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Chng I: TNG QUANG

Cc qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc phn cht hu c c trong CTRT c th p dng gim th tch v khi lng cht thi, sn xut phn compost dng b sung cht dinh dng cho t v sn xut kh methane. Nhng vi sinh vt ch yu tham gia qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc cc cht thi hu c bao gm vi khun, nm, men v antinomycetes. Cc qu trnh ny c th c thc hin trong iu kin hiu kh hoc k kh, ty theo lng oxy sn c. Nhng im khc bit c bn gia cc phn ng chuyn ha hiu kh v k kh l bn cht ca cc sn phm to thnh v lng oxy thc s cn phi cung cp thc hin qu trnh chuyn ha hiu kh. Nhng qu trnh sinh hc ng dng chuyn ha cht hu c c trong CTRT bao gm qu trnh lm phn compost hiu kh, qu trnh phn hy k kh v qu trnh phn hy k kh vi nng cht rn cao. 1. Thnh phn rc thi: Thnh phn ca cht thi rn ph thuc vo: - Mc sng ca ngi dn - Trnh sn xut - Ti nguyn ca t, nc - Ma v trong nm Thnh phn ring bit ca cht thi rn ph thuc theo: V tr a l, thi gian Ma trong nm iu kin kinh t

Bng 1.1: Thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot ca c quc gia c mc thu nhp khc nhau ( khng tnh phn vt liu thu hi) (1990) Thnh phn Cht hu c 1. Thc phm 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Giy Carbon Plastic Vi Cao su Da Rc lm vn G Cc quc gia thu nhp thp Cc quc gia thu nhp trung bnh Cc quc gia thu nhp cao

40-85 1-10 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5

20-65 8-30 2-6 2-10 1-4 1-10

6-30 20-45 5-15 2-8 2-6 0-2 0-2 10-20 1-4

Cht v c 10. Thy tinh 11. Can thit ( hp) 12. Nhm 13. Kim loi khc 14. Bi, tro, gch Ngun:

1-10 1-5 1-40

1-10 1-5 1-30

4-12 2-8 0-1 1-4 0-10

Bng 1.2: Thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot thnh ph H Ch Minh ( CENTEMA, 1997)

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Thnh phn Thc phm Giy Carbon Vi Ti nylon Nha cng Da G Cao su mm Cao su cng Lon hp Kim loi mu St Thy tinh Snh s X bn, tro

Khi lng (%) 65-95 0.05-25 0 - 0.01 0-5 1.5 17 0 - 0.01 0 0.05 0 3.5 0 1.5 0 0.01 0 0.06 0 0.03 0 0.01 0 1.3 0 1.4 0 6.1

Ngun: Bng 1.3: Thnh phn cht thi rn th ca mt s thnh ph Vit Nam Thnh phn Cht hu c Cao su, nha Giy, gi vn Kim loi Thy tinh, s, gm t , ct, gch v Thnh phn H Ni 50 5.5 4.2 2.5 1.8 35.9 Hi Phng 50.6 4.52 7.52 0.22 0.63 36.53 H Long 40.1-44.7 2.7-4.5 5.5-5.7 0.3-0.5 3.9-8.5 47.5-36.1 Nng 31.5 22.5 6.8 1.4 1.8 36

Tro m (%) T trng (tn/m3) Ngun:

15.9 47.7 0.42

16.62 45.48 0.45

11 40-46 0.57-0.65

40.25 39.85 0.38

Bng 1.4: Thnh phn ca rc thi sinh hot Thnh phn cht thi Rau, thc phm tha, cht hu c d phn hy Cy g Giy, bao b giy Plastin kh ti ch Cao su, giy dp Vi si, vt liu si t , b tng Thnh phn khc % khi lng 64.7 6.6 2.1 9.1 6.3 4.2 1.6 5.4

