Xuc Xich Hoan Chinh

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.
H CH MINH
VIN CNG NGH SINH HC V THC PHM
MN CNG NGH CH BIN SC SN THY SN
Tiu lun:
SVTH : Nhm 1
LP
: HTP3
NIN KHA : 2007 2011

GVHD : ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh
CNCB xc xch heo tit trng
GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh
TP.H Ch Minh, ngy 8 thng 3 nm 2010
ii
BNG CNG VIC

H V TN
MSSV
Hunh Th Kim Nguyt (NT)
07705821
CNG VIC
Nguyn liu (Tht heo)
Tng hp v chnh sa
Nguyn Liu (m heo, da
Th Thu Hng
07700161
L Th Hng Cc
Nguyn Ngc Tr Mi
L Th Lin
Nguyn Th Thu Tho
Tiu Th Kim Phc
V Th Diu Trc
Hunh Kim Phng
07713311
07706091
07709831
07713321
07705991
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Phm Th Hng
07713391
heo v ph liu)
Ph gia
Ph gia
Quy trnh
Quy trnh
Quy trnh
My mc thit b
Tiu chn
Li ni u, phn m u
v kt lun
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

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TP. HCM, Ngy. thng.. nm 2010
ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh
ii
LI M U
Cuc sng hin i ngy cng p ng tt hn nhng nhu cu ca con ngi.
Bn cnh nhu cu c n mc p, c sng cuc sng thoi mi, tin nghi th con
ngi cn c nhu cu c n ngon, n y cht dinh dng c sc khe tt.
T , con ngi c th lm vic tt hn, hiu qu hn.V l do m ngnh
cng nghip ch bin thc phm ngy cng pht trin mnh m, gp phn p ng
nhu cu v n ung cho mi ngi. Cc sn phm thc phm c ch bin t tht
cung cp y thnh phn dinh dng cn thit ca c th. Theo s liu thng k
ca Cc Thng k thnh ph th trong nm 2002, nhu cu i vi cc sn phm thc
phm ch bin t tht tng ln rt nhanh trn 12%. Trong xc xch l mt trong
nhng sn phm ch bin t tht rt c quan tm.
Xc xch l mt sn phm n lin ngy cng ph bin do tnh tin li v c gi
tr dinh dng cao. Xc xch c th c sn xut mt cch th cng (theo qui m
gia nh) hoc theo qui m cng nghip. Hin nay trn th trng c rt nhiu loi
xc xch khc nhau. Tu theo nguyn liu ta c th phn loi xc xch nh sau: xc
xch g ,xc xch b, xc xch tm, xc xch heo theo phng thc sn xut ta c
xc xch trit trng, xc xch xng khi
Vi tnh hnh thc t nh vy,nhm chng ti xin chn ti: XC XCH
HEO TIT TRNG. Trong , chng ti s trnh by v:
Phn 1: Nguyn liu.
Phn 2: Quy Trnh sn xut.
Phn 3: So snh gia cch ch bin th cng v cng nghip.
iii
MC LC
TNG QUAN V XC XCH.............................................................................1
1. LCH S CA MN XC XCH [12]...................................................................1
2. XC XCH TRN TH TRNG [13]...................................................................2
Phn I :NGUYN LIU.......................................................................................5

1.Nguyn liu chnh [2].......................................................................................5
1.1.Tht heo....................................................................................................5
1.1.1. Phn loi ..................................................................................................................5

1.1.2. Cu trc ca tht [14]..............................................................................................7
1.1.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca tht heo[2]........................................................................9
1.1.4. Cc dng h hng tht [16],[17]............................................................................10
1.2.1. c im................................................................................................................13
1.2.2. Cng dng..............................................................................................................13
1.3. Da heo [18]...........................................................................................14
1.3.1. c im................................................................................................................14
1.3.2. Cng dng..............................................................................................................14
2. Ph liu.........................................................................................................14
2.1. vy [19]...........................................................................................14
2.2.1. Cng dng..............................................................................................................14

iv
2.2.2. Yu cu cn tun th trong sn xut vy [20]..................................................15

2.2.Protein u nnh ...................................................................................16
2.2.1. Thnh phn [8].......................................................................................................16

2.2.2. Cng dng..............................................................................................................16
2.3.Tinh bt:.................................................................................................17
2.2.1. Thnh phn [9].......................................................................................................17

2.3.2. Cng dng [21]......................................................................................................17
3. Gia v 18
3.1. Bt ngt ( E621 ) hay l cht iu v [4], [6], [22], [23], [24].................18
3.1.1. c im:...............................................................................................................18
3.1.2. Cng dng..............................................................................................................19
3.2. Mui [6], [25].........................................................................................19
3.2.1. c im................................................................................................................19
3.2.2. Cng dng..........................................................................................20
3.3.1. c im................................................................................................................20
3.3.2. Cng dng..........................................................................................21
3.4. Bt tiu[4], [6], [24] ..............................................................................21
3.4.1. c im................................................................................................................21
3.4.1.Cng dng...........................................................................................21
4. Ph gia..........................................................................................................21
4.1. Tari (polyphosphate) [22], [24], [25] .....................................................22
v
4.1.1. c im ...............................................................................................................22
4.1.2. Cng dng..............................................................................................................22
4.2. Erythrosine (isoascorbate) [23], [25].....................................................23
4.3. Acid ascorbic ( vitamine C ) [22], [23], [24], [25]...................................23
4.3.1. Thng tin tng qut................................................................................................23

4.3.2. Cng dng..............................................................................................................24
4.4. Natrinitrite ( mui dim ) [24]................................................................25
4.4.1. c im:...............................................................................................................25
4.4.2. Cng dng..............................................................................................................25
Phn 2 : QUI TRNH CH BIN......................................................................26

1.S qui trnh cng ngh..............................................................................26
2. Thuyt minh qui trnh cng ngh...................................................................27
2.1. X l nguyn liu...................................................................................27
2.1.1. Lm lnh [5]...........................................................................................................27

2.1.2. Cp ng [2], [5],[26],[7]......................................................................................29
2.1.3. R ng [5],[7].......................................................................................................32
2.1.4. Ra [26], [7]...........................................................................................................34
2.1.5. Xay th [26], [7].....................................................................................................34
2.1.6. Qu trnh xay nhuyn v phi trn [26],[7]...........................................................35
2.1.7. Qu trnh nhi v nh lng.................................................................................38
vi
2.1.8. Tit trng ...............................................................................................................40

2.1.9. Sy kh [7], [26] ...................................................................................................41
2.1.10. Lm ngui [7], [26]..............................................................................................42
2.1.11. ng gi...............................................................................................................43
2.1.12. Bo qun: ............................................................................................................43
2.1.13. T l phi trn nguyn liu [26]...........................................................................44
2.2. Cc ri ro v cch khc phc [7]............................................................44
3. Thit b..........................................................................................................45
3.1.My bm tht (mincer):...........................................................................45
3.1.1.Mc ch: [26] ........................................................................................................45

3.1.2. Cu to: [2].............................................................................................................46
3.2. My cutter:............................................................................................47
3.2.1. Mc ch: [26] .......................................................................................................47

2.1. My bm tht tc cao [28].................................................................48
2.2 My bm tht chn khng: [28]...............................................................49
3.3. My dn tht (filler)................................................................................50
3.3.1.Mc ch: [26].........................................................................................................50

3.3.2. Nguyn tc lm vic ca my: [2] ........................................................................50
3.4. My ng gi chn khng (vacuum packaging machine):[2],[29]..........50
3.5.Thit b tr ng:[7], [26].......................................................................51
vii
3.5.1.Muc ch:................................................................................................................51
3.6. Thit b r ng:[7],[26]........................................................................51
3.6.1.Mc ch:................................................................................................................51
3.6.2. Cc thng s lm vic ca phng r ng.............................................................52
3.7. My hp tit trng:[7],[26]....................................................................52
3.7.1.Mc ch:................................................................................................................52
3.7.2. Thng s lm vic..................................................................................................53
4. Mt s tiu chun..........................................................................................53
4.1. TCVN [30], [26]......................................................................................53
4.1.1. Trng thi cm quan v cc ch tiu ha l i vi mt s mt hng lng thc,

thc phm chnh [1]...............................................................................................................56
4.1.2. Gia v [24]..............................................................................................................58
4.1.3. Ph gia [24]............................................................................................................60
4.1.4. Hm lng kim loi cho php trong cc loi thc phm [1]................................60
4.1.5. Gii hn d lng thuc th y ti a cho php trong sn phm tht [1]..............60
4.1.6. D lng thuc bo v thc vt trong thc phm [1]...........................................61
4.1.7. Gii hn nhim vi sinh vt trong thc phm [1]................................................74
4.2. NI DUNG NHN HNG HO [31]..........................................................75
4.2.1. Ghi nhn hng ho theo quy nh ti iu 12 Ngh nh 89/2006/N-CP..........76

4.2.2. Tn hng ho..........................................................................................................76
4.2.3. Tn v a ch t chc, c nhn chu trch nhim v hng ho............................76
viii
4.2.4. nh lng hng ho.............................................................................................77

4.2.5. Ngy sn xut, hn s dng, hn bo qun...........................................................77
4.2.6. Thnh phn, thnh phn nh lng......................................................................78
4.2.7. Thng tin, cnh bo v sinh, an ton.....................................................................78
4.3. Nhn din xc xch c cht lng [32]...................................................78
Phn 3: KT LUN............................................................................................79
TI LIU THAM KHO...................................................................................81
ix
TNG QUAN V XC XCH

1. LCH S CA MN XC XCH [12]
Hin cho ti by gi vn cha xc minh c ngun gc xut x ca xc xch t
u? Xc xch bao nhiu tui v ai l ngi u tin c sng kin dng tht nhi
vo trong rut heo, hay cc loi rut nhn to khc ?...
V mi nc u ra sc ginh v tr c tn l gc ca xc xch. Ngi k rng
thi xa xa La M c i, cc tu s Thin cha gio tu hnh vin Trn ca nh th
Gio hi ch ra cc loi saucili dnh cho cc tu sinh b k lut cm tc n trong
phng khp rn mnh. Ngi php th khng nh l hai loi xc xch u xut pht t
nc php.
T tp ch Aujourd,hui Alimentations th cho l xc xch ca o corse mi
chnh xc l ca ni ca xc xch ca nc php, m cng l ca ton th gii, trong
khi tp ch L,observateur Magazine cho rng xc xch tht ra l ca Vng Quc
B. Trn chuyn san ca OMS cho rng Saussage l mn n truyn thng ca dn
Angletere m gc gc l khu vc chn nui tr ph nht nc Anh, vng Yorkshire.
(sch nhng ngh hi ra tin)
Li c ti liu cho rng chnh ngi Trung Hoa, cch y khong 2.500 nm,
lm ra loi xc xch, kh chng ra kh, t chng ra t v gi l lp xng.
Lp xng thot u lm bng tht cu thi nh, p mui, ng, hnh, tiu,
ru v bt u nnh. Sau ny mi i sang lm bng tht heo. C l do khu v, dn
Trung Hoa khng thch loi tht ln men lactic c v chua (mt hnh thc bo qun),
nh nhiu loi xc xch m ta thng thy ngy nay, nn trong lp xng h thng
dng khong 10% ng v 2 % mui bo qun. Tht c nhi vo rut ng vt
v sy trn bp than khong 5-6 gi.
Vi trm nm sau , ngi La M, Hy Lp mi c nm mi xc xch v pht

trin rt nhiu loi xc xch gn gn nh nhng loi xc xch ngy nay ca chu u.
Thot u xc xch nhi tit, nhi gan... ri ci thin hn, nhi vi tht bm s
hoc ct nh. Sau ny phng thm, nhi vi nh tng tht (tht nghin mn) nh
ch la ca ta c gi nhuyn. Sau c ln men, xng khi bo qun.
Chnh loi xc xch ny mi c xem l c ngun gc chu u.
2. XC XCH TRN TH TRNG [13]
Xc xch c bit n nh mt loi thc phm ch bin t tht v cng l mt
mn n tin li lu i nht m con ngi to ra trong qu trnh lu tr thc
phm
Xc xch c phn bit hai loi chnh l xc xch kh v xc xch ti. Xc

xch kh l loi xc xch vn quen gi l xc xch hun khi. Cn xc xch ti th
n gin hn ch l loi xc xch c lm thnh hnh nhng cha qua ch bin.
C bao nhiu loi xc xch, iu ny chc chn khng ai c th thng k ni v
mi quc gia, mi vng min u c nhiu loi xc xch khc nhau.
Xc xch c ni ting bi mi khi thm du. lm xc xch xng khi ngi
ta phi dng dm g si hun chy v khi ca n c xng tht nh, ko tht lu p
vo tng m xc xch treo trn gin bn trn. Xc xch xng khi thng c
nng, bi mi thm ca khi trong xc xch nh c nh thc bng ci nng ca

la, mi ca than ci.
Chm xc xch vi m tt thm nng, hng hc cay cng m hng v ca
tht, ca khi. c ni ting vi cc loi xc xch a dng, vt khi bin gii
nc ny tr thnh mt trong nhng mn n hng u th gii. Mt s loi xc
xch ni ting nh : Bratwurst, Rostbratwurst, Blutwurst, Frankfurter Bockwurst,
Bregenwurst, Knackwurst...
Nc Anh ni ting vi loi xc xch ti lm bng tht b hoc heo trn vi gia
v, hnh tm, t. Sau mt thi gian, xc xch c mang ra chin hay nng u
thoang thong tht nh v chua, tng t nh v ca nem chua. Tuy nhin ngi n
phi nhm nhi tng cht, n tht chm nghe c v chua thanh thot c bit ca
n.
Xc xch Arp vi nh hng ca khu v vng cn ng nn thng dng
nhng loi gia v mnh nh inh hng, hi, qu... Xc xch Arp nng kh ph
hp vi khu v ngi Vit, c l do cch p cc mn nng Vit c cc gia v
tng t vi gia v ca xc xch.
Vng Toulouse ca Php th ni danh vi mn xc xch tht heo xay ming ln
ln vi da. Nhai xc xch va nhn c s tht vn cn ln vi cm gic sn st ca
da cng ming.
Oreagano, Thyme, l nhng loi l thm khng th thiu trong cch ch bin
xc xch . c trng ca xc xch l v ngt thanh v hng v ca rau mi ho
quyn vi gia v lm nn phong cch ring cho xc xch .Hin nay trn th gii c
rt nhiu loi xc xch nhng Vit Nam th mi c mt s loi. Mt s cng ty nh
c Vit, Vissan.. l ngun cung cp xc xch ch yu .
Vissan l mt thng hiu thc phm kh ni ting ti Vit Nam, cc sn phm
xc xch nh : nhm xc xch tit trng kh (gm xc xch tit trng Dz Dz v xc
xch tit trng Ba Bng Mai) v nhm xc xch tit trng mt (gm xc xch ng
lnh v xc xch ht thanh trng), c bit tiu th mnh trn th trng c nc. Bn
cnh cn c cng ty sn xut Xc Xch c Vit cng l thng hiu kh ni
ting vi sn phm xc xch ni ting ca c.
Xc xch cng v ang dn ph bin trong ba n ca ngi Vit, ngy
cng c nhiu mn xc xch ni ting t nhiu quc gia c gii thiu n ngi
tiu dng Vit Nam.
Phn I :NGUYN LIU

