trong h Re (Lauraceae) v.vTng cy bi tha gm c cc loi trong h C ph (Rubiaceae), h Thu du (Euphorbiaceae), h n nem (Myrsinaceae) v.v Tng thm ti gm c nhiu loi cy trong h C la (Gramineae) b) H sinh thi rng l kim n i ni cao trung bnh Trong vnh ai ny, rng cy l kim mc thun loi nh p mu (Fokienia hodginsii), sa mu (Cunninghamia lanceolata), thng nng (Podocarpus imbricatus). Mc xen vi p mu cn c thng l dp (Ducampopimus krempfii ), thng nm l lt (Pinus dalatnensis). Ngoi ra, vnh ai n i ni cao thuc dy ni Phan Xi Png trn cao 2.400 - 2.900 m cn c thit sam (Tsuga yunnanensis ), cao trn 2,600 m (Abies pindrow ) v.v - Kiu ph min thc vt thn thuc vi khu h thc vt Bc Vit Nam - Nam Trung Hoa. u hp t hp (Altingia takhtajanii) u hp ny c pht hin Mng Phng, cao 1335 m so vi mc nc bin. Cu trc rng Tng A1 cao n 35 m. T hp chim v tr u th tng A1 , thn thng, ng knh thn cy n 80 cm, khng c bnh v nh nhng loi cy rng nhit i. T hp mc thun loi theo m, tn kn. Tr lng rng trn 400 m3 trn ha. Ngoi ra cn mc hn loi vi cc loi cy khc nh Actinodaphne sinensis, Phoebe sp, Litse abaviensis v.v thuc h Re (Lauraceae), v d gai (Castanopsis hickelii). Tng A2 cao t 10 - 20 m bao gm mt s loi cy thuc h Re (Lauraceae), h B hn (Sapindaceae), h Myrristicaceae . C rt t ti sinh ca loi cy t hp. Ti sinh ch yu l nhng loi cy thuc h Re (Lauraceae) v h Du (Ulmaceae). Tng B gm mt s loi cy Blastus sp, cau rng (Pinanga baviensis ), loi Lasianthus sp, dng x thn g (Gymnosphoera podophylla ), st (Arundinaria sp) Tng C c quyn b (Selaginella), dng x, lng cu li (Cibotium barometz), mt s loi cy trong h Gng (Zingiberaceae) Cc thc vt ngoi tng, c bit l thc vt ph sinh nh phong lan c rt t.

3.4.4. ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc


Hai loi cy c ngha kinh t trong h sinh thi l kim t nhin ny l loi thng nha v thng ba l. Chng cung cp g, nha v c bit l nguyn liu cho cng nghip giy si. y l hai loi cy c trng rng nhiu a phng, thng nha trng vng thp v thng ba l trng vng cao hn ( xem mc 14. Trng rng. Cm nang lm nghip ). Do h sinh thi rng l kim t nhin ny phn b vnh ai cao trn 1.000 m n 1.600 1.800 m, a hnh phc tp, dc cao him tr nn rt c ngha trong vic phng h mi trng cho vng ni thp v ng bng.

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V ngha khoa hc, h sinh thi rng l kim t nhin nhit i v n i vng ni lm tng tnh a dng sinh hc cho h sinh thi rng nhit i Vit Nam. Rt tic l cho n nay vn cn thiu nhiu nhng cng trnh nghin cu v h sinh thi rng t nhin ny.

3.5 H sinh thi rng tha cy h du (rng khp, dry dipterocarp forest)

3.5.1. Phn b
Rng khp phn b tp trung tnh c Lc, Gia Lai. Ngoi ra cn c Di Linh (Lm ng) v nhng m rng khp nh phn b Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, Sng B, Ty Ninh v.v... V v : rng khp phn b t v 14o B (Gia Lai) n v 11o B (Ty Ninh). V cao so vi mc nc bin : rng khp phn b tp trung cao t 400 - 800 m.

3.5.2. iu kin sinh thi


Nhng nhn t sinh thi sau y tham gia vo qu trnh hnh thnh rng khp : Kh hu : Kh hu nhit i gi ma khng c ma ng lnh nhng c mt ma kh in hnh. Tng tch nhit hng nm t 7.500 - 9.000oC. Nhit khng kh trung bnh hng nm t 21o 27oC. Nhit khng kh ti cao di 40oC. Nhit khng kh ti thp khng di 10oC. Lng ma trung bnh hng nm t 1.200 - 1.800 mm. Ch ma m rt khc nghit. Kh hu c hai ma r rt. Ma ma t thng 5 n thng 10, lng ma chim n 90% tng lng ma c nm. Ma kh khc nghit ko di t thng 11 n thng 4 nm sau. Hng nm c 4 - 6 thng kh, 1 - 2 thng hn, 1 thng kit. iu kin thu vn cng gy nh hng n ch nc ca rng khp. Trong ma kh, nc mt v nc ngm rng khp rt cn kit. H thng sng sui cao nguyn khng nhiu nh ng bng. Nc l vn quan trng i vi Ty Nguyn, nht l trong ma kh. Ma ma li ma tp trung gy ng ngp hnh thnh nn nhng nhm kiu lp a rng khp khc nhau. m khng kh trung bnh nm 80 - 85%, trong ma kh m khng kh ch c 72 73%. t : t rng khp thuc loi xu, ch yu l cc loi t xm pht trin trn bazan, granit c tng t mng, kt vn mnh, c ni ang xut hin ong. Do xi mn tng t mt, nhiu ni c l trn mt t. Chy rng hng nm tiu hu lp ph thc b. Do vy, tng t mt mng v kh cng, thm ch c ni khng c tng A, c ni khng c tng B, tng C l gn mt t. Cu tng t b ph v. Ma ma t kt dnh gy ng nc, ma kh lng bc hi mt t nhanh, khng c kh nng gi m, d gy hn hn. Rng khp phn b trn 7 loi t nh sau: t xng xu trn m phin thch st, thng xut hin loi du ng (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus ) chim u th. t Feralit vng nht trn m sa phin thch, thch anh, riolit, thng xut hin loi du tr beng (Dipterocarpus obtusifolius) chim u th.

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t xm bc mu trn ph sa c, thng xut hin nhng loi cy chu hn, thng xut hin loi du ng (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus) t nu sm c tng t st trn ph sa c, thng xut hin loi chiu liu lng (Terminalia citrina), du ng, c cht (Shorea obtusa) v.v t ph sa bc mu gly, thng xut hin loi du tr beng, du ng v.v t xm bc mu trn sn phm dc t, thng xut hin loi du ng, du tr beng v.v t bazan tng t mng, thng xut hin loi du tr beng.

Ch ngp nc trong ma ma l mt trong nhng nhn t ch o tham gia vo qu trnh pht sinh rng khp. Nhng loi cy thng xanh khc khng thch nghi c vi iu kin ngp nc th khng th chung sng c vi cc loi cy ca rng khp. Cn c vo ch ngp nc trong ma ma, c th chia kiu lp a rng khp thnh 4 nhm lp a sau y: Nhm I: ngp ng ko di trong ma ma v thiu nc trong ma kh. Nhng loi cy khng thch nghi c vi ngp ng v chu hn th s khng th xut hin c. Nhm II: ngp nc trung bnh, tng gly su hn, t ln nhiu si nh hng n s pht trin ca b r. Nhm III: t thot nc, tng t dy, khng c hin tng gly. Cc loi cy rng khp sinh trng thun li. Nhm IV: t thot nc nhng tng t mng, lun thiu nc v ngho dinh dng nn cy rng sinh trng km. La rng

Do iu kin kh hn trong ma kh v tc ng ca con ngi, c bit l la rng, cc loi cy rng thng xanh khng thch nghi c vi iu kin mi trng ny s khng th xut hin trong t thnh rng khp. C th coi y l mt "cao nh do la". Hu ht nhng loi cy trong rng khp u c kh nng chu la cao, c lp v cy chu la, c bit l r cy vn duy tr c kh nng ti sinh chi r mnh sau khi b chy.

3.5.3. Cu trc rng


Khu h thc vt rng khp c lin quan n khu h thc vt Malaixia - Innxia vi t thnh loi cy h Du (Dipterocarpaceae) chim u th. Khu h thc vt rng khp bao gm 309 loi cy thuc 204 chi, 68 h, trong c hn 90 loi cy g vi 54 loi cy g ln, g trung bnh. Ngoi nhng loi cy h Du chim u th cn c i din ca mt s h khc nh: cm xe (Xylia xylocarpa) thuc h Mimosaceae, lng bng (Dilleniahe terosepala) thuc h Dilleniaceae, n (Vitex pendencularia) thuc h Verbenaceae, mai xim (Ochrocarpus sp) thuc h Cheriaceae, m ca (Buchanania arborescens) thuc h Anacardiaceae v.v. iu kin lp a tt, c th xut hin mt s loi cy c gi tr nh ging hng (Pterocarpus macrocarpus ), cm lai (Dalbergia bariensis) v.vVen sng sui c th gp mt s loi nh du nc, sao en v.v nhng vi s lng t v khng phi l loi cy in hnh ca rng khp. Rng khp cn gi l rng tha cy h du (Dipterocarpaceae). Mt rng tha, tn cy khng giao nhau. Trong ma kh, cy rng l t 3 - 4 thng. Mt cy t ng knh 10 cm tr ln t 100 - 150 cy/ha n 300 - 350 cy/ha. Rng thng ch c mt tng cy g, ni sinh

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trng tt t chiu cao 20 - 25 m, ni sinh trng xu ch cao 7 - 8 m. Tng thm ti khng rm rp. Di y gii thiu 4 u hp cy h du ph bin . a) u hp cm lin (Shorea siamensis) u hp ny phn b tp trung cao so vi mc nc bin t 150 - 400 m, trn t bng kh cn, i ni thp, dc di 25 , tng t nng. t xng xu, l u hay t ph sa c b bc mu, kt von mnh v c trn t bazan tng t dy c lng mn cao. T thnh loi cy n gin, cm lin chim u th cng vi mt s loi cy g qu. Cm lin mc hn giao vi hai loi cy ph bin l du ng (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus ) v ging hng ( Pterocarpus macrocarpus). Ngoi ra cn c cc loi cy c cht, k nia, go cm xe, sang l v.vtham gia vo tng cy g v hnh thnh nn tr lng lm phn. Mt cy g ph bin t 350 - 450 cy / ha. Trong qun th c n 95% c th rng l. Cu trc tng th n gin. Tng cy g c mt tng. Tng cy bi tha tht. Cy ti sinh nhiu, c bit l cm lin, phn ln l ti sinh chi.

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Hnh s 28. H sinh thi rng khp, c Lc, Ty Nguyn nh : VNTTX - Quang Thnh Thm ti c le, c cc, c tranh, c l v.vthng b cht trong ma kh v l nguyn nhn gy ra chy rng hng nm. Cm lin l loi g ln v qu, g nng. Cy rng l vo ma kh. Cy cao n 30 m, ng knh c th t n 80 cm. Kh nng ti sinh mnh, c bit l ti sinh chi. b) u hp c cht (Shorea obtusa) Phn b v iu kin hnh thnh gn ging vi u hp cm lin. V vy, hai u hp ny thng phn b xen k ln nhau. Phn b u hp c cht trn cc loi t sau y: - t nu bazan - t xm bc mu trn sn phm dc t - t xm trn sa phin thch, tng t mng, c ln, kt von nhiu - t xm bc mu trn ph sa c sng Ba, sng Ea heo T thnh loi cy n gin. C cht chim u th n 50% c th v 55% tng tit din ngang qun th. Ngoi ra cn mc hn giao vi cm lin, du ng, chiu liu lng v.vT l cc loi cy thuc nhm g qu v thit mc n 50 - 60%. Rng giu ca u hp ny c tr lng khong 150 m3 / ha v mt 450 cy / ha ; rng ngho c tr lng 35 - 40 m3 / ha v mt t 200 - 250 cy / ha. Cu trc tng th n gin. Ti sinh c cht nhiu, sau l lnh ngnh, cm lin, du ng v.v C cht l loi cy g ln, cy cao n 25 - 35 cm, ng knh 90 cm, rng l v ma kh, chu c hn v la rng. G c cht nng, th mn, bn thuc nhm g thit mc.