2. Tnh cht ca rc thi sinh hot: 2.1 Tnh cht l hc Nhng tnh cht l hc quan trng ca CTRT bao gm khi lng ring, m, kch thc ht v s phn b kch thc, kh nng gi nc v xp ( rng) ca CTR nn. 2.1.1 Khi lng ring Khi lng ring c nh ngha l khi lng CTR trn mt n v th tch, tnh bng kg/m3. Khi lng ring ca CTRT s rt khc nhau ty theo phng php lu tr: (1) t nhin khng cha trong thng, (2) cha trong thng v khng nn, (3) cha trong thng v nn. Do , s liu khi lng ring ca CTRT ch c ngha khi c ghi ch km theo phng php xc nh khi lng ring. Khi lng ring ca CTRT s rt khc nhau ty theo v tr a l, ma trong nm, thi gian lu tr, Do , khi chn gi tr khi lng ring cn phi xem xt c nhng yu t ny gim bt sai s ko theo cho cc php tnh ton. Khi lng ring ca CTRT ly t cc xe p rc thng dao ng trong khong t 200 kg/m3 n 500 kg/m3 v gi tr c trng thng vo khong 297 kg/m3. 2.1.2 m

m ca CTR thng c biu din theo mt trong hai cch: tnh theo thnh phn phn trm khi lng t v thnh phn phn trm khi lng kh. Trong lnh vc qun l CTR, phng php khi lng t thng dng hn. 2.1.3 Kch thc v s phn b kch thc: Kch thc v s phn b kch thc ca cc thnh phn c trong CTR ng vai tr quan trng i vi qu trnh thu hi ph liu, nht l khi s dng phng php c hc nh sng quay v cc thit b phn loi nh t tnh. 2.1.4 Kh nng tch m ( Field Capacity) Kh nng tch m ca CTR l tng lng m m cht thi c th tch tr c. y l thng s c ngha quan trng trong vic xc nh lng nc r r sinh ra t BCL. Phn nc d vt qu kh nng tch tr ca CTR s thot ra ngoi thnh nc r r. Kh nng tch m thay i ty theo iu kin nn p v trng thi phn hy ca cht thi. Kh nng tch m ca CTRT trong trng hp khng nn c th dao ng trong khong 50-60%. 2.2 Tnh cht ha hc Tnh cht ha hc ca CTR ng vai tr quan trng trong vic la chn phng n x l v thu hi nguyn liu. V d, kh nng chy ph thuc vo tnh cht ha hc ca CTR, c bit trong trng hp CTR l hn hp ca nhng thnh phn chy c v khng chy c. Nu mun s dng CTR lm nhin liu, cn phi xc nh 4 c tnh quan trng sau: 1. Nhng tnh cht c bn; 2. im nng chy; 3. Thnh phn cc nguyn t; 4. Nng lng cha trong CTR. i vi phn CTR hu c dng lm phn compost hoc thc n gia sc, ngoi thnh phn nhng nguyn t chnh, cn phi xc nh thnh phn cc nguyn t vi lng. Nhng tnh cht c bn cn phi xc nh i vi cc thnh phn chy c trong CTR bao gm: 1. m (phn m mt i khi sy 1050C; 2. Thnh phn cc cht chy bay hi (phn khi lng mt i khi nung 9500C trong t nung kn); 3. Thnh phn carbon c nh (thnh phn c th chy c cn li sau khi thi cc cht c th bay hi); 4. Tro (phn khi lng cn li sau khi t trong l nung h). im nng chy ca tro. im nng chy ca tro l nhit m ti tro to thnh t qu trnh t chy cht thi b nng chy v kt dnh to thnh dng rn (x). Nhit nng chy c trng i vi x t qu trnh t CTRT thng dao ng trong khong t 1.1000C n 1.2000C.