1.Nguyn liu chnh [2]
Tht v nhng sn phn ch bin t tht l mt trong nhng phn c bn trong
khu phn thc n.
1.1.Tht heo
l ngun quan trng cung cp lng ln protein v cc cht khong nh st
(Fe), ng (Cu), magi (Mg), photpho (P). Ngoi ra tht cn cung cp nhiu
vitamin nh: vitamin A, vitamin B1(thiamin), B2(riboflavin), B6, PPv trong tht
cha y cc acid amin khng thay th vi t l kh cn i.
1.1.1. Phn loi
Tht heo l nguyn liu chnh trong qu trnh ch bin xc xch. N c vai
tr quyt nh cht lng ca sn phm. Tht heo c phn thnh cc loi sau:
a.Theo % nc: [14]
T l nc l mt ch tiu quan trng nh gi cht lng tht ln, ng
thi cng l mt yu t quyt nh ti nng sut v hiu qu chn nui.
+ Tht heo nc : nc chim t l cao > 80%
+ Tht heo na nc na m: % nc 50% - 80%
+ Tht heo m : % nc < 50%
Bn cch , tht cng c th c phn loi c theo tiu chun phn loi
Chu u "SEUROP":
S: 60% tht nc hoc hn
5
E: 55-60% tht nc
U: 50-55% tht nc
R: 45-50% tht nc
O: 40-45% tht nc
P: <40% tht nc
b. Theo trng thi tht: [15]
+ Tht bnh thng : Tht c mu st ti ,b mt ro ,khng r nc ,pH

ca tht c tr s 5.6-6. Thu c trn nhng con th c ngh ngi trc khi
git m v khng b stress trong sut qu trnh h tht.
+ Tht PSE (pale nht mu, soft mm, excudative r dch): Tht c mu
b nht , mm nho, b mt khng ro c r nc pH ca tht thp <=5.2. Loi
ny thng xut hin trong cc quy tht nhng con th b stress trc khi h
tht. Do pH h thp nhanh nn tht ny gim kh nng lin kt vi nc v vi
khun pht trin thp.
+ Tht DFD (dark sm mu, firm cng, dry - kh): Loi tht ny c mu
b sm, b mt b kh cng, tr s pH kh cao >=6.4. N cng thng xut hin
trong cc quy tht nhng con th b stress trc khi h tht,nhng do chng
cha nhiu nc t do nn gip vi khun pht trin nhanh.
1.1.2. Cu trc ca tht [14]
Ph thuc vo vai tr ,chc nng v thnh phn ha hc ,ngi ta chia tht
tghnh cc loi m nh sau: m c, m lin kt ,m xng, m m, m mu.
Loi m
Tht heo (%)
M c
40-62
M m
15-40
M lin kt
6-8
M xng sn
8-18
M mu
0.6 0.8
Bng 1: Thnh phn cc m c trong tht heo

Trong sn xut xc xch, ngi ta quan tm n cc loi m sau:
a. M c :
y l loi m chim t l cao nht trong cu to ca tht. N bao gm

nhiu si t c xp thnh b, cc si c c cu to t miozin hoc actin.
Chc nng ch yu ca n l thc hin hot ng co gin.
Thnh phn ho hc ca m c: nc chim t l: 72%-75%, protein 18%21%. Cn li l cc thnh phn khc: glucid, lipit, khong, vitamin
b. M lin kt:
y l loi m c phn b rng ri c vai tr lin kt cc si t c, cc
b c li vi nhau, to cu trc cht ch cho tht .
c. M m:
M m c to thnh t cc t bo m lin kt vi nhau di dng li
xp. Lng m m trong cu trc tht nhiu hay t ph thuc vo ging loi ,
gii tnh v iu kin nui dng.
1.1.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca tht heo[2]
Thnh phn dinh dng c trong 100gr tht heo
Tht heo
Nc
Trung bnh
M
Nc
Protein
Lipit
Gluco
Tro
Nng lng
(%)
73
60.9
47.5
(%)
19
16.5
14.5
(%)
7.0
21.5
37.5
(%)
0.4
0.3
0.2
(%)
1.0
1.1
0.7
(%)
143
268
406
Thnh phn acid amin khng thay th trong protein tht heo:
Acid amin
Leusin
Isoleusin
Lyzin
Valin
Methionin
%
7.5
4.9
7.8
5.0
2.5
Acid amin
Trytophan
Phenylalanine
Theronin
Agrinin
Histidin
%
1.4
4.1
5.1
6.4
3.2
Hm lng cht khong c trong tht: (mg/100gr tht)

Tht heo
Nc
Trung bnh
M
Ca
10.9
13.2
2.5
Mg
29
41
42
Fe
2.2
2.3
2.5
K
442
442
442
Na
161
129
148
P
150
170
180
Ngoi ra trong tht cn c mt s vitamin c hm lng cao nh: vitamin

B1 (0.75 - 0,95mg/100gr), vitamin B2 (0.25 - 0.4 mg%), vitamin B6 (0.42 - 0.5
mg%), acid pentotenic (0.7-1.5 mg%), v mt s cc vitamin khc nh: vitamin
C, vitamin D, vitamin A c hm lng nh hn.
1.1.4. Cc dng h hng tht [16],[17]
Tht trong qu trnh bo qun c th b bin cht v h hng . Nguyn nhn
l do bo qun tht trong nhng u kin khng thch hp, to iu kin thun li
cho cc enzim v vi sinh vt c sn trong tht pht trin.
Nhng bin i ny dn n h hng v cm quan, hnh thnh nhng cht
c hi . Nhng hin tng h hng ca tht thng gp l: nht , thi ra, ln
men chua, s thay i mu sc v mc.
a. Sinh nht (ha nhy):
10
- y l giai on u ca s h hng.
- Hin tng: trn b mt tht c lp nhy nht.
- Cc vi khun thng thy lp nhy:
icrococcus albus, M. liquefaciens, M. aureus, M. candidus
treptococcus liquefaciens; E. coli
act. alcaligenes, Bac. mycoides, Bac. mesentericus
seudomonas
euconostoc
actobacillus, v mt s loi nm men

b. S thi ra tht :
- Hin tng: tht c mi kh chu.
- Nguyn nhn: do cc vi sinh vt pht trin sinh ra cc enzim proteaza, cc
enzyme ny phn gii protein tht.
- Sn phm to ra: hydro sunfua, indol, statol, butyric
- Cc vi sinh vt thng gp:
Vi khun hiu kh: Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus
mesentericus, Bacillus megatherium.
11
Vi khun k kh: Clostridium perfringens, Clost. putrificum, Clost.

Sporogens.
c. Tht mc :
- Hin tng: tht c mi mc, nht dnh v bin mu
- Nguyn nhn: Nm mc phn hu protein v lipit tht.
- Sn phm to ra: cc acid bay hi ca tht.
- Cc nm mc thng thy :
Mucor
Penicillium
Aspergillus
d. S bin mu ca tht :
- Hin tng: trong qu trnh bo qun, mu ca tht c th chuyn t
bin thnh mu xm, nu hoc xanh lc
- Nguyn nhn: do cc vi khun hiu kh pht trin trn b mt
- Cc vi khun thng thy :
Bacterium prodigiosum hoc Serratia marcerans: vt
Pseudomonas pyocyanes: vt xanh
Pseudomonas fluorescens: vt xanh lc
Chromobacterium: xm nht, nu en
Micrococcus: vt vng
* Tm li, trong cng ngh sn xut xc xch, tht heo c nhng c tnh
nh sau :
12
To ga tr dinh dng cho sn phm
To cu trc, hnh thi cho sn phm nh cu trc ca tht v s to

gel ca cc phn t protein c trong tht
To ra mi v c trng cho sn phm

1.2. M heo [18]
1.2.1. c im
- M thng dng trong sn xut xc xch tit trng l m cng nh: m
gy, m lng, m i, m nng v to nh tt hn m sa, m chi.
- M cng c t l acid bo bo ho cng cao th kh nng to nh cng
cao.
1.2.2. Cng dng
- M heo l ngun cung cp cht bo.
- M c tc dng lm tng dnh bo, bng, lm tng gi tr cm
quan cho sn phm.
- Gip tn dng ngun nguyn liu v lm gim gi thnh, tng hiu qu
kinh t.
13
1.3. Da heo [18]

1.3.1. c im
Da heo thng s dng l da lng, da khng qu cng (do heo gi) v cng
khng qu mm (heo non) to ra sn phm v c s kt dnh tt hn m t nh
hng n mn ca sn phm.
1.3.2. Cng dng
- Da heo c s dng trong ch bin xc xch nhm lm tng kh nng
kt dnh, tng dai cho xc xch.
- Gip tn dng ngun nguyn liu v lm gim gi thnh, tng hiu qu
kinh t.
2. Ph liu
2.1. vy [19]
2.2.1. Cng dng
- vy c vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh ch bin, gip cho vic
gi nhit thp (di 12 0C) hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
- L dung mi gip ha tan cc cht ph gia.
14
- Nc vy nh hng n kh nng to nh tng, tham gia vo vic

to cu trc v trng thi ca sn phm thc phm ch bin, ng thi lm tng
m cng nh trng lng ca sn phm.
- Trong qu trnh xay gim s ma st xy ra gia cc dao v nguyn liu
a vo.
- Ngoi ra vy cn c s dng bo qun thc phm khi nhp hng
v trong qu trnh ch bin.
2.2.2. Yu cu cn tun th trong sn xut vy [20]

- Nc dng sn xut vy phi m bo cc iu kin v sinh.
- Thit b sn xut nc vy v cht lng nc vy phi c kim tra
hng ngy.
- Cc dng c ly vy, dng c cha ng v vn chuyn vy phi
chuyn dng v c lm v sinh sch s vo u v cui gi sn xut.
- Kho vy c lm v sinh mt tun mt ln vo ngy ngh ca hoc cui
ngy sn xut.
15
2.2.Protein u nnh
2.2.1. Thnh phn [8]

Trong thnh phn protein u nnh ch yu l globulin 85 95% v gm
cc axitamin khng thay th nh sau: triptophan 1,1% ; valin 5,8% ; lxin 8,4% ;
izlxin 5,8% ; lizin 6%, phenyllanin 3,8% ; treonin 4,8%.
2.2.2. Cng dng
- Protein u nnh c tnh nng ci thin cu trc hay to cu trc trong cc
dng sn phm khc nhau (dng gel, nh tng...).
- C kh nng gi nc, lin kt cc thnh phn cht bo nhanh chng nn
c a vo trc tip trong qu trnh to nh tng.
- C c tnh qunh, do v nh ha tt v c th thay th mt phn tht m
khng thay i cu trc v khng gim hm lng dinh dng.
- to s cn bng gia ngun protein ng vt v protein thc vt.
- To cho sn phm xc xch tit trng c gi tr dinh dng cao.
- Gi thnh r v c cc tnh nng cng ngh u vit khc.
16
- c dng phi hp vi tht theo t l nht nh tng kh nng lin kt

nc v m.
2.3.Tinh bt:
2.2.1. Thnh phn [9]