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c) u hp du ng ( Dipterocarpus tuberculatus) u hp ny phn b tp trung cao t 300 - 400 m trn ng bng ph sa c hay chn ni thp. Rt t khi thy u hp ny xut hin nh hoc sn ni. t xng xu, tng t nng, kt von. T thnh loi cy u hp ny n gin, trong cc loi cy thuc h Du v h Bng c s lng c th nhiu nht. Ba loi cy ph bin hn giao vi du ng l chiu liu lng, cm lin, c cht, trong du ng v cm lin ng gp phn ln vo tr lng rng. Loi chiu liu lng c s lng c th ln hn nhng ng gp vo tr lng rng t hn v kch thc nh hn. Ngoi ra, du ng cn hn giao vi cc loi khc nh du tr beng, k nia, vng, go khp, m ca, lng bng, du mt, gi kh hn v.vMt cy rng trung bnh khong 440 cy / ha, nhng bin ng ln. Mt rng ngho ch c hn 115 cy / ha. Mt rng giu c th ln n 2.000 cy / ha. Cu trc tng th n gin. Tng cy g c mt tng. Tng cy bi v thm ti tha tht. Cy ti sinh c nhiu bao gm cc loi du ng, c cht, cm lin, chiu liu en, gi kh hn v.v d) u hp du tr beng (Dipterocarpus obtusifolius) u hp ny phn b tp trung cao so vi mc nc bin t 600 - 900 m thuc cc tnh c Lc, Gia Lai, Lm ng. t thuc ba loi ch yu: t bazan tng t dy, t vng nht trn ct kt, t vng nht trn m granit tng t trung bnh n dy. T thnh loi cy rng phc tp hn v cao phn b cao hn cc u hp khc. T l cc c th thng xanh trong qun th cao hn nh thng hai l, vi thuc, dn v.v... Ngay loi du tr beng cng khng rng l hon ton vo ma kh. y c s chuyn tip gia u hp cy l rng v u hp cy l kim. Du tr beng chim u th ti t l 65% c th v 71% tit din ngang. Ngoi ra cn mc hn giao vi du ng, c chch, gi kh hn, thu tu, hoc quang v.v Cu trc tng th cng phc tp hn. Thng ba l chim tng vt tn. Tng u th sinh thi gm c du tr beng v gi kh hn hoc ch c tr beng. Ti sinh xut hin cc loi thng xanh nh trm, nanh chut, re, dung v.vCc loi ti sinh ph bin nh du tr beng, cm lin, thu tu, c cht, gi kh hn v.v

3.5.4. Ti sinh v din th rng


Rng khp c kh nng ti sinh mnh mc d sng mi trng c ma kh khc nghit v la rng xy ra thng xuyn hng nm. Nguyn nhn l do lng hoa qu ca rng khp rt phong ph. Thi k ra hoa kt qu thng vo ma kh. Khi qu chn v pht tn ht ging th ng vo u ma ma. Phn ln qu cy h du li c cnh nn c kh nng pht tn ht ging i xa. Do vy, ti sinh ca rng khp xy ra ng thi v theo m. Tuy nhin, ht cy h du c hn ch l kh nng gi sc ny mm ngn v d b su bnh hi. Ti sinh rng cn ph thuc vo thm ti cy bi, tnh trng ngp nc v t rng. Ni no cy bi thm ti dy c th ti sinh kh khn v qu ht rng khng tip xc c vi t. Nu ngp nc lu s lm ht thi v cy mm b cht. Ni t ti xp, t cy bi thm ti, t ngp nc th ti sinh tt. La rng hng nm l nhn t sinh thi tc ng trc tip n ti sinh rng khp. Nhiu loi cy ti sinh trong rng khp c tnh chng chu cao vi la rng bng kh nng ti sinh chi rt mnh m. La rng ch lm cht phn thn trn mt t. Phn r di mt t vn tn ti v ny chi mi. Qu trnh ny chi mi c th din ra nhiu ln trong mt i cy v chy rng xy

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ra thng xuyn hng nm. Do vy c th khng nh phn ln cy ti sinh trong rng khp l ti sinh chi. Qu trnh ti sinh rng khp chnh l qu trnh chn lc v o thi t nhin gay gt, ch nhng loi cy no c kh nng chng chu cao vi la rng v kh hn th mi tham gia vo din th rng sau ny.

3.5.5. ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc


Vi din tch khong hn na triu hcta. Rng khp l mt ngun ti nguyn rng c bit ca Ty Nguyn ni ring v ca c nc ni chung. Rng khp c nhng loi cy g ln c gi tr, ti nguyn lm sn ngoi g nh du nha, tananh, dc liu v.vv ti nguyn ng vt khc. Cc loi cy rng khp c tnh thch nghi cao vi kh hn v la rng, kh c th tm ra loi cy no khc thay th. y l sn phm ca t nhin c chn lc qua mt qu trnh lch s lu di. Rng khp gi vai tr phng h mi trng v bo v t Ty Nguyn. V ngha khoa hc, rng khp l mt h sinh thi rng c o ch c Ty Nguyn v lm phong ph thm tnh a dng sinh hc ca h sinh thi rng nhit i Vit Nam.

3.6. H sinh thi rng ngp mn

3.6.1. Phn b
H sinh thi rng ngp mn phn b dc b bin Vit Nam thuc 28 tnh v thnh ph. Phan Nguyn Hng (1999) chia vng phn b rng ngp mn Vit Nam thnh 4 khu vc vi 12 tiu khu v xc nh iu kin sinh thi cho tng tiu khu : a) Khu vc I: ven bin ng Bc Khu vc ny c chia thnh 3 tiu khu : Tiu khu 1: t Mng Ci n Ca ng, b bin di khong 55 km. Tiu khu ny gm lu vc ca sng Kalong, lu vc vnh Tin Yn - H Ci v vng ven b ca sng Tin Yn - Ba Ch. Tiu khu 2: t Ca ng n Ca Lc, b bin di khong 40 km. Tiu khu 3: t Ca Lc n mi Sn, b bin di khong 55 km. Khu vc ny c chia thnh 2 tiu khu : Tiu khu 1: t mi Sn n ca sng Vn c Tiu khu 2: t ca sng Vn c n ca Lch Trng thuc khu vc bi t ca h sng Hng. Khu vc ny c chia thnh 3 tiu khu : Tiu khu 1: t Lch Trng n mi Rn Tiu khu 2: t mi Rn n mi o Hi Vn Tiu khu 3: t mi o Hi Vn n mi Vng Tu

b) Khu vc II: ven bin ng bng Bc B

c) Khu vc III: ven bin Trung B t mi Lch Trng n mi Vng Tu.

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d) Khu vc IV: ven bin Nam B Khu vc ny c chia thnh 4 tiu khu:

Hnh s 29. Phn b rng ngp mn Vit Nam (Theo Phan Nguyn Hng, 1999)

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Tiu khu 1: t mi Vng Tu n ca sng Soi Rp (ven bin ng Nam B) Tiu khu 2: t ca sng Soi Rp n ca sng M Thanh (ven bin ng bng sng Cu Long) Tiu khu 3: t ca sng M Thanh n ca sng By Hp (ven bin ty nam bn o C Mau) Tiu khu 4: t ca sng By Hp (mi B Quan) n mi Ni, H Tin (ven bin pha ty bn o C Mau)

3.6.2. iu kin sinh thi v qun th cy ngp mn


H sinh thi rng ngp mn phn b st ngay ven bin v chu nh hng nhiu bi cc nhn t sinh thi nh: kh hu, thu vn (dng nc, mn v.v), a hnh, sn phm bi t v.v a) Khu vc I: Ven bin ng Bc y l vng c c im kh hu, thu vn, a hnh phc tp. V kh hu: y l vng kh hu nhit i c ma ng lnh. Nhit khng kh trung bnh cc thng trong nm bin ng ln (15 - 30o C). Nhit trung bnh thp nht vo thng (16o5 C), nhit thp nht tuyt i xung n 1oC. Nhit l nhn t ch o khng ch nh hng n sinh trng m cn nh hng n t thnh loi cy rng ngp mn. Mt s loi cy ngp mn min Nam khng thy xut hin y. Lng ma trung bnh hng nm : 1.800 - 2.500 mm Ma ma t thng 4-5 n thng 10-11 Thng kh nht trong nm l thng 1 nhng vn c lng ma ti 34 mm (Mng Ci) v 20 mm (Hn Gai). Nh vy m c lng nc ngt phong ph hn so vi min Nam, thun li cho cc loi cy ngp mn sinh trng. V thu vn: Thu triu mang tnh cht nht triu u. Ch thu triu y ln nht trn ton b bin Vit Nam. Mc nc thu triu t n 4 - 4,5 m nn nh hng ca nc triu mn vo su trong t lin to iu kin cho di rng ngp mn phn b rng hn. mn trung bnh nm ca nc bin tng i cao (26 - 27,5%) v t bin ng. mn gim trong thng 8 nhng vn t n 20,8 - 21,5%. V a hnh: Tiu vng ny c nhiu o ngoi vnh H Long ngn cn nh hng ca bo v gi ma ng Bc nn tc ng ca sng bin b gim ng k, ph sa c c nh li b bin thun li cho cc loi cy ngp mn sinh trng pht trin. V t: t trm tch bi bin ngho, lp bi t mng, ch yu l ct nh v ct bt, t l Fe2O3 / FeO = 1, cao hn nhiu so vi rng ngp mn Nam B, pH = 4 - 6 t ngho pht pho, nhiu H2S, bi triu b xm thc v.vnn phn b rng ngp mn b thu hp. Qun th cy ngp mn:

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iu kin sinh thi trn y lm cho khu h thc vt ngp mn y tng i phong ph v c kh nng chu mn cao. C loi ch phn b khu vc I m khng c cc khu vc khc nh ch, hp Hi nam. ng, vt d, trang l loi cy ph bin y nhng li rt t thy xut hin rng ngp mn Nam B. - Tiu khu 1 : t Mng Ci n Ca ng V kh hu: y l vng kh hu nhit i c ma ng lnh. Hng nm c 4 thng nhit khng kh trung bnh di 20oC. Lng ma trung bnh hng nm t 2.000 - 2.400 mm, thm ch lng ma Tin Yn ln n trn 3.000mm/nm. V thu vn: Tiu vng ny ch c sng sui nh ngn dc, t ph sa. vng ny, ng lc triu v ng lc sng gi vai tr quan trng. Nm trong vnh kn, c h thng o chn gi nn ph sa chy ra ca sng c ngng ng li b bin to ra nhng bi triu phng. Dng chy ven b kh phc tp, chy theo hng ng bc - ty nam em theo ngun ging n bi triu. Do vy m phn b cc loi cy ngp mn tng i ng u. Ch nht triu. Thu triu tng i thun nht, bin triu khong 4 m. Do lng sng dc nn cy ngp mn khng phn b su vo ni a. mn nc bin tng i cao ( mn trung bnh nm ti Ca ng l 26,6% ), thch hp vi nhng loi cy chu mn cao. Nhit v nc l hai nhn t hn ch tnh a dng v t thnh loi cy rng ngp mn v kh nng sinh trng ca chng. y l vng chu nh hng trc tip ca gi ma ng Bc. Nhit khng kh, nc v t xung thp v ko di trong thi k gi ma. Tc ng ny hn ch sinh trng cy rng ngp mn v lm cho chng c kch thc nh hn so vi loi cy rng ngp mn Nam B. V a hnh: H thng o ven b bin che chn nn tc ng ca sng yu. V t: Sn phm bi t mng, v, cui, si, ct. Trm tch tng mt c thnh phn ct kh l chnh. t ngp mn nhng khng nhiu cht hu c. Qun th cy ngp mn: Trn bi mi bi xut hin qun th mm bin thun loi, c ni hn giao vi s, mui bin v.v Trn cc bi triu ngp trung bnh hnh thnh cc qun th hn giao cc loi ng, trang, vt d, s v.v Trn cc bi triu cao qun th vt d chim u th. Cc loi cy nh vt d, ng, mm bin cao nht cng ch t n 8 - 10 m, nh hn nhiu so vi cy rng ngp mn C Mau. - Tiu khu 2: t Ca ng n Ca Lc V kh hu: y cng l vng kh hu nhit i gi ma c ma ng lnh. Hng nm c 4 thng nhit khng kh trung bnh di 20oC. Lng ma trung bnh hng nm t 2.000 - 2.400 mm.

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V thu vn: Vng ny t ca sng, sng ngn, ph sa thp, lu lng nc t. Do vy, bi triu ven bin hp. Ch nht triu . mn bin ng t15 - 25%. V a hnh: C h thng o che chn nn tc dng ca sng yu. Trong lc a, ni tip cn st vi bin, a hnh li lm. V t: Sn phm bi t mng, nhiu ct, si, . t ngp mn nhng khng c nhiu cht hu c. Qun th cy ngp mn: Hnh thnh cc qun th hn giao ng, vt d, trang v.vnhng chiu cao ch t t 2 3 m, s v mm bin ch cao trn di 1 m. Trn nhng bi ly nhiu si v ct th xut hin qun th mm bin chim u th. Rng ngp mn y khng pht trin rng m ch hnh thnh nn nhng gii rng hp ven b bin. - Tiu khu 3 : t Ca Lc n mi Sn V kh hu: Tuy l kh hu nhit i c ma ng lnh nhng nhit nc bin cao hn so vi tiu khu 1 v 2. Lng ma trung bnh hng nm t 1.800 - 2.000 mm. V thu vn: Nhiu sng ln thuc h thng sng Thi bnh nh sng Bch ng, sng Chanh, sng Kinh Thy, sng Cm v.vv cc knh rch a ph sa ra ngoi ca sng v hnh thnh nn nhng o ni to iu kin cho cc loi cy ngp mn xut hin v pht trin. Ch nht triu. mn nc bin bin i theo ma, ma kh 20% nhng ma ma t 9 - 15%. V a hnh: Vng ny c a hnh bng phng hn tiu khu 1 v 2, t chu nh hng ca sng ln do c h thng o che chn. V t: Sn phm bi t y dy, nhiu bn st (50 - 60 %- ), t ct. Trm tch y cng phong ph hn tiu khu 1 v 2, thun li cho rng ngp mn sinh trng pht trin v c kch thc ln hn. Qun th cy ngp mn: Trn bi triu ly xut hin qun th mm trng v s Trn bi triu ngp trung bnh xut hin qun th ng, vt d, trang v.v Trn bi triu cao xut hin qun th tra, gi, vng hi v.v Cc qun th cy ngp mn trn y u c kch thc nh. b) Khu vc II: Ven bin ng bng Bc B V kh hu:

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Tuy l vng kh hu nhit i gi ma c ma ng lnh nhng nn nhit y cao hn khu vc I. nh hng ca gi ma ng Bc yu hn khu vc I. Hng nm c khong 2 thng nhit khng kh trung bnh di 20oC. Nhit trung bnh thng lnh nht trong nm thng trn 10oC. Lng ma trung bnh hng nm t 1.300 - 1.900 mm. V thu vn: y l vng bi t ca h thng sng Hng v sng Thi Bnh thuc vng b bin ng bng Bc B. Vng ven bin ny c c qu trnh bi t v xi l (ng Chu, Thi Bnh). V a hnh: Do khng c h thng o che chn nh khu vc I, li nm trong vng chu nh hng trc tip ca bo nn gi gy ra tc ng ln trong khu vc ny. Gi gy ra ma to v sng ln lm nc bin dng cao. V t: Trm tch ch yu l bn st c hm lng pht pho rt cao. - Tiu khu 1: t mi Sn n ca sng Vn c. y l tiu vng chuyn tip gia khu vc I v khu vc II. V kh hu: Kh hu mang c im chung ca khu vc II. V thu vn: Lu lng nc thng ngun khng ln. Ch nht triu. mn bin i theo ma : ma kh 20% nhng ma ma t 9 - 15%. V a hnh: C mi Sn che chn nn tc dng ca sng yu hn. V t: Sn phm bi t l sn phm phong ho giu oxit st (-Fe) v nhm ( Al ), ngho cation kim th. Trm tch bi triu c hm lng pht pho cao. t ngp mn, tht pha st ( 29 - 35% ) Qun th cy ngp mn : Hnh thnh qun th bn chua chim u th hn giao vi s, r tng di. Cy ch cao t 5 - 10 m. - Tiu khu 2: t ca sng Vn c n ca Lch Trng V kh hu: Kh hu mang c im chung ca khu vc II. V thu vn: Tiu khu ny chu nh hng ca nc thng ngun sng Hng v sng Thi Bnh cha nhiu ph sa. y l vng chu nh hng nhiu ca bo gy ra ma nhiu v sng to. Ch nht triu bin ng, phn ln l nht triu v bn nht triu. mn thp, bin i theo ma v thu triu. V a hnh : a hnh bng phng, t c o che chn nn sng to.