Cc nguyn t c bn trong CTRT. Cc nguyn t c bn trong CTRT cn phn tch bao gm C (carbon), H (Hydro), O (Oxy), N (Nit), S (Lu hunh) v tro. Cc nguyn t 3-6 thuc nhm halogen cng c xc nh do cc dn xut ca clo thng tn ti trong thnh phn kh thi khi t rc. Kt qu xc nh cc nguyn t c bn ny c s dng xc nh cng thc ha hc ca thnh phn cht hu c c trong CTRT cng nh xc nh t l C/N thch hp cho qu trnh lm phn compost. Cht dinh dng v nguyn t vi lng. Nu thnh phn cht hu c c trong CTRT c s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut cc sn phm nh qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc nh phn compost, methane, ethanol,. S liu v cht dinh dng v nguyn t vi lng sn c trong CTRT ng vai tr quan trng nhm bo m dinh dng cho vi sinh vt cng nh yu cu ca sn phm sau qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc. 2.3 Tnh cht sinh hc Ngoi tr nha, cao su v da, phn cht hu c ca hu ht CTRT c th c phn loi nh sau: 1. Nhng cht tan c trong nc nh ng, tinh bt, amino acids v cc acid hu c khc; 2. Hemicellulose l sn phm ngng t ca ng 5 carbon v ng 6 carbon; 3. Cellulose l sn phm ngng t ca glucose, ng 6-carbon; 4. M, du v sp l nhng ester ca ru v acid bo mch di; 5. Lignin l hp cht cao phn t cha cc vng thm v cc nhm methoxyl (OCH3); 6. Lignocellulose; 7. Proteins l chui cc amino acid. c tnh sinh hc quan trng nht ca thnh phn cht hu c c trong CTRD(T l hu ht cc thnh phn ny u c kh nng chuyn ha sinh hc to thnh kh, cht rn hu c tr, v cc cht v c. Mi v rui nhng sinh ra trong qu trnh thi ra cht hu c (rc thc phm). Kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca cc thnh phn cht hu c. Hm lng cht rn bay hi (VS), xc nh bng cch nung nhit 5500C, thng c s dng nh gi kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca cht hu c trong CTRT. Tuy nhin, vic s dng ch tiu VS biu din kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca phn cht hu c c trong CTRT khng chnh xc v mt s thnh phn cht hu c rt d bay hi nhng rt kh b phn hy sinh hc (v d giy in bo v nhiu loi cy king). S hnh thnh mi. Mi sinh ra khi tn tr CTR trong thi gian di gia cc khu thu gom, trung chuyn v ra BCL, nht l nhng vng kh hu nng, do kh nng phn hy k kh nhanh cc cht hu c d b phn hy c trong CTRT. V d, trong iu kin k kh , sulfate c the b kh thnh sulfide (S2-), sau sulfide kt hp vi hydro to thnh H2S.

2.4 Qu trnh chuyn ha l hc, ha hc, sinh hc 2.4.1 Chuyn ha l hc Nhng bin i l hc c bn c th xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng qun l CTR bao gm (1) phn loi, (2) gim th tch c hc, (3) gim kch thc c hc . Nhng bin i l hc khng lm chuyn pha (v d t pha rn sang pha kh) nh cc qu trnh bin i ha hc v sinh hc. Phn loi cht thi. Phn loi cht thi l qu trnh tch ring cc thnh phn c CTRT, nhm chuyn cht thi t dng hn tp sang dng tng i ng nht. Qu trnh ny cn thit thu hi nhng thnh phn c th ti sinh ti ti s dng c trong CTRT, tch ring nhng thnh phn mang tnh nguy hi v nhng thnh phn c kh nng thu hi nng lng. Gim th tch c hc. Phng php nn, p thng c p dng gim th tch cht thi. Xe thu gom thng c lp t b phn p nhm tng khi lng rc c th thu gom trong mt chuyn. Giy, carton, nha v lon nhm, lon thic thu gom t CTRT c ng kin gim th tch cha, chi ph x l v chi ph vn chuyn. tng thi gian s dng BCL, CTR thng c nn trc khi ph t. Gim kch thc c hc. Gim kch thc cht thi nhm thu c cht thi c kch thc ng nht v nh hn so vi kch thc ban u ca chng. Cn lu rng gim kch thc cht thi khng c ngha l th tch cht thi cng phi gim. Trong mt s trng hp, th tch ca cht thi sau khi gim kch thc s ln hn th tch ban u ca chng. 2.4.2 Chuyn ha ha hc Bin i ha hc ca CTR bao hm c qu trnh chuyn pha (t pha rn sang pha lng, t pha rn sang pha kh, ). gim th tch v thu hi cc sn phm, nhng qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc ch yu s dng trong x l CTRT bao gm (1) t (qu trnh oxy ha ha hc), (2) nhit phn, v (3) kh ha. t (Oxy ha ha hc). t l phn ng ha hc gia oxy v cht hu c c trong CTR to thnh cc hp cht b oxy ha cng vi s pht sng v ta nhit. Nu khng kh c cp d v di iu kin phn ng l tng, qu trnh t cht hu c c trong CTRT c th biu din theo phng trnh phn ng sau: Cht hu c + Khng kh (d) CO2 + H2O + khng kh d + NH3 + SO2 + NOx + Tro + Nhit Lng khng kh c cp d nhm m bo qu trnh chy xy ra hon ton. Sn phm cui ca qu trnh t chy CTRT bao gm kh nng cha CO2, H2O, khng kh d (O2 v N2) v phn khng chy cn li. Trong thc t, ngoi nhng thnh phn ny cn c mt lng nh cc kh NH3, SO2, NOx v cc kh vi lng khc ty theo bn cht ca cht thi.