Gm 2 polysacchari khc nhau: amilo v amilopectin. Nhn chung t l
amilo/amilopectin trong a s tinh bt xp x . Thng trong tinh bt loi np
(go np, ng np) 100% l amilopectin, tri li tinh bt u xanh, dong, ring
amilopectin chim di 50%.
2.3.2. Cng dng [21]
Tinh bt b sung vo hn hp nh tng nhm:
- Di tc dng ca nhit tinh bt to ra dng gel gia tng kh nng kt dnh,
ngn chn hin tng ng ti m.
- Tinh bt to ra c, do, dai, dnh, xp, trongTrong sn
xut xc xch, tinh bt s lin kt vi gel protein lm cho xc xch c n hi c
trng.
- Hp th mt lng nc.
17
- H gi thnh sn phm
3. Gia v
3.1. Bt ngt ( E621 ) hay l cht iu v [4], [6], [22], [23], [24]
3.1.1. c im:
Tn ha hc: natri glutamat
Cng thc ha hc: C5H8NO4Na.H2O
Cng thc cu to:
HOOOC CH 2 CH 2 CH COONa .H 2O
NH2
Axit glutamic l mt trong cc axit amin c trong c th ngi. Ngoi ra n

cn c trong mt s loi ng vt v thc vt. N tn ti dng t do hay dng lin
kt vi protein hoc lipid vi hm lng (mg/100g ) khc nhau trong t nhin. Axit
glutamic c v c trng ca rau v tht.
Bt ngt l mui ca acid glutamic vi Natri. N l tinh th trng hnh kim
ng nh, kch thc ty theo iu kin khng ch khi kt tinh. C v ngt, hi mn
v tan nhiu trong nc.
Di tc dng nhit cao (>350oC) v pH th bt ngt s
b phn hy rt nhiu. Trong mi trng axit cao, v ca n mt
i.
Bt ngt l sn phm thng c dng ti Vit Nam nh l
mt cht iu v trong ch bin thc phm, lm gia v cho cc mn n nh: cho, m
n lin, tht nhn to, cc loi hp tht, c nh m sn phm tr nn hp dn
18
hn v khi bt ngt c a vo c th lm tng kh nng lao ng tr c v chn

tay ca con ngi.
S dng bt ngt trong ch bin c u im khng nh hng n mi v,
mu sc v v mn ca mn n. Khi pha vo mn n, bt ngt tan trong nc ngm
vo thc n v lm cho thc n thm m m khng thay i mu ln mi v. Bt
ngt gip gia tng hng v t nhin ca thc phm cha nhiu cht m nh c,
tht...
N cn kt hp tt vi v mn v chua, nhng khng c tc dng g vi v ngt
v ng. Do bt ngt khng c kt cu mu hoc mi v c trng nn c dng
trong nhiu mn n v lm tng cng hng v gc mt cch t nhin. Tuy nhin,
lng bt ngt gip tng cng hng v ca thc phm cn s dng trong khong
t 0,1 n 0,8% nu dng qu liu bt ngt s phn tc dng.
Vit Nam Vin dinh dng quc gia (B Y T) cho php s dng bt ngt
ti a 6g/ngy.
3.1.2. Cng dng
Bt ngt c kh nng to ra v ngt ging nh tht. Do n c s dng
lm tng v ngt cho xc xch.
3.2. Mui [6], [25]
3.2.1. c im
Mui l tinh th mu trng, tan nhiu trong nc, c v mn c tch ra t
nc bin v c lm tinh nng cao tinh khit cng nh cc c tnh khc
d dng vn chuyn v lu gi.
N c s dng lm gia v trong cc ba n hng ngy
cng nh trong cng nghip ch bin thc phm.
19
Mui c dng nng cao hng v, n nh protein v c tnh khng

khun.
Mui c vai tr quan trng i vi sc khe con ngi. Trung bnh c th
cn 10-15g NaCl/ngy, trong thc n t nhin c sn 3-5g, phn cn li c
b sung vo thc n hng ngy.
3.2.2. Cng dng
Mui l gia v chnh trong sn xut xc xch v n gp phn to nn v c
trng c bn cho sn phm cui.
Mui cng thc hin cc chc nng khc trong xc xch: lm gim s pht tin
vi sinh vt gy hi, gip sn phm c bo qun lu hn, lm tng kh nng kt
dnh ca actin v myosin.
Lng mui c thm vo ph thuc vo loi xc xch v nht l hm lng
cht bo nhng thng th trong khong 1,8-2,2% ca hn hp xc xch. Mc cho
php dng trong xc xch kh hoc xc xch na kh l khong 3%.
Ch s dng mui khng thi th thng cho sn phm kh mn, c mu sc
km hp dn. Ngy nay, mui thng c dng kt hp vi ng v nitrit. Nn
dng mui tinh khit v mn c th tan d dng trong tht.
3.3. ng [3], [22], [24], [25]
3.3.1. c im
Nhiu loi ng khc nhau c th c thm vo cc sn phm tht nh
sucrose, dextrose, lactose, cc cht rn syro ng (hn hp ca dextrose, maltose v
dextrins), xi-r cy phong, mt ong v.v
ng c thm vo tht nh mt cht b tr lm mt i v mn, to ra
hng v v hot ng nh l mt cht nn cho s pht trin ca vi khun ln men.
20
ng tc dng vi cc axit amin to ra cc sn phm c mu nu gp phn to nn

mu sc v hng v cho sn phm. Dextrose v d-glucose c s dng trong xc
xch mc 0,5-2,0% hoc hn. Thnh thong, saccharose v maltose cng c s
dng trong ch bin.
3.3.2. Cng dng
ng c s dng trong cc sn phm xc xch vi mc ch:
- To v ngt cho sn phm, lm du v mui, lm mm tht.
- To mu sc v hng thm cho sn phm
- c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
3.4. Bt tiu[4], [6], [24]
3.4.1. c im
Tn khoa hc: Piper nigril, cn gi l c nguyt, hc c nguyt
Trong h tiu c 1,5-2,2% tinh du ch yu l pheladren, cadinen,
cariophilen, c hai ancaloit l piperin (C17H19O3N) v chavixin.
C tc dng st khun, dit k sinh trng, mi h tiu ui su b, dng
lm thuc kch thch tiu ha, gim au, cha au rng, au bng.
Lm gia v thc phm
3.4.1.Cng dng
Bt tiu c s dng trong ch bin xc xch to v cay nng, mi thm
lm tng tnh cm quan ca sn phm.
4. Ph gia
21
4.1. Tari (polyphosphate) [22], [24], [25]

4.1.1. c im
Polyphosphate c nhiu loi : tripolyphosphate natri, pyrophosphate
tetrasodium, hexametaphosphate natri, pyrophosphate axit natri, phosphat
dissodium.
Polyphosphates hot ng nh l cht m; chng c lp Cation v tng
bn ca lin kt ion trong dung dch :
Polyphosphates hot ng nh l cht m; chng c lp Cation v
tng bn ca lin kt ion trong dung dch. Tetrasodium pyrophosphate
tng tc trc tip vi actomyosin phn ly thnh myosin v actin. Natri
tripolyphosphate c hiu ng tng t, nhng n ch hot ng sau khi qu
trnh thy phn Natri tripolyphosphate thnh tetrasodium pyrophosphate
c tr hon trong thi gian ngn, trong khi th natri hexametaphosphate
khng tng tc g c.
Cc actin v myosin b phn ly bi pyrophosphate tetrasodium v
tripolyphosphate natri, sau c ha tan bi mui v bng cch ny m
lm cho kh nng lin kt vi nc ca actin v myosin c tng cng
nc khng chy ra trong sut qu trnh r ng khi protein ha tan.
Polyphotphates hot ng nh nhng cht tan protein h tr trong cc
loi tht ch bin. iu ny gip cho cu trc, hng v v mu sc c ci
thin.
Ngoi ra polyphotphates cn lm chm s pht trin ca qu trnh oxi ho
trong cc sn phm tht trnh gy h hng tht v sinh ra c t.
4.1.2. Cng dng
22
V n c tnh nng ci thin kh nng nh ho v kh nng gi nc, chng

oxy ha nn tari c s dng nhiu trong cc sn phm tht, c ch bin
nh gi ch, xc xch, nem, tht vin, c vin
Trong , tripolyphosphates natri thng c s dng nhiu nht v n c
tnh ha tan cao hn v t to kt ta hn cc polyphophates khc.
4.2. Erythrosine (isoascorbate) [23], [25]
CTPT: C20H6I4Na2O5 ( M= 879,86 g/mol)
2-(6-hydroxy-2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxo-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid
- Erythrosine thc cht l mui ca isoascorbic acid.
- Erythrosine c thm vo thc phm thay th cc mu sc b mt trong
qu trnh sn xut hay lm cho thc phm trng bt mt hn. Nn ngi ta cn hay
gi Erythrosine l cht mu tng hp.
- Trong xc xch, Erythrosine c dng cng vi mui nitrit v khi 2 cht ny
kt hp vi nhau s to ra nitric oxyt. Cht ny s kt hp vi myoglobin trong m
c c nh mu ca tht v to mu cho sn phm.
4.3. Acid ascorbic ( vitamine C ) [22], [23], [24], [25]
4.3.1. Thng tin tng qut
- Tn theo IUPAC: 2-oxo-L-threo-hexono-1,4- lactone-2,3-enediol.
- Tn thng thng: axit ascorbic, vitamin C
23
- Cng thc phn t: C6H8O6

- Cng thc cu to:
- Khi lng phn t: 176,13 g/mol

- C dng: bt mu trng n vng nht (khan)
- Nhit nng chy: 193oC (phn hy)
- Kh nng ha tan trong nc cao
- Cc axit thc phm ny c b sung vo lm cho hng
v ca thc phm "sc hn", v chng cng c tc dng nh l cc
cht bo qun v chng oxy ha.
- Axit ascorbic c tc dng chng oxi ha cht bo. V s oxy ha cht bo s
nh hng n gi tr dinh dng, mu sc, mi v, cu trc ca thc phm v c
bit l sinh ra cc c t gy nguy him cho ngi tiu dng.
4.3.2. Cng dng
N c s dng trong cc sn phm xc xch v:
+ Vitamin C gip chng oxy ha tht trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun.
N s phn ng vi O2, ngn O2 tip xc phn ng vi cc thnh phn ca
tht.
+ To mi trng acid n nh chng s oxy ho cht bo.
24
+ N c dng cng vi nitrite gip nh mu cho sn phm, tng

nhanh kh nng to mu cho sn phm v n 2 cht ny kt hp cng to ra nitric
oxide.
+ Ngoi ra n cn lm gim lng nitrite d (nu c), ngn cn s to
thnh nitrosamine, lm tng gi tri dinh dng cho sn phm.
+ N chim ly oxy trong khng kh, ngn cn s pht trin ca vi sinh
vt hiu kh.
4.4. Natrinitrite ( mui dim ) [24]
4.4.1. c im:
- S dng lm cht st khun trong bo qun v
gi mu cho tht c v mt vi loi phomt
- Tc dng c trc tip: Hemoglobine l hng
cu khi kt hp vi nitrite to ra methemoglobine l
cht c hi cho c th.
- Tc dng c gin tip: Nitrite + Amin l cht
m khi thu phn to ra cht nitrosamine l tc nhn
gy ung th. Triu chng ng c cp tnh xy ra nhanh t ngt: nhc u, bun
nn, chng mt, tiu chy v nu khng iu tr kp thi c th dn n t vong.
4.4.2. Cng dng
c dng trong xc xch to mu cho sn phm v n kh nng:
- n nh mu hng t nhin cho tht khi gia nhit v tng mu ca tht x
l.
- Tng hng v v cu trc cho sn phm.
25
- Tiu dit v c ch cc vi sinh vt.

- Km hm s oxy ho lipid.
Phn 2 : QUI TRNH CH BIN

1.S qui trnh cng ngh
26
Sn phm
2. Thuyt minh qui trnh cng ngh

2.1. X l nguyn liu.
2.1.1. Lm lnh [5]
27
Nguyn liu tht trong sn xut xc xch, sau khi m lm sch ri em i

lm lnh. Lm lnh l qu trnh h thp nhit ca tht xung nhng nhit
ln hn nhit ng bng ca dch m, v th nhit lm lnh thng dng l
0 n 40C.
a. Mc ch:
Ko di thi gian chn ti ca tht, c th duy tr nhng c tnh tt ca
tht nh: tht mm mi, hng v ca tht tng ln, kh nng gi v lin kt vi
vi nc ca protein khng b mt ic li cho qu trnh sn xut xc xch.
Trong qu trnh lm lnh li dng cc ngun enzym t nhin lm mm tht
v gi nhit 0 n 40C c tc dng c ch s hot ng ca vi sinh vt (vi
sinh vt gy thi).
b. Phng php thc hin:
Tht sau khi m c lm sch ri t a vo bung lnh, treo ln cc mc
st hay xp thnh chng. Khong cch gia cc xc tht t 3 5cm, cch tng
30cm m bo lu thng khng kh trong phng bo qun. Nhit lm lnh
t (-1) n (-2)0C, m t 90 92%.
Thi gian lm lnh ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t: lng nhit cn rt khi
sn phm, kch thc sn phm, tnh cht vt l ca sn phm ( dn nhit,
nhit dung), mi trng truyn nhit.
Khi lng nh, b mt ln th thi gian lm lnh ngn v ngc li, h s
truyn nhit ln th thi gian lm lnh ngn v ngc li. Sau khi lm chuyn
sang phng bo qun, nhit bo qun t 0 n 20C, m < 85%, vn tc
khng kh 0.05 n 0.1m/s.
Trong iu kin ny tht b hao ht trng lng nhiu nn c th h thp
nhit bo qun ng thi tng m lm gim s bc hi nc, nhng
28
gii hn l im ng bng ca dch m. H nhit xung 10C th cho php

tng m tng i ln 2 3%.
2.1.2. Cp ng [2], [5],[26],[7]
Vic sn xut tht lnh ng khng kinh t v tiu hao nng lng cho qu
trnh lm lnh ng gp 3 ln lm lnh thng, mt khc cht lng thc phm
gim do nhng bin tnh khng thun nghch nhng do phi m bo n nh
ngun nguyn liu trong sn xut nn tht thng c em tr ng ri sau
mi a vo ch bin.
a. Nguyn tc
Nguyn liu c lm lnh n nhit m nc v protein b ng bng.
nhit ng cc enzym thy phn hu ht ngng hot ng, cc vi sinh vt
cng khng pht trin hoc pht trin hu nh khng ng k.
b. Mc ch
- Bo qun ngun nguyn liu.
- Hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
- c ch cc hot ng sinh ha.
- Gip cho qu trnh bo qun tht c lu.
- Gip cho vic sn xut din ra lin tc, n nh ngun nguyn liu.
- Lm gim lng vy b sung vo nguyn liu trong giai on xay.
c. Nhng bin i xy ra trong qu trnh lnh ng
Bin i v vt l:
29
Trong qu trnh lnh ng ch yu xy ra qu trnh bin i vt l m c th

