i hc Bch Khoa TP.

HCM Khoa cng ngh Ha Hc B mn Cng Ngh Thc Phm

VI SINH VT GY HI RAU QU V NNG SN

Nhm Sinh Vin Thc Hin: Phm Kim Long 60901433 V Minh Trit 60902903 V Quang Huy 60901050 Trn Tn Lc 60901467 Phm Anh Huy 60901038 GVHD: PGS.TS Nguyn Thy Hng
TP.HCM, 5/2011

Th t trnh by:
1. Vi sinh vt hi rau qu Vi sinh vt ca rau qu Cch bo qun rau qu 2. H vi sinh vt hi nng sn Vi sinh vt ca nng sn Cch bo qun nng sn

Vi sinh vt hi rau qu 1.1. c im ca rau qu - Cung cp cht hu c, ng, mui khong, - Nc chim 85 90 %.
1.

Qu: pH < 4.5. Rau: pH 4.5 5. Qu v rau ti c kh nng min dch do m v thnh t bo cn nguyn lp bo v. C tinh du, tanin c ch hay tiu dit vi sinh vt.

1.2 H vi sinh vt ca rau qu Ngun ly nhim - Do ht ging hay qu trnh chm bn phn bn hu c hay do vi sinh vt trong t, trong khng kh, nc. Do qu trnh thu hi, vn chuyn v ch bin vi sinh vt xm nhim vo rau qu.

Thnh

phn v s lng vi sinh vt nhim vo rau qu ph thuc vo tng loi, iu kin a l v thu hi, tnh trng rau qu.

1.3 S h hng ca rau qu 1.3.1 c im ca rau qu v nguyn nhn gy h hng rau qu

- Lng nc trong rau qu cao (95%) - Thnh phn dinh dng rau qu phong ph
- Kt cu t chc t bo ca a s loi rau qu li lng lo, mm xp, d b xy xt, st m, bp, nt

- Nm mc l nguyn nhn u tin gy h hng rau qu - S h hng do vi khun Mt s loi vi khun in hnh:

Pseudomonas nh P.fluorescens gy thi nhn rau ti,

P.cepacia gy thi hnh.

Corynebacterium: gy thi khoai ty theo vng

Lactobacillus, Acetobacter: lm chua nc p rau, nc p tri cy.

Ngoi ra, cn mt s vi khun sau: Clostridium: gy phng hp, sinh c t. Bacillus: lm nhn, en, nht rau ngm gim.

1.3.1 Nm men a) c im chung - Thut ng Nm men (yeast, levure) ch l tn chung ch nhm vi nm thng c cu to n bo v thng sinh si ny n bng phng php ny chi (budding).

Phn ln si nm c dng trong sut, mt s nm si nm mang sc t to nn mu ti hay mu sc s H nm men t nhin lun c sn trong khng kh, trn b mt, trn v ca rau qu ty vo hng s dng ca chng sau thu hoch m h vsv c th l c li hay c hi.

b) Phn loi Nm men gy h hng rau qu c th k n hai chng nm men in hnh l candida v saccharomyces

Candida c im sinh l
1.

Ln men ng ho nitrat Mng trn mi trng dch th C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Ha lng gelatin Hot ho Ureaza

+/+/+/+/+/-

Sinh sn Bng hnh thc v tnh theo kiu sinh sn sinh dng

Sinh sn

- Nm men candida theo nhiu ngun, c th k sinh hu nh bt k c quan hay h thng trong c th c th b nh hng, hoc gy bnh tiu chy.

- Chng c kh nng sn xut protease aspartyl v enzyme phospholipase ph hoi cu trc thnh t bo ca vt ch - Khi pht trin trn rau qu chng gy ra vng mu vng trn rau qu, pht trin nhanh chng v trng thnh trong 3 ngy nhng vng c th b nho, mn, sng bng hoc kh, nhn nheo v sn s, ph thuc vo loi.

2. Ng c t thm do candida tropicalis - Nguyn nhn: Tai bin d ng m d nguyn l nm candida tropicalis trn tri thm - Loi nm ny sng k sinh v v mt thm, chng sinh sn v pht trin c t rt nhanh, nht l khi thm b ng dp.

3. Pseudommonas Fluoresens a) c im cu to:

P. fluorescens c nhiu tim mao, n c mt s trao i cht rt linh hot. - Thuc nhm vi khun hiu kh bt buc, nhng mt s chng c kh nng s dng nitrat thay v oxy nh l mt cht nhn in t cui cng trong qu trnh h hp t bo.
-

- Nhit ti u cho s tng trng ca Pseudomonas fluorescens l 25-30 C. b) Phng thc dinh dng Trc tip ph hoi t bo k ch

1.3.3 Bacillus Cereus Gii thiu chung: - Bacillus cereus l trc khun Gram dng - Bacillus cereus l loi vi khun hiu kh, bo t dng hnh ovan, c kh nng sinh nha bo

c im cu to - Trc khun, gram dng, to ni bo t. Kch thc 0,51,5 x 2-4 . Vi khun khng to gip m, khng c kh nng di ng.

c im nui cy: y L loi vi khun d mc Hiu kh v k kh ty nghi. Nhit 5-500C, ti u 35-400C. pH 4,5 - 9,3, thch hp 7-7,2 c t ca vi khun c t gy tiu chy: Diarrhoed toxin. Vi khun sn sinh c t trn tht , rau qu, gia v. c t gy nn ma: emetic toxin. Vi khun nhim trong go, cm ngui, u cc loi.