Nhit phn. V hu ht cc cht hu c u khng bn nhit, chng c th b ct mch qua cc phn ng cracking nhit v ngng t trong iu kin khng c oxy, to thnh nhng phn kh, lng v rn. Tri vi qu trnh t l qu trnh ta nhit, qu trnh nhit phn l qu trnh thu nhit. c tnh ca 3 phn chnh to thnh t qu trnh nhit phn CTRT nh sau: (1) dng kh sinh ra cha H2, CH4, CO, CO2 v nhiu kh khc ty thuc vo bn cht ca cht thi em nhit phn, (2) hc n v/hoc du dng lng iu 3-13 kin nhit phng cha cc ha cht nh acetic acid, acetone v methanol v (3) than bao gm carbon nguyn cht cng vi nhng cht tr khc. Qu trnh nhit phn cellulose c th biu din bng phng trnh phn ng sau: 3(C6H10O5) 8H2O + C6H8O + 2CO + 2CO2 + CH4 + H2 + 7C Kh ha. Qu trnh kh ha bao gm qu trnh t chy mt phn nhin liu carbon to thnh kh nhin liu chy c giu CO, H2 v mt s hydrocarbon no, ch yu l CH4. Kh nhin liu chy c sau c t chy trong ng c t trong hoc ni hi. Nu thit b kh ha c vn hnh diu kin p sut kh quyn s dng khng kh lm tc nhn oxy ha, sn phm cui ca qu trnh kh ha s l (1) kh nng lng thp cha CO2, CO, H2, CH4, v N2, (2) hc n cha C v cc cht tr sn c trong nhin liu v (3) cht lng ngng t c ging nh du pyrolic. 2.4.3 Chuyn ha sinh hc Cc qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc phn cht hu c c trong CTRT c th p dng gim th tch v khi lng cht thi, sn xut phn compost dng b sung cht dinh dng cho t v sn xut kh methane. Nhng vi sinh vt ch yu tham gia qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc cc cht thi hu c bao gm vi khun, nm, men v antinomycetes. Cc qu trnh ny c th c thc hin trong iu kin hiu kh hoc k kh, ty theo lng oxy sn c. Nhng im khc bit c bn gia cc phn ng chuyn ha hiu kh v k kh l bn cht ca cc sn phm to thnh v lng oxy thc s cn phi cung cp thc hin qu trnh chuyn ha hiu kh. Nhng qu trnh sinh hc ng dng chuyn ha cht hu c c trong CTRT bao gm qu trnh lm phn compost hiu kh, qu trnh phn hy k kh v qu trnh phn hy k kh vi nng cht rn cao. 3. Yu cu v v tr bi chon lp hp v sinh Tn tr v chn lp cht thi rn (CTR) l hot ng gy tc ng nghim trng nht n mi trng: nhim t, nc ngm, nc mt, khng kh, lan truyn bnh truyn nhim, nh hng xu n ti nguyn sinh vt, sc kho con ngi v KT-XH trong khu vc. Do vy, quy hoch, la chn v tr cc a im ph hp vi iu kin t nhin l yu cu cc k quan trng nhm hn ch nhng

tc ng xu n mi trng c th xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca bi chn lp CTR.


3.1 Ph hp a hnh

cao: trnh gy nhim ngun nc v hn ch kh nng gy xi mn khu chn lp CTR cc bi chn lp cn phi trnh cc khu vc trng- ni tp trung dng chy mt v l, ni u ngun ca lu vc sng, sui. cao ca bi chn lp lin quan cht ch n vic la chn cc kiu bi chn lp (bi chm, ni hay na chm na ni) tu thuc i vi tng vng v lin quan n cao cc cng trnh xy dng nhm tit kim chi ph v trnh nh hng ti ngun nc ngm trong khu vc. cao a hnh cng l yu t nh hng ln n vic pht tn rc, cht nhim, nc r rc t khu x l v vng xung quanh. dc: V tr bi chn lp khng nn chn ni c dc a hnh ln. Mc d dc a hnh dc s d thot nc sng li kh khn khi cn ngn chn cc dng nc sn dc chy vo bi chn lp, lm gia tng lng nc rc. Mt khc, khi dc a hnh qu ln vic thi cng s gp kh khn.
3.2 Ph hp v th nhng Thnh phn c - l ca t nn khu x l CTR c ngha cc k quan trng i vi kh nng dn truyn cht c hi t bi chn lp (nht l bi chn lp c cht thi nguy hi, du m) vo tng nc ngm. Do vy thm l thng s c bn nh gi s ph hp ca nn t khu x l CTR. Trong cc loi t, t st c thm thp nht, cc loi t ct, t ct pha, si c thm cao. Do vy vng t st thng c chn xy dng bi chn lp CTR. Tng st cng dy kh nng thm cht nhim vo tng nc ngm cng kh. dy tng st ph hp nht l 3,0 m. 3.3 Ph hp theo c im kh hu Kh hu l yu t cc k quan trng nh hng n vic lan truyn nhim t im x l CTR ra mi trng xung quanh. Hng v tc gi: Hng v tc gi nh hng n kh nng pht tn rc, kh , mi t bi rc. Khi quy hoch im x l CTR cn quan tm n hng v tc gi ca tng thng trong nm. T xem xt hng gi ch o trong tng thi im c kh nng pht tn mi t khu x l n trung tm dn c gn nht hay khng? Cn trnh chn im x l CTR nm u hng gi ch o i vi khu dn c hoc khu cn c cht lng khng kh cao.