l bin i v nhit . Khi cho nguyn liu vo mi trng lnh ng nhit
ca nguyn liu bin thin nh sau: nhit bt u gim n nhit ng
bng.
Sau nhit tip tc h mt t ri tng ln n im C ti nhit
nc trong sn phm bt u kt tinh nhit tr ln khng i. Khi nc trong
sn phm ng bng ht nhit tip tc gim xung n nhit ca mi
trng lnh ng.
Do s thay i nhit dn n thay i hm m trong tht nn khi lng
tht thay i. y l yu t cn c quan tm v n nh hng n tnh kinh t
ca qu trnh cng ngh.
Ngoi ra cn c s bin i v cht nc trong nguyn liu s chuyn pha.
Nc t do kt tinh trc sau n nc lin kt, qu trnh kt tinh tri qua
cc vng sau:
Vng 1: nhit t (-1)oC n (-1.5)oC nc t do bt u kt tinh.
Vng 2: nhit t (-2.5) oC n (-3)oC nc lin kt bt u kt tinh.
Vng 3: nhit t (-20) oC n (-25)oC nc lin kt v keo kt tinh.
Vng 4: nhit t (-60) oC n (-65)oC nc ng bng hon ton.
30
Nc tn ti dng tinh th, kch thc tinh th ph thuc vo tc

lm lnh ng. Tc nhanh kch thc tinh th s nh v ngc li. Nguyn
nhn c th gii thch nh sau:
Nu lm lnh chm, u tin m lp ngoi ng bng (tinh th thng
xut hin ch yu gian bo do nng mui, acid v cc cht khc ca dch
m trong gian bo nh hn so vi trong t bo v nh vy bng im ca
gian bo cao hn so vi trong t bo) trc.
Khi m nhng im ny s thp to ra s chnh lch m vi cc im
bn trong do c s chuyn m t cc im bn trong ti vng ng bng v
kt tinh tn khi bng c to lm cho tinh th bng ln dn ln.
Khi lm lnh ng vi tc nhanh th hu ht lng m trong khi nguyn
liu kt tinh ti ch v th kch thc tinh th nh b.
Ngoi ra cn mt s nhng bin i khc nh: bin i ha sinh, bin i
cu trc t bo dn n nhng bin i v cm quan nh mu sc, mi v
Bin i v vi sinh
Khi lm lnh ng vi sinh vt v enzym b km hm, tc dng thm thu ca
nguyn sinh cht vi sinh vt b gim, nc trong vi sinh vt b ng bng,
mng t bo c th b ph v lm cho vi sinh vt cht.
Bin i v ha hc
Dung dch keo sau khi lm lnh ng th khng c kh nng phc hi li
trng thi ban u. Nc lin kt b ng bng lm cho protein b bin tnh, tc
lm lnh nhanh v thi gian ngn th bin tnh gim.
Bin i v mu sc
31
Khi bo qun lnh mu ca tht thng b sm hn, do lp b mt c s

bc hi nc lm tng nng cht mu, v do s oxi ha mioglobin thnh
metmioglobin, ngoi ra mu sc ca tht c th b nh hng do hot ng ca
vi sinh vt.
d. Phng php thc hin
Tht sau khi m, trc khi a vo h thng cp ng th c a qua
phng lnh nhit khong t 0 5oC, thi gian khong t 3 4h, sau a
vo h thng cp ng, nhm mc ch gi c hu nh hon ton gi tr dinh
dng ca tht sau khi git m.
y ta thc hin ch lnh ng theo phng php gin tip v tin
hnh lnh ng nhanh trong mi trng c nhit khong (-30)oC, thi gian
cp ng khong vi chc pht, tc khng kh t 3 4m/s.
Khi nhit tm tht n (-18)oC th vo phng bo qun, nhit mi
trng trong phng bo qun l (-18)oC. Thi gian bo qun c th n 6 thng.
2.1.3. R ng [5],[7]
Trc khi s dng 2 ngy th ly nguyn liu t phng tr ng ra thc
hin qu trnh r ng.
Qu trnh r ng nhm mc ch chun b cho qu trnh ch bin tip theo:
nng cao nhit ca tht n nhit theo yu cu trong qu trnh ch bin xc
xch.
Tht khi tr ng thng c nhit tm t (-20) oC n (-18)oC. Lc ny
tht ng li thnh mt khi rt cng nn kh khn trong khi a vo my xay
thc hin qu trnh xay.
a. Bin i trong qu trnh r ng
32
Qu trnh r ng l qu trnh thun nghch so vi qu trnh lnh ng. Tuy

nhin c mt s qu trnh l khng thun nghch. Trong qu trnh r ng nhit
tht tng dn, cc tinh th tan ra dn n cc bin i trong cu trc tht v
lm cho tht mm hn, thun li cho qu trnh xay.
Ngoi ra cn c nhng bin i nh s pht trin ca mt s vi sinh vt, s
ha nhy trn b mt, trch ly dch bo
Do c s bin i protein trong qu trnh bo qun lm cho kh nng gi
nc v cn ph thuc vo qu trnh lm lnh ng nhanh hay chm: khi lm
lnh ng chm to ra cc tinh th ln c th x rch mng t bo dn n s
chy dch nhiu ngay khi lm tan gi,lm lnh ng nhanh cc tinh th to
thnh nh c th gim bt c lng dch chy ra. Dch chy ra thng cha
cc vitamin, cc mui khong, cc acid amin, tn tht v gi tr dinh dng t
nhng tn tht v trng lng c th rt ln, tht tr ln kh v x.
Qu trnh r ng c thc hin trong phng chun b c nhit 5 oC. Khi
r ng phi thc hin chm gim s hao ht v lng v cht.
b. Phng php thc hin
C 2 phng php r ng:
* Phng php 1:
Ngm tht trong nc nng cho ti khi tinh th tan hon ton. Nhit
nc t 6 800C, thi gian r ng t 10 12 gi. Vn tc ca qu trnh tan gi
trong dung dch cao hn khng kh vi ln, khi tht khng b hao ht v trng
lng m c th tng t 3 4% do ht m lp ngoi b mt. Hn ch ca
phng php l mu sc tht thay i (tht thng mt mu), hng v gim, tht
km thm, mt phn cht dinh dng b hao ht.
* Phng php 2:
33
R ng trong khng kh l qu trnh tht lnh ng tan trong mi trng

khng kh, c phng r ng. Nu r ng nhanh, nhit phng bng 160C,
thi gian tan gi 24 36h. Nu r ng chm th nhit phng l 6 80C ri
dng li cho n khi tht r ng hon ton (3 5 ngy). Sau khi tan gi, ngi
ta phi lm kh tht bng khng kh tun hon c nhit 00C, m 75%.
Phng php ny c u im: to tnh thun nghch ca qu trnh tt, nhng c
nhc im: do thi gian ko di tht d c nguy c b nhim vi sinh vt.
c. Chn ch r ng nh sau
- Mi trng: khng kh t nhin,vn tc i lu l 1m/s.
- Nhit phng: 5 oC.
- m: = 85%.
- Thi gian r ng: 18 24h.
- Nhit tm tht: (-4)oC n (-2) oC.
2.1.4. Ra [26], [7]
Nguyn liu khi r ng thng c lp mng nhn bao ph bn ngoi, khi gp
iu kin thch hp vi khun s pht trin mnh. V th ta phi ra v lm sch
nguyn liu loi tr vi khun pht trin trong qu trnh ch bin.
Qu trnh thc hin trong phng chun b, ra bng vi nc p sut lc mnh.
Tht sau khi ra c lm ro bng cch thng gi t nhin hay nhn to.
2.1.5. Xay th [26], [7]
a. Mc ch
34
Qu trnh xay th nhm gim kch thc ca khi tht lnh ng to iu

kin cho qu trnh xay nhuyn, phi trn v sau trn my cutter.
b. Cc bin i xy ra.
- Bin i vt l: tht thay i kch thc tu thuc vo loi my s dng,
thi gian ct v vo bn cht ca nguyn liu Trong qu trnh ct, do ma st
s lm nhit ca khi tht tng
- Bin i ho l: Di tc dng ca dao ct, m c v m m b ph hu
cc mi lin kt trong m lm bin dng cu trc. Vic kt ni gia cc ht phn
ct ch yu nh vo nhng c tnh chc nng ca prtin ho tan ca khi tht.
Lng prtin ny phng thch t trong qu trnh ct tht.
Thit b dng xay th l my mincer.
2.1.6. Qu trnh xay nhuyn v phi trn [26],[7]
a. Mc ch
Qu trnh xay nhuyn ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong quy trnh sn
xut xc xch tit trng. Qu trnh ny nhm mc ch to ln mt h nh tng
bn ca tt c cc thnh phn vt cht c trong xc xch nh: nguyn liu ( tht
nc, m heo, da heo), gia v, ph gia, to nn mt h ng nht. Qu trnh ny
s nh hng trc tip n cc qu trnh sau ny.
Nu nh qu trnh xay nhuyn khng c tt, nguyn liu khng c xay
nhuyn th rt kh khn cho qu trnh nhi v ng clip sau ny (nu sn phm
sau ng clip m cn gn th s phi a v giai on ti ch).
Hn na nu khng xay nhuyn nguyn liu, h nh tng to thnh khng
bn th cng s nh hng n qu trnh hp v tit trng sau ny, v n s nh
hng n kh nng to gel ca protein khi b bin tnh, lm cho sn phm cng
khng u, lm gim gi tr cm quan ca thc phm.
35
b. Phng php thc hin

Nguyn liu gm c tht nc, m heo sau khi xay th t kch thc = 3
5mm s c a vo trong qu trnh xay nhuyn. thi gian u (1- 3 vng
quay u tin), ta cho my hot ng chm ng thi cho hn hp cc mui,
nitrite, phosphat vo. protein t ti mc hot ng tt, ta cho my quay kh
(khng cho thm nc vy vo).
Sau khi my quay c t 3 4 vng, ta cho thm nc vy vo. Nc
vy c vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh xay nhuyn v n l thnh phn
ca nc to nh tng, ha tan cc mui v c bit l gi nhit hn
hp di 12oC.
Sau khi cho vy vo, ta cho my quay vi tc nhanh khong 20 vng
(lc ny nhit khi tht t khong 4 oC, ta tip tc cho thm m, da v 1/3
lng nc vy vo hn hp v tip tc cho my vn hnh tc cao trong
khong 30 vng na (lc ny nhit hn hp khong 6 oC) ta s cho my chm
li v cho hng liu, gia v v 1/3 lng nc vy cn li vo v cho my
vn hnh tc cao tr li khong 30 vng na.
Trong thi gian ny, tt c tht, m, da c xay nhuyn t kch thc =
0.2 0.5mm. Hn hp ny v nc (tan ra t vy), to nn mt h nh
tng. Quan st hn hp dc ng nht ta dng my xay nhuyn v nhanh
chng a khi tht c xay nhuyn ra khi thit b xay trc khi nhit
h nh tng vt qu 12 oC, v khi nhit h nh tng qu 12 oC th h s
khng bn v to nn hin tng tch lp gia m, nc, proteinv khng to
thnh sn phm c.
* Gii thch mt s vn trong phng php thc hin qu trnh xay nhuyn
[9], [10]
36
Trong qu trnh xay th v thi gian u ca qu trnh xay nhuyn khng

cho vy l v: to s hnh thnh gel protein trong tht xy ra thun li. Khi din
ra qu trnh xay lm cho protein trong tht b bin tnh, cc cu trc protein bc
cao b ph hy, lin kt gia cc phn t b t cc nhm bn ca acid amin trc
n pha trong th by gi xut hin ra ngoi.
Cc mch protein b dui ra, gn nhau, tip xc vi nhau v lin kt li vi
nhau to thnh mt mng li khng gian ba chiu m mi v tr tip xc ca
mch l mt nt hnh thnh s to gel protein trong tht. Cc nt mng li c
th c to ra do nhng tng tc k nc.
Khi cc nhm ny gn nhau tng tc vi nhau hnh thnh ra nhng lin kt
hydrophop, cc phn t nc bao quanh chng b y ra v chng c khuynh
hng t li. tng tc a bo thng c n nh v tng cng khi tng nhit
, lm cho cc mch polypeptit st li vi nhau hn, hnh thnh khi gel n nh
hn. Do trong qu trnh xay nhit ca nguyn liu tng ln tc ng tch cc
n qu trnh hnh thnh gel.
Sau li cho thm vy vo nguyn liu trong qu trnh xay nhuyn l
v: n nh trng thi gel ca protein. Nt mng li c to ra do cc lin
kt hydro gia cc nhm peptit vi nhau.
Nhit cng thp th lin kt hydro cng c tng cng v cng c v
cng c iu kin to ra nhiu cu ni hydro. Lin kt hydro l lin kt yu, to
ra mt s linh ng no gia cc phn t vi nhau, do lm cho gel c
do nht nh, khi gia nhit th cc lin kt hydro s b t do vy phi thm
vy vo.
Ngoi ra th thm vy vo cn c tc dng to v lm bn nh tng, do
khi gia nhit lm gim nht v cng ca mng protein c hp th b
mt lin pha do lm gim bn ca nh tng.
37
Sau khi xay c mt khong thi gian mi cho m vo l v: tip tc xay