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V t : Sn phm bi t nhiu, giu cation kim th, hm lng pht pho cao ( P2O5 ). Ln bin hng nm c th t n 80 - 120 m. t ngp mn khng c phn tim tng, bn st pha ct mn. Mi trng sinh thi trn y lm cho rng ngp mn tiu khu ny kh hnh thnh pht trin. Qun th cy ngp mn : Trn cc ca sng hnh thnh cc qun th bn chua. Trn cc lch hnh thnh cc qun th s v r v.v Cc qun th ny dng cy bi thp cn ci. c) Khu vc III : Ven bin Trung B Vng ven bin Trung B tip gip lin vi dy ni Trng Sn. Tr hai con sng ln l sng M v sng Lam, cn cc con sng khc u ngn. Lng ph sa t khng hnh thnh nn nhng bi ly ven bin, thm ch c ni ni tip cn ngay vi b bin. Dc Trng Sn pha ng c dc cao v ngn nn dng nc chy mnh li cun ph sa, d l t, theo sng tri ra bin c. B bin khng c bi t m rng, thm ch c ni t lin cn b bin ln nh Bnh Thun. Trm tch bi triu c hm lng pht pho cao nhng hm lng N li thp. Khu vc ny cng chu nh hng ca bo, gy ra ma rt ln, l lt v nc bin dng cao. - Tiu khu 1 : t Lch Trng n mi Rn Tiu vng ny c hai con sng ln l sng M v sng Lam. Cc con sng khc ngn, b rng hp, dc cao. Tiu vng ny cng chu nh hng trc tip ca bo gy ra ma vi cng rt ln v b ngp lt. Ch nht triu khng u. Tiu khu ny vn cn chu nh hng ca gi ma ng Bc nhng t hn khu vc I. Ngoi ra cn chu nh hng ca gi Lo kh nng t pha dy Trng Sn. Qun th cy rng ngp mn: Qun th bn chua chim u th xut hin trong ca sng, dc theo sng (H Tnh), chiu cao trung bnh t 6 - 8 m. Tng di l r mc ln vi ci, s, rng, vng hi, mp st, gi v.v Pha nam tnh H Tnh, pha trong ca sng xut hin qun th mm, ng, s, vt d v qun th bn chua chim u th. bi triu cao xut hin qun th gi, cc, vt d, cui bin, mp st v.vnhng chiu cao cng ch t n 8 - 10 m. Trn t thoi ho xut hin qun th si h chim u th. - Tiu khu 2: t mi Rn n o Hi Vn Tiu vng ny c cc con sng chnh nh sng Gianh, sng Nht L, sng Hng v.vNhn chung, y l nhng sng ngn, lng sng c dc cao, nc sng chy xit. Dc theo b bin l cc cn ct di ng v c nh. Ch nht triu khng u. mn ca nc bin cao hn khu vc I, c khi n 30%. Ch nhit tiu vng ny cao hn khu vc I do nh hng ca gi ma ng Bc yu hn v v thp hn. Tiu vng ny chu nh hng trc tip ca bo t Bin ng, li trng vi ma ma nn gy ra ma to vi cng rt ln, nc sng v nc bin dng cao. Nhng tc ng trn y gy tr ngi cho vic hnh thnh rng ngp mn ven b bin, rng ngp mn thng ch xut hin ca sng. Qun th cy rng ngp mn: Qun th cy ngp mn xut hin trn cc bi triu trong ca sng. Qun th ng, vt d, vt khang hn giao di tn vi trang, s, r v.v nhng chiu cao trung bnh cng ch t ti

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6 - 8 m. trn bi triu cao c gi, tra, tra lm v, mp st, cui bin, vng hi v.vMt s loi cy ngp mn phn b ch yu min nam xut hin y nh : ng, mm trng, bn i. Chng chu mn cao trong ma kh ( 29 - 35,5% ) do a hnh kn v lng bc hi cao. - Tiu khu 3: t o Hi Vn n mi Vng Tu. B bin dc v khc khuu, bi bin khng bng phng v c su ln. Tiu vng ny cng c nhiu cn ct chy ra n b bin. Ch nhit tiu khu ny cao hn min Bc Vit Nam. Lng ma phn b khng u, c vng lng ma thp nht Vit Nam nh Phan Rang (lng ma ti thp tuyt i ch c 272 mm / nm). Cc con sng tiu vng ny u nh, lu lng nc t. Chnh nhng tc ng trn y lm cho tiu vng ny khng c nhng bi bi ln bin v khng c nhng gii rng ngp mn ven bin. Rng ngp mn ch hnh thnh nhng ni c o che chn sng, b mp bn o nh Cam Ranh (Khnh Ho), Quy Nhn (Bnh nh) v mt s ca sng v.v Qun th cy rng ngp mn: Trn bi triu thp xut hin, qun th ng tin phong. Trn t cht hn xut hin qun th ng hn giao vi cc loi cy xu i, vt d, vt khang v.v Ngoi ra cn c qun th mm qun, mm li ng, ci, cc bin, d vi v.v Trn t t ngp triu c qun th gi, xu, tra, vng hi, mp st v.v Qun x nc l c bn chua, r, my nc v.v d) Khu vc IV: Ven bin Nam B V kh hu: Kh hu c trng ca khu vc ny l nhit i m khng c ma ng. Ch nhit bt u chu nh hng ca cn xch o. Tng tch nhit hng nm cao. Lng ma hng nm trong khu vc phn b khng u qua cc a phng. Tuy nhin, lng ma phn b tng i u qua cc thng trong nm. V thy vn: c bit, vng ven bin Nam B tip cn ngay vi h thng sng ln l sng Cu Long v sng ng Nai vi nhiu ph lu to ra nhiu ca sng bi p mt lng ph sa rt ln v mt lng ln nc ngt t t lin ra bin c. Chnh nh lng ph sa bi t ny m hng nm ln bin m rng thm t lin v thm lc a. y l mi trng tt cho rng ngp mn pht sinh pht trin. V a hnh: a hnh ca khu vc ny thp, bng phng hn cc khu vc khc. V t: Sn phm bi t phong ho nhit i, ct, st hnh thnh nn t rng ngp mn phn tim tng, giu cht hu c. Ngoi ra, b bin Nam B cn tip cn vi qun o Malaixia v qun o Innxia, ni y l trung tm phn b ca rng ngp mn. Do vy m t thnh loi cy rng ngp mn rt phong ph v c kch thc ln hn min bc nhiu. - Tiu khu 1: t mi Vng Tu n ca sng Soi Rp V kh hu:

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Kh hu nhit i m khng c ma ng. Nhit khng kh trung bnh hng nm l 27 C. Lng ma trung bnh hng nm khong 1.400 mm.
o

V thu vn: Tiu vng ny chu nh hng trc tip ca lu lng nc sng ng Nai. Ch bn nht triu khng u. mn ca nc bin tng i cao. mn trung bnh nm khong 30%, bin ng nhiu qua cc thng trong nm. V a hnh: a hnh ca khu vc ny thp, bng phng hn cc khu vc khc. V t:

Hnh s 30. Cnh quan sinh thi rng ngp mn Nam B Sn phm bi t y l sn phm phong ho nhit i giu oxit st (Fe) v nhm (Al), giu ht st. y l kiu bi t bin - sng. Ph sa c nhiu ct, t nu phong ho t m bazan. t giu ht st thuc loi t ngp mn v t ngp mn phn tim tng. Qun th cy rng ngp mn: Qun th rng ngp mn gm c: Trn bi triu mi bi xut hin qun th tin phong bn trng thun loi nhng dng cy bi. Trn bi triu n nh c qun th tin phong c, bn trng. Ngoi ra cn c xu i, trang, cc kn v.vTrn bi triu c ngp 2,0 - 2,5 m c qun th c i, xu i v d vi, mm li ng v.vTrn bi triu c ngp 2,5 - 3 m c qun th c i, d vi, mm li ng v cc loi khc nh mm li ng, xu sung, nt, d vi, cc v.v Trn t ngp triu t 3,3, - 4,0 m c qun th gi, ch l, v cc loi d vi, xu sung, rng, cui bin, my nc v.v - Tiu khu 2: t ca sng Soi Rp n ca sng M Thanh

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V kh hu, y l vng kh hu nhit i gi ma khng c ma ng chu nh hng ca kh hu bin. Nhit khng kh trung bnh hng nm 27oC. Lng ma trung bnh hng nm bin ng t 1.500 - 1.900 mm. V thu vn: Tiu vng ny chu nh hng trc tip ca lu lng nc thng ngun sng Cu Long. Lu lng nc rt ln, t ti 3.400 m3/giy (s). Hng nm, h thng sng Cu Long bi t khong 97.000.000 tn ph sa cc ca sng v knh rch. y l kiu bi t sng bin. Sn phm bi t phn ln l ct, giu ct phn v st. Ch thu triu ca tiu khu ny chu nh hng trc tip ca thu triu Bin ng v thuc ch bn nht triu. Do s ho nhp ca dng nc bin v dng nc ngt t thng ngun ca sng Cu Long m hnh thnh cc ca sng mt vng nc l in hnh V a hnh: a hnh tiu khu ny bng phng, b bin nng, t chu nh hng ca sng gi ln. V t : c trng t ngp mn y l khng c phn tim tng, hm lng mn trung bnh, thnh phn c gii bin ng t ct pha n st pha nng. Qun th cy rng ngp mn : Cho n nay vn cha c cng trnh nghin cu tng hp v qun th cy rng ngp mn tiu khu 2. Nhn dn cho bit vo khong nhng nm 1970, rng ngp mn kh tt che ph dc cc trin sng, hin cn li gc cy bn, mm c ng knh ti 60 cm. Nhng do b ri cht c ho hc nn khng cn tn ti na. Hin nay ch cn st li nhng khonh rng mm trng ven sng, bn chua st ca sng v nhng di da nc ven sng. Di y ly qun th cy ngp mn ca Tiu lm th d.

Hnh s 31. H sinh thi rng ngp mn, C Mau nh: VNTTX - Phm Trn bi bi trc ca sng xut hin qun th bn chua tin phong. Din th tip theo ca qun th bn chua l qun th mm trng, ng hn giao vi s, ng v.vTrn cc knh rch c qun th mm li ng, bn i, d qunh, ng, ch l v.vDc theo b cc con sng ln c cc qun x da nc, mi dm, bn chua, r gai, cc kn v.v - Tiu khu 3: t ca sng M Thanh n ca sng By Hp (ven bin ty nam bn o C Mau)

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V kh hu: y cng l vng kh hu nhit i gi ma khng c ma ng, cn xch o chu nh hng ca kh hu bin. Nhit khng kh trung bnh hng nm 27oC. Lng ma trung bnh hng nm t 1.900 - 2.500 mm. V thu vn: Tiu vng ny nm xa cc ca sng Tin Giang v sng Hu Giang nn t chu nh hng trc tip ca nc thng ngun sng Cu Long m chu s chi phi bi lng nc ma. Ch thu triu y cng chu nh hng trc tip ca thu triu Bin ng v thuc ch bn nht triu. mn tng i cao v t bin ng trong nm ( t 21 - 29 % ). V a hnh: a hnh tiu khu ny bng phng, b bin nng, t chu nh hng ca sng gi ln. V t: y l ni bi t ph sa din ra mnh nht, hnh thnh nn nhng bi bi rng ln bin. Sn phm bi t giu ht st. y l kiu bi t m ly - bin. Tiu vng ny c 4 loi t sau y: t ngp mn t ngp mn phn tim tng t ngp mn than bn phn tim tng t giu cht cht hu c v ht st

Mi trng sinh thi ny to iu kin thun li cho rng ngp mn pht sinh pht trin. T thnh loi cy ngp mn phong ph v sinh trng t kch thc ln nht Vit Nam. Nhm qun th cy rng chu mn cao c qun th mm bin, mm li ng, mm trng, c, vt tch v.v Qun x mm bin thun loi ven bin trn bi triu cao v trung bnh. Cy cao ln, ng knh t n 35 - 50 cm. Qun th mm li ng thun loi hoc u th mc hn giao vi d vi, d qunh v.v Cy cao ln , ng knh t n 30 - 40 cm. Qun th thun loi mm trng xut hin trn t mi bi, c khi xen ln mm li ng hoc vt tch. Qun th c - vt tch xut hin trn t st cht hai bn knh rch, ng knh t n 15 - 20 cm. Qun th mm - c xut hin trn nn t bn st hi nho. Ngoi ra cn c cc qun th mm trng, qun th cc vng - d qunh v.v - Tiu khu 4: t ca sng By Hp n mi Ni - H Tin (ven bin pha ty bn o C Mau ) V kh hu: y cng l vng kh hu nhit i gi ma khng c ma ng v chu nh hng ca kh hu bin. Nhit khng kh trung bnh hng nm 28oC . Lng ma trung bnh hng nm t 2.100 - 2.400 mm. V thu vn: Tiu vng ny nm xa cc ca sng ln, ch c h thng sng nh, knh rch v t chu nh hng ca cc dng nc thng ngun. Ch nht triu y bt u chu nh hng ca vnh Thi Lan. mn ca nc tng i cao v t bin ng trong nm. V a hnh: a hnh thp v bng phng. Cc sng v knh rch ni lin nhau thng ra bin nn bin triu ln. V t: sn phm bi t giu ht ct . Tiu vng ny c 4 loi t sau y : t ngp mn phn tim tng chim din tch nhiu nht. t giu ht ct t cha hm lng cht hu c cao t ngp mn than bn phn tim tng

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H thc vt rng ngp mn y khng phong ph v sinh trng tt nh tiu khu 3. Qun th cy ngp mn: Qun th cy ngp mn hnh thnh ng vin ven bin thnh phn ch yu l mm trng, mm li ng, cy cao khng qu 15 m. K tip theo l rng trm. Ti o Hn Tre (Rch Gi), xut hin qun th c, s, mm bin, xu i v.vTi o Ph Quc c rng ngp mn kch thc nh vi thnh phn l c i, vt d, bn trng, cc vng, gi, tra, tra lm v v.v Nhn chung, iu kin sinh thi ca rng ngp mn Vit Nam rt a dng v bin ng nhiu qua cc tiu khu khc nhau. Do vy, t thnh loi cy rng ngp mn, sinh trng pht trin v kch thc hai min Nam Bc cng khc nhau.