Lng ma v bc hi: Ma v bc hi l yu t nh hng n lng nc rc sinh thnh. Ngoi ra ma cn l yu t gy ngp ng vng x l CTR, gy lan truyn nhim do rc, nc r rc ra khu vc xung quanh. Khi quy hoch cn ch n lng ma, bc hi trung bnh v nhiu nm, ng thi cn ch thm nhng trn ma ln nht trong thi k quan trc. Nhit khng kh: Nhit khng kh cng cao (thng vo thng 6,7,8) kh nng bc hi cc cht nhim dng kh, lng (nh kh metan - CH4, hydrosunfua - H2S, cc mercaptan gy mi) cng cao dn ti pht tn khng kh nhim t khu x l n khu vc chung quanh cng mnh. m khng kh: m khng kh cng cao (thng vo cc thng 2,7,8,9) kh nng pht sinh cc loi nm, mc v cn trng khu x l CTR cng cao. y l ngun c th lan truyn bnh truyn nhim ra khu vc chung quanh. 3.4 Ph hp v thu vn Ch thu vn, hi vn nh hng ln n vic quy hoch khu x l CTR . Cc khu chn lp CTR nu nm trong vng b ngp l khng ch gy kh khn cho vic thi cng vn hnh m cn d dng lan truyn cht thi nguy hi, vi trng, ngun bnh t rc v nc r rc t bi cha rc n ngun nc mt, nc ngm xung quanh. 3.5 Ph hp v a cht thu vn Cc yu t a cht thu vn nh s phn b cc tng nc ngm, chiu su mc nc ngm l yu t quan trng bc nht trong quy hoch v tr cc bi chn lp cht thi rn (k c CTR sinh hot v CTR nguy hi). Phn b cc tng cha nc: V tr bi chn lp khng c b tr nhng ni c tng cha nc tt c gi tr khai thc phc v cho n ung, sinh hot, trnh vng ca s a cht thu vn hoc min cung cp ca cc tng cha nc ch yu. Bi chn lp ch nn b tr nhng ni phn b tng khng cha nc hoc tng cha nc t v c cht lng nc ngm km khng p ng yu cu lm ngun nc cho sinh hot n ung nh nc mn hoc nc l. Nu bt buc hoc khng c iu kin b tr vo nhng a im trn th bi chn lp nht thit phi c lp chng thm m bo tiu chun cho php bo v an ton cho tng cha nc. Chiu su mc nc ngm: Bi chn lp nn chn cc v tr c gng nc ngm nm cng su cng tt. Mc nc ngm cng su th thi gian thm nc rc n nc ngm cng lu. Mt khc, nhng ni mc nc ngm nm gn mt t cn gy kh khn cho vic thc hin cc cng trnh ca bi chn lp do nc ngm chy vo h mng khi xy dng. Tnh thm nc ca t : t cng thm nc tt cng to iu kin cho nc rc thm ti nc ngm mt cch nhanh chng. Theo tnh ton s b th bi chn lp nn chn nhng ni m tng t trn cng c b dy khng nh hn 3 m v h

s thm ca t nh hn 10-7cm/s. Trong trng hp nh vy i vi cc rc thng thng khng cn phi xy dng lp chng thm y cng m bo an ton cho nc ngm pha di y bi chn lp. V vy, trong khu kho st thu vn, yu t quan trng l phi xc nh c tnh thm nc ca cc tng t trong khu vc. Cht lng nc ngm v hin trng khai thc nc: Trn tng cha nc c cht lng nc tng i tt v mc d khng c cc cng trnh khai thc tp trung quy m ln hoc quy m cng nghip nhng li l ngun cp nc quan trng ca cng ng dn c nh ging khi, mch nc... cng khng nn la chn im chn lp CTR. 3.6 Ph hp v a cht cng trnh

a cht cng trnh l yu t nh hng n kh nng xy dng v kh nng pht tn nhim t khu chn lp CTR ra xung quanh. Khi la chn v tr xy dng khu x l cht thi rn cn lu n tnh cht c l ca t nn, xy dng bi chn lp CTR trn nn t yu s gp nhiu tr ngi v k thut. Cn trnh nhng vng c cc hin tng trt l b dc, hin tng t chy, ct chy, a hnh karst, vng m, l hng trong lng t Trnh cc trc np un, cc i hu hoi ca cc t gy kin to, cc i tip xc ca cc a tng a cht hoc tip xc thanh lc do cc i thng p v mnh, nc d lu thng v gy kh khn trong vic ngn chn nc rc thm xung cc tng nc ngm. 3.7 Khng nh hng n ti nguyn khong sn Vic xy dng khu x l CTR trn din tch m s nh hng xu n vic khai thc khong sn, nht l cc khong sn qu, tr lng ln. Do , cn tham kho cc ti liu ca cc c quan a cht khong sn xc nh khu vc d kin xy dng khu x l CTR c cc khong sn c gi tr kinh t hay khng. Ngoi yu t v mi trng t nhin trong qu trnh la chon a im khu x l CTR xem xt nhiu yu t khc nh quy nh v php l, mi trng sinh hc, mi trng vt l la chn c a im ti u p ng c cc yu cu v mi trng, kinh t v x hi.

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