nhuyn tht lm cho protein dn mch nhiu v tri rng hn, khi tip xc vi
cht bo, nhanh chng to thnh tng tc a bo vi cc git cht bo, s to ra
cc mng mng c tnh hp th c tnh nht n hi tt v s cho nh tng rt
bn. Cho hng liu v gia v vo sau cng l v gim lng tn tht hng
khi b sung vo trong qu trnh xay.
Xay c tc dng tt trong s to thnh nh tng ca hn hp (tht, m, da
heo, nc vy): nh tng l h phn tn ca hai cht lng khng trn ln
nhau m mt trong hai c mt di dng nhng git nh ca pha b phn tn
(m), cn cht lng di dng pha phn tn lin tc (nc vy). Xay c tc
dng lm cho nhng git ca pha b phn tn c ng knh nh, phn tn u,
ngn chn s hp git mt cch t pht lm kh bn nh tng.
2.1.7. Qu trnh nhi v nh lng
a. Mc ch: [26]
Qu trnh nhi nhm to cho sn phm c hnh dng, kch thc n nh v
ng nht. Ngoi ra, qu trnh nhi (chn khng) cng vi vic v bao b v
ng clip cn c tc dng hn ch s xm nhp ca oxy v cc loi vi sinh vt
gy hi cho sn phm.
Hn na, qu trnh nhi v v bao cn ng vai tr nh mt qu trnh chun
b cho qu trnh tit trng, lm cho sn phm c kt dnh cao, ng thi c
nh gel v lm cho sn phm cng u, tng gi tr cm quan.
b. Phng php thc hin: [26]
Hn hp nguyn liu sau khi xay nhuyn s c chuyn qua my nhi. Ti
y, hn hp s c a qua mt h thng ng ng v c bao gi. Mt h
thng cn in t s lp chng trnh sn iu khin li dao ct sn phm
vi nhng khong bng nhau (tc khi lng tng ng nhau).
38
Sau , sn phm s c ng clip nhm 2 u v c a ra khi my

nhi chun b cho qu trnh tit trng. Ton b qu trnh c thc hin
qu trnh chn khng nhm hn ch ti a s nhim khun cho sn phm.
* V bc dng nhi l cc loi v sau: [27]
* V bc t nhin: c lm t rut heo, cu, b hoc d, c th c mui
hay phi kh, c nhoc im l khng m bo v sinh, kch thc khng
ng u, sn phm khng ng nht, kh ng gi.
* V bc nhn to: do v bc t nhin v collagen khng p ng c
lng xc xch sn xut ra hng triu tn mi nm trn th gii nn cc nh sn
xut to ra loi v bc nhn to p ng s thiu ht .
u m ca v bc nhn to l kch thc ng nht, d bo qun, d s
dng. C cc loi sau:
- V bc plastic: c nhiu mu sc khc nhau nh , vng, nu hoc
trong sut. Trn th trng c tn gi l Betan casing, Optan casing. Betan
l loi plastic c cha loi protein c bit c kh nng co dn cao, rt chc
v bn, chu c cc th thch v lc nhi v bm kp, m bo sn phm
khng b nh, lun chc chn khi thi lt. ng thi c kh nng ngn cn
oxy v tia cc tm nn khng ch c hin tng sm mu sm ca xc
xch. Trc khi s dng nn ngm vo nc lnh ti thiu 30 pht.
- V bc fribrous: Mt trong ca v bc c ph mt lp protein, v
th loi ny c th co dn ty theo kch thc ca sn phm trong qu trnh
lm kh. Ngoi ra loi v bc ny cn c cc th si cellulose chy dc
theo chiu di lm gia tng bn, dai, nn c th nhi cng hn, ct cht
hn v c th loi b cc ti kh, bt kh hnh thnh trong qu trnh nhi.
Tn gi trn th trng l Wolff Walsrode casing, Fibrous casing PK.
39
- V bc cellulose: trong thnh phn c cha 65% cellulose v c ng

knh t 14-38 mm.
- V bc collagen: c th n c, lm t da b. Da b sau khi lm sch
m v tht dnh trn da, c x lm i. Mt trn dng lm da thuc, mt
di lm nguyn liu sn xut v bc. Collagen c chit tch, lc qua
nhiu cng on ri c lm v bc thnh phm. Loi ny c u dim l
m bo v sinh, kch thc ng nht, c th n c. Collagen c th
thay th hon ton rut kh quy m cng nghip. Tn thng mi l
Colfan casing, Nturin-R2.
2.1.8. Tit trng
a. Mc ch
+ Lm chn sn phm
+ Tiu dit vi sinh vt
+ Ci thin cu trc
b. Nhng bin i din ra
nhit v p sut cao, cc thnh phn trong cy xc xch c lm chn,
cy xc xch s trng n ng u .
c.Thit b
Thit b s dng l ni autoclave.
Xc xch c sp xp ngay ngn trong cc khay inox , sau c a vo
bn tit trng. y l bn tit trng theo kiu nu t, khi lng mt m l
800 kg.
d. Cc thng s lm vic
40
+ p sut i khng Pk = 2,3 kgf/cm2.

+ p sut th Pt = 8 kgf/cm2 .
+ Nhit tm sn phm : 121 0C
+ Thi gian gi nhit gn= 12 pht i vi cy 40g, gn = 17 pht i vi
cy 70g.
e. Cc s c c th xy ra v cch x l
+ Khi p sut i khng khng t 2,3 kgf/cm2 cn bng vi p sut
trng n ca cy xc xch th s lm cho cy xc xch trng n khng ng
u.V vy cn phi ch trng iu chnh p sut cho chnh xc.
+ Cc thng s : nhit , p sut ,thi gian c ci t m khi hot
ng c cc sai lch th cng nh hng n cht lng ca xc xch nh:cy xc
xch b mm.
2.1.9. Sy kh [7], [26]
a. Mc ch:
Trong qu trnh tit trng ,cy xc xch c trng n trong mi trng
nc,nn khi a vo bo qun vi sinh vt s pht trin v xm nhp vo cy
xc xch hai u clip,ni c m cao.Vy mc ch ca sy l lm kh nc
hai u clip ca cy xc xch ,hn ch s h hng ca sn phm,ko di thi
gian bo qun.
b. Nhng bin i xy ra
Cy xc xch c lm kh
c. Thit b , my mc
41
Xc xch c sy trong bn tit trng,dng khng kh nng lm kh

sn phm.
d. Cc thng s lm vic
Nhit sy : tos = 70 80 0C
Nhit tm sn phm: ttm= 50 55 0C
Thi gian sy : 510 pht.
Wkk v =30%; Wkkr=55%
Sau khi sy,sn phm c em lm ngui trc khi dn nhn.
HNH: MY HP XC XCH
2.1.10. Lm ngui [7], [26]
Sau khi thc hin qu trnh sy th nhit ca cy xc xch khong t
70oC n 80oC. thc hin vic dn nhn v v thng th phi lm ngui cy
xc xch. V nu nhit qu cao th nhn d b bc ra v qu trnh hon
thin gp nhiu kh khn. Do sn phm xc xch c a qua kho tr mt
m h nhit . y l phng php lm ngui sn phm bng khng kh t
nhin.
42
2.1.11. ng gi
a. Mc ch
- Mc ch vn chuyn: vic ng gi khng nhng bo v cho xc xch
trnh khi va p c hc trong lc vn chuyn m cn to iu kin tt cho qu
trnh bc xp c nhanh chng gn gng.
- Mc ch bo v: cng nh nhiu loi thc phm khc, xc xch d b bin
i v cht lng khi c tc ng xu ca cc yu t bn ngoi nh: m,
nhit , nh sng, vi sinh vt, Chc nng bo v xc xch ca bao b th
hin r trong qu trnh chuyn ch, bo qun v s dng . Xc xch d b bin
dng, sy st, dp nt. Nhng hin tng i khi dn ti s mt mt ng
tic v khi lng cng nh cht lng. Bi vy, vic bao gi v ng gi xc
xch c kh nng gip xc xch trnh c nhng tc ng c hc bn ngoi v
che ch xc xch khi b nhim bn, nhim c t bn ngoi.
- Mc ch hon thin: vic bao gi v ng gi xc xch nhm to iu kin
thun li cho ngi tiu dng, ng thi tng cng hnh thc bn ngoi thu
ht cm tnh ngi tiu dng.
b. Phng php thc hin: [7]
Sau khi c lm ngui sn phm xc xch s c ra bn v cng nhn
dn nhn cho tng cy xc xch, ri xp vo thng carton. giai on ny c
th dng cc bng chuyn t ng dn nhn v cc thit b m t ng vo
thng carton.
2.1.12. Bo qun:
Xc xch sau khi c dn nhn v bao gi s c bo qun nhit
thng, trnh tip xc trc tip vi nh sng v nhit cao. V khi bo qun
iu kin c nh sng v nhit cao th s xy ra cc qu trnh c tc ng xu
43
n xc xch nh qu trnh oxy ha axit bo khng no c trong xc xch lm

gim gi tr ca xc xch v y nhanh qu trnh h hng xc xch do s to thnh
cc peroxit, aldehyt, xeton,
2.1.13. T l phi trn nguyn liu [26]
Tn nguyn liu
Nc heo
M heo xay nhuyn
Da heo xay nhuyn
Nc vy
Protein u nnh
Tinh bt
Tari K7
% Khi lng
35,63
22,68
19,44
16,20
1,94
1,30
0,29
Tn nguyn
liu
Mui nitrite
ng
Tiu
Bt ngt
Mui (NaCl)
Erythrosine
Vitamin C
% Khi lng
1,68
0,13
0,29
0,10
0,06
0,58
0,10
2.2. Cc ri ro v cch khc phc [7]

Trong qu trnh ch bin xc xch tit trng, mi nguy ln nht l vi sinh vt.
y l mi nguy tm n c nguy c cao. S pht trin ca chng c nh hng
khng nh n xc xch tit trng.
Xc xch tit trng l mt loi sn phm thc phm dng n lin khng qua
ch bin li v c thi gian bo qun lu, nn vn vi sinh vt gy c tn ti
trong xc xch phi c nghin cu k.nh ch bin phi m bo sao cho sn
phm ca mnh n tay ngi tiu dng phi t tiu chun an ton, v sinh v dinh
dng. Mt cch tng qut, vi sinh vt lun c mt khp mi giai on ch bin
nhng ty theo s lng t hay nhiu c nguy him cho thc phm hay khng l ty
thuc k thut ca cng on .
* Ri ro trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun c th do cc nguyn nhn sau:
- Nguyn liu, gia v, ph gia khng c kim tra cc ch tiu cht lng cht
ch dn n cc mi nguy v sinh, l, ha hc cho sn phm. T lm cho sn
phm km cht lng v khng an ton.
44
- Trong cc cng on ch bin, cng nhn hay ngi vn hnh khng tun th
ch v sinh nghim ngt, khng thc hin nghim tc cc yu cu k thut (nh
ch nhit , thi gian).
- Cc s c xy ra t my mc m ngi vn hnh khng pht hin hay khng
iu chnh kp thi.
- Qu trnh bo qun xc xch tit trng khng ng quy nh.
- Tt c cc ri ro trn s c hn ch n mc thp nht khi ta p dng h
thng tiu chun HACCP vo quy trnh cng ngh.
- Ri ro trong qu trnh phn phi sn phm n tay ngi tiu dng:
- Do cc h thng phn phi bo qun khng ng quy nh.
- Do sn phm c tiu th khi qu hn s dng.
* Khc phc :
hn ch cc ri ro ny, cn phi xy dng cc knh phn phi phn phi
sn phm trc tip n tay ngi tiu dng, thu hi sn phm qu hn, cung cp
thng tin v sn phm n tay ngi tiu dng.
Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh sn xut cn gp cc s c v in, chy n, cc s c
v an ton lao ng. khc phc cc s c ny, cn tun th nghim ngt cc quy
nh v an ton lao ng, an ton in, phng chy cha chy.
3. Thit b
3.1.My bm tht (mincer):
3.1.1.Mc ch: [26]
45
My bm tht l my dng bm tht nh khong 3 5mm thun li

cho qu trnh xay nhuyn tip theo.
3.1.2. Cu to: [2]

y l dng my n trc vt, gm np y cha tht hay m bm, mt
ng xon c gi l vit ti chuyn tht n b phn dao ct. Pha trc dao cui
cng c mt vng trn c mt vng ni c tc dng ct t tht nhanh.
a. Nguyn tc hot ng: [7]
My mincer khi xay thc hin hai ch trn v xay ng thi. Kch thc ht
tht c iu chnh theo yu cu bi cc vng c ng knh khc nhau.
46
Tht sau khi c r ng s c a vo cho nhp liu ca my mincer,

ti y tht s c h thng trc vt y i n li dao ct gn ng trc vi
trc vt v s c ct nh.
St pha sau li dao ct c tm chn dng nh mt tm ry (tht nu c
kch thc nh hn kch thc l trn tm chn th s cho lt qua, nu khng th
s b gi li trn tm chn v s c li dao tip tc ct).Nh vy tht sau khi
xay th s c kch thc 3 5mm v s c tho ra ngoi theo ng ng ng
trc vi trc xon vt.
3.2. My cutter:
3.2.1. Mc ch: [26]
L my chuyn ct tht thnh nhng phn t nhuyn hoc thnh dng nh
tng bn ca tt c cc thnh phn vt cht c trong xc xch nh; nguyn liu,
ph gia, ph liuto mt h ng nht.
a.Cu to: [2]
Trong my c mt h thng dao quay vi tc t 500 5000rpm. H
thng dao gm cc h thng dao ct 3, 6, 9, 12dao. Ty theo nhu cu s dng
m dng. Ct tht thnh dng nh tng mn l chc nng rt chuyn bit ca
my ct.
47
b. Nguyn tc lm vic ca my cutter:[7]

Tht s c vo cho, cho ny c th quay c vi tc chm trong
khi li dao s ct vi vn tc nhanh (1500vng/pht 4500 vng/pht) v
s ct hn hp nguyn liu ra dng nh tng.
Trong thc t c nhiu loi my cutter ty vo iu kin sn xut m ta s
dng loi my ph hp.
2.1. My bm tht tc cao [28]
Dng xay nhuyn cc loi tht vi cc mc khc nhau v vn v dng nh
tng nh t da th.
48
2.2 My bm tht chn khng: [28]