3.6.3. Khu h thc vt rng ngp mn


Thnh phn thc vt ca cc h sinh thi rng ngp mn c trnh by mc 8.3.6.2. T thnh loi cy ngp mn thay i theo mi trng sinh thi. Theo Phan Nguyn Hng (1999), khu h thc vt rng ngp mn Vit Nam bao gm 47 h thc vt. S lng loi cy bin ng theo tng vng khc nhau: vng ven bin bc B c 52 loi, vng ven bin Trung B c 69 loi, vng ven bin Nam B c 100 loi. Vng ven bin C Mau c h sinh thi rng ngp mn phong ph nht v t thnh loi cy, sinh trng pht trin tt nht v t kch thc ln nht. Ni y gn vi trung tm hnh thnh v phn b rng ngp mn ng Nam l Indonesia v Malaysia (Chapman, 1975). Trong khu h thc vt rng ngp mn c 5 h thc vt gi vai tr quan trng l h c (Rhizophoraceae), h Mm (Avicemiaceae), h Bn (Sounerratiaceae), h n nem (Myrsinaceae) v h Da (Palmae). Nhng vt ri rng phong ph v a dng ca thm thc vt cy ngp mn to ra mt mi trng sinh thi v cng thun li cho khu h ng vt rng ngp mn pht trin.

3.6.4. Khu h ng vt rng ngp mn


Cho n nay vn cha c mt cng trnh nghin cu tng hp v khu h ng vt ca rng ngp mn Vit Nam. Nghin cu v ng vt rng ngp mn mi ch dng li tng h sinh thi rng a phng. Th d : Kt qu nghin cu rng ngp mn Cn Gi (Thnh ph H Ch Minh) ch cho thy c 22 loi ng vt sng ni trn mt nc; 114 loi ng vt y bao gm 34 loi giun, 51 loi gip st, 29 loi thn mm; 137 loi c, 9 loi lng c, 31 loi b st, 130 loi chim, 19 loi ng vt c v. ( theo V Trung Tn, 1994 ; Phm nh Trng, 1995 ; L c Tun,1997). khu rng cm Nm Cn (C Mau ) pht hin c 15 loi ng vt c v, trong c nhng loi th ln nh ln rng (Suscrofa), vn (Hylobates sp), h (Panthera tigris), nai (Cervus unicolor), bo gm (Neofelis nabulosa), kh vng ui di (Macaca mulatta) v.v(L Din Dc, 1986 ). S loi chim bin ng t 121 - 147 loi hnh thnh nn nhng sn chim nh Ngc Hin, B Lt, C Lao t, c bit l sn chim Tn Khnh rng 130 ha vi hng vn c th, c xem l sn chim ln nht ng Nam . y c nhiu loi chim qu him ca th gii nh gi y (Leptotilos javanicus), hc c trng, c tha, su c Tam Nng (ng Thp) v.vTm l loi ng vt c mi quan h hu c cht ch vi rng ngp mn. Mi quan h c bit c nhn dn ta th hin qua cu tc ng " Cy c rc con tm, con tm m cy c " Nhng xc cht ca khu h ng vt rng ngp mn tham gia vo qu trnh trao i vt cht v nng lng ca h sinh thi vi quy m v cng rt nhanh, nhanh nht trong cc h sinh thi rng.

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3.6.5. Ti sinh v din th rng


Rng ngp mn c nhiu tim nng ti sinh t nhin do c nhiu ngun ging ti ch v iu kin ti sinh thun li. Mt c im sinh vt hc l th ca mt s loi cy rng ngp mn l hin tng ht ging ny mm trn cy. Khi ht rng xung th r cy mm bm ngay vo t ly mi bi khng b sng cun tri ra ngoi bin. y l phng thc thch nghi c bit ca cy rng ngp mn vi mi trng sinh thi ven bin. c im ny c chn lc t nhin v hnh thnh trong mt qu trnh lch s lu di. Hin tng ny khng ch th hin loi cy c m c mt s loi thuc chi mm v s. thch nghi vi mi trng t ly ven bin thng xuyn

Hnh s 32. n kh trong rng ngp mn

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Cha xut Rng Rng Loi rng hin rng mm bin c ngp mn ngp mn + rng s vi

Rng trang

Rng vt

Rng gii-rng cc

Ngp khi Ngp khi nc triu Ch ngp Ngp khi nc triu Ngp khi nc nc triu cao v cao bt nc triu thp triu cao trung bnh rt thp thng trong nm S ngy ngp triu trong thng Loi t 30 29-25 24-20 19-15 14-10 <9

t ngp mn phn tim tng. mng lp, ct pha

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Hnh s 33. Qu trnh din th rng ngp mn Qung Ninh (Theo Ng Qu, 2003)

Rng Loi Cha xut rng hin rng ngp mn ngp mn mm trng (RNM tin phong c nh bi bi

Rng mm trng + c Rng c Rng vt Rng d Rng gii rng c

Ch Ngp khi Ngp khi nc Ngp ngp Ngp khi nc triu nc triu triu cao trung khi nc nc thp rt thp bnh triu cao triu Loi t Dng t ai thnh thc ca t ( nn ) Bn rt long >4 t ngp mn Bn long Bn St mm 1,4 1,0

Ngp khi nc triu cao v cao bt thng trong nm

t ngp mn phn tim tng St 0,9 0,7 St cht St rn chc

4 - 2,5

2,4 -1,5

0,6 -0,4

< 0,4

Hnh s 34. Qu trnh din th rng ngp mn C Mau (Theo Ng Qu, 2003) b ngp nc nn r cy phi c dng hnh nm cm cht vo t ly v v cy, v r c rt nhiu kh khng trao i kh. Qu trnh din th t nhin ca rng ngp mn rt a dng. Tu theo tng vng phn b khc nhau m din th rng ngp mn khc nhau. S hai qu trnh din th t nhin c trng cho min Bc (Qung Ninh) v min Nam (C Mau) c th hin hnh 8.12 v 8.13.

3.6.6. Khai thc hp l v s dng bn vng rng ngp mn


Nguyn l chung cho vic s dng bn vng h sinh thi rng ni chung v h sinh thi rng ngp mn ni ring l phi bo m tnh n nh ca h sinh thi. S cn bng gia thnh phn thc vt v ng vt trong h sinh thi gi vai tr quyt nh cho s tn ti v pht trin lu di ca rng ngp mn. Mi quan h hu c ny nng ta ln nhau v lm tin cho nhau pht trin. Ph rng ngp mn nui tm l lm tri vi quy lut ca t nhin. t c mc tiu

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pht trin bn vng, phi kt hp hi ho cc li ch gia lm nghip, hi sn v cc li ch khc, gia li ch trc mt v li ch lu di. Kinh doanh rng ngp mn cn phi t c cc mc tiu c th sau y: Bo v, pht trin v khai thc g hp l Bo v nghim ngt rng ngp mn hin c. Phng chng chy rng. Quy hoch trng phc hi li rng b ph nui tm. Khai thc rng ngp mn ng theo quy trnh k thut quy nh. Bo v, pht trin v khai thc hp l ti nguyn thu sn Bo v v nui trng pht trin nhng thu sn c gi tr kinh t cao phc v nhu cu trong nc v xut khu trn c s duy tr c tnh n nh ca h sinh thi rng ngp mn. Bo v, pht trin v khai thc hp l nhng lm sn ngoi g. Rng ngp mn c rt nhiu lm sn ngoi g c gi tr. Bo v, pht trin v khai thc ngun ti nguyn ny rt ph hp kinh t h gia nh gp phn xo i gim ngho v c kh nng lm giu. Bo m ti sinh t nhin v din th t nhin ca h sinh thi rng ngp mn. y l bin php kinh t nht v ph hp vi tim nng t nhin ca rng ngp mn. Bin php ny c tnh kh thi cao v nhiu kh nng thnh cng. Bo tn tnh a dng sinh hc ca h sinh thi rng ngp mn.

Thnh lp cc vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin, sn chim, rng cm v.v bo tn, nghin cu khoa hc v phc v nhu cu du lch sinh thi.

3.6.7. ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc


Rng ngp mn mang li gi tr cho nhiu ngnh kinh t khc nhau. Ngoi ngun ti nguyn g, rng ngp mn cn c nhiu ngun ti nguyn hi sn, ti nguyn lm sn ngoi g c gi tr phc v nhu cu trong nc v xut khu. Nhng ti nguyn ny, c bit l ngun ti nguyn hi sn, c th mang li gi tr ln hn nhiu so vi ti nguyn g ln. Ch tnh ti nguyn lm sn ngoi g ln, rng ngp mn cung cp: 30 loi cy cho g, than, ci ; 21 loi cy lm dc liu cha bnh cho ngi; 21 loi cy c hoa nui ong mt ; 14 loi cy cho tananh ; 9 loi cy ch th cnh kin ; 24 loi cy cho phn xanh ci to t ; 1 loi cy cho nha sn xut nc gii kht, ng, cn. Nh vy, ngha kinh t ca rng ngp mn rt a dng. Rng ngp mn gi vai tr quan trng trong vic phng h ven bin, ngn cn sng bin bo v sn xut nng nghip vng ven bin. c bit, rng ngp mn cn c ngha m rng t lin nh qu trnh bi t ln bin. Rng ngp mn Cn Gi c coi l "l phi xanh" ca Thnh ph H Ch Minh. V ngha khoa hc, rng ngp mn l mt h sinh thi rng c bit ch c b bin vng nhit i. Rng ngp mn l ni gp g gia h sinh thi bin v h sinh thi trn t lin. Qu trnh trao i vt cht v nng lng trong h sinh thi ny din ra vi cng ln nht v tc nhanh nht trong cc h sinh thi rng. y l mt h sinh thi rng c tnh a dng sinh hc rt cao k c v thnh phn loi thc vt v ng vt bin, nc l, bi ly cho n ng vt b st, th rng, chim v.vV vy, nghin cu v bo tn h sinh thi rng ngp mn khng ch c ngha cho th h hm nay m cho c th h mai sau.

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3.7. H sinh thi rng trm (Melaleuca cajuputi)

3.7.1. Phn b
H sinh thi ny phn b tp trung 7 tnh ng bng sng Cu Long, hnh thnh nn ba vng sau y: Vng ng Thp Mi thuc ba tnh Long An, Tin Giang v ng Thp. Vng T Gic Long Xuyn thuc hai tnh An Giang v Kin Giang. Vng U Minh Thng v U Minh H thuc tnh C Mau v Hu Giang.

3.7.2. iu kin sinh thi


cao so vi mc nc bin: H sinh thi ny phn b cao so vi mc nc bin di 2 m. Ni t trng, cao phn b so vi mc nc bin 0,46 m ( L Pht Qui, 1999 ). Kh hu thu vn: y l vng kh hu nhit i gi ma khng c ma ng, cn xch o. Tng tch nhit c nm t 9.000 - 10.000oC. Nhit khng kh trung bnh nm : 27oC , ngay c thng ging, nhit khng kh trung bnh thp nht cng t n 22oC. Bin nhit trung bnh thng trong nm ch t 3 - 5oC. Nhit ti cao tuyt i 38oC ( thng 4 nm 1991). Nhit ti thp tuyt i 15oC Lng ma trung bnh nm: 1.500 - 2.400 mm. S ngy ma trong nm t 110 - 165 ngy. Lng ma phn b theo ma. Ma ma t thng 5 n thng 11, lng ma trong ma ny chim n 90% lng ma c nm. Lng ma ng Thp Mi thp hn (khong 1.500 mm), cn lng ma vng T Gic Long Xuyn v U Minh C Mau cao hn (trn 2.000 mm) gy ngp ng phn nhiu a phng. Ma kh t thng 12 n thng 4 nm sau, trong ba thng 1,2,3 l nhng thng hn. Lng bc hi c nm t 1.000 - 1.200 mm, c bit trong ma kh lng bc hi gn gp ba ln lng ma. Thng 3 v thng 4 c m khng kh thp nht t 75 - 77%. Ma ny tim n nhiu kh nng chy rng. V thu vn: Ch thu vn y b chi phi bi ch ma, ch nc ngun v nc l ca h thng sng Cu Long v ch thu triu mang nc mn t bin vo lc a. Ch thu vn ny lm cho nhiu vng trng thp ngp su n 2 m nh ng Thp Mi, thi gian ngp ko di 4 - 5 thng hnh thnh nn nhng vng ng thu, phn ln l ng nc phn. n cui ma kh, lu lng nc v dng chy trn h thng sng gim xung to iu kin cho mui mn xm nhp vo su trong ni a. n ma ma, nc ma ho tan phn trong t chy xung vng thp qua cc knh rch gy ra hin tng nhim phn. Ch ngp nc ca rng trm nh sau: Ngp nc nng di 50 cm. Thi gian ngp nc hng nm t 5 - 6 thng ( thng 6 n thng 12 ). Vng ny c th khng chu nh hng h thng sng Cu Long hoc nu b nh hng th thi gian khng qu ba thng. Ngp nc trung bnh t 50 - 150 cm. Thi gian ngp nc hng nm t 8 - 9 thng (t thng 5 n thng 1 nm sau). Vng ny chu nh hng ca h thng sng Cu Long t 3 - 4 thng.