1.4 Bo qun rau qu ti

Yu cu k thut K thut sunfit ho: Sunfit ho l phng php bo qun rau, qu bng SO2 hoc H2SO3 Bo qun hoa qu bng lp ph n c Bo qun bng bao gi kh quyn bin i (thng gi tt l MAP)

2. H vi sinh vt hi nng sn Ngun ly nhim - Trn b mt cc loi nng sn thng cc bo t nm mc, nm men v cc vi sinh vt hoi sinh hay k sinh c ngun gc ng rung, cc vi sinh vt bnh cy. Thnh phn vi sinh vt thng ph thuc vo tng loi ht, tng vng kh hu khc nhau

Trong qu trnh thu hoch, vn chuyn, bo qun cng c th lm tp nhim nhiu loi vi sinh vt c hi.

2.2 H vi sinh vt hi nng sn - H vi sinh vt nng sn gm cc loai: k sinh nh Fusarium Hoi sinh: o Cc loi thuc h Pseudomonadaceae o Cc n cu khun o Vi khun sinh bo t o Bo t mt s nm men, nm mc.

- Cc vi sinh vt bnh cy c th nh hng n cht lng nng sn nh bnh than lm ht en, nh hng gin tip nh:

Bnh g st

Bnh mc sng

a) Aspergillus

- Aspergillus flavus l loi nm c mt trong mi trng v gy bnh trn cc loi ng cc tch tr trong thi gian di.

Chng l tc nhn gy bnh cho ngi phi, i khi gy bnh trn kt mc, nm tai, nhim trng mi hu. - Nhiu dng nm sinh ra mt lng ln c t aflatoxin, mt trong nhng cht gy ung th v gy c cp tnh
-

Qu trnh dinh dng v tng trng ca nm - Cc loi nm sng qua ma ng thng:

H si nm T si nm

Hch nm Bo t nh
Pht tn ra ngoi mi trng

Khng ging nh cc nm khc, loi nm Aspergillus flavus li a sng trong iu kin nhit kh.

Nhit t u pht trin l 370C Nm pht trin nhanh chng khong gia nhit l 25 - 420C (77-108 F) Pht trin nhit 12 - 480C (54-118 F).

Chu k ca nm trn ng vng

b) Tc hi ca Aspergillus vi c t Aflatoxin - C nhiu chng nm mc tit ra c t ny, nhng Aspergillus flavus l loi nm mc cung cp nhng lng aflatoxin ln nht, nguy him nht. G1 Aflatoxin G2

B2

B1

- Nm mc c Aspergillus flavus gp nhiu cc lng thc, thc phm khc nhau, nht l cc loi ht c du

- Ngoi vic gy ng c cp tnh c t aflatoxin cn c xem l nguyn nhn gy x gan v ung th.

c) Ging Penicillium - Penicillium c trng cho ging mc xanh, chng thng trn v cy c mi, ph mai v nhiu loi tri cy khc, da v nhiu loi thc n khc.

c im: Khun ty ca Penicillium phn nhnh

 Nhiu khun ty c vch ngn ngang Khun ty ny c kh nng hp thu cht dinh dng to ra cng bo t v nh bo t Mi t bo thng c mt nhn nhng nhiu khi c nhng t bo c nhiu nhn Mi on khun ty c th pht trin thnh si khun ty mi

Tc hi ca Penicillium - Rt nhiu loi nm mc pht hin trn go c tnh c, thuc cc chng Penicillium khc nhau v chng to nn mu go nu, go vng...

Tc nhn gy c ch yu ca Penicilliumchng nm Penicillium islandicum Nhng vng n nhiu go mc c t l cao ngi mc cc tn thng gan cp tnh v mn tnh; x gan v c ung th gan x

Penicillium islandicum bi tit ra mt s c t, nhng ng ch nht l islanditoxin.

2.3

Cc phng php bo qun nng sn

a. Phi kh

Phng php ti u nht hin nay l lm gim m bng cch phi, sy.

b. Dng cc cht bo qun bo qun mt s loi nng sn lm thc n cho con ngi nh la go, ngi ta thng bo qun trong cc ti ni lng kn c cha CO2.

Ti liu tham kho

http://www.scribd.com/doc/33904341/Vi-khuanBacillus-cereus http://voer.edu.vn/content/m10078/1.1/