To ra sn phm tht ng nht. Thit k cho ra cc sn phm tht bm vi mc
khc nhau v vn v nh tng t m
49
3.3. My dn tht (filler)

3.3.1.Mc ch: [26]
Tht sau khi xay nhuyn s c a qua my nhi v nh lng to
hnh v ng nht cy xc xch.
3.3.2. Nguyn tc lm vic ca my: [2]

Tht s c a vo cho nhp liu, sau s c a qua mt ng
ng v c ng bao v ng clip nhm hai u hnh thnh hnh dng ca
mt cy xc xch.
Ngy nay s dng loi my nhi chn khng,khng kh c rt ra trong
qu trnh nhi,nhm gim s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
3.4. My ng gi chn khng (vacuum packaging machine):[2],[29]
Sn phm sau khi hon thnh cn c bao gi. Sn phm phi c t trong
bao plastic chn khng, phn ln cc bao ny c nhiu lp. Bao plastic khng cho
khng kh i vo sau khi rt chn khng v hn kn. My ng gi chn khng
50
hin i c gi l my phng gas m trong hn hp gas c thi vo sau khi

ht chn khng. Loi hn hp kh ny c tc dng ngn nga vi khun pht
trin.
3.5.Thit b tr ng:[7], [26]

3.5.1.Muc ch:
Bo qun ngun nguyn liu, hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, hn ch
cc phn ng ha sinh. To ra c ngun nguyn liu n nh.
Thit b tr ng l kho lnh vi nng sut 1000kg/m.
3.6. Thit b r ng:[7],[26]

3.6.1.Mc ch:
51
Sau khi tr ng (thng thng ti a khong 6 thng), tht thng rt

cng, v vy trc khi sn xut cn r ng chun b cho cc qu trnh tip
theo.
Thit b r ng thng l cn phng kn, ngi ta s xp tht vo v cho
lung khng kh lnh ( khong 50C) thi vo vi vn tc xc nh.
3.6.2. Cc thng s lm vic ca phng r ng
- Nhit : 50C.
- Thi gian: 24h.
- Vn tc kh: 1m/s.
- m: 85%.
Tht sau khi qua qu trnh r ng s c nhit ti tm tht khong -40 n
20C.
3.7. My hp tit trng:[7],[26]
3.7.1.Mc ch:
Lc ny, sn phm cn ang dng sng, ta hp tit trng lm chn sn
phm, tiu dit vi sinh vt v n nh cu trc sn phm.
My hp tit trng l mt phng hp c dng:
52
3.7.2. Thng s lm vic

Sn phm c xp vo phng hp, v c hp vi nhit 1210C trong
thi gian 15 pht.
4. Mt s tiu chun
4.1. TCVN [30], [26]
DANH SCH CC TIU CHUN THUC TUYN TP
TIU CHUN VIT NAM V THT
STT
S hiu TC
TCVN 48331:2002
Ngy ban
hnh
2002
53
Tiu
Ni dung
Tht v sn phm tht. Ly mu v

chun b mu th. Phn 1: Ly
mu
Chi tit
2002
Tht v sn phm tht. Ly mu v

chun b mu th. Phn 2: Chun
b mu th kim tra vi sinh vt
Chi tit
TCVN 4835:2002
2002
Tht v sn phm tht. o pH.

Phng php chun
Chi tit
TCVN 4836-89
25/12/1989
Tht v sn phm tht. Phng

php xc nh hm lng clorua
Chi tit
TCVN 5110-90
24/12/1990 Ch bin gia cm. Yu cu v sinh
Chi tit
TCVN 5147-90
31/12/1990
Tht v sn phm ca tht. Phng

php xc nh d lng penixilin
Chi tit
TCVN 5148-90

31/12/1990
php xc nh d lng
streptomyxin
Chi tit
TCVN 5149-90

31/12/1990
php xc nh d lng
aureomyxin
Chi tit
TCVN 5150-90
31/12/1990

php xc nh d lng thyroxin
Chi tit
10
TCVN 5151-90
31/12/1990

php xc nh hm lng ch
Chi tit
11
TCVN 5152-90

31/12/1990 php xc nh hm lng thy
ngn
Chi tit
12
TCVN 5153-90
31/12/1990

php pht hin Salmonella
Chi tit
13
TCVN 5154-90
31/12/1990

php pht hin Bacillus anthracis
Chi tit
14
TCVN 5155-90

31/12/1990
php pht hin v m s
Escherichia coli
Chi tit
15
TCVN 5156-90
31/12/1990

php pht hin v m s
staphylococus-aureus
Chi tit
16
TCVN 5165-90
31/12/1990
Sn phm thc phm. Phng

php xc nh tng s vi khun
hiu kh
Chi tit
17
TCVN 5168-90
31/12/1990 Tht ti. Hng dn chung v k
TCVN 48332:2002
54
Chi tit

thut ch bin v yu cu v sinh
hp tht v tht rau. Phng
18
TCVN 5247-90
31/12/1990 php xc nh hm lng nitrit v
Chi tit
nitrat
Tht v sn phm tht. Phng
19
TCVN 5667:1992 16/7/1992
php xc nh tng s vi khun
Chi tit
hiu kh
20
TCVN 6389:2003
2003
21
TCVN 7046:2002 2002
22
TCVN 7047:2002
23
TCVN 7048:2002 2002
24
TCVN 7049:2002 2002
25
TCVN 7050:2002
2002
Tht cua ng hp
Chi tit
Tht ti. Quy nh k thut
Chi tit
Tht lnh ng. Quy nh k thut
Chi tit
Tht hp. Quy nh k thut
Chi tit
Tht ch bin c x l nhit. Quy

nh k thut
Tht ch bin khng qua x l
2002
nhit. Quy nh k thut
Chi tit
Chi tit
Tht v sn phm tht. nh lng

26
TCVN 7135:2002
2002
E.Coli. K thut m khun lc
Chi tit
44oC s dng mng lc

Tht v sn phm tht. Pht hin v
nh lng Enterobacteriaceae
27
TCVN 7136:2002
2002
khng qua qu trnh phc hi. K
Chi tit
thut MPN v k thut m khun

lc
28
TCVN 7137:2002 2002
nm men v nm mc. K thut
Chi tit
m khun lc
29
TCVN 7138:2002
2002
Pseudomonas spp.
55
Chi tit

30
TCVN 7139:2002
2002
brochthrix thermosphacta. K
Chi tit
thut m khun lc
Tht v sn phm tht. Pht hin
31
TCVN 7140:2002
2002
phm mu. Phng php s dng
Chi tit
sc k lp mng
Tht v sn phm tht. Xc nh
32
TCVN 7141:2002 2002
phospho tng s. Phng php
Chi tit
quang ph
33
TCVN 7142:2002
Tht v sn phm tht. Xc nh tro
2002
tng s
Chi tit
4.1.1. Trng thi cm quan v cc ch tiu ha l i vi mt s mt hng

lng thc, thc phm chnh [1]
a. Tht ti
* Trng thi cm quan
Bn ngoi: mng ngoi kh, m, mu sc, mi v bnh thng. Ch vt ct
khi tht: mu sc bnh thng, sng, kh, rn chc, n hi cao. Ty bm
cht vo thnh ng ty, n hi, trong.
* Ch tiu l ha
- Tht ti c phn ng giy qu: axt
- pH ca nc tht (10g tht xay nh + 100ml nc ct trung tnh):5,0-6,4
- Phn ng Ebe (nh tnh amoniac):m tnh
- Hm lng amoniac: 8-18mg/100 kg tht
- Phn ng vi thuc th ch axetat (nh tnh H2S): m tnh
56
b. Tht p lnh
* Trng thi cm quan
- Bn ngoi: mng ngoi kh cng, mu ti n thm
- Ch vt ct: km kh hn, mu sc ti hn, ty mu vng m trng, mi
bnh thng
* Ch tiu ha l
- Phn ng vi giy qu: axt
- Phn ng Ebe (nh tnh amoniac):m tnh
- Phn ng vi thuc th ch axetat (nh tnh H2S): m tnh
- Hm lng amoniac khng qu 40mg/100g tht
c. Du, m, b:
* Trng thi cm quan
Mu sc bnh thng (c trng cho tng loi), trong, khng vn c, khng
i kht, khng c mi v khc l
* Ch tiu l ha
- Hm lng nc khng qu 0,2-0,3%.
- chua khng qu 6 (s ml NaOH 1N dng trung ha 100g du).
- Phn ng Kreiss (xc nh i kht): m tnh.
- Ch s peroxyt khng qu 5 (s ml Natri thiosulfat 0,002N (N/500) dng
kh 1g du).
57
d. Lp xng, xc xch
* Trng thi cm qun
Lp xng, xc xch tt: s chc tay, mt ngoi kh, khng c mi v kh
chu: chua, khai (NH3), thi. Vt nht ct kh, mu sng, ti, khng c l, phn
m c mu trng.
* Trng thi l ha
- m khng qu 60%
- T l tinh bt pha trn (di dng vn bnh m, khoai ty nghin) di 10%.
- Phn ng Eber (xc nh NH3): m tnh
- Ch dng phm mu theo danh mc quy nh
- Phn ng Kreiss (xc nh i kht): m tnh trn phn m
4.1.2. Gia v [24]
a. Mui tinh (NaCl)
Tn ch tiu
Mu sc
Mi
Yu cu
Trng, trong
Khng c mi
Dung dch mui 5% c v
mn thun khit, khng c v
Dng bn ngoi
C ht
Hm lng NaCl theo %
khi lng kh
Hm lng cht khng tan
58
l
Kh ro, ti u, trng sch
1 1,5 mm
> 97%
< 25%
trong nc theo % khi

lng cht kh
b. Bt ngt
Tn ch tiu
Yu cu
Bt mn, khng vn cc, d tan
trong nc, s lng im en
Trng thi
trong 10cm2 < 2
Mu sc
Trng
Thm khng ln chua, khng
Mi
tanh, khng c mi l khc

Ngt c trng ca bt ngt
< 0,14%
6,57,0
> 80%
< 18%
< 0,05%
< 0,002%
V
Hm lng nc
pH ca dung dch
Hm lng natri glutamat
Hm lng NaCl
St
Gc sulfat (SO42-)
c. ng
Cc ch tiu
Hnh dng
Mi v
Yu cu
Dng tinh th tng i u, ti kh,
khng vn
Tinh th cng nh dung dch ng
trong nc ct c v ngt, khng c
mi v l
Tt c tinh th u trng ng nh, khi
Mu sc
pha trong nc ct th c dch

trong sut
d. Bt tiu
Tn ch tiu
Yu cu
Ti, mn, kh, khng ln tp
Trng thi
cht, c ht nh hn 0,2 mm
Mu xm
Mu sc
59

Cay nng t nhin, mi thm
Mi v
c trng
Khng c
< 13%
Nm mc, su mt
Hm lng m
Cht khng bay hi chit c (%
6%
khi lng cht kh)

Tinh du bay hi (ml/100g khi
lng cht kh)

Hm lng piperin (% khi lng
4%
kh)
Tro tng s (% khi lng kh)
Tro khng tan trong axit (% khi
< 6%
< 1,2%
lng kh)
4.1.3. Ph gia [24]
- Mui nitrite (NaNO2) : liu lng ti a cho php l 125 ppm.

- Tari (polyphotphat) : liu lng cho php 9g/1kg nguyn liu (tnh theo
P205).
- Bt ngt: Vit Nam Vin dinh dng quc gia (B Y T) cho php s
dng bt ngt ti a 6g/ngy. Liu lng ti a l 10g/1kg nguyn liu.
4.1.4. Hm lng kim loi cho php trong cc loi thc phm [1]
n v tnh: mg/kg (ppm)
TT
1
2
3
Tn thc
Asen
Ch
ng Thic
Km
phm
(As)
(Pb)
(Cu)
(Sn)
(Zn)
20
40
40
0.1
5
0.1
2
0.1
30
40
40
40
40
Tht v sn
phm tht
Du m
Gia v
Thy
Cadimi
Antimon
(Cd)
(Sb)
0.05
0.05
0.05
1
1
1
1
ngn
(Hg)
4.1.5. Gii hn d lng thuc th y ti a cho php trong sn phm tht [1]
60
S TT
Tn thuc v ADI
Tn sn phm
Gii hn d lng
cho php ti a
Thuc tr giun, sn
1
Tht nc, tht m
Levamisol
ADI: 0 - 6
Thuc khng sinh
-
10g/kg
Tht
300g/kg
Spectinomycin
ADI: 0 40
-
Sunfadimin
Tht, gan, thn,
ADI: 0 - 50
Glucocorticosteroit
100g/kg
0.5g/kg
3
Tht, thn
Dexamethazon
ADI: 0 0.015
Trypanocit
Tht
Diminazon
500g/kg
ADI: 0 - 100
4.1.6. D lng thuc bo v thc vt trong thc phm [1]

Thuc bo v thc vt l ch phm c ngun gc t ha cht, thc vt,
ng vt, vi sinh vt dng phng, tr vi sinh vt gy hi ti nguyn thc vt
Code (CAC) xp theo ti liu CODEX ALIMENTARIUS VOLUME 2B
1996
S
TT
Code
Thuc bo v thc vt
Tn thng
Tn ha hc
(CAC)
ADI
(mg)
61
Thc phm
Gii hn
tn d
dng
ti a
(2,4,5
121
2,4,5 - T
trichloropheno
0.03
Tht
(mg/kg)
0.05
0.3
Tht
0.05
Tht v m
0.1
xy) acetic acid

(2,4
2
20
2,4 - D
dichlorophenox
y) acetic acid
O, S
95
acephat
dimethyl
acetylphosphor
cc loi gia
0.03
amidothioate
cm.
u tng
0.5
2 methyl 2
(methylthio)
4
117
aldicarb
propionaldehyd
eO-
Tht gia sc,