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Ngp nc su trn 150 cm. Thi gian ngp nc hng nm ko di hn 9 thng. Vng ny chu nh hng mnh ca h thng sng Cu Long. mn ca nc bin ng t 5 - 20 %. V t: c trng c bn nht ca h sinh thi rng trm l hnh thnh trn t phn. Trong nhm t ny c tng sinh phn xut pht t trm tch m ly bin (phn nng), trm tch m ly ng bng v trm tch m ly sng (phn trung bnh v phn nh). Do b ngp nc nn mi trng t b thiu oxy ( O2 ) cho cy. Ngoi ra, nc cn cha cc cht c nh nhm ( Al ), st ( Fe ) v SO4 v.v Tng sinh phn khi tip xc vi khng kh s bin t phn tim tng sang phn hot ng. t h sinh thi rng phn c hai nhm chnh : a) Nhm t phn Theo Thi Vn Trng (1999), nhm t phn ng Thp Mi c 4 loi sau y : t phn nhiu tim tng. Loi t ny phn b ch yu ni trng thp ng thu. Thi gian ngp trong nm trn 6 thng, ma kh t vn cn m nn khng xut hin phn hot ng mc d tng sinh phn dy trn 50 cm. t phn nhiu tim tng chuyn sang t phn nhiu hot ng. Nguyn nhn l do con ngi o knh rch lm h thp mc nc v ph hu lp thc b gi m, tng sinh phn tip xc vi khng kh v chuyn sang phn hot ng. y xut hin cc phn jarosite nm su khong 50 cm. Jarosite l mt loi khong c trng ca t phn hnh thnh trong qu trnh oxy ho lu hunh nhng phn ng xy ra khng hon ton. t phn trung bnh tim tng Tng sinh phn ny c tng s sulfat thp v kh nng sinh phn yu. t phn trung bnh hot ng Loi t ny chnh l t phn trung bnh tim tng nhng do con ngi o knh, ln lp hoc do c ra phn nn t c ci to mt phn (Phng Trung Ngn v cng tc vin, 1986), Trn vng T Gic Long Xuyn v U Minh (C Mu)cng c 4 loi t ni trn nhng chia lm hai loi : mt loi b nhim mn v mt loi khng b nhim mn. b) Nhm t than bn Theo Phng Trung Ngn (1987), c bit vng U Minh cn c nhm t than bn. Do mi trng ngp nc, ym kh nn cc cht hu c l xc cht thc vt ng vt khng c phn hu hon ton, tch lu lu di hnh thnh nn tng than bn. Tng than bn c tc dng quan trng l hn ch qu trnh phn ho v gi cho mc nc ngm khng b tt xung trong ma kh. Tuy nhin, than bn cng l nguyn nhn c bn gy ra hin tng chy ngm rt kh pht hin, chy lu di rt kh cha. Nhm t ny

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Hnh s 35. H sinh thi rng trm (Melaleuca cajuputi) Nam B nh: Phm cng chia lm hai loi: mt loi c phn tim tng v mt loi khng c phn tim tng.

3.7.3. Cu trc rng


Trc y, loi trm c xc nh tn khoa hc l Melaleuca leucadendron. T nm 1993, tn khoa hc loi trm c xc nh li l Melaleuca cajuputi (Scott Poynton, 1993). Loi trm Vit Nam c t nht 4 chng (variete) l trm c, trm gi, trm bi v trm bng. Trm c v trm gi phn b t nhin trn t phn ng bng sng Cu Long. Trm bi v trm bng phn b t nhin Qung Bnh, Qung Tr v Tha Thin Hu. Di y ch gii thiu h sinh thi rng trm ng bng sng Cu Long trn mi trng sinh thi c bit l ng phn. Do h sinh thi rng trm hnh thnh trong iu kin mi trng c bit l ng phn, ch c mt s loi cy thch nghi tn ti c nn cu trc rng n gin hn nhiu so vi h sinh thi rng hn loi thng xanh. Cu trc h sinh thi rng trm n gin v thnh phn loi cy v tng th. Chiu cao t khong 20 - 25 m, ng knh t 40 cm. Cc u hp rng t nhin: in hnh cho cc u hp rng ny l cc u hp v mp, v trm, v bi, v di v.v Theo Thi Vn Trng (1999), th y l kiu rng cy g hn giao nhiu loi cy thuc h sinh thi rng ng phn. Cu trc t thnh rng l loi cy trm gn nh thun loi mc hn giao vi mp, trm, bi v.v... Rng c cu trc mt tng cy g cao 15 - 17 m. Tng cy bi, loi cy chim u th l mua v.v... Tng thm ti gm c choai, dn v.vDi y ly th d v v mp. V mp l mt trong nhng u hp k trn hnh thnh trn t than bn. V mp c cu trc rng mt tng. Tng vt tn l cy mp (Alstonia spatulata). Tham gia vo t thnh rng cn c cc loi cy trm, bi, s, cm, nhum, cao nc, ga, b bi, xng c v.vTng cy bi gm c mua, mt ct (Licuala spinosa) v.v Rng c nhiu dy leo, trong c hai loi dng x l choi (Stenochlaena palustris) mc st mt t v dn (Blechnum serrulatum). Ngoi ra cn c mt loi dy leo n t dip l my nc (Flagellaria indica). Phng Trung Ngn coi y l kiu rng cc nh nguyn thu, trc y c trm mc hn giao, nhng khi b la chy th cc loi cy hn giao vi trm b tiu dit, ch cn li trm chu c la v ng phn nng nn pht trin thnh rng trm thun loi. y chnh l rng th sinh hnh thnh sau khi rng cc nh nguyn thu b la chy. Chnh v l do ny m Thi Vn Trng (1999) gi y l h sinh thi

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rng ng phn thay cho tn gi thng dng l h sinh thi rng trm. Trong rng th sinh ny, cu trc t thnh l loi trm mc gn nh thun loi, cao n 20 - 25 m, ng knh t 40 cm. Tng cy bi c mua v tng thm ti vn cn choai, dn ca th h rng trc y. Rng trm c Rng trm c l mt kiu ph th nhng ca h sinh thi rng ng phn c din tch rng. Trm c l loi trm c kch thc ln nht trong cc loi trm, cy thn g c chiu cao t 15 - 20 m v ng knh 30 - 40 cm. Thn cy trm c vn vo, v dy mu trng xm, tn nh tng i dy, cnh nh v l hi r. Rng ny b khai ph canh tc nng nghip nhng kt qu khng thnh cng. Ngoi rng trm trn t than bn nh trn, cn c rng trm trn t st. y l cu trc rng trm thun loi mt tng. Tng cy bi c mua. Dy leo t, ch cn dn. Loi sy xut hin xm chim cc ch trng. Tng than bn b thiu chy, ch cn li mt lp mng hoc tr n t st, khng gi c m. Nguy c chy rng v ma kh rt ln.

3.7.4. Ti sinh v din th rng


Trm l loi cy a sng mnh ngay khi giai on cn nh. V vy, trm ti sinh nhiu ni t trng, sau khi rng trm b chy. Mt c im khc thng ca cy trm ti sinh, k c cy m ti sinh di mt tui, l b chm ngp trong mi trng nc nhiu ngy nhng vn sng v tn ti lu di. iu ny chng t cy trm ti sinh vn c kh nng quang hp v h hp trong mi trng nc (nc trong, nh sng c th lt qua c). c tnh sinh thi c bit ny c hnh thnh trong mt qu trnh chn lc t nhin lu di. y cng l c im chung ca nhng loi cy sng trong mi trng ngp nc, nhng nt c o ca loi trm l sng c trong mi trng nc mn. Tuy nhin cng ch nn coi y l kh nng chng chu ca loi trm trong mi trng ngp nc v trong iu kin t m, khng b ngp nc quanh nm, trm vn sinh trng tt v sinh trng mnh trong ma ma. Trm sinh trng bnh thng trn t phn ngp nc nng di 50 cm v thi gian ngp hng nm khng ko di qu 5 - 6 thng. Trong mi trng ngp nc trn 70 cm v thi gian ngp nc hng nm ko di trn 8 thng, sinh trng ca trm bt u b c ch. Sinh trng ca trm b nh hng r rt trong mi trng ngp nc su v ngp quanh nm. Tnh chng chu ca trm cng c gii hn. Ht trm c th ny mm ngay trong mi trng ngp nc, ym kh. S thnh cng ca phng php gieo thng ht ( x ht ) trong iu kin mi trng nc trong trn t phn mnh l dn chng tt cho kh nng ny mm ca ht trm. Tuy nhin, kh nng ny cng c gii hn v trong iu kin mi trng nc c th phng php x ht khng thnh cng n phi trng rng bng cy con. mn ca mi trng nc cng c nh hng r rt n t l ny mm ca ht trm v tc sinh trng ca cy con. Theo Ng Qu (2003), mn di 0,7% ht trm ny mm bnh thng. mn 0,7%, t l ny mm ca ht trm bt u gim. mn 1,5%, ht trm khng c kh nng ny mm. Nu mn t 1,5 - 2,0% th sinh trng ca trm b gim st ng k. Nu mn trn 2% th rng trm non di 4 tui b cht. Mc phn ho cng nh hng n sinh trng ca trm. Trm sinh trng thun li trn t phn hot ng yu v trung bnh. Trn t phn hot ng mnh trm sinh trng km.

84

Hm lng cht hu c trong t cng nh hng n sinh trng ca trm. Nu hm lng cht hu c trong t di 8% th trm sinh trng rt tt. Trm sinh trng tt nu hm lng cht hu c t 8 - 15%. Nu hm lng cht hu c trn 15%, dy 40 cm th sinh trng ca trm b hn ch. (-Ng Qu, 2003) Nu ngn chn c la rng v ph hoi ca con ngi, khai thc rng ng k thut th kh nng phc hi t nhin li rng trm l mt kh nng thc t, t tn km. Trm cng c kh nng ti sinh chi rt mnh. Mi gc c 2 -3 chi, sau ny c th nui dng cho sn phm c 5 v c 7. Sau khi chy rng, trm ti sinh rt mnh, mt t 50.000 100.000 cy/ -ha nhng phn b khng u.

3.7.5. ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc


Rng trm mang li li ch kinh t nhiu mt. Rng trm cung cp g xy dng, c bit l dng lm c ng nn mng vng m ly, xy p p , cung cp ci, than, than bn dng lm phn bn v nhiu lm sn ngoi g ln nh tinh du trm, mt ong, th rng, kh, trn, rn v.v nhiu sn chim vi nhiu loi su, c, vc, dic, qum, b nng v.v v c bit l ngun ti nguyn hi sn, thu sn v cng phong ph. y l mt m hnh t nhin kt hp hu c gia lm - ng - nng c tnh n nh nu khng b tc ng ph hoi ca con ngi. Trm l loi cy rng bo m tt yu cu " chung sng vi l " ng bng sng Cu Long. Vi din tch hng trm ngn hcta , rng trm gi vai tr quan trng trong vic bo v mi trng, duy tr cn bng sinh thi, phng h nng nghip ng bng sng Cu Long. Rng trm l mt h sinh thi c bit cha ng nhiu ngha khoa hc m cho n nay vn cha c nghin cu y . y l mt h sinh thi tng hp ca nhiu h sinh thi khc nhau v l h sinh thi chuyn tip gia h sinh thi bin v h sinh thi lc a cn c bo tn lu di. V vy, h sinh thi ny c tnh a dng sinh hc cao, c nhiu loi thc vt ng vt qu him ang b e do dit chng. Vi nhiu sn chim ni ting, ni y cn im hn hp dn cho khch du lch sinh thi trong v ngoi nc.

3.8. H sinh thi rng tre na (Bambusa spp)

3.8.1. Khi qut v rng tre na


Tre na l tn gi chung cho cc loi thc vt thuc phn h Tre ( Bambusoidae), h Ho tho (Gramineae hay Poaceae). Phn b: Tre na phn b rng t vng nhit i, nhit i n n i, t 51o v bc n 47 v nam.
o

Sinh thi: Hu ht cc loi tre na u yu cu nhit m v m nn chng thng phn b vng thp v ai cao trung bnh v tp trung ch yu 2 bn xch o (Lin, 2000). Trn th gii c khong 1.300 loi thuc hn 70 chi, phn b 3 vng chnh: Chu Thi Bnh Dng, Chu M v Chu Phi, trong vng Chu Thi Bnh Dng l trung tm phn b tre na chim khong 80% tng s loi v din tch ton th gii (Lin, 2000). Vit Nam l mt trong nhng vng trung tm phn b tre na trn th gii do c iu kin t nhin thun li, nh ch nhit, m v th nhng. Cc h sinh thi rng tre na Vit nam rt phong ph v a dng, chim v tr quan trng trong ti nguyn rng c v mt kinh t, mi trng v khoa hc. Tre na Vit Nam c 133 loi thuc 24 chi, tuy nhin y chc cha phi l con s y . Trong s thng k c, Vit nam c 10 loi trong s 19 loi tre u tin cao quc t c

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hnh ng v 6 loi trong 18 loi tre khc c quc t ghi nhn l quan trng (V Vn Dng v L Vit Lm, 2004; Nguyn Hong Ngha, 2004). Theo kt qu kim k ti nguyn rng nm 1999, rng tre na c din tch 1,489 triu ha, chim 4,53% din tch ton quc, tr lng 8,4 t cy. Rng tre na t nhin 1,415 triu ha, chim 15% din tch rng t nhin, tr lng 8,3 t cy; trong rng tre na thun loi 0,789 triu ha, chim 8,36% din tch rng t nhin, tr lng 5,863 t cy; rng hn giao 0,626 triu ha, chim 6,63% din tch, tr lng 2,441 t cy. Bin ng v ti nguyn tre na nc ta c th hin biu 1.

86

Biu 1: Bin ng din tch v tr lng rng tre na Rng tre na t nhin Nm Din tch (ha) Rng hn giao G Tre 1983 1990 1999 395.700 498.600 626.331 Rng tre thun loi 1.050.000 1.048.600 789.221 Tr lng (triu cy) Rng tre trng Din tch (ha) 97,1 47,1 96,1 Tng s

Tr lng (triu cy)

Din tch (ha)

Tr lng (triu cy)

46.300 43.700 73.516

4.084,7 6.022,3 8.304,7

1.492.000 1.590.900 1.489.068

4184,8 6.069,4 8.378,2

Ngun: L Vit Lm, 2004. Tre na phn b khp c nc, tuy nhin din tch, tr lng v thnh phn loi c khc nhau gia cc vng ; nhng vng c din tch v tr lng nhiu l: Ty Nguyn, Bc Trung B, ng Bc, ng Nam b v Ty Bc. Phn b tre na theo cc vng c th hin biu 2. Biu 2: Phn b tre na theo cc vng

Vng

Din (ha)

tch

Cc chi ch yu Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Indosasa, Lingnania,Neohouzeana, Phyllostachys, Sinocalamus Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Phyllostachys, Bambusa, Dendrocalamus Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Indosasa, Lingnania Neohouzeana, Phyllostachys, Oxytenanthera, Schizostachyum, Sinocalamus Indosasa, Neohouzeana,

ng Bc Ty Bc ng bng Sng Hng Bc Trung B Ty Nguyn Duyn hi Min Trung ng Nam B Tng cng

322.889 108.386 91 323.149

334.113 Bambusa, Neohouzeana, Oxytenanthera, Schizostachyum, 30.036 370.404 1.489.068 Ngun: V Vn Dng, 2004. Bambusa, Oxytenanthera, Schizostachyum, Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Neohouzeana, Schizostachyum, Sinocalamus Oxytenanthera,

87

Rng tre na t nhin c hnh thnh trong qu trnh din th th sinh. Rng t nhin sau khai thc hay sau canh tc nng ry nu iu kin th nhng cn tt, ch nh sng v m thun li s hnh thnh rng tre na thun loi hay rng hn giao cy g v tre na, c gi l Kiu ph tre na (Thi Vn Trng, 1978, 1999). Kiu sng ca tre na: Da vo kiu sng c th chia tre na thnh 3 nhm; Nhm kiu mc cm hay hp trc (Sympodial): thn kh sinh mc thnh khm, phn thn ngm c dng c, l phn gc ca thn kh sinh. V d: tre gai, na, .. Nhm kiu mc tn hay n trc (Monopodial): thn kh sinh mc tn tng cy, thn ngm c dng roi. V d : vu, trc so,.. Nhm kiu trung gian hay kiu mc hn hp, bao gm 2 kiu ph:

Kiu ph mc tn hn hp: thn kh sinh mc qun t thnh khm nh, cc khm lin kt vi nhau bng thn ngm dng roi, thn ngm dng c v dng roi hn hp .

Kiu 1 cm mc

Kiu mc tn hn hp

Kiu mc cm hn hp

Kiu mc tn

Hnh s 36. Cc dng thn ngm ca tre na Kiu ph mc cm hn hp: thn kh sinh mc qun t thnh khm nh, cc khm lin kt vi nhau bng thn ngm dng c di, thn ngm dng c ngn v di hn hp . Tre na c kh nng ti sinh mnh bng thn ngm, t c ti sinh loi cy l rng no c th cnh tranh ni. Do vy, h sinh thi rng tre na n nh trong thi gian tng i lu di. Kh nng din th rng tre na sang mt loi rng khc thng ch xy ra khi tre na b khuy, cy ra hoa kt qu v cht ng lot. Tre na c xc nh l nhm loi cy trng rng cho tt c cc vng sinh thi trong nc vi nhiu mc tiu khc nhau. Tre, na c trng ngy cng nhiu nc ta, vi cc mc ch khc nhau nh kinh t, phng h hoc kt hp c hai. n nm 1999, c 82% din tch rng

88

tre trng l nhm mc ch kinh t. Vic trng tre ch yu do cc h gia nh v tp th thc hin. Trong tng s rng tre trng c 85,6% do cc tp th v h gia nh qun l. Gi tr kinh t: Vit Nam, tre na l loi lm sn ch ng sau g v gi tr kinh t. Nhn dn ta t lu i s dng tre na lm vt liu xy dng, t cc mng, dn do, vch ngn, sn, trn, mi nh n khung nh xut khu, nht l vng nng thn, c tnh 50% sn lng khai thc hng nm c dng vo mc ch ny. Trong giao thng, tre na c dng lm thuyn, b, phao, cu v.v Trong khai thc m, tre l vt liu chng l, chn l. Trong cuc sng hng ngy, tre na c s dng trong nhiu mc ch khc nhau, t cc dng nh bn gh, mnh, thng, mng,.. n cc cng c sn xut nng nghip v.v Nhu cu ny chim khong 25-30% sn lng khai thc tre na hng nm. Trong cng nghip, tre na l nguyn liu sn xut giy, vn ghp thanh, vn p, ct p, .. vi nhiu cp cht lng khc nhau tu theo trnh cng ngh ch bin. Mng tre na l thc phm sch, n ngon v c tc dng cha bnh, c a chung trn th trng trong nc v quc t. Nhiu sn phm khc t tre na nh l, than tre, tinh tre,.. cng c gi tr cao trn th trng. Gi tr mi trng v cnh quan: Kh nng chng xi mn bo v t, bo v ngun nc, chn sng, bo v xm lng, chng gi bo, bo v iu,.. ca rng tre hay cc ai tre phng h c ghi nhn t lu. Nhng gi tr gin tip ca tre na i vi i sng ngi dn rt to ln, vi mt quc gia trn 80% dn c sng nng thn th ngha cng ln. Nhng khi nim nh: ni tre, Lu tre lng,.. tr thnh nt c sc v c o ca cnh quan v vn ho nng thn Vit nam, tr thnh mt bn sc vn ho, mt gi tr phi vt th tn ti trong tim thc ca ngi Vit Nam. Tre trc i vo i sng tm hn, vn ho, ngh tht, truyn thuyt lch s ca dn tc Vit nam. Nghin cu v tre na c nhiu ngi quan tm. Trong iu tra c bn thng k c s b thnh phn loi, phn b, tr lng trn ton quc, lm c s cho bo tn, khai thc hp l. V cc ni dung k thut lm sinh nh : nhn ging, k thut gy trng, chm sc, khai thc, .. cho mt s loi ch yu nh lung Thanh Ho, trc so Cao Bng, din trng Ph Th, vu ng H Giang, na l nh Tuyn Quang v.v c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v tng kt kinh nghim thc tin, t xy dng c mt s quy trnh k thut phc v sn xut. V cng ngh ch bin cc sn phm t tre na nh : sn xut vn ct p, vn ghp thanh, vn dm tre, chiu, mnh, a v.v to c nhiu sn phm phc v nhu cu trong nc v xut khu. Trong bo qun tre na cng t c mt s kt qu nh chng su, mt, nm ph hi, bo qun mu sc, bn, tng tui th sn phm. B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn v B Lm nghip trc y ban hnh quy phm cc gii php k thut lm sinh p dng cho rng sn xut g v tre na (QPN 14-92), quy trnh tm thi khai thc tre, quy trnh nhn ging lung, quy phm k thut trng v khai thc lung v.v Mt s a phng xy dng mt s quy trnh, hng dn k thut nh trng trc Cao Bng, trng tre Tu ly mng Thnh ph H Ch Minh.

89

3.8.2. H sinh thi rng lung (Dendrocalamus barbatus)


Lung c tn khoa hc l Dendrocalamus barbatus Hsueh et Li, trc y c gi l Dendrocalamus membranaceus. Phn b: Lung phn b nhiu cc tnh nh Thanh Ho, Ngh An, H Tnh, Sn La v.vnhng tp trung nhiu nht Thanh Ho. Lung mc t nhin mi c ghi nhn c dc sng M, Sn La, cn li hu ht l rng lung trng. Theo kt qu kim k rng nm 1999, ring tnh Thanh Ho c 46.973 ha rng lung vi tr lng trn 58,7 triu cy. Cc tnh khc nh Ho Bnh, Ph Th cng trng hng trm ha rng lung. iu kin sinh thi: Vng phn b chnh ca lung c kh hu nng, m v phn ma r rt : ma nng, nng, ma nhiu t thng 4-5 n thng 10-11 vi lng ma chim 70-80% lng ma c nm; ma lnh ma t, t thng 11-12 n thng 3-4 nm sau. Nhit khng kh trung bnh nm 23 24 C, m khng kh trung bnh 87%. Lng ma trung bnh 1.600 2.000 mm. Lng bc hi hng nm 677 mm. Lung sinh trng tt ni a hnh bng phng, chn i hay sn i, dc di 30, cao so vi mc nc bin di 800 m. t Feralit

Hnh s 37. Rng lung (Dendrocalamus barbatus) Thanh Ho nh: Nguyn Tng

90

Hnh s 38. Cnh quan sinh thi rng lung Thanh Ho nh Nguyn T Tng mu vng hay vng pht trin trn poocphia, vi, phin thch, phyllit hay ph sa c, c su trn 50 cm, pH 4,5 7. c im lm hc: Lung l loi tre khng gai, mc cm, mt cy trong bi khng dy. Thn kh sinh trng thnh trn u, thng, thon t, cao trung bnh 14 m, phn ngn cong khong 1m, on thn khng c cnh n 8 m; 2/3 thn cy v phn gc trn u, vng t khng ni r, 2-3 t st gc c t r; 1/3 thn cy v pha ngn mang cnh l, thn c vt lm nng; cy mc ni trng c th c cnh gn gn st gc. ng knh ngang ngc trung bnh 10 cm ; dng di khong 33 cm; b dy thn trung bnh 1,5 cm. Trng lng ti ca thn cy khong 37 kg. Mi cm cnh c 1 cnh chnh v mt s cnh ph, gc cnh chnh thng phnh to gi l i g c kh nng sinh mm v r, c khi c r kh sinh. Nhng cnh st mt t, gia phn thn kh sinh v thn ngm gi l cht. Thn ngm dng c, l phn gc ca thn kh sinh. Phin l thun, hnh ngn gio, trung bnh di 18 cm, rng 1,5 cm, hai mp c rng sc rt nh, u nhn, ui hnh nm hay gn t. L non mu xanh thm, mm mi, khi gi mu xanh nht c cc chm nh mu g st.

91

B mo hnh chung, y trn 10 cm, y di 30 cm, cao 37 cm, lc non pha trn mu vng , pha di mu vng xanh, mt ngoi c nhiu lng mu nu tm n hung en. Tai mo pht trin v c nhiu lng mu nu. Tha la x rng su thnh dng lng. L mo hnh mi gio, c lng c 2 mt, hi lt nga v cp v pha ngoi. Mo sm rng, khi cy mng ra l ui n th mo trn thn cng rng gn ht. Mng giai on non c mu tm nu, khi ln cao c mu tm hng hay tm , ln cao na c mu tm da cam hay hng ; khi vt ra ngoi sng c mu xanh vng hay xanh xm nht. Thn kh sinh 1-2 nm tui c mu xanh nht, bng, c t phn trng, cc t c vng lng trng mn, tht trng. Cy 3-4 tui c mu xanh sm, t 5 tui tr ln c mu xm, cng v gi cng xm v xut hin nhiu ru mc, tht hng , r b mch. Tui th khong 8 10 nm. Hoa t cnh nhiu chu, cc bng cht tp hp thnh cm hnh cu cc t ca trc hoa t; bng cht hnh tri xoan nhn, trung bnh di 10 cm, rng 4 mm. Lung ra hoa tng khm ri cht. Cha tm thy ht lung. Ti sinh v sinh trng lung: Thn kh sinh khi nh hnh, ra cnh l y th nhng mm gc bt u pht trin cho th h mng tip theo. Sinh trng ca mng c th chia thnh 3 giai on: Giai on pht trin ngm trong t khong t thng 9-10 nm trc n thng 4- 5 nm sau. Giai on mng ln khi mt t v sinh trng nhanh v chiu cao, t thng 4-5 n thng 7-8, gi l ma sinh mng. Giai on cy mng pht trin hon chnh n khi c cnh, r v l, thng t thng 78 n thng 10-11.

Tc sinh trng cao nht c th t ti 70-80 cm v chiu cao trong mt ngy m (24 gi). Thi gian t khi mng nh khi mt t n lc nh hnh khong 40 n 55 ngy v tu thuc thi im sinh mng, mng u v cn thi gian lu hn mng cui v khong 5 10 ngy. Mt khc, mng rng lung nh hnh, thng t 6 tui tr ln, cn thi gian nh hnh 10 -12 ngy nhiu hn mng rng mi khp tn. c im cu trc qun th rng lung Rng lung thng c cu trc thun loi. Cc bi lung thng u tui v tng i ng nht bao gm cc th h cy kh sinh khc nhau. phc v sn xut, c th cn c vo tui cy kh sinh phn cp cy kh sinh nh sau: - Th h mng: bao gm nhng cy mng nh khi mt t n di 2 tui. - Th h cy non: bao gm nhng cy t 2 - 3 tui - Th h cy trung nin: bao gm nhng cy t 3 - 4 tui - Th h cy gi: bao gm nhng cy t 4 tui tr ln. Kt qu nghin cu rng lung Thanh Ho ch cho thy: phn b s bi theo ng knh gc bi, ng knh tn bi u c dng ng cong mt nh. Phn b s cy theo ng knh trong tng th h hoc trong lm phn cng c dng mt nh cn i hoc hi lch, c th m phng bng hm Weibull. ng knh bnh qun ca cc th h cy v c bn xp x nhau v ph hp vi ng knh bnh qun ton lm phn. Nu khng tnh th h mng, th t l s cy cc th h trong lm phn l : 38% non, 32% trung nin, 30% gi. Gia cc nhn t : th tch,

92

ng knh, trng lng ti, trng lng kh thn cy lun tn ti mi quan h cht ch v ph hp vi hm m Y = k. xb . Trn c s cc mi quan h ny, biu th tch v trng lng thn cy c xy dng phc v cho cng tc iu tra v kinh doanh rng lung Thanh Ho (Ng Kim Khi v cng s, 2004) ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc: Lung c t l xenlul 54%, xp vo loi cao nht trong cc loi tre na, lignin 22,4%, pentozan 18,8%. Chiu di si 2,94 mm, chiu rng 17,8 m, vch t bo dy 8,5 m , l nguyn liu tt sn xut giy cht lng cao. Khi lng th tch ca lung m 10% bin ng t 688 n 1006 g/cm, trung bnh l 838 g/cm; bn nn dc th t 696-765 kg/cm; bn khi ko dc th 867- 2846 kg/cm, bn un tnh 1328-1603 kg/cm, bn khi trt dc th 57-70 kg/cm cao hn nhiu loi g c khi lng th tch tng ng v lung c cu to c bit vi cc t bo si di v nhng b mch (216 b mch/cm).(L Thu Hin, 2003, L Vit Lm, 2004). Lung c a chung trong xy dng nh lm nh, ct chng, .. do cy thng, thon t, bn cao. Trong cng nghip, c s dng lm vn ghp thanh, vn si, tm thm, a v.v... v nht l sn xut giy. Mng lung c a chung, c mng ti v kh. K thut gy trng, chm sc v khai thc : Lung l loi cy c gy trng rng ri nhiu a phng; cc cng trnh nghin cu v lung kh ton din, kinh nghim trng lung trong nhn dn cng c nhiu ni tng kt. Hin nay, lung l mt trong nhng loi cy trng rng chnh ca D n trng mi 5 triu ha rng, nht l cc vng: Trung tm Bc B, Bc Trung b v Ty bc. Ngy 25/1/2000 B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ra quyt nh ban hnh Tiu chun ngnh s 04 TCN 21-2000 Quy phm k thut trng v khai thc Lung vi ni dung c bn nh sau: Chn ni trng: V kh hu, nhit khng kh trung bnh nm trn 22oC, trong ma ma t 24 - 25 oC. Lng ma trung bnh nm trn 1.500 mm, tp trung t thng 4 - 10. Lung khng thch hp vi nhng ni c ma kh ko di. m khng kh trung bnh nm trn 80%. V a hnh, nn chn ni t bng, chn i, i ni thp, sn thoi hay yn nga, dc di 30o. cao so vi mc nc bin di 400 m. V t, dy tng t trn 60 cm, t m thot nc, pH (KCl) 3,8 - 7 ; thc b cy bi, cy g ; khng trng lung nhng ni t ngp ng, t mn, t phn, t b ong ho. c th t kt qu tt, ch nn trng lung trn cc loi t t hng I n hng III trong bng phn hng theo biu 3 .

93

Biu 3: Phn hng t trng lung theo thc b v m:

Thc b Nhm m Bazan, poocphia, cc loi macma kim Phyllit, micaschiste, gneiss, phin thch st, phin thch limon Granit, riolit Sa thch, quarzit

Rng g th Rng sinh ngho na kit nhin I I I II

tre Trng c cao, Trng c t cy bi chu thp chu hn hn II III III IV

II III

III IV

IV V

V VI

Phng thc trng: Lung c th trng phn tn tng khm xung quanh vn, gn nh, bao i,.. tn dng ni t tt v thun tin cho chm sc. Trng rng tp trung thun loi hay hn giao vi cy g. Lung cng c th trng theo phng thc ci to rng hay lm giu rng t nhin ngho kit tu iu kin c th. To ging: Lung c th trng bng gc thn kh sinh, cht, cnh hay hom thn c chi ng. Trong nhng nm u cc ging cht, thn, cnh cho mng b hn ging bng gc nhng cng v sau sc sinh sn v kch thc mng khng c sai khc gia cc ging. Do u im v h s nhn ln v k thut n gin nn phng php nhn ging bng chit hom cnh c ng dng rng ri. Chn cy m sinh trng tt, khng su bnh, trong bi khng c hin tng khuy.Tui cy m t 6 - 12 thng, cnh lm ging c gc mt cua khng b su, ng knh cnh ni gip gc cnh trn 0,7 cm, chn cnh th cp l. Thi v chit cnh vo ma xun (thng 1 - 3) v ma thu ( thng 7 - 9). To ging bng cch cht 2/3 ng knh thn cy m v tr cch gc 50 - 70 cm , vt cy nm ngang 2 hng cnh cha sang 2 bn ; ct bt ngn cnh ch li 30 - 40 cm ; ca 4/5 ch tip gip gia gc cnh v thn cy m theo hng t trn xung; pha di gc cnh ca mm su 0,3 cm theo hng vung gc vi thn cy. Cnh c b gc bng bn ao hoc hn hp 2 bn + 1 rm bm nh, khi lng bu 150 - 20 gam, dng ni lng bc kn. Khong 20 ngy sau, chn nhng cnh ra r mu vng, ang hnh thnh r th cp em gim ti vn m. Chn t vn m l t tht nh hoc trung bnh, khng ngp ng, dc di 5 o ; lm lung ni, rng 1,1 - 1,2 m, di khng qu 10 m, rnh rng 40 cm. Bn lt bng phn hoai 1 - 3 kg/ 1 m2 trc khi gim hom 10 - 15 ngy. Cnh gim theo rch, c li 40 x 25 cm, cnh gim t nghing 70- 75o, , lp v ln cht t, ti nc 10 - 15 lt /1 m2 ngay sau khi gim hom.

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Lm gin che cao 60 cm, che 60 - 70% nh sng, thi gian che 30 - 40 ngy t lc gim. Thng u ti 4 - 5 ln / 1ln, lng nc ti 8 - 10 lt / 1 m2. T thng th 2 tr i c 10 - 12 ngy ti / 1 ln, mi ln ti 13 - 15 lt /1 m2. . Bn thc bng phn NPK hai ln sau khi gim vo thng th nht v thng th 3, lng bn phn 100 - 200 gam ho tan trong 5 lt nc bn cho 1 m2. Thi gian gim t 4 thng tr ln, khi c mt th h mi ra cnh l, ng knh gc trn 0,7 cm, khng b su bnh th c th em i trng. K thut trng: Mt trng lung : i vi rng sn xut l 200 bi/ha ( c li 10 x 5 m ), i vi rng phng h l 125 bi / ha ( c li 16 x 5 m ). C th trng hn loi vi keo tai tng hoc cy bn a vi mt hn giao nh sau : 125 bi lung + 125 cy keo tai tng + 125 cy bn a. C th trng lung cc b theo m cc khong trng trong rng vi c li 7 x7 m hoc trng bao i vi c li bi l 4 m. Mt ny c gi nguyn trong sut qu trnh kinh doanh. Thi v trng : Trng t u ma ma cho n trc khi kt thc ma ma mt thng. Chn ngy thi tit rm mt, khng trng lc nng to hoc ma to. Min bc c 2 v trng chnh : v xun t thng 1 - 3, v thu trng t thng 8 - 10. X l ton b thc b bng pht, dn ti, khng t. Nu trng theo bng th x l bng rng 6 m v bng cha 10 m, loi b cy g cao trn bng cha. Lm t theo h kch thc 60 x 60 x 50 cm, lp h su 2/3 h bng t mn, trn u vi mt trong cc loi phn theo th t u tin : 8 - 10 kg phn chung hoai hoc 1 -2 kg phn vi sinh hoc 0,5 - 1 kg phn NPK. Chm sc v phng tr su bnh : Chm sc trong 3 nm u, mi nm 3 ln vo thng 2 -3, thng 7 - 8 v thng 10 - 11. Ni dung chm sc thng 2 - 3 v thng 10 - 11 gm pht giy leo, cy bi, cuc quanh gc su 10 - 15 cm, bn knh quanh gc 0,5 m trong nm th nht, t nm th 2 tr i cuc quanh gc bn knh rng 1 m. Ni dung chm sc thng 7 - 8 ch gm pht giy leo, cy bi quang gc. Chm sc ln u kt hp vi trng dm. Bn phn t nm th 2 n nm th 5, mi nm bn mt ln, kt hp bn phn vo t chm sc thng 2 - 3, lng phn bn t 0,5 - 1 kg phn NPK / bi. Cui tui 4, tin hnh cht v sinh, cht nhng cy b su bnh. Nu trng hn giao th cht ton b cy keo tai tng. Thi v cht vo ma kh, t thng 10 n thng 1 nm sau. Rng lung thng c bnh chi x, bnh sc tm v su vi voi hi mng. Khi b bnh chi x, phi cht cy b bnh em ra xa t, phun thuc Booc 1% vo gc cy b bnh vi lng nc t 2 - 3 lt/-1 bi. Khi b su vi voi phi cuc xung quanh gc theo hnh vnh khuyn tt c cc bi trong lm phn, cuc rng 1 m, su 20 - 25 cm, kt hp vo ln chm sc thng 10 - 11. phng chng la rng, cn dn sch cnh nhnh sau khi cht v sinh hoc khai thc rng v ngn chn mi hnh ng ph hoi ca con ngi v gia sc. Khai thc: Sau khi trng 5-6 nm rng lung c th bt u khai thc, t tui 9-10 s khai thc n nh. Phng thc khai thc l cht chn tng cy theo cp tui trong khm ; lun k 1 nm th cng cht khng qu 30% ; lun k 2 nm th cng cht khng qu 40% s cy trong khm. Ch cht nhng cy t tui 3 tr ln. Chiu cao gc cht khong 7 cm, khi cht khng lm nh hng n cy khc. Khai thc vo ma kh. Trng hp c nhng khm cy ra hoa th cht tng khm. Sau khai thc phi chm sc ngay v kt thc vo trc thng 2 nm sau.

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Ni dung chm sc gm cuc t xung quanh rng 1m, su 20-25 cm, bn phn NPK 1 kg / 1 bi.

3.8.3. H sinh thi rng vu


Vu l tn gi chung cho mt s loi tre mc tn thuc chi Acidosasa v Indosasa , bao gm mt s loi chnh nh: vu ng (Indosasa sp.), vu l nh (Indosasa amabilis McClure ), vu ngt (Acidosasa sp.), vu xanh (Acidosasa sp. ) v.v Trong cc loi vu nc ta th vu ng c ngha ln nht, do din tch tng i rng, phn b kh tp trung, kch thc ln v gi tr kinh t cao. Do , trong phn ny s gii thiu v loi vu ng. Phn b: Vu phn b nhiu cc tnh Lo Cai, Yn Bi, H Giang, Tuyn Quang, Bc Kn, Ph Th, Thi Nguyn, Lng Sn, Qung Ninh, Sn La, Ho Bnh, Thanh Ho v.vTo a l H Giang (104 kinh ng, 23 v bc) v Tuyn Quang ( 105 kinh ng, 22 v bc). iu kin sinh thi Vu ng phn b vng kh hu t nng, ma nhiu, m cao. Nhit khng kh trung bnh nm 21 - 22C ; lng ma trung bnh hng nm trn 1600 mm, Bc Quang l huyn c nhiu vu phn b tp trung, lng ma y ln ti 4730 mm/nm ; m khng kh 8595%. a hnh i ni, c th chia ct mnh, dc n 30; cao so vi mc nc bin t 700 1200 m. t pht trin trn cc loi phin, phong ho tng i km. Thnh phn c gii tht c ln, tng t su trn 50 cm. t thng c mu nu vng, pH (KCl) 3,2 4,6, C/N t 8,3 9,9, mn tng s 0,7 4,4%, m tng s 0,08 0,32%. c im lm hc Vu l loi tre khng gai, l loi in hnh cho nhm tre mc tn c kch thc ln Vit Nam. Thn kh sinh thng ng, phn thn khng c cnh

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Hnh s 39. Rng vu ng ( Indosasa angustata McClure ) hn giao vi cy g nh : L Vit Lm th trn u, vng t khng ni r. ng knh thn cy trung bnh 10 cm, cao 17 m, lng di 35 cm, vch thn dy 1 cm, cy ti nng khong 30 kg. Phn thn c cnh thng c vt lm dc lng, vng t phnh to ni g cao. Thn non mu xanh v c lng, tht trng. Thn gi mu xanh xm, c a y loang l, tht hi hng. Cnh thng c t 1 - 2 thn v pha ngn, mi t c 3 cnh, cnh to gia v 2 cnh nh mc 2 bn. L mu xanh sm, hnh ngn gio, u vt nhn, ui t, di 32 cm, rng 4cm. Thn mo hnh chung, nh nh cao, y hi xo rng, mt trong nhn, mt ngoi c nhiu lng nhung mu tm sm rng. L mo hnh ngn gio; tai mo thoi ho thnh mt hng lng. Tha la l mt ng g, x rng nh lng, sm rng. Mo rng sm, khi cy mng to ui n th mo trn thn cng rng gn ht. Sinh trng ca Vu Rng vu ng l kiu rng th sinh hnh thnh sau khi rng g nguyn sinh b tc ng. Mt cy vu bin ng t 1.300 n 6.000 cy/ha tu theo trng thi rng l rng mi phc hi, qua khai thc, hay rng t nhin n nh; hoc tu thuc kiu rng l rng vu thun loi hay rng hn giao vu v cy g. T l cy gi trng thi rng n nh gp hn 2 ln rng mi phc hi, trong khi cy non ch bng 1/4 rng mi phc hi. Vu ng c kh chu bng v a m, sinh trng tt trong rng c cy g tng trn, chn i hay dc cc khe ni. Ni rng tha, nhiu nh sng vu ng sinh trng km. Rng vu ng t nhin c th l thun loi hay hn giao vi cy g, thng gp nht l cc loi thuc h u (Leguminosae), h Re (Lauraceae) v h Ba mnh v (Euphorbiaceae). Di tn rng vu ng n nh thng gp cc loi cy a m, chu bng nh thin nin kin (Homalomena occulta (Lour. Schott ), sa nhn (Amomum sp.) v c bit l l dong (Phrynium placentarium (Lour. Merr. ). Thc vt ngoi tng thng gp l song, my (Calamus spp.). Ti sinh Vu Vu ng ra hoa u cnh, bng cht di ti 10 cm mang nhiu hoa. Hoa kt ht ny mm cho mt th h mi nhng hin nay cha c nghin cu, theo di qu trnh ti sinh v pht trin ca cy con t ht. Sau khi ra hoa th cy cht. Vu ng c th ra hoa l t tng cy, nhng thng ra hoa ri cht hng lot. Trong nhng nm 70, vu ng ra hoa v cht nhiu vng. Theo kinh nghim nhn dn, chu k ra hoa khong 50 nm. Thn ngm dng roi, b lan su 20-30 cm, cng c khi chi ln trn mt t. Hng nm, thn ngm sinh trng t thng 6 n thng 11, mm mng pht trin di mt t t thng 12 n thng 1 nm sau. Khc vi cc loi tre mc cm thng c mng vo ma ma, vu ng sinh mng vo ma kh u ma ma, thng nh khi mt t v pht trin n lc nh hnh t thng 2 n thng 5, thi gian mng nh hnh khong 80 ngy. S mng mc tuy nh khi mt t nhng ch khong 50% pht trin thnh cy trng thnh, 50% s b cht trc khi t chiu cao 1 m; nu khai thc ng k thut vi cng di 1/2 s mng hng nm lm thc phm s khng nh hng ln n rng vu. Cy di 2 tui l cy non, t 3-4 tui l trung bnh v cy t 5 tui tr ln l gi; tui th khong 10 nm. Nhng cy trn 4 tui c th khai thc c. Rng vu sau khi b tc ng c th phc hi nhanh v s cy, nhng kch thc phi sau nhiu th h mng mi phc hi c.

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ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc Vu ng c t l xenlulo 43%, lignin 25%, pentosan 16%. Si c chiu di 2,73 mm, chiu rng 22,7 m, vch t bo dy 10,34 m. So vi mt s loi tre na khc th vu ng c t l xenlulo thp hn, trong khi t l lignin v pentosan cao hn. Khi lng th tch m 15% ca vu ng l 690 kg/m c xp vo loi trung bnh trong cc loi tre na ni chung nhng thp hn so v tre gai v din trng. H s co rt th tch 0,71, bn nn dc th 530-644 kg/cm, bn ko dc th 719-2129 kg/cm, bn un tnh 1160-1419 kg/cm v bn khi trt dc th l 43-46 kg/cm ( L Thu Hin, 2004). Vi c im trn, vu ng thch hp cho sn xut giy, a xut khu, nht l lm vt liu xy dng nh ct chng, n tay, rui m, sn nh, gin do v.vv t thch hp cho an lt v sn xut vn nhn to. Mng vu c s dng lm thc phm, thng dng dng mng ti, nhng cng c th mui chua hay phi kh; mng u ma thng ngt cn mng cui v c v ng. K thut gy trng v khai thc: Rng vu ng vn c coi l ca t nhin nn hng nm b khai thc thiu kim sot, k c thn cy v mng nn b suy thoi nhiu. Sau khi rng c giao, c ch v c qun l bo v, v khai thc hp l th rng vu pht trin kh nhanh. Theo kinh nghim ca nhn dn v kt qu trng thm d ca Vin iu tra Quy hoch rng th vu ng c th gy trng bng thn kh sinh 1 tui c mang cnh, l v on thn ngm 50 80cm; trng vo v xun t l sng t 80-90%, cy sinh trng tt. Phng thc khai thc l cht chn tng cy, cng cht 1/3 s cy, chu k 4 nm. i vi rng vu ng t nhin n nh c mt khong 6000 cy/ha v t l cy gi 60-70% th ln cht u tin c th khai thc 50% s cy v chu k cht tip theo l 4 nm. Trong nhn dn, vu ng cn t c gy trng, Vu ngt thng c trng nhiu hn. Vu l loi cy c gi tr trong rng t nhin th sinh, cn c qun l, bo v v khai thc hp l s dng lu di v bn vng. Ch cn cc bin php n gin nh khoanh nui bo v rng, kt hp khai thc hp l c th phc hi nhanh rng vu. Ngoi ra c th kt hp kinh doanh tng hp cc loi lm sn ngoi g di tn rng vu nh l dong, cy thuc, song, my v.v

3.8.4. H sinh thi rng na


Na l tn gi chung cho mt s loi mc cm thuc chi Schizostachyum, trc y c xp vo chi Neohouzeaua, trong loi na l to (Schizostachyum funghomii McClure) v na l nh (Schizostachyum pseudolima McClure) c phn b rng, din tch ln v c nhiu ngha kinh t. - Phn b: Na l nh phn b rng hu khp c nc, nhng tp trung nhiu vng Trung tm Bc B v Bc Trung B. - iu kin sinh thi: Na phn b t nhin vng nhit i ma ma, m. Nhit khng kh trung bnh nm 14-31oC, m khng kh tng i 80-90%; lng ma trung bnh 1.400 3.500 mm/nm. a

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hnh i ni thp, t tht c tng dy, m, thot nc tt v pht trin trn cc loi m l gneiss, micaschiste, sa thch. - c im lm hc: Na l nh mc t nhin trong rng th sinh, l loi cy khng gai, mc cm thnh khm c th ti hng trm cy trong mt khm. Thn ngm dng c. Thn kh sinh trn u, phn st gc c th hi nh, tip theo khong chiu cao t gc hi phnh to, ngn cong di. Thn cy non c 1 vng mo v 1 vng lng trng mn. B mo hnh chung cao nh hi lm, mt ngoi c nhiu lng mu nu, cng v sm rng. L mo di, vt nhn v cun li thnh hnh kim. Tai mo thnh tm lng kh di, sm rng. Cm cnh gm nhiu cnh nh. Phin l thun di, u vt nhn, ui hnh nm, c khi hi t. Tai b l l mt tm nh lng trng ng. sm rng. Hoa t mc u cnh, mi nch bng c mt hoa hnh kim; qu thc. Thn kh sinh cao trung bnh 13 m, ngn cong vt c th ti 2 m, ng knh 5 cm, chiu dy vch thn 5 mm, dng di khong 40 cm; trng lng ti khong 3,5 kg/cy.

Hnh s 40. Rng na l to (Schizostachyum funghomii McClure) nh: Nguyn T ng Rng na c hnh thnh trong qu trnh din th th sinh, sau khi rng nguyn sinh b tc ng mnh do khai thc hay nng ry. Tu theo mc tc ng c th hnh thnh rng na thun loi hoc rng hn giao na v cy g vi t l t thnh rng khc nhau. Rng na n nh thng c khong 400 khm/ha, mi khm c th n 200 cy, trong cy gi chim khong 50% v cy sinh mng chim khong 15 20% tng s cy ton khm. Na ra hoa kt qu ri cht, ht ny mm cho th h mi. Chu k khuy khong 30-35 nm lm na cht hng lot, nhng cng c th ra hoa v cht ri rc mt s khm .

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Ma sinh mng t thng 6 n thng 9. Thi gian t khi mng nh khi mt t n khi nh hnh khong 160 ngy. iu kin thch hp cho mng sinh trng l m khng kh cao, nhit v m trong ngy t bin ng. Cn c vo tui c th chia na lm 4 loi : tui non l di 1 nm, tui va t 1 - 2 nm, tui gi t 2 - 4 nm, tui qu gi trn 4 nm. Trong kinh doanh, na cn c phn loi theo c ng knh nh na 5, na 7, na tp, na bi v na ng (na di) Sau khi b tc ng, rng na c th phc hi nhanh, nht l 5 nm u. Thn kh sinh c tui th khong 7 nm. - ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc Na c t l trung bnh v xenlulo l 47%, lignin 23,5%, pentosan 15,5%, SiO2 2,8%. Na c s dng nhiu lm nguyn liu giy, ct p, trong xy dng lm phn che, lp mi, gin che, sn xut vn ghp thanh p tng, vch ngn gi c mu sc t nhin rt p. Mng na l thc phm c a chung, c th n ti, mui chua hay lm mng kh. Rng na l nh trc y c khong 0,4 triu ha, vng Trung tm Bc B c nhng khu rng na rng hng nghn ha, mt s lm trng ch yu hot ng bng khai thc na. Sau t khuy nm 1972-1974, din tch rng na b thu hp ng k. Hu ht rng na hin ti xen ln rng g th sinh ngho kit, cht lng thp v khng ng u; khai thc na ch yu do t nhn thc hin, kh kim sot. Rng na sau khi b khai thc mnh v lin tc hoc b cht ph lm nng ry, nu mun phc hi phi tin hnh chm sc, cht v sinh nhng cy kh, cy bi v iu chnh mt khm kt hp vi bo v tt. Ni mt khm thp, di 400 khm/ha cn trng dm. Sau 6 7 nm c th a vo khai thc. K thut trng v khai thc: C th trng na bng cy con, gieo t ht hay trng bng gc c 3 th h: non, trung bnh v gi. Nu chm sc tt sau khi trng 5 nm c th a vo khai thc. Phng thc khai thc thch hp l cht chn tng cy. Trc khi cht t 1 n 3 thng cn v sinh rng bng cch cht nhng cy g gy v cy su bnh. Cng cht khong 50% s cy v m bo sau khi cht t l 1 cy sinh mng c 2 cy tui gi hn, tn che sau khi cht khng nh hn 0,5. Cht trn mt di cng, khng lm dp gc, nhng khm to m li cht pha t cy non v thun li cho vic cht cy. Khng khai thc trong ma sinh mng. Sau khi cht phi v sinh rng nh pht dn cnh nhnh v ri u cch bi t nht 1 m.. Chu k cht c th l hng nm hoc cch nm. nu chu k hng nm th cng cht t 1/4 n 1/3 tr lng ; nu chu k cht 2 nm th cng cht t 1/3 n 1/2 tr lng rng ; nu chu k cht l 3 nm th cng cht t 1/2 n 2/3 tr lng rng. i vi rng hn giao g v na, c th kinh doanh rng 2 tng: tng trn l cy g v tng di l na.

3.8.5. H sinh thi rng l (Bambusa balcoa Roxb.)


- Phn b: L phn b kh rng Nam Trung B, Ty Nguyn v ng Nam B, nhng tp trung nhiu nht vng ng Nam B, nht l tnh Bnh Phc, khong 107 kinh ng v 12 v bc. Ring huyn Phc Long, rng l chim 40% din tch t nhin ton huyn. - iu kin sinh thi

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Vng phn b l c kh hu nhit i, chu nh hng r rt ca gi ma. Nhit khng kh trung bnh nm 26,20 C, lng ma trung bnh nm 2045 mm, tp trung t thng 4 n thng 11. cao so vi mc nc bin t 100 400 m. a hnh i thp, nhp nh, ln sng. t mu hoc nu vng, thnh phn c gii tht hoc st, thot nc tt, khng c ln, tng t dy trn 100 cm, ph cao. - c im lm hc: L t nhin c hnh thnh trong qu trnh din th th sinh sau khai thc ; tp trung nhiu ven sn hay nh i, mc thnh m ln thun loi hoc hn giao vi cy g. L l loi tre to, khng c gai, l va, thn kh sinh c ngn r, mc cm. Thn kh sinh cao trung bnh 16,5 m, ch s trung bnh v ngn cong r 1,5 m, ng knh ngang ngc 7,6 cm, lng di 42 cm, vch thn dy 1,1 cm; trng lng ti khong 14,8 kg. Thn trn, nhn, vng mo ni r ; lc non thn c mu xanh bc do c lp lng trng sm rng. Khi gi thn c mu xanh m v thng c a y bm to thnh cc m loang l. Phin l thun, di 26 cm, rng 2 cm, u nhn, ui hi thun. B mo hnh thang cn, y di rng 30 cm, y trn 8 cm hi lm, cao 28 cm. L mo hnh mi gio, di 20 cm, rng 4 cm, tai mo bin thnh lng; tha la x su.

Hnh s 41. Rng l (Bambusa balcoa Roxb) ng Nam B nh : L Vit Lm Ti sinh L Ma sinh mng t thng 6 n thng 10, u v v cui v mng thng mc ri rc v t l pht trin thnh thn kh sinh thp ; gia v vo khong cui thng 7 n cui thng 8, mng mc nhiu, to, kho v t b cht. Lng mng ph thuc trng thi rng, mt mng rng gi thng c 2500-3000 mng/ha; rng n nh sau khai thc 3.500 4.000 mng/ha, rng sau khai khc trng c th c

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6.000-7.000 mng/ha. T l mng cht kh cao, khong 30-40%, thng cht cao 30 cm tr xung. Thi gian sinh trng ca mng n khi thnh cy nh hnh khong 70 ngy ; thn kh sinh thnh thc sau 3 nm. Tui th 8-10 nm. L sau khai thc mnh hay cht trng th tc phc hi kh nhanh, nhng kch thc nh; ng knh, chiu cao thn kh sinh phi mt thi gian di, qua nhiu th h, mi t c nh ban u. Rng l c kh nng phc hi nu sau khi khai thc c chm sc, bo v tt. Ni dung k thut ch yu l dn v sinh rng, loi b cy su bnh, gy v trnh khai thc mng qu mc, t l ly mng khng qu 30%, ch nn khai thc mng cui v v mt s mng u v. Khai thc theo phng thc cht chn tng cy. i tng cht l nhng cy t 3 tui tr ln. Chu k cht c th 1, 2 hoc 3 nm vi cng cht tng ng l 25%, 50% v 75%; trong chu k 2 nm vi cng cht 50% c th l thch hp nht. - ngha kinh t, phng h v khoa hc L c gi tr kinh t cao vi nhiu mc ch s dng khc nhau, nh dng gia nh, vt liu xy dng, sn xut giy, thc phm v.v Thn l c t l xenlul trn 50%, lignin 22,3%; chiu di si 1,9 2,2 mm, l nguyn liu tt sn xut giy cao cp, c dai, bn cao. Khi lng th tch kh kit 785 kg/m, bn nn dc th 598 kg/cm; bn un xuyn tm 3448 kg/cm; bn un tip tuyn 2499 kg/cm ( on Th Thanh Hng, 2001) p ng yu cu trong xy dng. Lng l di, thch hp sn xut vn p. Hin nay, nhu cu s dng l rt ln v rng l c nguy c b suy thoi mnh do khc thc qu mc, thng khng kim sot c, bao gm c khai thc cy v mng, trong khi cc bin php chm sc, v sinh rng sau khai thc cha c ch ng mc. Ngoi ra, mt s rng l cn b xm ln s dng vo cc mc ch khc. Rng l cha c nghin cu mt cch h thng, cha c quy trnh k thut cho rng l .

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