0.03
sa
u tng
methylcarbamo
0.01
0.02
yloxime
5
Aldrin v
0.0001
dieldrin
Tht
N, N
Tht tru, b
(methylimino)
6
122
Amitraz
dimethylidine]
0.003
di 2,4 xylidine
4,6 dichloro
163
Anilazine
chlorophenyl)
1,3,5
129
Azinphos -
62
0.1
Tht gia
0.1
cm, gia
0.02
sc, trng
triazin 2 amine
S 3,4
0.05
ln
Tht cu
N (2
0.2
0.005
u tng,
0.05

dihydro 4
oxo 1,2,3
khoai ty
benzotriazin
methyl
3-ylmethyl
Cc loi
O,O -
qu, ht tiu
dimethylphosp
horodithioate
Tri
10
129
Azoxycloti
(cyclohexyl)
1H 1,2,4
0.007
Nho,tht,u
0.2
triazol l -yltin
Sa,th,m
v cc phn
2,2 dimethyl
khc ( ca
1,3
12
137
bendiocard
benzodioxol
4
gia cm,gia
0.004
ty, c ci
mate
178
bifenthrin
2
methylbiphenyl
3
ylmethyl(Z)
(1RS,3RS) 3
(2 chloro3,3,3
trifluoroprop -1
eny) 2,2 =
dimethylcyclop
ropanecarboxyl
63
0.05
ng, khoai
ylmethylcarba
14
sc), trn
0.02
ng
Bu dc b
Trng g
Gan, bu
0.2
0.01
dc(tru
b), cam
chanh,nho,k
hoai ty,tht
0.05
m v cc
phn khc
ca g
u H
Lan.
Tht(tru b)
0.5

ate
5-benzyl-3-
Bt m, la
furylmethyl(1R
m
Mm la m
,3R)-2,215
93
Bioresmeth
dimethyl-3-(2-
rin
methylprop-1-
1
3
0.03
Cm la m
enyl)
cyclopropaneca
rboxylate
C ci
ng,
khoai ty,
1-naphythyl
21
Carbanyl
methylcarbama
0.01
22
23
24
72
96
11
Carbendazi
m
Carbofuran
Carbophen
othion
g, tht vt
Da g vt
Sa,
Methyl
benzimidazol-
tht tru, b,
d, cu
Bt m, tht
te
0.01
2ylcarbamate
tht(tru, b
cu g) ,
2;3- dihydro
trng
Tht, m v
2,2
cc phn
dimethylbenzof
uran 7 -
0.01
khc (ca
tru, b, d,
ylmethylcarba
cu, ln),
mate
S4
sa
chlorophenylth
Tht tru,
iomethyl 0,0 -
b, cu
diethylphospho
0.2
0.5
5
0.1
0.05
rodithioate
26
80
chinomethi
0.006
64
Tht gia sc
0.05
onat
12
1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8
Tht
0.05
octachloro
2,3,3a,4,7,7a
27
chlordane
Tht g, tht
hexahydro
vt
0.5
4,7
methanoindene
2 chloro 1(2,4
28
14
cholorfenvi
dichlorophenyl
nphos
) vinyl
0.005
Tht gia sc
0.2
Tht g
0.1
diethylphospha
te
O,O diethyl
32
17
chlorpyrifo
s
0-3,5,6
trichloro -2-
0.01
tht g ty
pyridylphospho
rothioate
O,O diethyl
33
90
Chlorpyrifo
s - methyl
0.01
pyridylphospho
34
156
ne
1,2,4,5 -
khc ( ca
0.05
Tht( tru,
3,6 bis (2
chlorophenyl)-
cc phn
g, tru, b)
rothioate
chlofentezi
0.2
Tht m v
0-3,5,6
trichloro -2-
Tht cu,
b), tht v
0.02
cc phn
0.05
khc ca g
tetrazine
vt
Tricyclohexyl 38
67
cyhexatin
hydroxystanna
ne
65
0.007
Tht
0.02

(RS)
Tht g, vt
0.05
Tht
0.2
cyano -3phenoxybanzyl
(1RS, 3RS,
39
118
cypermethr
in
3RS; 1RS,
3SR) -3- (2,2
0.05
dichchloroviny
l) 2,2 =
dimethylcyclo
propanecarbox
ylate
N
40
169
Cyromazon
e
cyclopropyl
1,3,5 triazine
0.02
2,4,6 -
Tht cu,
tht g, vt
0.05
triamine
1,1,1- trichloro
41
21
DDT
2,2-bis (4chlorophenyl)
0.02
ethane
(S) cyano
Tht
Tht g, vt
0.01
Tht
0.5
Tht tru,
0.7
-3phenoxybenzyl
42
135
deltamethri
n
( 1R,3R) -3(2,2
0.01
dobromovinyl)
panecarboxylat
43
22
Diazinon
e
O,O diethyl
0-2- isopropyl
66
0.002
b, ln, cu

6
methylpyrimidi
n 4ylphosphorothi
oate
2,2
45
25
Dichlorvos
dichlorovinyl
dimethylphosp
Tht tu, b,
0.004
48
130
on
chlorophenyl)
-3- (2,6-
Tht v cc
0.02
difluorobenzoy
dimethipin
1,4 dithi ine
0.02
1,1,4,4
31
Diquat
8a,10a
diazoniaphenan
99
Edifenphos
60
33
Endrin
diphenyl
phosphorodithi
0.002
0.003
0.0002
ethylthio
61
62
107
34
o-
carb
tolylmethylcar
Ethion
bamate
O,O,O,O
67
0.02
phn khc
ca ng vt
0.05
c v
Tht( ca
oate
Ethiofen
ca ng vt
Tht v cc
threne
O-ethyl S,S
58
phn khc
c v
-tetraoxide
9,10 dihydro
53
0.05
Tht v cc
5,6 dimethyl
151
phn khc
ca gia sc
l) urea
2,3 dihydro
49
0.05
vt
hat
1-(4diflubenzur
d, cu, g,
tru, b, g,
vt) v cc
phn khc
Tht g, vt
0.02
Tht tru,
b, ln, g,
0.02
vt
0.002
Tht d,
0.2
66
123
Etrimfos

tetraethyl S,S
nga, ln,
methyllene
cu, g, vt
bis
v cc phn
(phosphorodith
khc ca
ioate)
O 6 ethoxy
chng
Tht tru, b
v cc phn
2ethylpyrimidi
khc ca
n -4- yl O,O
0.003
0.01
chng
dimethyl
Tht g, vt
phosphorothioa
0.02
te
Tht g v
cc phn
Bis [tris (2
68
109
Fenbutatin
methyl 2-
oxide
phenylpropyl)
0.03
khc ca g
Gan v bu
dc ca tru,
tin] oxide
0.05
b, d, ln,
0.2
cu, nga
O,O dimethyl
69
37
Fenitrothio
n
O -4- nitro mtotyl
0.005
Tht
0.05
phosphorothioa
te
Tht tru,
b, th d v
O,O -4-
71
38
Fensulfothi methylsulphiny
on
lphenylphosph
orothioate
cc phn
0.0003
khc ca d
Tht cu v
cc phn
khc ca
cu
68
0.02
0.02

(RS) - cyano
phenoxybenzyl
70
185
Fenpropath
2,2,3,3
rin
tetramethyl
0.03
Tht g, vt
0.02
0.001
Tht, tht v
0.01
cyclo
propanecarbox
ylate
76
165
flusilazole
cc phn
79
87
88
158
131
48
glyphosate
isofenphos
0.3
khc ca g
Tht tru,
(phosphonomet
b, ln, g,
hyl) glycine
Isopropyl O-
vt
M(ng
[ethoxy(isopro
vt), tht v
pyllamino)
0.001
cc phn
phosphinothioy
khc ca
l] salicylate
ng vt
Tht ng
Lindane
0.008
vt
0.1
0.02
Ethyl
(diethoroxypho
91
124
Mecarbam
sphinothio
ylthio)
Tht v cc
0.002
carbamate
Methyl (E) -3125
Methacrifo
s
Tht g vt,
(dimethoxypho
sphinothioy
Ioxy) -2methylacrylate
69
0.01
ca tru b
acetyl(methyl)
93
phn khc
0.006
tht v cc
phn khc
ca tru, b
0.01

O, S
94
100
methamido
dimethylphosp
phos
hora
Tht v
0.004
-5- methoxy
M, tht v
-2- oxo 1,3,4

95
51
ylmethyl o, o
0.01
d, cu)
midothioate
S -2,3 dihydro
methidathio thiadiazol -3-
m(tru, b,
cc phn
0.001
khc ( tru,
0.02
b, d, cu
dimethyl
ln, g, vt)
phosphorodithi
oat
S methyl N
( methyl
97
94
Methomyl
carbarmoyloxy
0.03
Tht
0.02
0.1
Tht
0.2
)
thioacetimidate
Isopropyl
(E,E)-(RS) -1198
147
Methopren
e
methoxy
3,7,11
trimethyldodec
a 2,4 dienoate
Dimethyl (E)
Tht v cc
-1- methyl -2101
54
monocroto
(methyl
phos
carbamoyl)
phn
0.0006
102
181
myclobutan
il
chlorophenyl
70
0.02
b, ln, cu,
vinyl
phosphate
2-p-
khc( tru,
d, g)
0.03
Tht v cc
phn khc
0.01

-2- (1H -1,2,4
triazol -1-
ca tru, b,
ylmethyl)
g, vt
hexanenitrile
Tht v cc
1,1 dimethyl
106
57
Paraquat
4,4
phn
0.004
-bipyridinium
khc( ln,
0.05
tru, b,
cu)
1-(2,4
dichloro 109
182
penconazol
propyl
phenethyl)
Tht v cc
0.03
1H- 1,2,4 -
phn khc
( ca tru,
0.05
b, g, vt)
triazole
3
phenoxybenzyl
(1RS,3RS,1RS,
3RS) -3- (2,2
110
120
Permethrin
dichlorovinyl)
0.05
Tht g, vt
0.1
0.003
Tht tru b
0.05
0.001
Tht cu
0.05
-2,2 - =
dimethyl
cyclopropaneca
rboxylate
Ethyl 2dimethoxy
112
128
phenthoate
phosphinothioy
lthio (phenyl)
114
60
phosalone
acetate
S-6-chloro-2,3
dihydro- 2oxo- 1,3
71

benzoxazol -3ylmethyl O,O
diethyl
phosphorodithi
oate
O,O dimethyl
S
115
103
Phosmet
phthalimidome
thyl
0.01
Tht tru b
0.001
Tht tru, b
0.2
0.03
Tht
0.05
phosphorodithi
oate
Diethoxyphosp
117
141
Phoxim
hinothioyloxyi
mino (phenyl)
acetonitrile
O-2diethylamino
-6-
120
86
Pirimiphos
methylpyrimidi
- methyl
n -4- yl O,O
dimetyl
phosphorothioa
te
2 (4-tertbutylphenoxy)
125
113
propargite
cyclohexyl
0.15
prop -2- ynyl

127
75
Propoxur
sulphite
2isopropoxyphe
nylmethylcarba
72
0.02
Tht, tht g,
vt
Tht
0.1
0.05

mate
S-tertbutylthiomethy
132
167
Terbufos
l O,O-diethyl
Tht v cc
0.0002
phosphorodithi
phn khc
0.05
ca tru b
oate
Tht v cc
sn phm
133
65
Thiabendaz 2-(thiazol-4-yl)
ole
benzimidazole
0.1
khc (ca
tru b d
0.1
nga ln v
cu)
3,7,9,13tetramethyl5,11- dioxa2,8,-14-trithia134
154
Thiodicarb
4,7,9,12- tetra
0.03
Tht
0.02
0.03
Tht
0.1
0.05
Tht ca
0.01
=
azapentadeca3,12 diene6,10 -dione
1-(4chlorophenoxy
) -3,3138
133
triadimefon
dimethyl -1(1H)- 1,2,4triazol -1- yl)
139
168
triadimenol
butanone
1-(4chlorophenoxy
) -3,3dimethyl -173
tru, b

(1H)- 1,2,4triazol -1- yl)
butan -2- ol
(RS) -3- (3,5
dichlorophenyl
144
159
vinclozolin
) -5- methyl -5vinyl -1,3-
0.07
Tht tru b,
tht g
oxazolidine
-2,4 = dione
4.1.7. Gii hn nhim vi sinh vt trong thc phm [1]
Mt s ch vit tt
TSVKHK: tng s vi khun hiu kh
TSBTNM-M: tng s bo t nm men-nm mc
Thc phm
Vi sinh vt
Gii hn cho php trong

1g hay 1ml thc phm
1.
Nhm tht
TSVKHK
106
E.coli
102
S.aureus
102
Salmonella*
B.cereus
TSVKHK
102
3.105
Coliforms
50
a)
TTht ti, tht ng
lnh, tht xay nh, tht
nghin, tht ch bin
(phi qua x l nhit
trc khi s dng)
b)
SSn phm ch bin t
tht: tht hun khi, pat,
xc xch(s dng trc
74
tip)
2.
Nhm gia v
3.
Nhm du m
E.coli
Cl.perfringens
10
Salmonella*
B.cereus
10
S.aureus
TSVKHK
104
Coliforms
102
E.coli
S.aureus
102
Salmonella*
TSBTNM-M
TSVKHK
102
103
Coliforms
10
E.coli
S.aureus
Salmonella*
TSBTNM-M
* Salmonella: khng c c trong 25g thc phm

4.2. NI DUNG NHN HNG HO [31]
75
10
4.2.1. Ghi nhn hng ho theo quy nh ti iu 12 Ngh nh 89/2006/NCP

T chc c nhn t xc nh hng ho do mnh sn xut, nhp khu thuc
loi hng ho no quy nh ti iu 12 Ngh nh 89/2006/N-CP ghi cc ni
dung bt buc tng ng.
4.2.2. Tn hng ho
a) Trng hp tn ca thnh phn c s dng lm tn hay mt phn
ca tn hng ho th thnh phn bt buc phi ghi nh lng theo quy nh ti
khon 2 iu 18 Ngh nh 89/2006/N-CP.
b) Trng hp cht ph gia dng to mu sc, hng, v m mu sc,
hng, v ghi km theo tn hng ho th khng phi ghi nh lng.
c) Trng hp tn cht chit xut, tinh cht t cc nguyn liu t nhin
ghi km tn hng ho th phi ghi thnh phn nh lng cht chit xut, tinh cht
hoc khi lng nguyn liu tng ng dng to ra lng cht chit xut,
tinh cht .
4.2.3. Tn v a ch t chc, c nhn chu trch nhim v hng ho
a) Tn t chc, c nhn v a danh khng c vit tt.
b) Trng hp sn phm, hng ho c sn xut ngay ti ni ng k kinh
doanh th trn nhn ghi tn v a ch c s sn xut theo ng k kinh doanh.
c) Trng hp sn phm, hng ho c sn xut ti cc a im khc
ngoi ni ng k kinh doanh th trn nhn phi ghi a ch ca ni sn xut ra
sn phm, hng ho .
76
d) Hng ho do hai hay nhiu t chc, c nhn cng sn xut th ghi tn, a
ch ca t chc, c nhn thc hin cng on cui cng hon thin hng
ho trc khi a vo lu thng.
e) Nu c s sn xut hng ho l thnh vin trong mt t chc nh Cng
ty, Tng cng ty, Tp on, Hip hi v cc t chc khc th c quyn ghi tn
hoc tn v a ch, nhn hiu hng ho, thng hiu v cc ni dung khc ca t
chc trn nhn khi c cc t chc ny cho php, nhng vn phi ghi a ch
ni sn xut hng ho.
f) Trng hp trn nhn hng ho ghi thm tn, a ch ca t chc,
c nhn khc nhm qung b cho sn phm, hng ho ca mnh th phi ghi mi
lin quan gia t chc, c nhn ghi thm vi sn phm, hng ho .
4.2.4. nh lng hng ho
- Mt s n v o lng c dng ghi nh lng trn nhn hng ho:
n v o khi lng: kilgam (kg), gam (g), miligam (mg).
- Di 1 kg th dng n v: g (v d: vit 500g m khng vit 0,5 kg);
Di 1g th dng n v mg (v d vit 500mg m khng vit 0,5g).
- Ghi n v o nh lng trn nhn hng ho bng tn y hoc k
hiu ca n v o.
4.2.5. Ngy sn xut, hn s dng, hn bo qun
- Quy nh cch ghi ngy, thng, nm i vi ngy sn xut, hn s dng,
hn bo qun ti iu 16 Ngh nh 89/2006/N-CP.
- Hn s dng theo quy nh ti khon 10 iu 3 ca Ngh nh
89/2006/N-CP cn c th hin bng: Hn s dng cui cng (Expiration date
hoc use by dates) v hn s dng tt nht (Best if used by dates hoc Best before
dates)
77
4.2.6. Thnh phn, thnh phn nh lng

Cch ghi thnh phn, thnh phn nh lng thc hin theo quy nh
ti iu 18 ca Ngh nh 89/2006/N-CP.
a) Lng nc a thm vo lm nguyn liu sn xut, ch bin v tn
ti trong sn phm, hng ho th ghi l mt thnh phn ca hng ho .
b) Trng hp tn ca thnh phn c ghi trn nhn hng ho gy
s ch i vi hng ha th thnh phn bt buc phi ghi nh lng.
4.2.7. Thng tin, cnh bo v sinh, an ton
Ni dung thng tin cnh bo v sinh, an ton trn nhn hng ho quy nh
ti iu 19 v Ph lc IV ca Ngh nh 89/2006/N-CP.
Thng tin cnh bo ghi trn nhn bng ch, bng hnh nh hoc bng cc k
hiu theo thng l quc t v quy nh lin quan.
4.3. Nhn din xc xch c cht lng [32]
bit xc xch c cht lng tt, anh Danh Trng, Cng ty c phn c
Vit t vn:
B ngoi ca xc xch phi cng, mn, khng b nhn nheo. Xc xch phi c
nhit bo qun lnh, khng c hin tng chy nc, nht hay c v chua. Mu
sc c trng ca xc xch hun khi l hi nu v xc xch nng l mu trng.
bo qun xc xch tt, ngi tiu dng khi ct ti xc xch m cha dng
ht, cn ct vo ngn , khng chung di ngn lnh, trnh b nhim khun t
cc thc phm khc.
Ngoi ra, bn nn s dng xc xch tt nht t 30 ngy li so vi ngy sn
xut ghi.
78
Phn 3: KT LUN
Theo s liu thng k ca Cc Thng k thnh ph th trong nm 2002, nhu cu
i vi cc sn phm thc phm ch bin t tht tng ln rt nhanh trn 12%. Trong
xc xch l mt trong nhng sn phm ch bin t tht rt c quan tm, l mt
sn phm n lin ngy cng ph bin do tnh tin li v c gi tr dinh dng cao.
Qua bi tiu lun ny chng ti nghin cu v tng quan cc loi xc xch,
quy trnh sn xut xc xch tit trng. Nghin cu v tng cng on nh chun b
nguyn liu tht: cch phn loi, cc trng thi ca thit to c hng v c
trng v s an ton cho sn phm;cc loi ph liu; cc loi ph gia nh cht nh
ha, cht bo qun, cht n nh muc b sung vo xc xch nhm ci thin
79
cht lng sn phm khi bo qun, tng cng gi tr dinh dng, hnh thnh v ci
thin tnh cht chc nng ca sn phm, v nhiu cng on quan trng khc nh
nhi xc xch, bao b,Bn cnh l nhng tiu chun Vit Nam v th gii ca
xc xch sn phm xc xch khng ch tiu th trong nc m cn xut khu ra th
trng th gii.
Tm hiu v quy trnh sn xut xc xch chng ta khng ch tm hiu quy trnh
ch bin m cn tm hiu v ngha ca tng cng on trong quy trnh. y l nn
tng c bn c th pht trin, sng ch nhng mn xc xch ngon ph bin cho
cng ng.
80
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Cc vn bn quy phm php lut v v sinh an ton thc phm, tp I / (trang 261
319) - NXB Y hc H Ni nm 2005.
[2] Gio trnh cng ngh ch bin sc sn, thy sn NXB i hc cng nghip
TP.HCM nm 2009.
[3] Gio trnh ha sinh thc phm / trang 68 NXB i hc cng nghip TP.HCM
nm 2007
[4] Gio trnh Ph gia v Bao gi thc phm NXB i hc cng nghip TP.HCM
nm 2007
[5] TS. Trn Vn Chng Cng ngh bo qun ch bin sn phm chn nui v c
NXB Vn ha dn tc nm 2001
[6] Nguyn Ch Linh Bi ging ph gia trong ch bin thc phm NXB Trng
cao ng cng ng Kin Giang
[7] L Vn Vit Mn - Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut xc xch tit trng NXB
HBK TP.HCM
[8] PGS. Trn Minh Tm - Bo qun v ch bin nng sn sau thu hoch / trang 307 NXB Nng Nghip H Ni nm 2002
[9] L Ngc T (ch bin), Bi c Hi, Lu Dun, Ng Hu Hp, ng Th Thu,
Nguyn Trng Cn - Ho hc thc phm - NXB khoa hc k thut, H Ni nm
2001.
[10] L Ngc T (ch bin), La Vn Ch, ng Th Thu, Nguyn Th Thnh, Bi
c Hi, L Don Din Ha sinh cng nghip NXB khoa hc v k thut, H
Ni nm 2005
[11] L Bch Tuyt v cc cng s - Cc qu trnh cng ngh c bn trong sn xut
thc phm / (trang 202-204) NXB Gio Dc 1996
81
[12] Xc xch- l m quentrn website:

http://www.sgtt.com.vn/oldweb/cacsobaotruoc/361_16/p02_xucxich.htm
[13] B su tp xc xch trn website:
http://www.tinkinhte.com/nd5/detail/tieu-dung/mon-ngon/bo-suu-tap-xucxich/53027.171174.html
[14]: Phn loi tht heo nc theo tiu chun phn loi Chu u trn website:
http://www.vcn.vnn.vn/PrintPreview.aspx?ID=4832
[15]: i cng v tht trn website:
http://bqcbss.jimdo.com/nyi_dung.php
[16]: Bin i sau git m trn website:
http://bqcbss.jimdo.com/nyi_dung.php
[17]: Mi nguy vi sinh vt trong tht heo trn website:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/23972844/vsvtrongthitheo
[18] Nem, ch trn website:
http://my.opera.com/phanngochuong/blog/2009/07/12/nem-cha
[19] H hng ca my vy trn website:
http://meslab.org/mes/showthread.php?t=9982
[20] SSOP 2 : an ton ca nc trn vwebsite:
http://www.clfish.com/inc/haccpv/ssop/SSOP2.htm
[21] K thut ch bin hp c tht trn website:
http://www.vocw.edu.vn/content/m10513/latest/
[22] Additives Often Used in Sausage Making trn website:
(http://lpoli.50webs.com/Tips.htm#Additives)
[23] Ph gia trong ch bin xc xch heo tit trng trn website:
82
(http://d.violet.vn/uploads/resources/344/110760/xucxichnhom51.ppt)***
[24] Cng ngh sn xut xc xch tit trng (Phn 2) trn website:
(http://docs.google.com/viewer?
a=v&q=cache:4AbR6_jkkzEJ:opac.lrc.ctu.edu.vn/pdoc/17/Xuc%2520xich
%2520Phan%25202.pdf+c%C3%A1c+ph%E1%BB%
A5+gia+trong+x
%C3%BAc+x%C3%ADch+heo+ti%E1%BB%87t+tr
%C3%B9ng&hl=vi&gl=vn&sig=AHIEtbSd-JKDOl0yRhD1LEEE7q5y9w5-MA
[25] Small-scale sausage production trn website:
(http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6556e/X6556E02.htm#ch2.6)
[26] Cng ngh sn xut xc xch tit trng (phn 3) trn website:
(http://www.docstoc.com/docs/13603364/Xuc-xich-Phan-3)
[27] Cht ph gia v bao b dng trong ch bin tht tham kho trn website:
http://thucphamvadoisong.vn/Th%E1%BB%B1cph%E1%BA%A9m
%C4%90%E1%BB%9Dis%E1%BB%91ng/Ki%E1%BA%BFnth%E1%BB%A9cc
%E1%BB%A7ab%E1%BA%A1n/Ch%E1%BA%A5tph%E1%BB%A5giav
%C3%A0baob%C3%ACd%C3%B9ngtrongch%E1%BA%BFbi%E1%BA%BFnth
%E1%BB%8Bt/tabid/1068/Default.aspx
[28] My bm tht tc cao trn website:
http://vatgia.com/3233/554743/m%C3%A1y-b%C4%83m-th%E1%BB%8Bt-t
%E1%BB%91c-%C4%91%E1%BB%99-cao.html
[29] My ng gi chn khng t website:
http://ame.vn/home/detail.php?module=products&iCha=2&iCat=10&iData=10
[30] Tht lnh ng v quy nh k thut trn website:
http://www.spsvietnam.gov.vn/Lists/VBPQ_VN/Attachments/226/TCVN_7047
_2002.pdf
83
[31] THNG T CA B KHOA HC V CNG NGH S 09/2007/TTBKHCN trn website:

http://www.dalat.gov.vn/web/tdc/tabid/568/Add/yes/ItemID/1055/categories/47/Defa
ult.aspx
[32] http://tintuc.timnhanh.com/xa-hoi/20090220/35A8E905/Chua-phat-hien-xuc-xichnhiem-doc-tai-Ha-Noi.htm
84

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TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.

NIN KHA : 2007 2011

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

TP.H Ch Minh, ngy 8 thng 3 nm 2010

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

BNG CNG VIC

Hunh Th Kim Nguyt (NT)

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

TP. HCM, Ngy. thng.. nm 2010

ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Phn I :NGUYN LIU.......................................................................................5

1.1.1. Phn loi ..................................................................................................................5

2.2.1. Cng dng..............................................................................................................14

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

2.2.2. Yu cu cn tun th trong sn xut vy [20]..................................................15

2.2.1. Thnh phn [8].......................................................................................................16

2.2.1. Thnh phn [9].......................................................................................................17

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

4.3.1. Thng tin tng qut................................................................................................23

Phn 2 : QUI TRNH CH BIN......................................................................26

2.1.1. Lm lnh [5]...........................................................................................................27

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

2.1.8. Tit trng ...............................................................................................................40

3.1.1.Mc ch: [26] ........................................................................................................45

3.2.1. Mc ch: [26] .......................................................................................................47

3.3.1.Mc ch: [26].........................................................................................................50

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

4.1.1. Trng thi cm quan v cc ch tiu ha l i vi mt s mt hng lng thc,

4.2.1. Ghi nhn hng ho theo quy nh ti iu 12 Ngh nh 89/2006/N-CP..........76

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

4.2.4. nh lng hng ho.............................................................................................77

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TNG QUAN V XC XCH

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Vi trm nm sau , ngi La M, Hy Lp mi c nm mi xc xch v pht

Xc xch c phn bit hai loi chnh l xc xch kh v xc xch ti. Xc

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

nng, bi mi thm ca khi trong xc xch nh c nh thc bng ci nng ca

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Phn I :NGUYN LIU

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

b. Theo trng thi tht: [15]

CNCB xc xch heo tit trng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh