Hoa Hoc Co Ban

Nguyn t
Nguyn t l ht nhnht khng thphn chia vmt ho hc, tham gia to thnh phn t.
Nguyn tl mt htrung hoin gm:
Ht nhn tch in dng tm nguyn t.
Cc electron mang in tch dng m chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn.
Nguyn tho hc
Nguyn t ho hc l tp hp cc nguyn t c in tch ht nhn bng nhau. Cc dng
nguyn tca mt nguyn tc khi lng khc nhau gi l cc ng v ca nguyn t.
V d: Nguyn tcacbon c 2 ng vl v (chstrn l khi lng nguyn t, ch
sdi lin tch ht nhn).
Phn t
Phn t l ht nhnht ca mt cht c khnng tn ti c lp v cn mang nhng tnh cht
ho hc cbn ca cht .
n cht
n cht l cht to thnh tmt nguyn tho hc. V d: O
2
, H
2
, Cl
2
, ...
Mt nguyn tho hc c thto thnh mt sdng n cht khc nhau gi l cc dng th
hnh ca nguyn t.
V d:
- Cacbon tn ti 3 dng th hnh l cacbon vnh hnh, than ch v kim cng.
- Oxi tn ti 2 dng th hnh l oxi (O
2
) v ozon (O
3
).
Hp cht
Hp cht l cht cu to thai hay nhiu nguyn tho hc.
V d: H
2
O, NaOH, H
2
SO
4
,...
Nguyn tkhi
Nguyn t khi (NTK) l khi lng ca mt nguyn t biu din bng n v cacbon
(.v.C).
Ch : Khc vi nguyn tkhi, khi lng nguyn t(KLNT) cng l khi lng ca mt nguyn
Page 1 of 169 Nguyn tl ht nhnht khng thphn chia vmt ho hc
3/12/2009 file://C:\Documents and Settings\Toan Minh\Local Settings\Temp\~hh5C5A.htm
tnhng biu din bng kg. V d: KLNT ca hiro bng 1.67.10
-27
kg, ca cacbon bng 1,99.10
-26
.

Phn tkhi
Phn t khi (PTK) l khi lng ca mt phn tbiu din bng n vcacbon (.v.C).
V d: PTK ca H
2
O = 2 + 16 = 18 .v.C, ca NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 .v.C.

Ch : Ging nh khi lng nguyn t, khi lng phn t cng c biu din bng kg v bng
tng khi lng cc nguyn t to thnh phn t.
Mol
Mol l lng cht cha 6,02.1023 ht n v(nguyn t, phn t, ion, electron, ...)
- S6,02.1023 c gi l sAvgar v k hiu l N (N = 6,02.1023). Nhvy:
1 mol nguyn tNa cha N nguyn tNa.
1 mol phn tH
2
SO
4
cha N phn tH
2
SO
4

1 mol ion OH
-
cha N ion OH
-
.

- Khi lng ca 1 mol cht tnh ra gam c gi l khi lng mol ca cht v k hiu l
M.
Khi ni v mol v khi lng mol cn ch r ca loi ht no, nguyn t, phn t, ion,
electron... V d:
- Khi lng mol nguyn toxi (O) bng 16g, nhng khi lng mol phn toxi (O
2
) bng
32g.
- Khi lng mol phn tH
2
SO
4
bng 98g, nhng khi lng mol ion bng 96g.

Nh vy khi nim nguyn t gam, phn t gam ch l nhng trng hp c th ca khi
nim khi lng mol.
- Cch tnh s mol cht.
Smol n ca cht lin h vi khi lng a (tnh ra gam) v khi lng mol M ca cht
bng cng thc:

+i vi hn hp cc cht, lc n l tng smol cc cht, a l tng khi lng hn hp v
M trthnh khi lng mol trung bnh M, (vit tt l khi lng mol trung bnh).

+i vi cht kh, n c tnh bng cng thc:

Trong, V
0
l thtch ca cht kh hay hn hp kho ktc (0
0
C, 1 atm).

Phn ng ho hc:
Qu trnh bin i cc cht ny thnh cc cht khc c gi l phn ng ho hc. Trong
phn ng ho hc tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng cc cht
to thnh sau phn ng.
Cc dng phn ng ho hc cbn:
a) Phn ng phn tch l phn ng trong mt cht bphn tch thnh nhiu cht mi.
V d:
CaCO
3
= CaO + CO
2

b) Phn ng kt hp l phn ng trong hai hay nhiu cht kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt
cht mi.
V d.
BaO + H
2
O = Ba(OH)
2
.

c) Phn ng th l phn ng trong nguyn t ca ngyn tny dng n cht thay th
nguyn tca nguyn tkhc trong hp cht.
V d.
Zn + H
2
SO
4
long = ZnSO
4
+ H
2

d) Phn ng trao i l phn ng trong cc hp cht trao i nguyn thay nhm nguyn
tvi nhau.
V d.
BaCl
2
+ NaSO
4
= BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl.
e) Phn ng oxi ho - kh
Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng.
a) Nng lng lin kt. Nng lng lin kt l nng lng c gii phng khi hnh thnh
lin kt ho hc t cc nguyn t c lp.
Nng lng lin kt c tnh bng kJ/mol v k hiu l E
1k
. V dnng lng lin kt ca
mt smi lin kt nhsau.
H - HCl- ClH- Cl
E
1k
= 436 242 432

b) Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng l nhit to ra hay hp th trong mt phn ng ho hc.
Hiu ng nhit c tnh bng kJ/mol v k hiu l Q.
Khi Q >0: phn ng tonhit.
Khi Q<0: phn ng thu nhit.
V d:
CaCO
3
= CaO + CO
2
- 186,19kJ/mol.

Phn ng t chy, phn ng trung ho thuc loi phn ng tonhit. Phn ng nhit phn
thng l phn ng thu nhit.
- Mun tnh hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng to thnh cc hp cht tn cht hoc phn
humt hp cht thnh cc n cht ta da vo nng lng lin kt.
V d: Tnh nng lng tora trong phn ng.
H
2
+ Cl
2
= 2HCl.

Da vo nng lng lin kt (cho trn) ta tnh c.
Q = 2E
1k
(HCl) - [E
1k
(H
2
) + E
1k
(Cl
2
)] = 2 . 432 - (436 + 242) = 186kJ/mol.

- i vi phn ng phc tp, mun tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ta da vo nhit to
thnh ca cc cht (t n cht), do n cht trong phn ng khng tnh n ( phn ng
trn, nhit to thnh HCl l 186/2 = 93 kJ/mol
V d: Tnh khi lng hn hp gm Al v Fe
3
O
4
cn phi ly khi phn ng theo phng
trnh.

tora 665,25kJ, bit nhit to thnh ca Fe
3
O
4
l 1117 kJ/mol, ca Al
2
O
3
l 1670 kJ/mol.

Gii:
Tnh Q ca phn ng:
3Fe
3
O
4
+ 8Al = 4Al
2
O
3
+ 9Fe (1)

Theo (1), khi l ng hn hp hai cht phn ng vi nhi t l ng Q l :
3 . 232 + 8 . 27 = 912g
ta ra l ng nhi t 665,25 kJ th khi l ng hn hp cn l y :

Tc phn ng v cn bng ho hc.
a) nh ngha: Tc phn ng l i lng biu th mc nhanh chm ca phn ng. K
hiu l V
p.
.

Trong : C
1
l nng u ca cht tham gia phn ng (mol/l).

C
2
l nng ca cht sau t giy phn ng (mol/l).

b) Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng:
Phthuc bn cht ca cc cht phn ng.
Tc phn ng tlthun vi nng cc cht tham gia phn ng. V d, c phn ng.
A + B = AB.
V
p.
= k . C
A
. C
B
.

Trong , k l hng stc c trng cho mi phn ng.
Nhit cng cao th tc phn ng cng ln.
Cht xc tc lm tng tc phn ng nhng bn thn n khng bthay i vslng v
bn cht ho hc sau phn ng.
c) Phn ng thun nghch v trng thi cn bng ho hc.
Phn ng mt chiu (khng thun nghch) l phn ng chxy ra mt chiu v c thxy ra
n mc hon ton.
V d:

Phn ng thun nghch l phn ng ng thi xy ra theo hai chiu ngc nhau.
V d:
CH
3
COOH + CH
3
OH CH
3
COOCH
3
+ H
2
O

Trong hthun nghch, khi tc phn ng thun (v
t
) bng tc phn ng nghch (v
n
) th
h t ti trng thi cn bng. Ngha l trong h, phn ng thun v phn ng nghch vn xy ra
nhng nng cc cht trong hthng khng thay i. Ta ni h trng thi cn bng ng.
Trng thi cn bng ho hc ny sbph vkhi thay i cc iu kin bn ngoi nhnng
, nhit , p sut (i vi phn ng ca cht kh).
Hiu sut phn ng.
C phn ng:
A + B = C + D
Tnh hiu sut phn ng theo sn phm C hoc D:

Trong :
q
t
l lng thc tto thnh C hoc D.

q
lt
l lng tnh theo l thuyt, ngha l lng C hoc D tnh c vi gi thit hiu sut
100%.
Ch :
Khi tnh hiu sut phn ng phi tnh theo cht sn phm no to thnh tcht u thiu, v khi kt
thc phn ng cht u phn ng ht.
C thtnh hiu sut phn ng theo cht phn ng A hoc B tuthuc vo cht no thiu.
Cn phn bit gia % cht tham gia phn ng v hiu sut phn ng.
V d: Cho 0,5 mol H
2
tc dng vi 0,45 mol Cl
2
, sau phn ng thu c 0.6 mol HCl. Tnh
hiu sut phn ng v % cc cht tham gia phn ng.
Gii: Phng trnh phn ng:
H
2
+ Cl
2
= 2HCl

Theo phng trnh phn ng v theo u bi, Cl
2
l cht thiu, nn tnh hiu sut phn ng
theo Cl
2
:

Cn % Cl
2
tham gia phn ng=

% H
2
tham gia phn ng =

Nhvy % cht thiu tham gia phn ng bng hiu sut phn ng.
i vi trng hp c nhiu phn ng xy ra song song, v dphn ng crackinh butan:

Cn ch phn bit:
+ Nu ni "hiu sut phn ng crackinh", tc ch ni phn ng (1) v (2) v phn ng (3)
khng phi phn ng crackinh.
+ Nu ni "% butan tham gia phn ng", tc l ni n c3 phn ng.
+ Nu ni "% butan bcrackinh thnh etilen" tc l chni phn ng (2).
Cu to nguyn t.
Nguyn t gm ht nhn tch in dng (Z+) tm v c Z electron chuyn ng xung
quanh ht nhn.
1. Ht nhn: Ht nhn gm:
Proton: in tch 1+, khi lng bng 1 .v.C, k hiu

(chsghi trn l khi lng,
chsghi di lin tch).
Ntron: Khng mang in tch, khi lng bng 1 .v.C k hiu

Nhvy, in tch Z ca ht nhn bng tng s proton.
* Khi lng ca ht nhn coi nh bng khi lng ca nguyn t (v khi lng ca
el ectron nh khng ng k) bng tng s proton (k hi u l Z) v s ntron (k hi u l
N):
Z + N A.
A c gi l s khi.
* Cc dng ng v khc nhau ca mt nguyn t l nhng dng nguyn t khc nhau c
cng s proton nhng khc s ntron trong ht nhn, do c cng in tch ht nhn nhng
khc nhau vkhi lng nguyn t, tc l s khi A khc nhau.

2. Phn ng ht nhn: Phn ng ht nhn l qu trnh lm bin i nhng ht nhn ca
nguyn tny thnh ht nhn ca nhng nguyn tkhc.
Trong phn ng ht nhn, tng s proton v tng s khi lun c bo ton.
V d:

Vy X l C. Phng trnh phn ng ht nhn.

3. Cu to velectron ca nguyn t.
Nguyn t l htrung hoin, nn s electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn bng s
in tch dng Z ca ht nhn.
Cc electron trong nguyn tc chia thnh cc lp, phn lp, obitan.
a) Cc lp electron. Ktpha ht nhn trra c k hiu:
Bng sthtn = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bng chtng ng: K L M N O P Q
Nhng electron thuc cng mt lp c nng lng gn bng nhau. Lp electron cng gn ht
nhn c mc nng lng cng thp, v vy lp K c nng lng thp nht.
S electron ti a c trong lp th n bng 2n
2
. C th s electron ti a trong cc lp nh
sau:
Lp : K L M N
Selectron ti a: 2 8 18 32
b) Cc phn lp electron. Cc electron trong cng mt lp li c chia thnh cc phn lp.
Lp thn c n phn lp, cc phn lp c k hiu bng ch: s, p, d, f, ktht nhn tr
ra. Cc electron trong cng phn lp c nng lng bng nhau.
Lp K (n = 1) c 1 phn lp : 1s.
Lp L (n = 2) c 2 phn lp : 2s, 2p.
Lp M (n = 3) c 3 phn lp :3s, 3p, 3d.
Lp N (n = 4) c 4 phn lp : 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f.
Thtmc nng lng ca cc phn lp xp theo chiu tng dn nhsau : 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,
4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s
Selectron ti a ca cc phn lp nhsau:
Phn lp : s p d f.
Selectron ti a: 2 6 10 14.
c) Obitan nguyn t: l khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m kh nng c mt
electron l ln nht (khu vc c mt m my electron ln nht).
Sv dng obitan phthuc c im mi phn lp electron.
Phn lp s c 1 obitan dng hnh cu.
Phn lp p c 3 obitan dng hnh s8 ni.
Phn lp d c 5 obitan, phn lp f c 7 obitan. Obitan d v f c dng phc tp hn.
Mi obitan ch cha ti a 2 electron c spin ngc nhau. Mi obitan c k hiu bng 1
vung (cn gi l lng t), trong nu chc 1 electron ta gi l el ectron c
thn, nu 2 el ectron ta gi cc el ectron ghp i . Obi tan khng c el ectron gi l
obi tan trng.

4. Cu hnh electron v sphn belectron theo obitan.
a) Nguyn l vng bn: trong nguyn t, cc electron ln lt chim cc mc nng lng t
thp n cao.
V d: Vit cu hnh electron ca Fe (Z = 26).
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2

Nu vit theo th t cc mc nng lng th cu hnh trn c dng.
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
Trn cscu hnh electron ca nguyn t, ta ddng vit cu hnh electron ca cation hoc
anion to ra tnguyn tca nguyn t.
V d: Cu hnh electron ca
Fe
2+
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6

Fe
3+
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
.

i vi anion th thm vo lp ngoi cng selectron m nguyn tnhn.
V d:
S(Z = 16) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
.

S
2-
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
Cn hiu rng : electron lp ngoi cng theo cu hnh electron ch khng theo mc nng
lng.
5. Nng lng ion ho, i lc vi electron, m in.
a)Nng lng ion ho (I). Nng lng ion ho l nng lng cn tiu thtch 1e ra khi
nguyn tv bin nguyn tthnh ion dng. Nguyn tcng dnhng e (tnh kim loi cng
mnh) th I c trscng nh.
b) i lc vi electron (E). i lc vi electron l nng lng gii phng khi kt hp 1e vo
nguyn t, bin nguyn tthnh ion m. Nguyn tc khnng thu e cng mnh (tnh phi kim
cng mnh) th E c trscng ln.
c) m in (). m in l i lng c trng cho kh nng ht cp electron lin kt
ca mt nguyn t trong phn t.
m in c tnh tI v E theo cng thc:

Nguyn tc _ cng ln th nguyn tca n c khnng ht cp e lin kt cng mnh.
m in _ thng dng tin on mc phn cc ca lin kt v xt cc hiu ng
dch chuyn electron trong phn t.
Nu hai nguyn t c _ bng nhau s to th nh l i n kt cng ho tr thun tu.
Nu m i n khc nhau nhi u (A_ > 1,7) s to th nh l i n kt i on. Nu m i n
khc nhau khng nhi u (0 < A_ < 1,7) s to th nh l i n kt cng ho tr c cc.
Hthng tun hon cc nguyn tho hc.
1.nh lut tun hon.
Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t cng nh thnh phn, tnh cht ca cc n cht v hp cht
ca chng bin thin tun hon theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn.
2. Bng hthng tun hon.
Ngi ta sp xp 109 nguyn tho hc (tm c) theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht
nhn Z thnh mt bng gi l bng h thng tun hon.
C 2 dng bng thng gp.
a.Dng bng di: C 7 chu k(mi chu kl 1 hng), 16 nhm. Cc nhm c chia thnh 2
loi: Nhm A (gm cc nguyn t s v p) v nhm B (gm nhng nguyn t d v f). Nhng
nguyn t nhm B u l kim loi.
b. Dng bng ngn: C 7 chu k(chu k1, 2, 3 c 1 hng, chu k4, 5, 6 c 2 hng, chu k7
ang xy dng mi c 1 hng); 8 nhm. Mi nhm c 2 phn nhm: Phn nhm chnh (gm cc
nguyn ts v p - ng vi nhm A trong bng di) v phn nhm ph(gm cc nguyn td v f
- ng vi nhm B trong bng di). Hai hnguyn tf (hlantan v hactini) c xp thnh 2
hng ring.
Trong chng trnh PTTH v trong cun sch ny s dng dng bng ngn.
3.Chu k.
Chu kgm nhng nguyn tm nguyn tca chng c cng s lp electron.
Mi chu ku m u bng kim loi kim, kt thc bng kh him.
Trong mt chu k, i ttri sang phi theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn.
- Selectron lp ngoi cng tng dn.
- Lc ht gia ht nhn v electron ho trlp ngoi cng tng dn, lm bn knh nguyn t
gim dn. Do :
+ m in _ ca cc nguyn ttng dn.
+ Tnh kim loi gim dn, tnh phi kim tng dn.
+ Tnh bazca cc oxit, hiroxit gim dn, tnh axit ca chng tng dn.
- Ho trcao nht i vi oxi tng tI n VII. Ho tri vi hiro gim tIV (nhm IV)
n I (nhm VII).
4.Nhm v phn nhm.
Trong mt phn nhm chnh (nhm A) khi i ttrn xung di theo chiu tng in tch ht
nhn.
- Bn knh nguyn ttng (do slp e tng) nn lc ht gia ht nhn v cc electron lp
ngoi cng yu dn, tc l khnng nhng electron ca nguyn ttng dn. Do :
+ Tnh kim loi tng dn, tnh phi kim gim dn.
+ Tnh bazca cc oxit, hiroxit tng dn, tnh axit ca chng gim dn.
- Ho tr cao nht vi oxi (ho trdng) ca cc nguyn t bng s th t ca nhm cha
nguyn t.
5. Xt on tnh cht ca cc nguyn ttheo vtr trong bng HTTH.
Khi bit sthtca mt nguyn ttrong bng HTTH (hay in tch ht nhn Z), ta c th
suy ra vtr v nhng tnh cht cbn ca n. C 2 cch xt on.:
Cch 1: Da vo snguyn tc trong cc chu k.
Chu k 1 c 2 nguyn tv Z c strt1 n 2.
Chu k 2 c 8 nguyn tv Z c strt3 10.
Ch :
- Cc chu k1, 2, 3 c 1 hng, cc nguyn t u thuc phn nhm chnh (nhm A).
- Chu kln (4 v 5) c 18 nguyn t, dng bng ngn c xp thnh 2 hng. Hng trn
c 10 nguyn t, trong 2 nguyn t u thuc phn nhm chnh (nhm A), 8 nguyn t cn
li phn nhm ph (phn nhm ph nhm VIII c 3 nguyn t). Hng di c 8 nguyn t,
trong 2 nguyn t u phn nhm ph, 6 nguyn t sau thuc phn nhm chnh. iu
thhin ssau:

Du * : nguyn tphn nhm chnh.
Du - : nguyn tphn nhm ph.
V d: Xt on vtr ca nguyn tc Z = 26.
V chu k 4 cha cc nguyn t Z = 19 36, nn nguyn t Z = 26 thuc chu k 4, hng
trn, phn nhm phnhm VIII. l Fe.
Cch 2: Da vo cu hnh electrong ca cc nguyn ttheo nhng quy tc sau:
- S lp e ca nguyn tbng s th t ca chu k.
- Cc nguyn t ang xy dng e, lp ngoi cng (phn lp s hoc p) cn cc lp trong
bo ho th thuc phn nhm chnh. S th t ca nhm bng s e lp ngoi cng.
- Cc nguyn t ang xy dng e lp st lp ngoi cng ( phn lp d) th thuc phn
nhm ph.
V d: Xt on vtr ca nguyn tc Z = 25.
Cu hnh e: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
2
.

- C 4 lp e chu k4.
ang xy dng e phn lp 3d thuc phn nhm ph. Nguyn t ny l kim loi, khi
tham gia phn ng n c thcho i 2e 4s v 5e 3d, c ho trcao nht 7
+
. Do , nphn
nhm phnhm VII. l Mn.
Lin kt ion.
Lin kt ion c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn tcm in khc nhau nhiu (A_ > 1,7).
Khi nguyn tcm in ln (cc phi kim in hnh) thu e ca nguyn tcm in
nh (cc kim loi in hnh) to thnh cc ion ngc du. Cc ion ny ht nhau bng lc ht
tnh in to thnh phn t.
V d :

Lin kt ion c c im: Khng bo ho, khng nh hng, do hp cht ion to thnh
nhng mng li ion.
Lin kt ion cn to thnh trong phn ng trao i ion. V d, khi trn dung dch CaCl
2
vi
dung dch Na
2
CO
3
to ra kt ta CaCO
3
:

Lin kt cng ho tr:
1. c im.
Lin kt cng ho trc to thnh do cc nguyn t c m in bng nhau hoc khc
nhau khng nhiu gp chung vi nhau cc e ho tr to thnh cc cp e lin kt chuyn ng
trong cng 1 obitan (xung quanh c2 ht nhn) gi l obitan phn t. Da vo vtr ca cc cp
e lin kt trong phn t, ngi ta chia thnh :
2. Lin kt cng ho trkhng cc.
To thnh t2 nguyn tca cng mt nguyn t. V d :H:H,Cl:Cl.
Cp e lin kt khng blch vpha nguyn tno.
Ho trca cc nguyn tc tnh bng scp e dng chung.
3. Lin kt cng ho trc cc.
To thnh tcc nguyn tcm in khc nhau khng nhiu. V d : H:Cl.
Cp e lin kt blch vpha nguyn tcm in ln hn.
Ho trca cc nguyn ttrong lin kt cng ho trc cc c tnh bng scp e dng
chung. Nguyn t c m in ln c ho tr m, nguyn t kia ho tr dng. V d, trong
HCl, clo ho tr1
, hiro ho tr1
+
.

4. Lin kt cho - nhn (cn gi l lin kt phi tr).
l loi lin kt cng ho trm cp e dng chung chdo 1 nguyn tcung cp vc gi
l nguyn t cho e. Nguyn t kia c obitan trng (obitan khng c e) c gi l nguyn t
nhn e. Lin kt cho - nhn c k hiu bng mi tn () c chiu tcht cho sang cht nhn.
V d qu trnh hnh thnh ion NH
4
+
(tNH
3
v H
+
) c bn cht lin kt cho - nhn.

Sau khi lin kt cho - nhn hnh thnh th 4 lin kt N - H hon ton nhnhau. Do , ta c
thvit CTCT v CTE ca NH
+
4
nhsau:

CTCT v CTE ca HNO
3
:

iu kin to thnh lin kt cho - nhn gia 2 nguyn tA B l: nguyn tA c8e
lp ngoi, trong c cp e tdo(chathamgialin kt) v nguyn tB phi c obitan trng.
5. Lin kt o v lin kt t.
Vbn cht chng l nhng lin kt cng ho tr.
a) Lin kt . c hnh thnh do sxen ph2 obitan (ca 2e tham gia lin kt)dc theo trc
lin kt. Tutheo loi obitan tham gia lin kt l obitan s hay p ta c cc loi lin kt o kiu s-s,
s-p, p-p:
Obitanlin kt o c tnh i xng trc, vi trc i xng l trc ni hai ht nhn nguyn t.
Nu gia 2 nguyn tch hnh thnh mt mi lin kt n thl lin kt o. Khi , do tnh
i xng ca obitan lin kt o, hai nguyn tc thquay quanh trc lin kt.
b) Lin kt . c hnh thnh do sxen phgia cc obitan p hai bn trc lin kt. Khi
gia 2 nguyn thnh thnh lin kt bi th c 1 lin kt o, cn li l lin kt t. V dtrong lin
kt o (bn nht) v 2 lin kt t (km bn hn).
Lin kt t khng c tnh i xng trc nn 2 nguyn ttham gia lin kt khng c khnng
quay tdo quanh trc lin kt. l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng ng phn cis-trans ca cc
hp cht hu cc ni i.
6. Slai ho cc obitan.
Khi gii thch kh nng hnh thnh nhiu loi ho tr ca mt nguyn t (nh ca Fe, Cl,
C) ta khng th cn c vo se c thn hoc se lp ngoi cng m phi dng khi nim
mi gi l "s lai ho obitan". Ly nguyn tC lm v d:
Cu hnh e ca C (Z = 6).

Nu da vo se c thn: C c ho trII.
Trong thc t, C c ho trIV trong cc hp cht hu c. iu ny c gii thch l do s
"lai ho" obitan 2s vi 3 obitan 2p to thnh 4 obitan q mi (obitan lai ho) c nng lng ng
nht. Khi 4e (2e ca obitan 2s v 2e ca obitan 2p)chuyn ng trn 4 obitan lai ho q v
tham gia lin kt lm cho cacbon c ho trIV. Sau khi lai ho, cu hnh e ca C c dng:

Cc kiu lai ho thng gp.
a) Lai ho sp
3
. l kiu lai ho gia 1 obitan s vi 3 obitan p to thnh 4 obitan lai ho q
nh hng ttm n 4 nh ca tdin u, cc trc i xng ca chng to vi nhau nhng
gc bng 109
o
28'. Kiu lai ho sp
3
c gp trong cc nguyn t O, N, C nm trong phn t
H
2
O, NH
3
, NH
+
4
, CH
4
,

b) Lai ho sp
2
. l kiu lai ho gia 1 obitan s v 2obitan p to thnh 3 obitan lai ho q
nh hng ttm n 3 nh ca tam gic u. Lai ho sp
2
c gp trong cc phn tBCl
3
,
C
2
H
4
,
c) Lai ho sp. l kiu lai ho gia 1 obitan s v 1 obitan p to ra 2 obitan lai ho q nh
hng thng hng vi nhau. Lai ho sp c gp trong cc phn tBCl
2
, C
2
H
2
,
Lin kt hiro
Lin kt hiro l mi lin kt ph (hay mi lin kt th2) ca nguyn t H vi nguyn t c
m in ln (nhF, O, N). Tc l nguyn thiro linh ng bht bi cp e cha lin kt
ca nguyn tcm in ln hn.
Lin kt hiro c k hiu bng 3 du chm ( ) v khng tnh ho tr cng nh s oxi
ho.
Lin kt hiro c hnh thnh gia cc phn tcng loi. V d: Gia cc phn tH
2
O, HF,
ru, axit

hoc gia cc phn tkhc loi. V d: Gia cc phn tru hay axit vi H
2
O:

hoc trong mt phn t(lin kt hiro ni phn t). V d:

Do c lin kt hiro tothnh trong dung dch nn:
+ Tnh axit ca HF gim i nhiu (so vi HBr, HCl).
+ Nhit si v tan trong nc ca ru v axit hu c tng ln r rt so vi cc hp
cht c KLPT tng ng.
nh lut Avgar.
1. Ni dung: cng mt iu kin (nhit v p sut) nhng th tch bng nhau ca mi
cht kh u cha s phn t kh bng nhau.
2. Hqu:
a) Th tch mol phn t. cng iu kin (T, P), 1 mol ca mi cht khu chim thtch
bng nhau.
c bit, iu kin tiu chun (T = 273K, P = 1atm = 760 mmHg) 1 mol kh bt k chim
th tch 22,4 l. Thtch ny c gi l th tch mol ktc.
Cng thc lin hgia smol kh (n) v thtch (V
o
) ktc l.

Khi n = 1 mol V
o
= 22,4
Khi lng mol: M = 22,4.D
D l khi lng ring ca cht kho ktc, tnh bng g/l.
b) T khi ca kh ny so vi kh khc:
T khi ca kh ny (hay hi) A so vi kh B (k hiu l d
A/B
) l t s khi lng ca 1 th
tch kh A so vi khi lng ca mt th tch tng ng kh B, khi o cng T v P.

m
A
, m
B
l khi lng ca cng thtch kh A v kh B.
Vi n mol kh th:

c) T l th tch cc cht kh trong phn ng ho hc. Cc cht kh tham gia phn ng v to
thnh sau phn ng theo t l th tch ng bng t l gia cc h s phn t ca chng trong
phng trnh phn ng v cng chnh bng t l mol ca chng. V d:
N
2
+ 3H
2
= 2NH
3
.
Tlmol:1:3:2.
Tlthtch:1V:3V:2V(cng T, P)
Phng trnh trng thi kh l tng.
Phng trnh

Cng thc ny thng c sdng tnh V
o
(thtch ktc), ttnh ra smol kh n:

Phng trnh trn cn vit di dng:

Ta li bit, smol kh n = a / M (a l sgam kh). Do

Hn hp kh.
1. p sut ring ca cht kh trong hn hp.
Gistrong hn hp c 3 kh A, B, C. Cc phn tkh gy ra p sut tng ng l P
A
, P
B
,
P
C
. Ngi ta gi P
A
, P
B
v P
C
l p sut ring ca cc cht kh A, B v C.
Vy p sut ring ca mt cht kh trong hn hp l p sut c c nu mt mnh kh
chim ton bthtch hn hp nhit cho.
p sut chung: P = P
A
+ P
B
+P
C

P
A
, P
B
v P
C
t l vi s mol ca cc kh A, B, C trong hn hp.
2. Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp kh l khi lng ca 22,4 lt hn hp kh
ktc.
V d: ca khng kh bng 29 gam.
Cch tnh :

+ Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp 3 kh.

vo phng trnh trn ta c:

V
A
, V
B
, V
C
, l thtch cc kh A, B, C (o cng iu kin) khi trn thnh hn hp.
Dung dch
1. nh ngha.
Dung dch l h ng th gm hai hay nhiu cht m t l thnh phn ca chng c th thay
i trong mt gii hn kh rng.
Dung dch gm: cc cht tan v dung mi.
Dung mi l mi trng phn b cc phn t hoc ion cht tan. Thng gp dung mi
lng v quan trng nht l H
2
O.
2. Qu trnh ho tan.
Khi ho tan mt cht thng xy ra 2 qu trnh.
Ph hucu trc ca cc cht tan.
Tng tc ca dung mi vi cc tiu phn cht tan.
Ngoi ra cn xy ra hin tng ion ho hoc lin hp phn tcht tan (lin kt hiro).
Ngc vi qu trnh ho tan l qu trnh kt tinh. Trong dung dch, khi tc ho tan bng
tc kt tinh, ta c dung dch bo ho. Lc cht tan khng tan thm c na.
3. tan ca cc cht.
tan c xc nh bng lng cht tan bo ho trong mt lng dung mi xc nh. Nu
trong 100 g H
2
O ho tan c:
>10 g cht tan: cht dtan hay tan nhiu.
<1 g cht tan: cht tan t.
< 0,01 g cht tan: cht thc tkhng tan.
4. Tinh thngm nc.
Qu trnh lin kt cc phn t(hoc ion) cht tan vi cc phn tdung mi gi l qu trnh
sonvat ho. Nu dung mi l H
2
O thl qu trnh hirat ho.
Hp cht to thnh gi l sonvat (hay hirat).
V d: CuSO
4
.5H
2
O;Na
2
SO
4
.10H
2
O.
Cc sonvat (hirat) kh bn vng. Khi lm bay hi dung dch thu c chng dng tinh th,
gi l nhng tinh th ngm H
2
O. Nc trong tinh thgi l nc kt tinh.
Mt stinh thngm nc thng gp:
FeSO
4
.7H
2
O, Na
2
SO
4
.10H
2
O, CaSO
4
.2H
2
O.
5. Nng dung dch
Nng dung dch l i lng biu th lng cht tan c trong mt lng nht nh dung
dch hoc dung mi.
a) Nng phn trm (C%). Nng phn trm c biu th bng s gam cht tan c trong
100 g dung dch.

Trong : m
t
, m
dd
l khi lng ca cht tan v ca dung dch.
V l thtch dung dch (ml), D l khi lng ring ca dung dch (g/ml)
b) Nng mol (C
M
). Nng mol c biu th bng s mol cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch.
K hiu l M.

c) Quan h gia C% v C
M
.

V d : Tnh nng mol ca dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
20%, c D = 1,143 g/ml
Gii : Theo cng thc trn ta c :

Sin li.
1. nh ngha.
S in li l qu trnh phn li cht tan thnh cc ion di tc dng ca cc phn t dung
mi (thng l nc) hoc khi nng chy.
Ion dng gi l cation, ion m gi l anion.
Cht in ly l nhng cht tan trong nc to thnh dung dch dn in nhphn ly thnh
cc ion.
V d: Cc cht mui axit, baz.
Cht khng in li l cht khi tan trong nc to thnh dung dch khng dn in.
V d: Dung dch ng, dung dch ru,
Nu cht tan cu to t cc tinh th ion (nh NaCl, KOH,) th qu trnh in ly l qu
trnh in li l qu trnh tch cc ion khi mng li tinh thri sau ion kt hp vi cc phn
tnc to thnh ion hirat.
Nu cht tan gm cc phn t phn cc (nh HCl, HBr, HNO
3
,) thu tin xy ra s
ion ho phn tv sau l shirat ho cc ion.
Phn tdung mi phn cc cng mnh th khnng gy ra hin tng in li i vi cht
tan cng mnh.
Trong mt strng hp qu trnh in li lin quan vi khnng to lin kt hiro ca phn
tdung mi (nhsin li ca axit).
2. Sin li ca axit, baz, mui trong dung dch nc.
a) S in li ca axit
Axit in li ra cation H
+
(ng hn l H
3
O
+
) v anion gc axit.

n gin, ngi ta chvit

Nu axit nhiu ln axit th sin li xy ra theo nhiu nc, nc sau yu hn nc trc.

b) S in li ca baz.
Baz in li ra anion OH
v cation kim loi hoc amoni.

Nu baznhiu ln bazth sin li xy ra theo nhiu nc, nc sau yu hn nc trc.

c) S in li ca mui.
Mui in li ra cation kim loi hay amoni v anion gc axit, cc mui trung ho thng ch
in li 1 nc.

Mui axit, mui bazin li nhiu nc :

Mui baz:


d) S in li ca hiroxit lng tnh.
Hiroxit lng tnh c th in li theo 2 chiu ra c ion H
+
v OH
.

3. Cht in li mnh v cht in li yu.
a) Cht in li mnh.
Cht in li mnh l nhng cht trong dung dch nc in li hon ton thnh ion. Qu trnh
in li l qu trnh mt chiu, trong phng trnh in li dng du =. V d:

Nhng cht in li mnh l nhng cht m tinh th ion hoc phn t c lin kt phn cc
mnh.
l:
Hu ht cc mui tan.
Cc axit mnh: HCl, HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
,
Cc bazmnh: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)
2
,
b) Cht in li yu
Cht in li yu l nhng cht trong dung dch nc chc mt phn nhsphn tin li
thnh ion cn phn ln tn ti di dng phn t, trong phng trnh in li dng du thun
nghch
V d:

Nhng cht in li yu thng gp l:
Cc axit yu: CH
3
COOH, H
2
CO
3
, H
2
S,
Cc bazyu: NH
4
OH,
Mi cht in li yu c c trng bng hng s in li (K
l
) - l hng scn bng ca
qu trnh in li. V d:

Trong : |CH
3
COO
|, |H
+
| v |CH
3
COOH| l nng cc ion v phn ttrong dung dch
lc cn bng. K
l
l hng s, khng phthuc nng . Cht in li cng yu th K
l
cng nh.
Vi cht in li nhiu nc, mi nc c K
l
ring. H
2
CO
3
c 2 hng sin li:


4. in li o.
in li ca cht in li l t s gia s phn t phn li thnh ion N
p
v tng s phn
t cht in li tan vo nc N
t
.

V d: C100 phn tcht tan trong nc c 25 phn tin li thin li o bng:

T s ny cng chnh l t s nng mol cht tan phn li (C
p
) v nng mol cht tan
vo trong dung dch (C
t
).

Gi trca o bin i trong khong 0 n 1
0s o s 1
Khi o = 1: cht tan phn li hon ton thnh ion. Khi o = 0: cht tan hon ton khng phn li
(cht khng in li).
in li ph thuc cc yu t : bn cht ca cht tan, dung mi, nhit v nng
dung dch.
5. Quan hgia in li o v hng sin li.
Gisc cht in li yu MA vi nng ban u C
o
, in li ca n l o, ta c:

Hng sin li:

Da vo biu thc ny, nu bit o ng vi nng dung dch C
o
, ta tnh c K
l
v ngc
li.
V d: Trong dung dch axit HA 0,1M c o = 0,01. Tnh hng sin li ca axit (k hiu
l K
a
).
Gii: Trong dung dch, axit HA phn li:

6. Axit - baz.
a) nh ngha
Axit l nhng cht khi tan trong nc in li ra ion H
+
(chnh xc l H
3
O
+
).

Bazl nhng cht khi tan trong nc in li ra ion OH
.

i vi axit, v dHCl, sin li thng c biu din bng phng trnh.

Nhng thc ra axit khng tphn li m nhng proton cho nc theo phng trnh.

V H
2
O trong H
3
O
+
khng tham gia phn ng nn thng chghi l H
+

i vi baz, ngoi nhng cht trong phn tc sn nhm OH
(nhNaOH, Ba(OH)
2
)
Cn c nhng baztrong phn tkhng c nhm OH (nhNH
3
) nhng nhn proton ca
nc to ra OH

Do nu ln bn cht ca axit v baz, vai tr ca nc (dung mi) cn nh ngha axit -
baznhsau:
Axit l nhng cht c kh nng cho proton.
Baz l nhng cht c kh nng nhn proton.
y lnh ngha ca Bronstet vaxit - baz.
b) Phn ng axit - baz.
Tc dng ca dung dch axit v dung dch baz.
Cho dung dch H
2
SO
4
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, phn ng ho hc xy ra tonhit lm
dung dch nng ln.
Phng trnh phn t:

Phng tr nh i on:

Hoc l:

H
2
SO
4
cho proton (chuyn qua ion H
3
O
+
) v NaOH nhn proton (trc tip l ion OH
).

Phn ng ca axit vi bazgi l phn ng trung ho v lun to nhit.
Tc dng ca dung dch axit v baz khng tan.
dung dch HNO
3
vo Al(OH)
3
+, cht ny tan dn. Phn ng ho hc xy ra.
Phng trnh phn t:

Phng trnh ion

Hoc l:

HNO
3
cho proton, Al(OH)
3
nhn proton.
Tc dng ca dung dch axit v oxit baz khng tan.
dung dch axit HCl vo CuO, un nng, phn ng ho hc xy ra, CuO tan dn:
Phng trnh phn t:

Phng trnh ion

Hoc l

HCl cho proton, CuO nhn proton, nng vai tr nhmt baz.
Kt lun:
Trong cc phn ng trn u c scho, nhn proton - l bn cht ca phn ng axit - baz.
c) Hiroxit lng tnh.
C mt shiroxit khng tan (nhZn(OH)
2
, Al(OH)
3
) tc dng c cvi dung dch axit
v cvi dung dch bazc gi l hiroxit lng tnh.
V d: Zn(OH)
2
tc ng c vi H
2
SO
4
v NaOH.

Hoc l:

Km hiroxit nhn proton, n l mt baz.

Km hiroxit cho proton, n l mt axit.
Vy: Hiroxit lng tnh l hiroxit c hai kh nng cho v nhn proton, ngha l va l
axit, va l baz.
7. Sin li ca nc
a) Nc l cht in li yu.

Tch snng ion H
+
v OH
trong nc nguyn cht v trong dung dch nc mi nhit

l mt hng s .

Mi trng trung tnh : |H
+
|=|OH
|=10
7
mol/l

Mi trng axit: |H
+
| > |OH
|

|H
+
| > 10
7
mol/l.

Mi trng baz: |H
+
| < |OH
|

|H
+
| < 10
7
mol/l

b) Ch s hiro ca dung dch - pH
Khi biu din nng ion H
+
(hay H
3
O
+
) ca dung dch di dng hthc sau:

th hsa c gi l pH ca dung dch
V d: |H
+
| = 10
5
mol/l th pH = 5,

Vmt ton hc th pH = lg|H
+
|

Nh vy:
Mi trng trung tnh: pH = 7
Mi trng axit: pH < 7
Mi trng baz: pH > 7
pH cng nhth dung dch c axit cng ln, (axit cng mnh); pH cng ln th dung dch
c baz cng ln (bazcng mnh).
Cch xc nh pH:
V d 1: Dung dch HCl 0,02M, c |H
+
| = 0,02M. Do pH = lg2.10
2
= 1,7.

V d 2: Dung dch NaOH 0,01M, c |OH
| = 0,01 = 10
2
mol/l. Do :

c) Cht ch th mu axit - baz.
Cht ch th mu axit - baz l cht c mu thay i theo nng ion H
+
ca dung dch. Mi
cht chthchuyn mu trong mt khong xc nh.
Mt s cht ch th m u axi t - baz thng dng:

8. Sthuphn ca mui.
Chng ta bit, khng phi dung dch ca tt c cc mui trung ho u l nhng mi
trng trung tnh (pH = 7). Nguyn nhn l do: nhng mui ca axit yu - bazmnh (nh
CH
3
COOHNa), ca axit mnh - bazyu (nhNH
4
Cl) khi ho tan trong nc tc dng vi
nc to ra axit yu, baz yu, v vy nhng mui ny khng tn ti trong nc. N b thu
phn, gy ra s thay i tnh cht ca mi trng.
a) S thu phn ca mui to thnh t axit yu -baz mnh. V d: CH
3
COONa, Na
2
CO
3
,
K
2
S,

Trong dung dch dion OH
, do vy pH > 7 (tnh baz).

Vy: mui ca axit yu - baz mnh khi thu phn cho mi trng baz.
b) S thu phn ca mui to thnh t axit mnh - baz yu. V d: NH
4
Cl, ZnCl
2
, Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.

Trong dung dch dion H
3
O
+
hay (H
+
), do vy pH < 7 (tnh axit).

Vy mui ca axit mnh - baz yu khi thu phn cho mi trng axit.
c) S thu phn ca mui to thnh t axit yu - baz yu. V d: Al
2
S
3
, Fe
2
(CO
3
)
3
.

9. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch in li.
Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch in li ch xy ra khi c s to thnh hoc cht kt ta,
hoc cht bay hi, hoc cht t in li (in li yu).
a) Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta.
Trn dung dch BaCl
2
vi dung dch Na
2
SO
4
thy c kt ta trng to thnh. xy ra phn
ng.
Phng trnh phn t:

Phng trnh ion:

b) Phn ng to thnh cht bay hi.
Cho axit HCl tc dng vi Na
2
CO
3
thy c kh bay ra. xy ra phn ng.
Phng trnh phn t:

Phng trnh ion

c) Phn ng to thnh cht t in li.
Cho axit H
2
SO
4
vo mui axetat. Phn ng xy ra to thnh axit CH
3
COOH t in li
Phng trnh phn t:

Phng trnh ion

Hoc cho axit HNO
3
tc dng vi Ba(OH)
2
. Phn ng trung ho xy ra to thnh cht t
in li l nc.
Phng trnh phn t:

Phng trnh ion

Ch : Khi biu din phn ng trao i trong dung dch in li ngi ta thng vit phng
trnh phn t v phng trnh ion. phng trnh ion, nhng cht kt ta, bay hi, in li yu
vit di dng phn t, cc cht in li mnh vit di dng ion (do chng in li ra). Cui
cng thu gn phng trnh ion bng cch lc bnhng ion nhnhau 2 vca phng trnh.

Sin phn
1. nh ngha.
in phn l s thc hin cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh trn b mt in cc nh dng in
mt chiu bn ngoi
Qu trnh in phn c biu din bng sin phn. V d: Sin phn NaCl nng
chy.

catt: xy ra qu trnh kh.

ant: xy ra qu trnh oxi ho.

Phng trnh in phn NaCl nng chy:

2. in phn hp cht nng chy.
trng thi nng chy, cc tinh thcht in phn bph vthnh cc ion chuyn ng hn
lon. Khi c dng in mt chiu chy qua, ion dng chy v catt v b kh , ion m chy
v ant v boxi ho.
V d: in phn KOH nng chy.

Phng trnh in phn

in phn nng chy xy ra nhit cao nn c th xy ra phn ng ph gia sn phm
in phn (O
2
, Cl
2 ...
) v in cc (ant) thng lm bng than ch. V d: in phn Al
2
O
3
nng chy (c pha thm criolit 3NaF.AlF
3
) 1000
o
C

Phng trnh in phn

Phn ng ph:

(Than ch lm ant bmt dn, nn sau mt thi gian phi bsung vo in cc).
ng dng: Phng php in phn hp cht nng chy c dng iu ch cc kim loi
hot ng mnh:
iu ch kim loi kim: in phn mui clorua hoc hiroxit nng chy.
iu ch kim loi kim th: in phn mui clorua nng chy.
iu ch Al: in phn Al
2
O
3
nng chy.
3. in phn dung dch nc
a) Nguyn tc:
Khi in phn dung dch, tham gia cc qu trnh oxi ho - khin cc ngoi cc ion ca
cht in phn cn c thc cc ion H
+
v OH
ca nc v bn thn kim loi lm in cc.

Khi qu trnh oxi ho - khthc txy ra phthuc vo so snh tnh oxi ho - khmnh hay
yu ca cc cht trong bnh in phn.
b) Th t kh catt
Kim loi cng yu th cation ca n c tnh oxi ho cng mnh v cng dbkhcatt (tr
trng hp ion H
+
). C thp dng quy tc sau:

D kh nht l cc cation kim loi ng sau Al trong dy th in ho (tr ion H
+
), trong
ion kim loi cng ci dy cng dbkh.
Tip n l ion H
+
ca dung dch

Kh kh nht l cc ion kim loi mnh, k t Al, v pha u dy th in ho.
(Al
3+
, Mg
2+
, Ca
2+
, Na
+
, ). Nhng ion ny thc t khng bao gi b kh khi in phn
trong dung dch.
c) Th t oxi ho cant
Ni chung ion hoc phn tno c tnh khmnh th cng dboxi ho. C thp dng kinh
nghim sau:
D b oxi ho nht l bn thn cc kim loi dng lm ant. Tr trng hp ant tr (khng
b n mn) lm bng Pt, hay than ch (C).
Sau n cc ion gc axit khng c oxi: I
, Br
, Cl
,

Ri n ion OH
ca nc hoc ca kim tan trong dung dch.

Kh b oxi ho nht l cc anion gc axit c oxi nh , , Thc t cc anion ny
khng b oxi ho khi in phn dung dch.
d) Mt s v d p dng quy tc trn.
V d 1: in phn dung dch CuCl
2
vi in cc than ch:

Phng trnh in phn:

V d 2: in phn dung dch NiCl
2
vi in cc bng niken

Thc cht qu trnh in phn l svn chuyn Ni tant sang catt nhdng in. Phng
php c ng dng tinh chkim loi.
V d 3: in phn dung dch Na
2
SO
4
vi in cc Pt:


Phng trnh in phn:

V d 4: in phn dung dch NaCl vi ant bng than ch:

Phng trnh in phn:

Trong qu trnh in phn, dung dch khu vc xung quanh catt, ion H
+
bmt dn., H
2
O
tip tc in li, do khu vc ny giu ion OH
to thnh (cng vi Na
+
) dung dch NaOH.

ant, ion Cl
b oxi ho thnh Cl
2
. Mt phn ho tan vo dung dch v mt phn khuch
tn sang catt, tc dng vi NaOH to thnh nc Javen:

V vy mun thu c NaOH phi trnh phn ng to nc Javen bng cch dng mng ngn
bao bc ly khu vc ant ngn kh Cl
2
khuch tn vo dung dch.
V d 5: in phn dung dch KNO
3
vi ant bng Cu.

Khi in phn, khu vc catt, ion H
+
mt dn, nng OH
tng dn, dung dch c

tnh kim tng dn. ant ion Cu
2+
tan vo dung dch.

Trong dung dch xy ra phn ng.

Phng trnh in phn:

Bn thn KNO
3
khng bbin i nhng nng tng dn.
ng dng ca in phn dung dch:
iu chkim loi ng sau Al trong dy thin ho.
Tinh chkim loi.
Mvc kim loi bng in.
iu chmt sho cht thng dng: H
2
, Cl
2
, O
2
,, hiroxit kim loi kim
Tch ring mt skim loi khi hn hp dung dch.
4. Cng thc Faray

Trong : m l khi lng cht c gii phng khi in phn (gam)
A l khi lng mol ca cht .
n l se trao i khi to thnh mt nguyn thay phn tcht .
Q lin lng phng qua bnh in phn (Culng).
F l sFaray (F = 96500 Culng.mol
-1
)

l l cng dng in (Ampe)
t l thi gian in phn (giy)
V d: Tnh khi lng oxi c gii phng ant khi cho dng in 5 ampe qua bnh in
phn ng dung dch Na
2
SO
4
trong 1 gi20 pht 25 giy.
Gii:
p dng cng thc Faray:
A = 16 , n = 2 , t = 4825 giy , I = 5;

Soxi ho.
thun tin khi xem xt phn ng oxi ho - kh v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t, ngi ta
a ra khi nim soxi ho (cn gi l mc oxi ho hay in tch ho tr).
S oxi ho l in tch quy c m nguyn t c c nu gi thuyt rng cp e lin kt (do 2
nguyn tgp chung) chuyn hon ton v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn.
Soxi hoc tnh theo quy tc sau :
Tng i ssoxi ho ca cc nguyn ttrong phn ttrung hoin bng 0.
Tng i ssoxi ho ca cc nguyn ttrong mt ion phc tp bng in tch ca ion. V
dtrong ion , soxi ho ca H l +1, ca O l 2 ca S l +6.
+ 1 + 6 + (2. 4) = 1.
Trong n cht, soxi ho ca cc nguyn tbng 0.
V d: Trong Cl
2
, soxi ho ca Cl bng 0.
Khi tham gia hp cht, soxi ho ca mt snguyn tc trskhng i nhsau.
+ Kim loi kim lun bng +1.
+ Kim loi kim thlun bng +2.
+ Oxi (trtrong peoxit bng 1) lun bng 2.
+ Hiro (trtrong hirua kim loi bng 1) lun bng 2.
+ Al thng bng +3.
Ch : Du ca soxi hot trc gi tr, cn du ca ion t sau gi tr.
V d:

nh ngha
Phn ng oxi ho - kh l phn ng trong c s trao i e gia cc nguyn t hoc ion
ca cc cht tham gia phn ng, do lm thay i s oxi ho ca chng.
V d:

Cht nhng e gi l cht kh (hay cht boxi ho).
Cht thu e gi l cht oxi ho (hay cht bkh).
Qu trnh kt hp e vo cht oxi hoc gi l s kh cht oxi ho

Qu trnh tch e khi cht khc gi l soxi ho cht kh:

Cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxi ho - kh.
Nguyn tc khi cn bng : Tng se m cht khcho phi bng tng se m cht oxi ho
nhn v snguyn tca mi nguyn tc bo ton.
Qu trnh cn bng tin hnh theo cc bc:
1) Vit phng trnh phn ng, nu cha bit sn phm th phi da vo iu kin cho
bi suy lun.
2) Xc nh soxi ho ca cc nguyn tc soxi ho thay i. i vi nhng nguyn tc
soxi ho khng thay i th khng cn quan tm.
3) Vit cc phng trnh e (cho - nhn e).
4) Cn bng se cho v nhn.
5) a hstm c tphng trnh e vo phng trnh phn ng.
6) Cn bng phn khng tham gia qu trnh oxi ho - kh.
V d: Cho ming Al vo dung dch axit HNO
3
long thy bay ra cht kh khng mu, khng
mi, khng chy, nhhn khng kh, vit phng trnh phn ng v cn bng.
Gii: Theo u bi, kh bay ra l N
2
.
Phng trnh phn ng (bc 1):

Bc 5:

Bc 6: Ngoi 6 HNO
3
tham gia qu trnh oxi ho - khcn 3.10 = 30HNO
3
to thnh mui
nitrat (10Al(NO
3
)
3
).
Vy tng sphn tHNO
3
l 36 v to thnh 18H
2
O.
Phng trnh cui cng:

Dng ion:

Ch : i vi nhng phn ng to nhiu sn phm trong nguyn t nhiu s oxi ho
khc nhau, ta c thvit gp hoc vit ring tng phn ng i vi tng sn phm, sau nhn
cc phn ng ring vi hstltheo iu kin u bi. Cui cng cng gp cc phn ng li.
V d: Cn bng phn ng:

Gii
Cc phn ng ring (cn bng theo nguyn tc trn):

c tlmol trn, ta nhn phng trnh (1) vi 9 ri cng 2 phng trnh li:

Mt sdng phn ng oxi ho - khc bit
1. Phn ng oxi ho khni phn t.
Cht oxi ho v cht khl nhng nguyn tkhc nhau nm trong cng mt phn t.
V d.

2. Phn ng toxi ho - tkh
Cht oxi ho v cht khcng l mt loi nguyn ttrong hp cht.
V d: Trong phn ng.

c) Phn ng c 3 nguyn t thay i s oxi ho.
V d: Cn bng phn ng sau theo phng php cn bng e


d) Phn ng oxi ho - kh c mi trng tham gia.
mi trng axit thng c ion H
+
tham gia to thnh H
2
O. V d:

mi trng kim thng c ion OH
tham gia to thnh H

2
O. V d:

mi trng trung tnh c thc H
2
O tham gia. V d:

Nhm halogen gm flo, clo, brom v iot, thng c k hiu chung l X
Cu to nguyn t.
Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca X l ns
2
np
6
. Ddng thc hin qu trnh :

Thhin tnh oxi ho mnh.
S oxi ho: Flo chc soxi ho 1, cc X khc c cc soxi ho 1, +1, +3, +4, +5 v +7.
Tnh phi kim gim tF
2
I
2
.
Tnh cht vt l.
F
2
, Cl
2
l cht kh, Br
2
l cht lng, I
2
l cht rn. Kh flo mu lc nht, kh clo mu vng lc,
cht lng brom mu nu, tinh thiot mu tm en. Cc halogen u rt c.
Tnh cht ho hc:
1. Phn ng vi H
2
O: Kh cho halogen tan vo nc th.
Flo phn hunc:

Clo to thnh hn hp 2 axit:

Brom cho phn ng tng tnhng tan km clo.
Iot tan rt t.
2. Phn ng vi hiro: Xy ra vi mc khc nhau:

3. Phn ng mnh vi kim loi

Phn ng to thnh hp cht kim loi c s oxi ho cao (nu kim loi c nhiu s oxi

ho nhFe, Sn)
4. Phn ng vi phi kim

Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
khng phn ng trc tip vi oxi.
5. Phn ng vi dung dch kim.
Clo tc dng vi dung dch kim long v ngui to thnh nc Javen:

Clo tc dng vi dung dch kim c v nng to thnh mui clorat:

Clo tc dng vi vi ti to thnh clorua vi:

Nc Javen, clorua vi l nhng cht oxi ho mnh do Cl
+
trong phn tgy ra. Chng c
dng lm cht ty mu, st trng.
6. Halogen mnh y halogen yu khi mui.

ng dng viu chclo
Clo c dng :
+ Dit trng trong nc sinh hot cc thnh ph.
+ Ty trng vi si, giy.
+ Sn xut nc Javen, clorua vi, axit HCl
+ Sn xut cc ho cht trong cng nghip dc phm, cng nghip dt
Trong phng th nghim, clo c iu chtaxit HCl:

Trong cng nghip: clo c iu chbng cch in phn dung dch mui clorua kim loi
kim. Khi clo thot ra ant theo phng trnh.

Hp cht
1. Hiro halogenua (HX)
u l cht kh, tan nhiu trong H
2
O thnh nhng axit mnh (trHF l axit yu v gia cc
phn tc to lin kt hiro), in li hon ton trong dung dch:

Phn ln cc mui clorua tan nhiu trong H
2
O, trmt st tan nhAgCl, PbCl
2
, Hg
2
Cl
2
,
Cu
2
Cl
2
,
Tnh tan ca cc mui bromua v ioua tng tmui clorua.
Cch nhn bit ion Cl
(Br
, I
): Bng phn ng to mui clorua (bromua) kt ta trng.


2. Axit hipoclor(HClO)
L axit yu, km bn, chtn ti trong dung dch.
Axit HClO v mui ca n l hipoclorit (nhNaClO) u c tnh oxi ho mnh v c cha
Cl
+
:

3. Axit cloric (HClO
3
)
L axit kh mnh, tan nhiu trong H
2
O.
Axit HClO
3
v mui clorat (KClO
3
) c tnh oxi ho mnh.

4. Axit pecloric (HClO
4
)
L axit mnh, tan nhiu trong H
2
O, HClO
4
c tnh oxi ho mnh.
Oxi
1. Cu to nguyn t.
Oxi (Z = 8) c cu hnh electron:

C 6 e lp ngoi cng, ddng thu 2e bo ho lp ngoi cng. L cht oxi ho
mnh:

iu kin bnh thng, oxi tn ti dng phn t2 nguyn t: O = O
Dng th hnh khc ca oxi l ozon: O
3

Oxi c 3 ng vtn ti trong tnhin:

2. Tnh cht vt l
Oxi l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, hi nng hn khng kh, ho lng 183
o
C, ho
rn 219
o
C.

Ozon l cht kh mi xc, mu xanh da tri.
3. Tnh cht ho hc
Tc dng vi kim loi:
Oxi oxi ho hu ht cc kim loi (trAu v Pt) to thnh oxit

i vi phi kim (trhalogen) oxi tc dng trc tip khi t nng (ring P trng tc dng vi
O
2
t
o
thng)


Ozon c tnh oxi ho mnh hn O
2
, do n khng bn, bphn huthnh oxi tdo.

iu ny thhin phn ng O
3
y c iot khi dung dch KI (O
2
khng c phn ng
ny).

4. iu ch
Trong phng th nghim: nhit phn cc mui giu oxi. V d:

hay

Trong cng nghip: ho lng khng khnhit rt thp (200
o
C), sau chng phn
on ly O
2
(183
o
C)

Lu hunh
1. Cu to nguyn t.
Lu hunh (S) cng phn nhm chnh nhm VI vi oxi, c cu hnh e : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2

3p
4
. Lp e ngoi cng cng c 6e, ddng thc hin qu trnh.

thhin tnh oxi ho nhng yu hn oxi.
trng thi rn, mi phn tlu hunh gm 8 nguyn t(S
8
) khp kn thnh vng:

2. Tnh cht vt l
Lu hunh l cht rn mu vng nht, khng tan trong H
2
O, tan trong mt sdung mi hu
cnh: CCl
4
, C
6
H
6
, rudn nhit, dn in rt km.
Lu hunh nng chy 112,8
o
C n trnn sm vc li, gi l S do.

3. Tnh cht ho hc
t
o
thng, S hot ng km so vi oxi. t
o
cao, S phn ng c vi nhiu phi kim v
kim loi.

Ho tan trong axit oxi ho:

4. Hp cht
a) Hiro sunfua (H
2
S
2
)

L cht kh, mi trng thi, c, t tan trong H
2
O. Dung dch H
2
S l axit sunfuhiric.
C tnh khmnh, chy trong O
2
:

Khi gp cht oxi ho mnh nhCl
2
, S
-2
c thboxi hon S
+6
:

H
2
S l axit yu. Mui sunfua trung tnh (v dZnS) hu ht t tan trong H
2
O. Chc sunfua
kim loi kim, kim thtan nhiu.
nhn bit H
2
S hoc mui sunfua (S
2
) dng mui ch, kt ta PbS mu en sxut hin.

b) SO
2
v axit sunfur

SO
2
l cht kh khng mu, tc dng vi H
2
O:

Phn ng vi oxi

H
2
SO
3
l axit yu, mui l sunfit (v dNa
2
SO
3
)
Mc oxi ho +4 l mc trung gian, nn H
2
SO
3
v mui sunfit va c tnh oxi ho va c tnh
kh.

c) SO
3
v axit sunfuric (H
2
SO
4
)
iu kin thng, SO
3
l cht lng khng mu, dbay hi, nhit nng chy l 17
0
C,
nhit si l 46
0
C. SO
3
rt ho nc, tc dng mnh vi H
2
O to thnh axit H
2
SO
4
v to
nhiu nhit.

SO
3
khng cng dng thc t, n l sn phm trung gian trong qu trnh sn xut axit
H
2
SO
4.

H
2
SO
4
l cht lng snh, tan v hn trong nc, H
2
SO
4
c ht m rt mnh v tonhiu
nhit.
Dung dch H
2
SO
4
long l axit thng, chphn ng c vi cc kim loi ng trc H
trong dy thin ho (c mui sunfat tan) v gii phng H
2
.

Dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c l axit oxi ho, c tnh oxi ho mnh, ho tan c hu ht cc
kim loi khi un nng (trAu v Pt).
Kim loi cng mnh khS
+6
ca H
2
SO
4
c vhp cht c soxi ho cng thp (SO
2
, S,
H
2
S). V d:

Ch : Fe v Al bthng ho trong H
2
SO
4
c ngui, ngha l trn bmt chng to
thnh lp mng oxit bn vng bo vcho kim loi khi tc dng ca mi axit
Phn ln cc mui sunfat tan nhiu trong nc. Chc 1 smui khng tan l : BaSO
4
,
PbSO
4
, Ag
2
SO
4
v CaSO
4
t tan.
Cch nhn bit ion . Bng phn ng to thnh mui sunfat kt ta:

(trng)
iu ch axit H
2
SO
4
. Axit sunfuric chyu c iu chtlu hunh v tqung pirit
FeS
2
theo cc phn ng:

d) Cc mui sunfat:
Cc mui sunfat quan trng c gi trtrong thc tl:
CaSO
4
(thch cao) c dng trong cng nghip sn xut xi mng, c tng, lm bt b
chxng gy.
MgSO
4
dng lm thuc nhun trng.
Na
2
SO
4
dng trong cng nghip thutinh.
CuSO
4
dng min, thuc trnm
Na
2
S
2
O
3
(natri thiosunfat) dng nh phn iot (cht chthl htinh bt).

Thiosunfat cn dng trong kthut in nh
Nit, photpho thuc phn nhm chnh nhmV. Nguyn tca chng c 5e lp ngoi cng
(trong c 3e c thn phn lp np). Chng l nhng phi kim
Nit
1. Cu to nguyn t
Nitc cu hnh electron

Do c 3 e c thn nn nitc khnng to ra ba lin kt cng ho trvi nguyn tkhc.
m in ca N l 3, chnhhn ca F v O, do N c soxi ho dng trong hp
cht vi 2 nguyn tny. Cn trong cc hp cht khc, nitc soxi ho m.
Soxi ho ca N : 3, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 v +5.
Nittn ti bn dng phn tN
2
(N N).
Nguyn tnittnhin l hn hp ca hai ng v v vi tl272 : 1. Nit
chim 0,01% khi lng vTri t. Dng tn ti tdo l nhng phn thai nguyn t.
2. Tnh cht vt l
Nitl cht kh, khng mu, khng mi, khng chy, ho lng 195,8
o
C v ho rn
209,9
o
C.

Nitnhhn khng kh (d = 1,2506g/lt ktc), ho tan rt t trong nc.
3. Tnh cht ho hc
V c lin kt ba nn phn tN
2
rt bn, chnhit rt cao mi phn li thnh nguyn t.
Do vy nhit thng nitrt tr, khng phn ng vi cc nguyn tkhc.
nhit cao, c bit l c cht xc tc, nitphn ng vi nhiu nguyn tkim loi v phi
kim.
a) Tc dng vi hiro
400
o
C, c bt Fe xc tc, p sut cao, N
2
tc dng vi H
2
. Phn ng pht nhit:

b) Tc dng vi oxi
3000
o
C hoc c tia la in, N
2
tc dng vi O
2
. Phn ng thu nhit:

nhit thng, NO ho hp ngay vi O
2
ca khng kh to ra NO
2
mu nu:

c) Tc dng vi kim loi:

Nitkhng phn ng trc tip vi halogen, lu hunh.
4. iu chvng dng
a) Trong cng nghip : Ho lng khng kh, sau chng ct phn on v thu N
2
-196
o
C.

b) Trong phng th nghim: Nhit phn 1 smui amoni. V d:

Nitchyu c dng sn xut amoniac, axit nitric, phn m, to mi trng lnh.
5. Cc hp cht quan trng ca nit.
a) Amoniac

Phn tNH
3
tn ti trong khng gian di dng tdin, gc lin kt l 109
o
28' (ba lin kt
to thnh bi 3 obitan lai ho sp
3
ca N)

Lin kt gia N v 3H l lin kt cng ho trc cc, cp e dng chung lch vpha N. Phn
tNH
3
l phn tphn cc, N cn 1 cp electron tdo lm cho NH
3
to c lin kt hiro.
Tnh cht vt l:
NH
3
l cht kh khng mu, mi khai v xc, nhhn khng kh, tan nhiu trong H
2
O (
20
o
C, mt thtch nc c thho tan 700 thtch NH
3
kh). NH
3
ho lng 33,6
o
C, ho rn
77,8
o
C.

Tnh cht ho hc
+ Tnh baz: NH
3
l mt bazv c khnng nhn proton.

K
baz
= 1,8.10
3

* NH
3
tc dng vi axit to thnh mui amoni:

Dng ion:

Nu thc hin phn ng gia NH
3
(kh) v HCl (kh) th to thnh m khi trng - l
nhng tinh thrt nhNH
4
Cl.
* Dung dch NH
3
lm xanh qutm, lm hng phenolphtalein
* Dung dch NH
3
tc dng vi dung dch AlCl
3
, ZnCl
2
to kt ta hiroxit khng tan trong
NH
3
d:

+ im c bit ca NH
3
l to phc vi mt sion kim loi nhAg
+
, Cu
2+
, Ni
2+
, Hg
2+
,
Cd
2+
,

V vy, khi cho dung dch NH
3
tc dng ttvi dung dch mui ca cc kim loi trn thy
kt ta (hiroxit hoc mui baz) sau kt ta tan v to phc:

+ Tnh kh:
NH
3
chy trong oxi cho ngn la mu vng:

NH
3
chy trong Cl
2
to khi trng NH
4
Cl

v
NH
3
+ HCl = NH
4
Cl
NH
3
khc mt soxit kim loi:

+ Bn thn NH
3
c thbnhit phn thnh N
2
, H
2
:

+ Cc mui amoni dbnhit phn:

NH
4
HCO
3
l bt n, 60
o
C phn hu, c dng trong cng nghthc phm.

+ Mui amoni nitrat bnhit phn theo 2 cch:

iu ch:
iu chNH
3
da trn phn ng.

Mun phn ng t hiu sut cao cn tin hnh p sut cao (300 1000 atm), nhit va
phi (400
o
C) v c bt st lm xc tc.

Kh N
2
ly tkhng kh.
Kh H
2
ly tkh tnhin hoc tsn phm ca phn ng gia cacbon v H
2
O.
ng dng:
NH
3
dng iu chaxit HNO
3
, cc mui amoni (NH
4
Cl, NH
4
NO
3
), iu chxa
b) Cc oxit ca nit.
Nitto vi oxi 5 loi oxit:
N
2
O, NO, N
2
O
3
, NO
2
v N
2
O
5
.
Soxi ho: +1,+2,+3,+4,v+5.
Chc NO v NO
2
iu chtrc tip c.
NO
2
: kh khng mu, mi dchu, hi c vngt. N
2
O khng tc dng vi oxi. 500
o
C b
phn huthnh N
2
v O
2
.

NO: kh khng mu, trong khng kh phn ng vi oxi to thnh NO
2
mu nu.

NO
2
: kh mu nu, rt c, bime ho theo cn bng.

iu kin thng, tn ti hn hp NO
2
v N
2
O
4
. Tlsmol NO
2
: N
2
O
4
phthuc nhit
. Trn 100
o
C chc NO
2

NO
2
l oxit axit hn hp. Khi tc dng vi H
2
O cho hn hp hai axit:

v

Khi tc dng vi kim c hn hp gm mui nitrat v mui nitrit.

Cc oxit NO v NO
2
thhin tnh oxi ho khi tc dng vi cht khmnh:

V thhin tnh khkhi gp cht oxi ho mnh nhCl
2
, Br
2
, O
3
, KMNO
4

c) Axit nitr HNO
2

L axit yu, km bn, chtn ti trong dung dch long. Khi c hoc nng dbphn hu.

HNO
2
v mui nitrit va c tnh oxi ho va c tnh kh:

d) Axit nitric HNO
3

Trong phn tHNO
3
c mt lin kt cho - nhn v ho trca N l IV (4 cp e dng chung),
cn soxi ho ca N l +5 (vhnh thc N c ho trV).
Tnh cht vt l:
Axit nitric nguyn cht l cht lng khng mu, si 86
o
C, ho rn 41
o
C.

HNO
3
dbphn hungoi nh sng thnh NO
2
, O
2
v H
2
O nn dung dch HNO
3
c c
mu vng (v c ln NO
2
)
HNO
3
c gy bng, lm vng da, ph hng vi, giy.
Tnh cht ho hc:
* Tnh axit: L axit mnh, phn li hon ton.

* Tnh oxi ho: L cht oxi ho manh, tc dng vi hu ht cckimloi (trvng v platin),
lc N
+5
c thbkhthnh N
+4
, N
+2
, N
+1
, N
o
v N
-3
tuthuc vo nng axit, nhit v
hot ng ca kim loi.
i vi axit HNO
3
c, nng: Oxi ho hu ht cc kim loi (trAu, Pt), sn phm kh l NO
2

mu nu.

HNO
3
c, ngui lm thng ho Fe v Al
i vi axit HNO
3
long: Oxi ho hu ht cc kim loi (trAu, Pt), sn phm kh l NO,
N
2
O hoc NH
4
NO
3
. Khi axit cng long, cht khcng mnh th N
+5
(trong HNO
3
) bkhv
soxi ho cng thp.
V d:

Hn hp dung dch m c ca HNO
3
v HCl c t l mol 1HNO
3
+ 3HCl gi l nc
cng toan, ho tan c cAu v Pt.

Axit HNO
3
cng oxi hoc nhiu phi kim nhC, Si, P, S:

iu ch axit HNO
3
:
* Trong phng th nghim

thu HNO
3
, ngi ta chng ct dung dch trong chn khng.
* Trong cng nghip, sn xut HNO
3
tNH
3
v O
2
:

ng dng:
HNO
3
l nguyn liu cbn iu chmui nitrat, phn bn, cht n, nhin liu tn la,
cc hp cht nitro, amin.
e) Mui nitrat
Tnh tan: Tt ccc mui nitrat u dtan trong H
2
O, l nhng cht in li mnh.

Phn hu nhit: Tt ccc mui nitrat u khng bn nhit cao. Tuthuc ion kim
loi c trong mui, cc nitrat bphn huto thnh nhng loi hp cht khc nhau (nhng u
phi gii phng O
2
)
* Nhit phn mui nitrat ca kim loi mnh (ng trc Mg trong dy Bktp)

* Nhit phn mui nitrat ca kim loi trung bnh (TMg Cu)

* Nhit phn mui nitrat ca kim loi yu (sau Cu)

ng dng ca mui nitrat: dng lm phn bn, thuc n.
Kali nitrat dng chto thuc nen (thuc nc khi). Thnh phn thuc nen : 75%
KNO
3
, 10% S, 15% C. Khi hn hp n, xy ra phn ng.

Nhn bit ion :
nhn bit ion (HNO
3
, mui nitrat) c thdng Cu trong mi trng axit (v d
H
2
SO
4
)

Ta thy Cu tan, dung dch c mu xanh, c kh khng mu bay ra, ri ho nu trong khng
kh.

Pht pho
1. Cu to nguyn t
Photpho cin tch ht nhn +15
Cu hnh e:

Photpho phn nhm chnh nhm V, chu k3. Nguyn tP c 3 electron phn lp 3p v
phn lp 3d cn trng (cha c electron) nn 1e phn lp 3s c thnhy ln 3d lm cho P c
5e c thn v nhvy c thc ho trV (khc N)
2. Tnh cht vt l v cc dng th hnh.
n cht photpho c thtn ti di nhiu dng th hnh khc nhau. Hai dng th hnh quan
trng l photpho trng v photpho .
Photpho trng: l cht rn mu trng hoc hi vng, rt c. 280
o
C, photpho trng chuyn
thnh photpho .
Photpho trng tbc chy trong khng kh, pht sng trong bng ti (ln tinh). Ngi ta bo
qun n bng cch ngm trong nc, trnh nh sng.
Photpho : l cht rn c mu , khng c. nhit cao, P thng hoa. Gp lnh,
hi P ngng tthnh P trng.
P kh bn, kh nng chy, khng tan trong bt kdung mi no.
3. Tnh cht ho hc:
Lp ngoi cng ca nguyn tP c 5e. Trong cc hp cht, P c soxi ho l -3, +3 v +5.
So vi nit, photpho hot ng hn, c bit l P trng.
Tc dng vi oxi: Photpho chy trong khng kh to ra iphotpho pentaoxit P
2
O
5
.

P trng boxi ho chm trong khng kh thnh P
2
O
3
, khi phn ng khng pht nhit m
pht quang.
Tc dng vi axit nitric:

Tc dng vi halogen: P bc chy trong clo v ntrong flo.

Tc dng vi mui : P c thgy nkhi tc dng vi nhng mui c tnh oxi ho mnh
nhKNO
3
, KClO
3
,

Tc dng vi hiro v kim loi (P thhin tnh oxi ho).
V d: PH
3
(photphin)
Ca
3
P
2
(canxi photphua)
PH
3
l cht kh, rt c. Trn 150
o
C bbc chy trong khng kh:

PH
3
sinh ra do sthi ra xc ng thc vt, nu c ln iphotphin P
2
H
4
th tbc chy pht
ra nh sng xanh (l hin tng "ma tri")
4. iu chvng dng
P kh hot ng, trong tnhin n tn ti dng hp cht nhcc qung photphorit Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
, apatit 3Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
.CaF
2
.
P c dng chto dim: Thuc gn u que dim gm mt cht oxi ho nh
KClO
3
, KNO
3
.., mt cht dchy nhS v keo dnh. Thuc qut bn cnh hp dim l bt P
v keo dnh. tng cst cn trn thm bt thutinh mn vo c2 loi thuc trn.
P dng sn xut axit photphoric:

Trong cng nghip, ngi ta iu chP bng cch nung hn hp canxi photphat, SiO
2
(ct)
v than:

5. Hp cht ca photpho
a) iphotpho pentaoxit P
2
O
5
.
P
2
O
5
l cht rn, mu trng, rt ho nc, tc dng mnh lit vi nc to thnh axit
photphoric:

Chnh v vy ngi ta dng P
2
O
5
lm kh nhiu cht.
b) Axit photphoric H
3
PO
4
.
H
3
PO
4
l cht rn, khng mu, nng chy 42,5
o
C, tan v hn trong nc.

Trong P
2
O
5
v H
3
PO
4
, photpho c soxi ho +5. Khc vi nit, photpho cm in nh
nn bn hn mc +5. Do vy H
3
PO
4
v P
2
O
5
kh bkhv khng c tnh oxi ho nhHNO
3
.
H
3
PO
4
l axit trung bnh, trong dung dch in li theo 3 nc: trung bnh nc thnht, yu
v rt yu cc nc thhai, thba.

Dung dch axit H
3
PO
4
c nhng tnh cht chung ca axit: lm qutm, tc dng vi baz,
oxit bazto thnh mui axit hoc mui trung ho nhNaH
2
PO
4
, Na
2
HPO
4
, Na
3
PO
4
.
H
3
PO
4
c thtc dng vi nhng kim loi ng trc H trong dy Bktp cho H
2
thot
ra.
V d:

c) Mui photphat
ng dng vi 3 mc in li ca axit H
3
PO
4
c dy mui photphat:
Mui photphat trung ho:

Mui ihiro photphat

Mui hiro photphat:

Cc mui trung ho v mui axit ca kim loi Na, K v amoni u tan trong nc. Vi cc
kim loi khc chmui ihiro photphat l tan c, ngoi ra u khng tan hoc tan t trong
H
2
O.
d) iu ch v ng dng
Trong cng nghip, iu chH
3
PO
4
tqung Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
v axit H
2
SO
4
:

Trong phng th nghim, H
3
PO
4
c iu chtP
2
O
5
(ho tan vo H
2
O) hay tP (ho
tan bng HNO
3
c).
Axit photphoric chyu c dng sn xut phn bn.
6. Phn bn ho hc
Phn bn ho hc l nhng ho cht c cha nguyn tdinh dng, dng bn cho cy
trng nhm nng cao nng sut.
Nhng ho cht dng lm phn bn phi l nhng hp cht tan c trong dung dch thm
trong t rcy hp thc. Ngoi ra, hp cht phi khng c hi gy nhim mi
trng.
C ba loi phn bn ho hc cbn: phn m, phn ln v phn kali.
a) Phn m l phn cha nguyn tnit. Cy chhp thm di dng ion v ion
. Cc loi phn m quan trng:
Mui amoni: NH
4
Cl (25% N), (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(21% N), NH
4
NO
3
(35% N, thng c gi l
"m hai l")
Ure: CO(NH
2
)
2
(46%N)giu nitnht. Trong t ure bbin i dn thnh amoni
cacbonat.

Cc mui amoni v ure bkim phn hu, do khng nn bo qun phn m gn vi,
khng bn cho cc loi t kim.
Mui nitrat: NaNO
3
, Ca(NO
3
)
2
,thng bn cho cc vng t chua mn.
b) Phn ln l phn cha nguyn tphotpho. Cy hp thln di dng ion . Cc loi
phn ln chnh.
Phn ln tnhin: Qung photphat Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
thch hp vi t chua ; phn nung chy
(nung qung photphat vi olomit).
Supephotphat n: Hn hp canxi ihiro photphat v thch cao, c iu chtheo phn
ng:

Supe photphat kp: l mui canxi ihiro photphat, c iu chtheo phn ng:


Amophot: cha cm v ln, c iu chbng cch cho NH
3
tc dng vi axit
photphoric thu c hn hp trong mono viamophot NH
4
H
2
PO
4
v (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4

c) Phn kali: cha nguyn tkali, cy hp thkali di dng ion K
+
. Phn kali chyu l
KCl ly tqung mui cacnalit (KCl.MgCl
2
.6H
2
O), sinvinit (KCl.NaCl). Ngoi ra ngi ta
cng dng KNO
3
.K
2
SO
4
.
d) Phn vi lng: l loi phn cha mt slng rt nhcc nguyn tnhng, km,
molipen, mangan, coban, bo, iot Chcn bn mt lng rt nhcc nguyn tny cng lm
cho cy pht trin tt.
nc ta c mt snh my ln sn xut supephotphat (Lm Thao - Ph Th), sn xut
phn m (H Bc) v c mt sa phng sn xut phn ln nung chy
Cacbon, silic thuc phn nhm chnh nhm IV. Nguyn tca nhng nguyn tny c 4
electron lp ngoi cng, chng l nhng phi kim.
Cacbon
1. Cu to nguyn t
Cacbon thin nhin l hn hp hai ng vbn: (98,982%)v (0,108%). NTK =
12,0115.
Cu hnh e ng vi trng thi cbn:

Do cacbon c thc ho trII (lin kt cng ho tr)
trng thi kch thch, c 1e phn lp 2s nhy ln phn lp 2p to thnh 4e c thn
ng nht, v thcacbon c ho trIV trong hu ht cc hp cht.
trng thi rn, cc nguyn tcacbon lin kt vi nhau theo kiu kim cng hoc graphit.
2. Cc dng th hnh v tnh cht vt l.
Cacbon c 3 dng th hnh: kim cng, than ch (graphit) v cacbon vnh hnh.
a) Kim cng
Kim cng c cu trc mng tinh thnguyn t, mi nguyn tC lin kt cng ho trbn
vng vi 4 nguyn tC xung quanh, to hnh tdin u. Sng nht v bn vng ca lin
kt ny khin kim cng c tnh rt cng, khng bay hi v trvi nhiu cht ho hc.
b) Than ch
Tinh ththan ch (graphit) c cu trc lp. Trn mi lp, mi nguyn tC lin kt vi 3
nguyn tC khc bng lin kt cng ho tr. Lin kt gia nhng nguyn tC trong 1 lp rt
bn vng, lin kt gia cc lp rt yu, do vy cc lp trong tinh thc thtrt ln nhau. Cu
trc ny lm than ch mm, trn, dng lm bt ch, bi trn cc bi.
c) Cacbon v nh hnh
Cacbon vnh hnh (than cc, than g, bhng,) gm nhng tinh thrt nh, c cu trc
khng trt t.
Tnh cht ca cacbon vnh hnh tuthuc vo nguyn liu v phng php iu ch
chng.
Than gv than xng c cu to xp nn chng c khnng hp thmnh cc cht kh v
cht tan trong dung dch.
3. Tnh cht ho hc
Cc dng th hnh ca cacbon tuy c tnh cht vt l rt khc nhau nhng tnh cht ho hc
ca chng cn bn ging nhau: chy trong oxi, ckim cng v than chu to thnh kh CO
2
.
a) Phn ng vi oxi
Khi chy trong oxi, phn ng tonhiu nhit:

V vy cacbon c dng chylm nhin liu trong i sng, trong cng nghip.
b) Phn ng vi cc oxit kim loi.
Cacbon khc nhiu oxit kim loi. V d:

c) Phn ng vi oxit phi kim
Cacbon phn ng vi oxit ca mt sphi kim to thnh cc cacbon c lin kt cng ho trv
rt rn. V d:

t nng cacbon trong kh CO
2
, to ra CO

d) Phn ng vi hi nc.
Cacbon tc dng vi hi nc nhit cao to ra kh thanh (mt hn hp gm CO v H
2
)

Kh than l nhin liu quan trng trong cng nghip.
e) Hp cht vi cc halogen.
Cacbon to nhiu hp cht vi halogen: CF
4
, CCl
4
, CF
2
Cl
2
, Trong CCl
4
c dng lm
dung mi, CF
2
Cl
2
(freon) l cht lm lnh trong cc my lnh v n l mt trong cc cht gy
"thng" tng ozon.
f) Trong cc hp cht vi hiro v kim loi, cacbon c soxi ho m.
V d:

4. Cc hp cht quan trng ca cacbon
a) Cacbon monooxit CO
Cng thc cu to:C O
CO l kh khng mu, khng mi, rt c (gy cht ngi), CO ho lng -191,5
o
C v ho
rn -205
o
C.


t
o
thng, CO rt tr. t
o
cao, CO bchy thnh CO
2
cho ngn la mu xanh:

Vi clo to thnh photgen l mt cht c ho hc:

CO c tnh khmnh, n khc cc oxit kim loi hot ng va v yu.
V d:

CO c dng lm cht khtrong cng nghip luyn kim.
b) Cacbon ioxit CO
2
.
Cng thc cu to:O=C=O.Phn ti xng, nguyn tC v hai nguyn tO nm
trn mt ng thng, do phn tkhng phn cc.
CO
2
l kh khng mu, khng mi, nng hn khng kh 1,5 ln.
CO
2
t tan trong nc (20
o
C, mt thtch nc ho tan c 0,88 thtch CO
2
). Di p
sut thng, -78
o
C, kh CO
2
ho rn, gi l nc kh.

CO
2
c tnh cht ca oxit axit v c tnh oxi ho yu.
+ Tc dng vi H
2
O:

H
2
CO
3
l axit yu, km bn, khi bun nng n phn hucho CO
2
bay ra.
+ Tc dng vi kim:

+ Tc dng vi kim loi:
CO
2
c thoxi ho mt skim loi c tnh khmnh nhit cao:

+ Tc dng vi NH
3
: To thnh ure.

iu ch CO
2
:
+ Nung vi:

+ Trong phng th nghim:

- ng dng ca CO
2
:
Cha chy.
Trong cng nghip thc phm, sn xut xa, ure,
c) Mui cacbonat.


Silic
1. Cu to nguyn t:
Silic l nguyn tphbin thhai trong tnhin sau oxi, gm ba loi ng v:

Cu hnh e lp ngoi cng ca silic : 3s
2
, 3p
2
.

2. Tnh cht vt l
Silic l cht rn, mu xm, dn in, dn nhit. Nng chy 1423
o
C. Silic dng n tinh
thl cht bn dn nn dng trong kthut radio, pin mt tri.
3. Tnh cht ho hc
Silic tinh thth tr, silic vnh hnh kh hot ng:

Silic ho hp c vi flo t
o
thng :

iu kin thng, silic khng tc dng vi axit, chtc dng vi hn hp HNO
3
+ HF:

Silic tc dng vi kim to ra mui silicat v gii phng H
2
:

Tnh cht ho hc c bit ca silic l n c thto thnh cc silan kiu ankan vi hiro v
halogen : Si
n
H
2n+2 ;
Si
n
Cl
2n+2

4. ng dng viu ch: Silic dng
Chto hp kim c bit c tnh cng v chu axit.
Chto cht bn dn trong kthut v tuyn in, pin mt tri.
- Mui cacbonat trung ho : Na
2
CO
3
, CaCO
3
,
- Mui hirocacbonat (mui axit):

Mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim, amoni v hirocacbonat ca kim loi kim, kim th(tr
NaHCO
3
) tan c trong nc, cc mui cacbonat cn li khng tan.
- t
o
cao : mui cacbonat kim loi kim khng b phn hu, cacbonat ca cc kim loi khc
phn hu, to ra oxit kim loi.

- Mui hirocacbonat km bn, bphn hu> 100
o
C. Mt vi mui (v dCa(HCO
3
)
2
) ch
tn ti trong dung dch.

- Mui cacbonat tc dng vi nhiu axit, gii phng CO
2
:

Trong phng th nghim, silic vnh hnh c iu chbng phn ng:

Trong cng nghip:

5. Hp cht ca silic
a) Silic ioxit SiO
2
.
SiO
2
l cht rn, khng mu, nng chy 1700
o
C. Thch anh, phal, ametit l SiO
2
nguyn
cht.
SiO
2
l oxit axit, t
o
cao n tc dng c vi oxit baz, kim, cacbonat kim loi kim,
to ra silicat :

SiO
2
c tnh cht ho hc c trng l tan c trong dung dch axit HF:

V vy ngi ta dng HF khc hnh trn thutinh.
SiO
2
c dng rng ri trong xy dng, sn xut thutinh, mi.
b) Axit silicic v mui silicat.
H
2
SiO
3
l axit yu, t tan trong nc.
iu chH
2
SiO
3
:

Mui ca axit silicic l silicat.
Na
2
SiO
3
v K
2
SiO
3
trng ging thutinh, tan c trong nc nn c gi l thutinh tan.
Thutinh tan dng chto xi mng, btng chu axit.
Nguyn liu sn xut thutinh l ct, thch anh, vi v xa:

Thnh phn ho hc ca thutinh ny c biu din gn ng bng cng thc cc oxit:
Na
2
O.CaO.6SiO
2.

Vtr v cu to ca kim loi.
1. Vtr
Trong bng tun hon cc nguyn tho hc, kim loi nhng vtr:
Phn nhm chnh nhm I, II, III (trbo)
Phn nhm phnhm I n nhm VIII
Hlantan v hactini (nhng nguyn txp ring di bng).
Mt phn ca cc phn nhm chnh nhm IV, V, VI.
Hin nay ngi ta bit khong 109 nguyn tho hc, trong c trn 85 nguyn tl kim
loi.
Cc nguyn tcng nm bn tri, pha di ca bng, tnh kim loi cng mnh.
2. Cu to ca nguyn tkim loi
Nguyn tkim loi c selectron lp ngoi cng nh( s 4 ), ddng cho i trong cc
phn ng ho hc.
Trong cng 1 chu k, nguyn tca cc nguyn tkim loi c bn knh ln hn v cin
tch ht nhn nhhn so vi cc nguyn tphi kim. Nhng nguyn tc bn knh ln l nhng
nguyn tnm gc di, bn tri ca bng tun hon.
3. Cu to tinh thkim loi
Cc nguyn tkim loi sp xp theo mt trt txc nh lm thnh mng li tinh thkim
loi. Nt ca mng li l cc ion dng hoc cc nguyn ttrung ho. Khong khng gian
gia cc nt li khng thuc nguyn tno, lm thnh "kh electron" m cc nguyn tkim
loi nt li lin kt vi nhau to thnh mng li bn vng.
Lin kt sinh ra trong mng li kim loi do cc e t do gn cc ion dng kim loi li vi
nhau gi l lin kt kim loi.
c im ca lin kt kim loi:
Do tt ccc e tdo trong kim loi tham gia.
Lin kt kim loi do tng tc tnh in gia cc ion dng v cc e tdo.
Tnh cht vt l
iu kin thng, cc kim loi u trng thi rn (tinh th), trHg l cht lng. Nhit
nng chy rt khc nhau.
Ngi ta phn bit : Cc kim loi en (gm Fe, Mn, Cr) v kim loi mu (cc kim loi cn
li).
Kim loi c tnh dn in, dn nhit tt, c tnh do, c nh kim.
Do c tnh cu to ca mng li kim loi ta gii thch tnh cht vt l ca n
a) Tnh dn in v dn nhit
Khi ni 2 u thanh kim loi vi 2 cc ca ngun in. Di tc dng ca in trng, cc
e tdo chuyn ng theo 1 hng xc nh lm thnh dng in trong kim loi.
Khi un nng kim loi ti 1 im no , cc nt li (nguyn t, ion) im nhn
thm nng lng, dao ng mnh ln v truyn nng lng cho cc e tdo. Cc e tdo li
truyn nng lng cho cc nt xa hn. V cnhthnng lng (dng nhit) c truyn ra
khp thanh kim loi. l bn cht tnh dn nhit ca kim loi.
b) Tnh do (dko di, dt mng):
Khi tc dng lc chc ln thanh kim loi, mt snt mng li kim loi c thbx dch,
nhng mi lin kt gia cc lp nt trong mng nhcc e tdo vn c bo ton, do mng
li tinh thvn bn vng, mc d hnh dng thanh kim loi bthay i.
Tnh cht ho hc.
1. Nhn xt chung
Do c im cu to, cc nguyn tkim loi ddng cho e ho tr, thhin tnh kh:

So snh tnh khca kim loi : i tu n cui "dy thin ha" ca cc kim loi th tnh
kh gim dn.
K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Ag, Hg, Au.
2. Cc phn ng c trng:
a) Phn ng vi oxi :
t
o
thng, phn ln kim loi phn ng vi O
2
ca khng kh to thnh lp bo vcho
kim loi khng boxi ho tip tc.
Khi nung nng, phn ln kim loi chy trong oxi. V d:

b) Phn ng vi halogen v cc phi kim khc
Vi halogen: cc kim loi kim, kim th, Al phn ng ngay t
o
thng. Cc kim loi khc
phn ng yu hn, phi un nng. Hp cht to thnh kim loi c ho trcao:

Vi phi kim khc (yu hn) phi un nng :

c) Phn ng vi hiro:
Kim loi kim v kim thphn ng to hp cht hirua kim loi dng mui, soxi ho
ca H l -1

d) Phn ng vi nc:
t
o
thng, chc cc kim loi kim, kim thphn ng c vi nc to thnh H
2
v
hiroxit kim loi. Mt skim loi yu hn to thnh lp bo vhiroxit hoc to thnh axit.

nhit nng , nhng kim loi ng trc hiro trong dy thin ho phn ng vi
hi nc. V d:

e) Vi axit thng (HCl, H
2
SO
4
long)
Phn ng xy ra ddng khi:
Kim loi ng trc H
2
.
Mui to thnh phi tan

g) Vi axit oxi ho (HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c nng)
TrAu v Pt, cn hu ht cc kim loi tc dng c vi HNO
3
(c hoc long), H
2
SO
4

(c, nng),
Vi HNO
3
c:

(Kh duy nht bay ra l NO
2
mu nu).

Vi HNO
3
long:

Tutheo mnh ca kim loi vlong ca axit, sn phm kh bay ra c thl N
2,
N
2
O,
NO. i vi kim loi mnh v axit rt long, sn phm l NH
4
NO
3
.
V d:

Vi axit H
2
SO
4
c nng.
Kim loi + H
2
SO
4
.n mui + (H
2
S, S, SO
2
) + H
2
O.
Tutheo mnh ca kim loi m sn phm ca skhS
+6
(trong H
2
SO
4
) l H
2
S, S hay
SO
2
.
Kim loi cng mnh th S
+6
bkhvsoxi ho cng thp. V d:

Ch : Al v Fe bthng ho trong H
2
SO
4
c, ngui v HNO
3
c, ngui. Nguyn nhn
l do khi 2 kim loi ny tip xc vi cc axit c, ngui th trn bmt chng c to lp mng
mng, c xt bo vkim loi khng baxit tc dng. Do , trong thc tngi ta dng cc
xitec bng st chuyn chcc axit trn.
h) Phn ng vi kim:
Mt skim loi ng trc H
2
v hiroxit ca n c tnh lng tnh c thphn ng vi
kim mnh.
V d nhBe, Zn, Al:

k) Phn ng kim loi mnh y kim loi yu khi hp cht:
y kim loi yu khi dung dch mui. V d:

Nhng kim loi tc dng mnh vi H
2
O nh kim loi kim, kim th, khi gp dung dch nc
th trc ht phn ng vi H
2
O.
y kim loi yu khi oxit (phn ng nhit kim loi).
Xy ra t
o
cao, tonhiu nhit lm nng chy kim loi:

Phng php ny thng c dng iu chcc kim loi kh nng chy nhCr, Mn,
Fe
Dy thin ho ca kim loi
1. Cp oxi ho - khca kim loi.
Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, cn bng.

c thxy ra theo 1 chiu xc nh.
Trong : Me l dng kh,
Me
n+
l dng oxi ho.

Dng oxi ho v dng khca cng mt nguyn tto thnh cp oxi ho - kh (oxh/kh).
V d:
Cc cp oxi ho - kh: Fe
2+
/Fe,Cu
2+
/Cu,Al
3+
/Al.

2. in thoxi ho - kh.
c trng cho khnng oxi ho - khca mt cp oxi ho - kh, ngi ta dng i lng
gi lin thoxi ho - khv k hiu E
oxh/kh
.
Khi nng dng oxi ho v nng dng khbng 1mol/l (|oxh| = |kh| = 1mol/l), ta c th
oxi ho - khchun
oxh/kh.

3. ngha ca dy thin ho ca kim loi
a) D on chiu phn ng gia 2 cp oxh - kh:
Khi cho 2 cp oxh - kh gp nhau, dng oxh ca cp nm bn phi (c thoxh - kh ln hn)
oxh c dng khca cp nm bn tri. V d:
C 2 cp oxh - kh : Zn
2+
/Znv Fe
2+
/Fe phn ng:

C 2 cp oxh - kh: Zn
2+
/Znv Cu
2+
/Cu phn ng:

b) Nhng kim loi ng trc H (pha tri) y c hiro ra khi dung dch axit.
V d:

Hp kim
1. nh ngha
Hp kim l cht rn thu c sau khi nung chy mt hn hp nhiu kim loi khc nhau hoc
hn hp kim loi v phi kim.
2. Cu to ca hp kim
Hp kim thng c cu to bng cc loi tinh th:
a) Tinh th hn hp: Gm nhng tinh thca cc n cht trong hn hp ban u, khi nng
chy chng khng tan vo nhau.
b) Tinh th dung dch rn: L nhng tinh thc to thnh sau khi nung nng chy cc n
cht trong hn hp tan vo nhau
c) Tinh th hp cht ho hc: L tinh thca nhng hp cht ho hc c to ra sau khi
nung nng chy cc n cht trong hn hp.
3. Lin kt ho hc trong hp kim:
Lin kt trong hp kim chyu l lin kt kim loi. Trong loi hp kim c tinh thl hp
cht ho hc, kiu lin kt l lin kt cng ho tr.
4. Tnh cht ca hp kim:
Hp kim c nhng tnh cht ho hc tng t tnh cht ca cc cht trong hn hp ban u,
nhng tnh cht vt l v tnh cht chc li khc nhiu.
5. ng dng:
Hp kim c dng nhiu trong:
Cng nghip chto my: chto t, my bay, cc loi my mc
Cng nghip xy dng
n mn kim loi v chng n mn
1. Sn mn kim loi.
S ph hu kim loi hoc hp kim do tc dng ho hc ca mi trng xung quanh gi l s
n mn kim loi.
n mn kim loi c chia thnh 2 loi chnh: n mn ho hc vn mn in ho.
a) n mn ho hc:
n mn ho hc l s ph hu kim loi do kim loi phn ng ho hc vi cht kh hoc hi
nc nhit cao.
c im ca n mn ho hc:
Khng pht sinh dng in.
Nhit cng cao th tc n mn cng nhanh.
Sn mn ho hc thng xy ra :
Nhng thit bca lt.
Nhng chi tit ca ng ct trong.
Nhng thit btip xc vi hi nc nhit cao.
V d:

Bn cht ca n mn ho hc l qu trnh oxi ho - kh, trong cc electron ca kim loi
chuyn trc tip sang mi trng tc dng:

b) n mn in ho:
n mn in ho l s ph hu kim loi do kim loi tip xc vi dung dch cht in li to
nn dng in.
Cchn mn in ho:
Nhng kim loi dng trong i sng v kthut thng t nhiu c ln tp cht (kim loi
khc hoc phi kim), khi tip xc vi mi trng in li (nhhi nc c ho ln cc kh CO
2
,
NO
2
, SO
2
,hoc nc bin, ) sxy ra qu trnh n mn in ho.
Xt cchn mn st c ln ng trong khng khm c ho tan H
+
, O
2
, CO
2
, NO
2
,to
thnh mi trng in li.
St c ln ng tip xc vi mi trng in li to thnh 1 pin, trong Fe l kim loi hot
ng hn l cc m, Cu l cc dng.

cc m: Fe boxi ho v bn mn.

Ion Fe
2+
tan vo mi trng in li, trn st de. Cc e dny chy sang Cu (gim bt s
chnh lch in tch m gia thanh st vng).
cc dng: Xy ra qu trnh khion H
+
v O
2
.

Ion H
+
v O
2
trong mi trng in li n ming Cu thu e:

Sau xy ra qu trnh to thnh gst:

Cc hiroxit st ny c thbmt H
2
O to thnh gst, c thnh phn xc nh:

2. Cch chng n mn kim loi:
a) Cch li kim loi vi mi trng:
Dng nhng cht bn vi mi trng phln bmt kim loi. l:
Cc loi sn chng g, vecni, du m, trng men, phhp cht polime.
Mmt skim loi bn nhcrom, niken, ng, km, thic ln bmt kim loi cn bo v.
b) Dng hp kim chng g (hp kim inox):
Chto nhng hp kim khng gtrong mi trng khng kh, mi trng ho cht. Nhng
hp kim khng gthng t tin, v vy sdng chng cn hn ch.
c) Dng cht chng n mn (cht km hm)
Cht chng n mn lm bmt kim loi trnn thng (tr) i vi mi trng n mn.
Ngy nay ngi ta chto c hng trm cht chng n mn khc nhau, chng c
dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip ho cht.
d) Dng phng php in ha:
Ni kim loi cn bo vvi 1 tm kim loi khc c tnh khmnh hn. V d, bo vv
tu bin bng thp, ngi ta gn vo vtu (phn chm trong nc bin) 1 tm km. Khi tu
hot ng, tm km bn mn dn, vtu c bo v. Sau mt thi gian ngi ta thay tm
km khc.

iu chkim loi
1. Nguyn tc:
Khion kim loi thnh kim loi.

2. Cc phng php iu ch.
a) Phng php thy luyn:
Dng kim loi tdo c tnh khmnh hn khion kim loi trong dung dch mui.
V d:
iu chng kim loi:

iu chbc kim loi:

b) Phng php nhit luyn:
Dng cc cht khnhCO, H
2
, C hoc kim loi khion kim loi trong oxit nhit
cao. Phng php ny c sdng sn xut kim loi trong cng nghip:

c) Phng php in phn:
Dng dng in 1 chiu trn catt (cc m) khion kim loi trong hp cht. Bng phng
php ny, ngi ta c thiu chc hu ht cc kim loi.
iu chkim loi c tnh kh mnh (tNa n Al). in phn hp cht nng chy (mui,
kim, oxit). V d: iu chNa bng cch in phn NaCl nng chy.

iu chkim loi c tnh kh trung bnh v yu: in phn dung dch mui ca chng
trong nc. V d:
iu chCu bng cch in phn dung dch CuSO
4.

Bng phng php in phn c thiu chc kim loi ctinh khit cao.

Hp cht ca kim loi.
1. Oxit Me
x
O
y

a) u l tinh th.
b) Tc dng vi H
2
O. Chc mt soxit kim loi mnh (v dkim loi kim, kim th) v
mt sanhirit axit c soxi ho cao mi phn ng trc tip vi H
2
O.

c) Tc dng vi axit: Phn ln cc oxit bazphn ng vi axit.

d) Tc dng vi oxit axit. Chc oxit ca cc kim loi mnh phn ng c.

e) Tc dng vi kim: Cc oxti axit v cc oxit lng tnh phn ng c.

2. Hiroxit
Hiroxit l hp cht tng ng vi sn phm kt hp oxit v H
2
O. Hiroxit c thc tnh
bazhoc axit.
a) Hiroxit ca mt s kim loi (trca kim loi kim, kim th) b nhit phn khi nung nng
to thnh oxit:

b) Tnh tan trong H
2
O: Phn ln t tan, chc hiroxit ca kim loi kim, Ba(OH)
2
v mt s
hiroxit trong kim loi c soxi ho cao l tan c trong H
2
O. V d: H
2
CrO
4
, H
2
Cr
2
O
7
,
H
2
MnO
4
, HMnO
4
.
c) Tnh axit - baz:
Phn ln c tnh baz, mt sc tnh lng tnh (nhBe(OH)
2
, Zn(OH)
2
, Al(OH)
3
, Sn(OH)
2
,), mt sl axit (H
2
CrO
4
, H
2
Cr
2
O
7
, HMnO
4
).
d) Tnh oxi ho - kh: Thhin ri vi mt shiroxit ca kim loi c nhiu soxi ho
hoc hiroxit ca kim loi yu.

3. Mui
a) Tnh tan ca mui:
Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi: u dtan trong nc.
Mui sunfat ca cc kim loi: phn ln dtan, trCaSO
4
, BaSO
4,
PbSO
4
, Ag
2
SO
4
.
Mui clorua ca cc kim loi: phn ln dtan, trAgCl, PbCl
2
, CuCl, Hg
2
Cl
2
,
Mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi: phn ln kh tan, trcacbonat ca kim loi kim v
amoni.
Mui cacbonat axit: ni chung tan tt hn mui cacbonat trung tnh (trcacbonat axit ca
kim loi kim).
b) Tnh oxi ho - kh ca mui:
Mt smui c soxi ho thp ca kim loi km bn, c tnh kh.

Mt smui ca kim loi yu, hoc c soxi ho cao ca kim loi th km bn, c tnh oxi
ho hoc dbphn hu:

Cu to nguyn t
C 1 e ho trlp ngoi cng.
Bn knh nguyn tln, in tch ht nhn nh(so vi cc nguyn tcng chu k). V vy
kim loi kim rt dnhng 1e ho tr- thhin tnh khmnh.

i tLi Fr tnh khtng dn (Fr l nguyn tphng xt c nghin cu).
Tnh cht vt l
L nhng kim loi, mm, nh, trng nhbc.
Dto hp kim vi Hg gi l hn hng.
Nhit nng chy v nhit si thp. i tLi Cs, nhit nng chy v nhit si
gim dn.
Dn nhit v dn in tt.
n cht v hp cht khi chy cho ngn la c trng: Li : ta ; Na : vng; K : tm Rb :
huyt.
Tnh cht ho hc
a) Phn ng vi oxi:
t
o
thng : Li, Na, K + O
2
lp oxit trn mt ; Rb, Cs bc chy.

Khi un nng : Li, Na, K bc chy mnh lit to thnh oxit (Li
2
O) hay peoxit Na
2
O
2
,
K
2
O
2
.
b) Vi cc phi kim khc:
Phn ng mnh lit vi halogen t
o
thng, hoc khi un nh:

Khi t nng phn ng vi S, H
2
, P,

NaH l cht rn, khi gp nc, bthuphn:
c) Phn ng vi nc: Phn ng mnh ngay nhit thng.

d) Phn ng vi axit thng v axit oxi ho: phn ng xy ra mnh lit.
Hp cht
1. Oxit Me
2
O l cht rn, phn ng mnh vi nc, vi axit v oxit axit. V d:

2. Hiroxit MeOH
L cht rn, ht m mnh, tan nhiu trong nc.
L bazmnh, in li hon ton trong dung dch nc.
Phn ng trung ho vi axit, oxit axit. V d

Khi dCO
2
:

Cacbonat axit ca kim loi kim kh bn, c thtch khi dung dch di dng tinh thkhi
un cn dung dch. Nhng khi nung nng tinh thbphn tch thnh cacbonat, v dNaHCO
3
b
phn tch 160
o
C.

Mui cacbonat kim loi kim rt bn, nng chy khong 800
o
C, khng bphn tch.

iu ch hiroxit kim loi kim:
in phn dung dch mui clorua long, ngui c mng ngn (xem phn in phn).
Bng phn ng trao i:

3. Mui
Hu ht cc mui ca kim loi kim u tan nhiu trong nc (trKClO
4
), mt smui tn
ti trong thin nhin : NaCl, Na
2
SO
4
.10H
2
O, Na
2
AlF
6
, KCl, NaCl.KCl (xinvinit),
KCl.MgCl
2
.H
2
O (cacnalit), KCl.MgSO
4
.3H
2
O. (cainit).
Mt smui kim loi quan trng:
Natri clorua NaCl:
NaCl l cht rn, khng mu, dtan trong nc, nng chy 800
o
C.

NaCl c khai thc tnc bin, tmui m. Nc dng nhiu trong cng nghip thc
phm, sn xut clo, axit clohiric, nc Javen,
Natri hirocacbonat:
Mui natri hirocacbonat NaHCO
3
l cht rn mu trng, t tan trong nc, bn nhit
thng, bphn hunhit cao.

NaHCO
3
l mui ca axit yu, khng bn, tc dng c vi axit mnh:

Mt khc, NaHCO
3
l mui axit, tc dng c vi kim:

Mui natri cacbonat Na
2
CO
3
:
Na
2
CO
3
l cht rn mu trng, dtan trong nc. nhit thng n tn ti dng mui
ngm nc Na
2
CO
3
.10H
2
O. nhit cao, mt nc to thnh mui khan Na
2
CO
3
c nhit
nng chy 850
o
C.

Na
2
CO
3
bthuphn trong dung dch cho mi trng kim mnh:

Na
2
CO
3
l nguyn liu ho hc quan trng sn xut thutinh, x phng v nhiu mui
khc.
4. Nhn bit kim loi kim v hp cht ca chng.
Da vo mu ngn la khi t hn hp ca cc kim loi ny:
Hp cht ca Li
+
: ngn la mu .

Hp cht ca Na
+
: ngn la mu vng.

Hp cht ca K
+
: ngn la mu tm.

iu ch
Kim loi kim c iu chbng cch in phn mui clorua nng chy hoc hiroxit nng
chy.
V d:

Trng thi tnhin
Natri thng gp di dng NaCl (mui n), Na
2
SO
4
.10H
2
O, Na
2
CO
3
(xa), NaNO
3

(dim tiu).
Kali thng gp dng : KCl.NaCl (xinvinit), KCl.MgCl
2
.6H
2
O (cacnanit)
Cu to nguyn t
C 2 electrong ho trlp ngoi cng.
Bn knh nguyn tkh ln, in tch ht nhn tng i nh(so vi cc nguyn ttrong
cng chu k). V vy cc nguyn tu c tnh khmnh (nhng km kim loi kim), d
nhng 2e.

Tnh cht vt l
L nhng cht rn, c nh bc, dn in, dn nhit tt.
Nhit si v nhit nng chy tng i thp (cao hn kim loi kim)
V d : ca Mg l 650
o
C, ca Ba l 710
o
C.

Mu ngn la c trng ca n cht v hp cht:
Ca: da cam ; Sr, Ra: son ; Ba: xanh lc.
Tnh cht ho hc
1. Phn ng vi oxi
nhit thng, cc kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II bO
2
khng kh oxi ho to
thnh lp oxit trn bmt.
Khi t nng bc chy mnh lit.
V d:

2. Phn ng vi cc phi kim khc.
Vi halogen: phn ng ddng ngay nhit thng

Vi cc phi kim km hot ng: phi un nng

3. Phn ng vi H
2
O
Be khng phn ng v c lp oxit bo v
Mg khng tan trong nc lnh, khi un nng to tan chm do phn ng vi nc.
Ca, Sr, Ba phn ng mnh vi nc nhit thng.

4. Phn ng vi axit (axit thng v axit oxi ho)
Be, Mg phn ng ddng.
Ca, Sr, Ba phn ng mnh lit

5. Phn ng vi dung dch kim v kim nng chy.
Chc Be phn ng:

6. Phn ng y kim loi yu hn khi oxit hoc mui khan khi un nng.

iu ch
Phng php phbin nht v quan trng nht lin phn mui halogenua nng chy:

Mt shp cht quan trng
1. Oxit MeO. u l cht rn, mu trng, rt bn nhit, nng chy nhit rt cao (v d
CaO nng chy 2585
o
C).

MgO phn ng chm vi H
2
O ; CaCO ; SrO ; BaO phn ng mnh lit vi nc:

Cc oxit u tan ddng trong axit.
BeO tc dng vi dung dch kim

Quan trng nht trong scc oxit l CaO. CaO c gi l vi sng, tc dng vi nc cho
Ca(OH)
2
gi l vi ti, dng lm vt liu xy dng.
2. Hiroxit Me(OH)
2

Tnh tan v tnh baztng dn:

Be(OH)
2
c tnh lng tnh

Mg(OH)
2
kt ta trng, l bazyu, tan trong axit.
Ca(OH)
2
t tan trong nc, l bazkh mnh.
Ba(OH)
2
tan kh nhiu trong nc to thnh dung dch kim mnh.
Khi un nng, Be(OH)
2
v Mg(OH)
2
bmt nc bin thnh oxit:

Ch : Khi cho kh clo tc dng vi Ca(OH)
2
hoc CaO ta thu c clorua vi CaOCl
2
c
cng thc cu to:

Clorua vi l cht oxi ho mnh, dng st trng v ty trng. Cc phn ng quan trng ca
clorua vi l:

3. Mui
a) Mui nitrat: tan nhiu trong nc.
b) Mui clorua: tan nhiu trong nc
c) Mui sunfat: tBeSO
4
BaSO
4
tan gim dn. BeSO
4
, MgSO
4
tan nhiu, SrSO
4
,
BaSO
4
khng tan.
d) Mui cacbonat:
Mui cacbonat trung tnh MeCO
3
: t tan trong nc, khi nung nng bphn tch. V d:

Mui cacbonat axit Me(HCO
3
)
2
tan nhiu trong nc, ch tn ti trong dung dch v c cn
bng sau;

Khi dCO
2
, cn bng chuyn dch sang phi.
Khi un nng, cn bng chuyn dch sang tri.

Trng thi tnhin
Mg thng gp dng MgCO
3
(manhezit), CaCO
3
.MgCO
3
(olomit), KCl.MgCl
2
.6H
2
O
(cacnalit), KCl.MgSO
4
.6H
2
O (cainit).
Ca thng gp dng CaCO
3
(vi, phn, hoa), CaCO
3
.MgCO
3
(olomit),
CaO
4
.2H
2
O (thch cao), Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
(photphorit), 3Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
.CaF
2
(apatit).
Nc cng
1. nh ngha
Tutheo lng ion Ca
2+
v Mg
2+
c trong nc nhiu hay t m ngi ta chia nc thin
nhin thnh 2 loi:
+ Nc mm: C t ion Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
ho tan (tng nng 2 ion ny < 0,002 mol/l).

+ Nc cng: C ho tan nhiu ion Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
(tng nng 2 ion ny > 0,002 mol/l).


cng ca nc gm 2 loi:
+ cng tm thi: Do mui cacbonat axit ca canxi v magie gy ra, khi un si nc, cc
mui ny bphn huto ra mui, cacbonat kt ta:

+ cng vnh cu: gy ra do mui clorua, sunfat ca Ca
2+
v Mg
2+
. Khi un si, vnh
cu khng bmt.
+ cng ton phn: l tng ca hai cng trn.
2. Tc hi ca nc cng.
ng cn vo thnh ni hi lm gim dn nhit nn lm tn nhin liu v c thgy ra
nni hi.
Git x phng trong nc cng skh sch, tn x phng v x phng bin thnh mui ca
Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
t tan, vn cc trn vi.

V d:

3. Cch lm mm nc.
a) Kh cng tm thi :
un si nc.
Dng cc phng php vi, xt v xa.
+ Phng php vi:

+ Phng php xt:

+ Phng php xa:

b) Khcng ton phn:
Dng phn ng trao i (vi Na
2
CO
3
hay Na
3
PO
4
) kt ta Ca
2+

v Mg
2+
:

Dng nha trao i ion (gi l cc ionit): cho nc chy qua ct cha nha trao i ion, cc
ion Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
sbgili trn ct.

Cu to nguyn t
Nguyn tAl c 3 electron ho trlp ngoi cng (cu hnh e : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3
1
).

Bn knh nguyn ttng i ln.
in tch ht nhn Z tng i nh.
V thAl c tnh khmnh (km Mg), dnhng 3e ho tr:

Tnh cht vt l
Al l kim loi nh(d = 2,7 g/cm
3
), trng nhbc, nhit nng chy l 600
0
C.

Al rt do, dko di, dt mng.
Al dn nhit, dn in rt tt. To hp kim vi nhiu kim loi khc.
Tnh cht ho hc
1. Phn ng vi oxi
nhit thng: do lp oxit mng bo vnn Al khng phn ng vi oxi. Nu lm cho
lp Al
2
O
3
to thnh ny khng bm vo bmt nhm th nhm sphn ng mnh vi oxi.

V d, sau khi nhng Al vo thungn to thnh hn hng trn bmt Al, khi ra khng
kh sxy ra hin tng "Al mc lng t".
dng bt, khi un nng, Al chy mnh tonhiu nhit.
2. Phn ng vi cc phi kim
Vi Cl
2
, Br
2
: Al phn ng ngay nhit thng, to thnh AlCl
3
, AlBr
3
.
Khi un nng, Al phn ng vi I
2
, S. nhit cao, Al phn ng c vi N
2
, C.

3. Phn ng vi H
2
O
nhit thng, Al khng phn ng vi H
2
O v c lp oxit bn vng bo v. Nu nh
blp oxit i, Al phn ng vi H
2
O nhit thng.

Phn ng trn nhanh chng dng li v Al(OH)
3
+ bo vkhng cho Al tip xc vi H
2
O.
4. Phn ng vi axit thng
Vi dung dch HCl v H
2
SO
4
(l), phn ng ddng (Al ng trc H):

5. Phn ng vi axit oxi ho
Vi HNO
3
c, ngui v H
2
SO
4
c, ngui : Al bthng ho.
Trong cc trng hp khc (axit long, axit c, nng) phn ng xy ra ddng:
V d:

6. Phn ng vi dung dch kim.
Phn ng mnh v Al(OH)
3
+ lng tnh, tan c trong kim.

7. Phn ng y kim loi yu hn khi hp cht.
Vi dung dch mui:

Phn ng nhit nhm: y mnh kim loi yu khi oxit khi nung nng.

Phn ng nhit nhm c dng iu chMn, Cr, V, W v cc hp kim ca st.
Hp cht ca Al
1. Nhm oxit Al
2
O
3

Mu trng, rt bn vi nhit, kh nng chy (nhit nng chy > 2000
o
C)

Khng tc dng vi nc, khng tan trong nc.
Al
2
O
3
l oxit lng tnh, tc dng vi dung dch axit mnh v dung dch kim. Dphn
ng vi kim nng chy.

2. Nhm hiroxit Al(OH)
3

Al(OH)
3
l cht kt ta dng keo, t tan trong nc.
L hiroxit lng tnh, dtan trong axit v trong dung dch kim, c bit khng tan vo
dung dch NH
4
OH long.

Al(OH)
3
nung nng bmt nc.

iu chAl(OH)
3
bng phn ng trao i vi dung dch NH
4
OH:

3. Mui nhm
Cc mui nitrat, sunfat, halogenua ca nhm u tan nhiu trong nc.
Mt loi mui Al phbin l phn chua. l mui kp Al - K c cng thc: K
2
SO
4
.Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O, phn chua c dng lm trong nc, dng trong knghthuc da v giy.
Mui aluminat: C ion , chbn trong dung dch kim (v dNaAlO
2
). Trong mi
trng axit yu to thnh Al(OH)
3
kt ta. V d:

iu chAl
Trong cng nghip, sn xut nhm chyu bng phng php in phn nng chy Al
2
O
3
c
mt criolit Na
3
AlF
6
lm gim nhit nng chy ca Al
2
O
3
.
Khi nng chy:

in phn 950
o
C, in th4 - 5 von.

Cc in cc lm bng than graphit, do ant bn mn bi phn ng.

V vy, khi in phn phi thng xuyn bsung than ant. Al
2
O
3
ly tqung boxit.
Nhn bit ion Al
3+

Nhn bit ion Al
3+
bng phn ng to kt ta keo Al(OH)
3
tan trong kim dnhng khng
tan trong NH
4
OH.
Trng thi tnhin ca nhm
Nhm thng gp di dng : boxit (Al
2
O
3
.nH
2
O), cao lanh (Al
2
O
3
.2SiO
2
.2H
2
O),
Cu to nguyn t
Cu hnh electron:

Lp st ngoi cng c 14 electron, ang xy dng ddang nn km bn. V vy Fe c th
nhng 2 electron lp ngoi cng v mt selectron lp st ngoi cng c soxi ho +2,
+3 v +6.
St l kim loi hot ng trung bnh, soxi ho thng gp l +2 v +3.
Tnh cht vt l
St nguyn cht c nh bc, do, dn in, dn nhit tt, nng chy 1539
o
C.

Di 800
o
C st c tnh nhim t, bnam chm ht v trthnh nam chm (tm thi).

Tnh cht ho hc
1. Phn ng vi O
2
.
nhit thng, trong khng kh kh, to thnh lp oxit bmt (Fe
3
O
4
).
Trong khng khm, st bg(do bn mn in ho).
Khi nng , chy vi oxi:

2. Phn ng vi cc phi kim.
Khi bt nng, Fe phn ng vi hu ht cc phi kim, v d:

3. Phn ng vi nc:
nhit nng , Fe phn ng mnh vi hi nc:

4. Phn ng vi axi thng:

5. Phn ng vi axit oxi ho.
Fe bthng ho bi HNO
3
c, ngui v H
2
SO
4
c, ngui.
Trong cc trng hp khc (H
2
SO
4
c, nng; HNO
3
long), Fe ddng phn ng.

6. Vi dung dch kim
Fe khng tc dng vi dung dch kim
7. y kim loi chyu khi hp cht.

Hp cht.
1. Oxit.
C 3 loi: FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
(FeO.Fe
2
O
3
).
C3 u l cht rn, khng tc dng vi H
2
O v khng tan trong H
2
O
Vi cht kh(nhCO, H
2
nhit cao) : Oxit cha st c soxi ho cao bkhthnh
oxit c soxi ho thp ri thnh kim loi:

Vi cht oxi ho: Oxit cha st c soxi ho thp bin thnh oxit c soxi ho cao:

C3 u l oxit baz, ho tan trong axit, khng ho tan trong kim.

Nu ho tan trong axit oxi ho th to thnh mui Fe
3+
:

2. Hiroxit
Fe(OH)
2
+ c mu trng.
Fe(OH)
3
+ c mu nu.
C2 hiroxit ny u t tan trong nc.
Khi nung nng, bmt nc:

Nu nung trong kh quyn c oxi thu to thnh Fe
2
O
3
, v:

Fe(OH)
2
dboxi ho (ngay trong khng kh) thnh Fe(OH)
3
:

C2 hiroxit u l bazyu, tan trong axit:

Fe(OH)
3
khng tan trong kim d, nhng tan mt t trong kim c v c tnh axit v rt
yu.
3. Mui
a) Cc mui nitrat, halogenua, sunfat ca Fe u tan nhiu trong nc.
b) Mui Fe
2+
c tnh kh mnh.

c) Mui Fe
3+
c tnh oxi ho

4. Cch nhn bit.
a) Nhn bit hp cht ca Fe
2+

Bng phn ng to kt ta Fe(OH)
2
mu trng, ri boxi ho dn thnh Fe(OH)
3
mu nu.
Bng phn ng thhin tnh khca Fe
2+
. V dlm mt mu KMnO
4
(xem phn ng 3b.)

b) Nhn bit hp cht ca Fe
3+

Bng phn ng to thnh kt ta Fe(OH)
3
mu nu.
5. Hp cht ca Fe trong tnhin
Trong t nhi n, st tn ti ch yu trong cc khong cht sau :
Oxit st t(Fe
3
O
4
), hmatit (Fe
2
O
3
), hmatit nu (Fe
2
O
3
. H
2
O), xeerit (FeCO
3
), pirit
(FeS
2
)
Hp kim ca Fe
1. St non: l hp kim ca st c cha di 0,01% cacbon.
2. Gang: l hp kim ca st cha 2 - 6% cacbon, ngoi ra cn c mt t Mn, Si, P, S. Ngi ta
phn bit:
Gang xm: Chto nhit cao, c cha nhiu cacbon (3,5 - 6%) v t Si hn.
Gang trng: Rt cng nhng rt dn, dng luyn st hoc thp.
Gang c bit: C cha nhiu Mn, Si, Cr, W. Dng trn vo gang thng luyn thp
qu.
3. Thp: l hp kim ca st c t0,01 - 2% cacbon v mt snguyn tkhc. Ngi ta phn
bit:
a) Thp thng hay thp cacbon: c cha t C, Si, Mn v rt t P, S. cng ca thp ph
thuc vo hm lng cacbon.
b) Thp c bit: c cha nhng lng ng kcc nguyn tkhc nhMn, Si, Cr, Ni, W.
Thp c bit c nhng tnh cht chc v vt l rt qu.
V du:
Thp Ni - Cr: Rt cng, t dn. Dng chto vng bi, vxe bc thp.
Thp W - Mo - Cr: Rt cng ngay nhit cao. Dng chto dng cct gt kim loi.
Thp Si: Rt do, n hi tt. Dng chl xo, dp t.
Thp Mn: Rt bn, chu c va p mnh. Dng chmy nghin , thanh ng ray.
Luyn gang
1. Nguyn tc
Dng CO khst oxit (nu l qung FeCO
3
th nung trc bin thnh st oxit).
2. Cc phn ng trong l cao:
pha trn ni l:

Kh CO bc ln gp st oxit:

ng thi xy ra tng tc gia Fe v C to thnh st cacbua Fe
3
C ho tan trong gang. Mt
phn cacbon trong gang dng than ch (graphit).
Gang trng cha nhiu Fe
3
C, gang xm cha nhiu than ch.
Luyn thp
1. Nguyn tc
Tch bt khi gang mt phn ln C, Cr, Si, Mn v hu ht P, S.
2. Phn ng xy ra khi luyn thp.
O
2
ca khng kh oxi ho mt phn Fe trong gang lng.

FeO oxi ho cc tp cht nhSi, Mn, C:

SiO
2
v MnO bloi cng xl, CO chy:

Loi P, S:

Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
, CaO v CaS c loi cng vi x.
KhFeO cn st li trong thp

FeSiO
3,
MnSiO
3
c loi cng x.
Tnh cht vt l
u l kim loi mu, nng, cng.
Nhit nng chy cao (gn 1000
o
C).

Tnh cht ho hc
u l kim loi hot ng chyu, ng sau H trong dy thin ho. Cc soxi ho ch
yu:
Cu : +1, +2 ; Ag : +1 ; Au : +1, +3.
Mt sphn ng quan trng:
1. Phn ng vi oxi.
Chc Cu phn ng trc tip khi un nng.

(nhit thng, trong kh quyn trn mt ng to thnh lp oxit rt mng bo v).
2. Phn ng vi halogen
C3 kim loi phn ng trc tip to thnh CuCl
2
, AgCl, AuCl
3
. Khi nung nng, Cu phn ng
vi S to thnh Cu
2
S.
3. Phn ng vi axit oxi ho
HNO
3
(c, long), H
2
SO
4
(c) chphn ng trc tip vi Cu v Ag:

Au chtan trong nc cng toan:

Hp cht
1. Hp cht c soxi ho +1
a) Oxit:
Cu
2
O: mu gch, khng tan v khng tc dng vi nc.
Ag
2
O: mu nu, chtan mt lng nhtrong nc.
b) Hiroxit:
Hiroxit khng bn, bphn tch ngay khi va to thnh

c) Mui
Mui ca Ag
+
: AgNO
3
tan nhiu, AgCl v Ag
2
SO
4
khng tan. Trong dung dch NH
3
to
thnh phc cht tan.

Mui Cu
+
v Au
+
: khng bn, dboxi ho hoc tbin i thnh hp cht c soxi ho
bn hn.
Chc tng i vi Cu.
a) Oxit CuO cht rn mu en, khng tc dng vi nc, khng tan trong nc.
b) Hiroxit Cu(OH)
2
. Kt ta xanh da tri, khi nung nng bphn tch thnh CuO v H
2
O.

c) Mui: Cc mui nitrat, sunfat, halogenua u tan nhiu. C khuynh hng to phc cht.

Chc trng vi Au.
a) Au
2
O
3
: Rn, mu en, khng tan trong nc.
b) Au(OH)
3
: Kt ta, lng tnh, tan trong dung dch kim v axit.
c) Mui: Cc mui nitrat, clorua, sunfat u dtan.
Trng thi tnhin
Cu: thng gp dng Cu
2
S (pirit ng), CuCO
3
.Cu(OH)
2
(malakit), 2CuCO
3
.Cu(OH)
2

(azurit), Cu
2
O (cuprit).
Ag: Thng gp mui sunfua bc ln trong cc qung mui sunfua kim loi khc.
Au: gp dng n cht.

Tnh cht vt l
Zn, Cd, Hg l nhng kim loi trng bc.
Hg l cht lng, Zn, Cd l cht rn tng i dnng chy.
Hg rt dto hp kim vi nhiu kim loi khc gi l hn hng.
Zn v Cd ng trc H, Hg ng sau H trong dy thin ho.
Km
1. Tnh cht ho hc ca Zn
Zn l kim loi kh hot ng:

a) Phn ng vi nhiu phi kim:


b) Phn ng vi H
2
O:
nhit thng to thnh lp Zn(OH)
2
bo v.
Khi nung nng Zn phn ng vi hi nc:

c) Phn ng vi axit v kim:
Zn phn ng ddng vi axit thng v axit oxi ho.

Zn phn ng vi dung dch kim:

d) Zn tan c trong dung dch NH
4
OH (khc Al).

2. Hp cht ca Zn.
a) Oxit ZnO
L cht rn, mu trng, khng tan trong nc, nhng tan trong dung dch axit v dung dch
kim

b) Hiroxit Zn(OH)
2
:
L cht kt ta trng, c tnh lng tnh (tan trong axit v kim).

Dto phc cht vi dung dch NH
3
:

c) Mui Zn : Zn(NO
3
)
2
, ZnSO
4
, ZnCl
2
, ZnBr
2
u tan nhiu trong nc. ZnS kt ta trng.
3. iu chZn
Nung qung (ZnS hay ZnCO
3
) to thnh oxit, sau :

4. Trng thi tnhin

Thungn
1. Tnh cht ho hc
a) Phn ng vi oxi: Khi un nng

Hg phn ng vi Cl
2
v S ngay nhit thng.

b) Phn ng vi axit oxi ha:

c) Phn ng vi mui Hg
2+
to thnh Hg
+
:

2. Hp cht
Hp cht ca thungn tn ti 2 soxi ho : +2,+1.
a) Oxit HgO: cht rn, mu hoc vng, khng tan v khng tc dng vi nc. Tan trong
axit, khi nung nng bphn tch thnh Hg v O
2
.

b) Hiroxit: khng bn, bphn tch ngay khi va to thnh:

c) Mui: Cc mui Hg(NO
3
)
2
, Hg
2
SO
4
, HgCl
2
u tan nhiu trong nc.
Thic v ch (Sn, Pb)
1. Tnh cht vt l
Sn l kim loi mu trng, Pb l kim loi mu xm.
u c nhit nng chy kh thp.
2. Tnh cht ho hc
L nhng kim loi hot ng trung bnh. Trong cc hp cht tn ti 2 soxi ho: +2v
+4.
a) Phn ng vi oxi:
nhit thng, trn bmt to thnh lp oxit bo v. Khi nung nng phn ng mnh vi
oxi to thnh SnO
2
v PbO.

b) Phn ng vi halogen
Phn ng to thnh halogenua SnX
4
, PbX
2
:

c) Phn ng vi nc
nhit thng to thnh lp hiroxit bo v. Khi c mt oxi, Pb phn ng c vi H
2
O.

d) Phn ng vi axit thng (HCl v H
2
SO
4
long).
Sn phn ng chm.
Pb hu nh khng phn ng v to thnh mui khng tan bo v.

e) Phn ng vi axit oxi ho
Pb phn ng to thnh mui Pb
2+

Sn phn ng to thnh mui Sn
2+
v Sn
4+
tutng trng hp:

f) Phn ng vi dung dch kim
C2 kim loi u tan:

3. Hp cht ca Sn v Pb.
a) Oxit: SnO
2
, PbO
2
, SnO, PbO
Cc oxit u l cht rn, khng tc dng vi nc. Tc dng vi axit rt kh khn (ckhi un
nng).
Tc dng vi kim nng chy

PbO
2
thhin tnh oxi ho:

b) Hiroxit: Sn(OH)
2
, Pb(OH)
2
, Sn(OH)
4
, Pb(OH)
4
u l nhng cht khng tan trong nc
lng tnh.
V d:

c) Mui
Mui Pb
4+
: km bn, dchuyn thnh mui Pb
2+
.

Mui halogenua v sunfat Pb
2+
: t tan.

Mui Sn
2+
c tnh kh:


Crom
1. Tnh cht
Crom (Cr = 52) l kim loi sng trng, kh nng chy, rt cng.
Crom bn i vi nc v khng khnhit thng.
Khi nung nng, trng thi bt, crom dboxi ho bi cc phi kim.
V d:

Crom ddng tan trong axit thng.

Crom bthng ho trong HNO
3
c, ngui v trong H
2
SO
4
c, ngui
Crom ddng tc dng vi cht oxi ho trong mi trng kim.

2. Hp cht:
Trong cc hp cht, crom tn ti 2 soxi hoin hnh : +3 v+6.
a) Oxit Cr
2
O
3

L cht rn, mu xanh l cy, khng tc dng vi nc, khng tc dng vi dung dch kim
v axit.
Cr
2
O
3
tc dng vi kim nng chy to thnh mui cromit MeCrO
2

b) Hiroxit Cr(OH)
3

L cht khng tan trong nc, mu xanh l cy, lng tnh.

c) Mui Cr
3+

Cr(NO
3
)
3
, CrCl
3
, Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
u tan nhiu trong nc to thnh dung dch mu xanh l cy.
d) Hp cht Cr
+6

H
2
CrO
4
: axit cromic
H
2
Cr
2
O
7
: axit icromic.

Hp cht Cr
6+
c tnh oxi ho:

Mangan
1. Tnh cht.
Mangan l kim loi trng bc, cng dn, kh nng chy,kh hot ng (km Al nhng
mnh hn Zn).
Mangan c thtn ti nhng mc oxi ho +2,+3,+4,+6v+7. Nhng bn nht v
phbin nht l cc mc : +2 ; +4 ; +6 v +7.
Phn ng vi oxi: nhit thng to lp oxit MnO
2
bo v, dng bt boxi ho d
dng.

Phn ng vi cc phi kim: to thnh nhng hp cht mangan (II).

Phn ng vi nc: nhit thng phn ng chm, nhit cao phn ng nhanh hn.

Phn ng vi axit thng v axit oxi ho to thnh mui Mn
2+
.

Mn bHNO
3
c, ngui thng ho.
2. Hp cht
a) Hp cht Mn
2+

Oxit MnO l cht rn, tan trong axit, boxi ho thnh MnO
2
.
Hiroxit Mn(OH)
2
l cht kt ta trng, dchuyn thnh Mn(OH)
4
mu nu.

Mun Mn
2+
mui nitrat, clorua,sunfat, axetat tan nhiu trong nc.

b) Oxit MnO
2
l cht rn mu en, khng tan trong nc, phn ng vi axit to thnh mui
Mn
2+
.

Trong kim nng chy, oxi khng kh oxi hoc MnO
2
:

Mui Mn
4+
km bn, dbchuyn thnh mui Mn
2+
.

c) Kali manganat K
2
MnO
4
.
L cht tinh thmu xanh, tan trong nc, km bn trong dung dch, dbchuyn thnh
KMnO
4
:

d) Kali pemanganat KMnO
4

L cht tinh thmu tm, tan nhiu trong nc, c tnh oxi ho mnh, tutheo mi trng
Mn
7+
bkh:

Mi trng axit:

Mi trng trung tnh:

Mi trng kim:

V d:

KMnO
4
bnhit phn gii phng oxi:

Coban v niken
1. Tnh cht
Coban v niken u l kim loi mu trng bc, c bit Ni c vsng p nn thng dng
mkim loi. C2 u cng, nng, nhit nng chy cao.
Coban v niken u ng trc H trong dy thin ho, nhng hot ng km Fe.
Khi un nng, coban v niken c khnng tham gia phn ng vi mt sphi kim nh:
O
2
,Cl
2
,S,P,
2. Hp cht ca coban v niken
Hp cht ca coban, niken c soxi ho +2 c trng hn +3 (khc Fe).
a) Oxit CoO, NiO, Co
2
O
3
, Ni
2
O
3
.
Cc oxit ny u l cht rn, khng tc dng vi nc. Tc dng vi axit nhng khng tc
dng vi kim:

b) Hiroxit
Me(OH)
2
: u l cht kt ta, Co(OH)
2
mu hng, Ni(OH)
2
mu xanh l cy.
+ Di tc dng ca cht oxi ho mnh (v dNaClO) chuyn thnh Me(OH)
3
.

+ Ni(OH)
2
khng boxi ho bi oxi nhit thng.
+ Me(OH)
2
l nhng bazyu, tan trong axit.
Me(OH)
3
:
+ L nhng cht kt ta, Co(OH)
3
mu xanh thm, Ni(OH)
3
mu nu en.
+ u l bazyu, ho tan trong axit to thnh mui c soxi ho +2.

c) Mui: Chc mui vi oxi ho +2 l bn.
Mui Co
2+
: mui khan mu xanh lam, khi bhirat ho v tan trong dung dch c mu
hng.
Mui Ni
2+
: c mu xanh l cy.

Cc mui nitrat, sunfat, halogenua tan nhiu trong nc.

Ho hc hu c l mt ngnh khoa hc nghin cu vthnh phn, cu to, tnh cht, ng
dng ca cc hp cht hu cv cc qu trnh bin i (phn ng) ca chng. Hp cht hu c
l cc hp cht ca cacbon trCO, CO
2
, axit cacbonic v cc mui cacbonat.
Nhng c im ca hp cht hu c
Slng rt ln so vi hp cht v c(hin nay bit khong di 1 triu hp cht v c
v khong 7 triu hp cht hu c) do hin tng ng phn, ng ng gy ra.
a shp cht hu cmang c tnh lin kt cng ho tr, khng tan hoc rt t tan trong
nc, tan trong dung mi hu c.
a shp cht hu cdbay hi v km bn nhit so vi hp cht v c.
C thphn loi v sp xp cc hp cht hu cthnh nhng dy ng ng (c cu to v
tnh cht ho hc tng t).
Hin tng ng phn rt phbin i vi cc hp cht hu c, nhng rt him i vi cc
hp cht v c.
Tc phn ng ca cc hp cht hu cthng chm so vi hp cht v cv khng
hon ton theo mt hng nht nh.
Nhiu hp cht hu cl thnh phn cbn ca ng vt v thc vt.
Thuyt cu to ho hc
Thuyt cu to ho hc do nh bc hc Nga Butlrp ra nm 1861 gm 4 lun im chnh.
1. Trong phn t, cc nguyn tlin kt vi nhau theo mt thtxc nh ph hp vi ho
trca chng. Thtlin kt gi l cu to ho hc. Sthay i thtlin kt sto ra
cht mi, c nhng tnh cht mi.
V d: Ru etylic v ete metylic u c cng thc phn tC
2
H
6
O, nhng chng c cu to
khc nhau.
CH
3
CH
2
OHCH
3
O CH
3

Ru etylic Ete metylic
2. Tnh cht ca cc hp cht khng nhng phthuc vo thnh phn nguyn tm cn ph
thuc vo slng nguyn tca mi nguyn tv thtlin kt gia cc nguyn ttrong
phn t.
V d:
Phthuc vo thnh phn nguyn t: CH
4
(cht kh) c tnh cht khc CCl
4
(cht lng).
Phthuc slng nguyn t: C
2
H
6
c tnh cht khc C
2
H
4
.
Phthuc thtlin kt gia cc nguyn t: CH
3
CH
2
OH c tnh cht khc CH
3
O
CH
3.

3. Cc nguyn ttrong phn tnh hng qua li vi nhau. Cc nguyn tlin kt trc tip
vi nhau, thhin nh hng ln nhau mnh. Nhngnguyn tlin kt gin tip vi nhau (qua
cc nguyn tkhc) thhin nh hng ln nhau yu hn.
V d: Axit Cl
3
C COOH mnh hn axit CH
3
COOH hng ngn ln l do nh hng ca
cc nguyn tclo lm tng phn cc ca lin kt O H.
4. Trong phn tcht hu c, cacbon c ha trIV. Nhng nguyn tcacbon khng nhng
kt hp vi nhng nguyn tca cc nguyn tkhc m cn kt hp trc tip vi nhau thnh
nhng mch cacbon khc nhau (mch khng nhnh, mch c nhnh v mch vng).
V d:

Cc dng cng thc ho hc
1. Cng thc n gin nht (CTGN)
Cho bit tln gin nht gia snguyn tca cc nguyn ttrong phn t.
V d: CTGN ca etilen (CH
2
)
n
, ca glucoz(CH
2
O)
n
(n l snguyn dng, cha xc
nh).
2. Cng thc phn t (CTPT)
Cho bit snguyn tca mi nguyn ttrong mt phn thp cht.
V d: CTPT ca etilen C
2
H
4
, ca glucozC
6
H
12
O
6
, ca benzen C
6
H
6
,
Lin hvi CTGN trn, hsn i vi etilen : n = 2, vi glucoz: n = 6,
3. Cng thc cu to (CTCT).
Cho bit trt tlin kt ca cc nguyn ttrong phn t. Khi vit CTCT nht thit phi bo
m ng ho trca cc nguyn t.
C thvit CTCT di dng y v rt gn.
V d: CTCT ca axit axetic.

Dng rt gn: CH
3
COOH
4. Cng thc electron (CTE)
Cho bit cch phn be lin kt trong phn t. Mi e c k hiu bng mt du chm (.).
V d: Cng thc electron ca axit axetic

Khi vit CTE ca cc hp cht hu c, trc ht vit CTCT, sau thay mi lin kt bng
mt cp e dng chung, cui cng i vi nhng nguyn tphi kim cn ghi thm nhng e ngoi
cng khng tham gia lin kt 8e.
Lin kt ho hc trong hp cht hu c
Phn ln cc mi lin kt trong cc phn thp cht hu cl lin kt cng ho tr
Trong cc hp cht hu cthng gp nht hai kiu xen phhnh thnh hai kiu lin kt l
lin kt o v lin kt t.
Lin kt t km bn so vi lin kt o. Trong cc phn ng ho hc, n thng bt ra
phn tlin kt vi 2 nguyn t(hay nhm nguyn t) ca cc nguyn tkhc (phn ttham
gia phn ng cng).
Lin kt n c bn cht lin kt o
Lin kt i gm 1 lin kt o v 1 lin kt t.
Lin kt ba gm 1 lin kt o v 2 lin kt t.
Khi nguyn t cacbon ch tham gia lin kt n, cc obitan nguyn tho trlai ho kiu
sp
3
to thnh 4 obitan lai ha q nh hng theo phng ttm (ht nhn) n 4 nh hnh t
din u vl hng ca 4 mi lin kt n (o).
V d cc lin kt trong phn tmetan

Khi nguyn t cacbon tham gia lin kt i, cc obitan nguyn tho trlai ho kiu sp
2

to thnh 3 obitan lai ho q nm trong mt mt phng nh hng theo phng ttm tam gic
u (ht nhn) n 3 nh vl hng ca 3 lin kt n (lin kt o). Cn lin kt t do 1
obitan ho trp cn li tham gia theo hng vung gc vi mt phng ca tam gic.
V d trong phn t

Khi nguyn tcacbon tham gia lin kt ba, cc obitan nguyn tho trlai ho kiu sp to
ra 2 obitan v to lin kt o. Cn 2 lin kt t do 2 obitan p cn li tham gia, vung gc vi nhau
v vung gc vi trc lin kt o.
V d trong phn tCH CH:


Hin tng ng phn
1. nh ngha
Nhng cht c thnh phn phn tging nhau nhng thtlin kt gia cc nguyn tkhc
nhau, do chng c tnh cht khc nhau gi l nhng cht ng phn.
V d:C
5
H
12
c 3 ng phn.
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
(1)

2. Bc ca nguyn tcacbon
Bc ca nguyn tcacbon trong mt phn tc xc nh bng snguyn tcacbon khc
lin kt vi n. Bc ca cacbon c k hiu bng chsLa m (I, II, III,)
V d:

3. Cc trng hp ng phn
a) Nhm ng phn cu to. L nhm ng phn do thtlin kt khc nhau ca cc nguyn
thay nhm nguyn ttrong phn tgy ra.
Nhm ng phn ny c chia thnh 3 loi:
1) ng phn mch cacbon: thay i thtlin kt ca cc nguyn tcacbon vi nhau
(mch thng, mch nhnh, mch vng), cc nhm th, nhm chc khng thay i.
i vi hirocacbon, phn tphi c t4C trln mi cng phn mch cacbon.
V d: Butan C
4
H
10
c 2 ng phn.
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
:n- butan

Ring vi cc hp cht cha nhm chc ru, ete th t3C trln cng phn. V d ru propylic c 2
ng phn.
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH:n- propylic

nhng y khng phi lng phn mch cacbon m lng phn vtr nhm chc OH.
2) ng phn v tr ca ni i, ni ba, nhm th, nhm chc.
Nhm ng phn ny do:
S khc nhau v tr ca ni i, ni ba.
V d:
CH
2
= CH CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH = CH CH
3

buten-1buten- 2

Khc nhau v tr ca nhm th.
V d:

Khc nhau v tr ca nhm chc.
V d:
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH:butanol-1

3) ng phn nhm chc
Cc ng phn ca nhm ny khc nhau vnhm chc, tc li tnhm chc ny sang
nhm khc, do tnh cht ho hc hon ton khc nhau. Sau y l nhng ng phn nhm
chc quan trng nht.
+ Anken - xicloankan
V d C
3
H
6
c thl

+ Ankaien - ankin - xicloanken
V d C
4
H
6
c nhng ng phn sau:
CH
2
= CH CH = CH
2
CH
2
= C = CH CH
3

butaien -1,3butaien -1,2
CH C CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
C C CH
3
.
butin-1butin- 2

+ Ru - ete
V d C
3
H
8
O c nhng ng phn.

CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH:propanol- 1

CH
3
CH
2
O CH
3
:etylmetylete
+ Anehit xeton
V d C
3
H
6
O c 2 ng phn
CH
3
CH
2
CHO:propanal
CH
3
CO CH
3
:imetylxeton.
+ Axit - este
V d C
3
H
6
O
2
c 3 ng phn
CH
3
CH
2
COOH:axitpropionic
CH
3
COO CH
3
:metylaxetat
H COO C
2
H
5
:etylfomiat
+ Nitro - aminoaxit
V d C
2
H
5
NO
2
c hai ng phn
H
2
N CH
2
COOH:axitaminoaxetic
CH
3
CH
2
NO
2
:nitroetan.
b) Nhm ng phn hnh hc
y chxt ng phn cis-trans ca dng mch h. y l loi ng phn m thtlin kt
ca cc nguyn ttrong phn thon ton ging nhau, nhng khc nhau s phn b cc
nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t trong khng gian.
c loi ng phn ny.
iu kin cn l trong phn tphi c ni i.
iu kin l mi nguyn tcacbon ni i phi lin kt vi hai nguyn thoc nhm
nguyn tkhc nhau:

Cch xc nh dng cis, dng trans:
V d1: buten - 2 (CH
3
CH = CH CH
3
)

V d 2: Axit C
17
H
33
COOH
CH
3
(CH
2
)
7
CH = CH (CH
2
)
7
COOH

Nhvy, nu hai cacbon ni i lin kt vi 2 nguyn t H th khi 2 nguyn t H mt
pha ca ni i ng vi dng cis v ngc li ng vi dng trans.
i vi phn ttrong hai nguyn tcacbon ni i lin kt vi cc nhm thkhc nhau
th dng cis c xc nh bng mch cacbon chnh nm v mt pha ca lin kt i, ngc
li vi dng trans.
V d: 3 - metylpenten - 2

Nu mt trong hai nguyn t cacbon ni i lin kt vi hai nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn
t ging nhau th khng c ng phn cis - trans.
V d:

c) Cch vit ng phn
vit nhanh vy ng phn ca mt cht bt kth trc ht phi xc nh xem cht
thuc loi hp cht g, no hay khng no:
Bt u vit ng phn mch cacbon, ri n.
Vit ng phn vtr ca lin kt kp v ca nhm chc.
Vit ng phn nhm chc.
Cui cng r xt trong cc ng phn va vit ng phn no c dng ng phn
cis-tris.

Dy ng ng
Dy ng ng l dy cc hp cht hu c c tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau, thnh phn
phn t khc nhau mt hay nhiu nhm CH
2
.
V d:
Dy ng ng ankan:
CH
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
8
,(CTPT chung C
n
H
2n+2
).
Dy ng ng anken:
C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
,(CTPT chung C
n
H
2n
).
Cn ch rng khng phi tt ccc cht c dng thc chung lng ng. V d: khng phi tt ccc ru
no n chc c cng thc chung C
n
H
2n+1
OH lng ng.
Chng hn CH
3
CH
2
OH

Hn km nhau 2 nhm CH
2
nhng c tnh cht ho hc khng hon ton ging nhau - khng phi lng
ng ca nhau.
Hai cht ng ng lin tip (knhau) c snguyn tcacbon C
n
v C
n+1
hoc C
n-1
.
Sbin i tnh cht vt l ca cc cht trong dy ng ng tun theo mt quy lut chung.
V d mch cacbon cng di th nhit nng chy, nhit si tng dn, tan trong nc
gim dn.
Phn loi cc hp cht hu c
1. Da vo mch C: Chia thnh 3 nhm ln:
Cc hp cht mch h gm
+ Loi no: Mch C chcha lin kt n. V d dy ng ng ankan C
n
H
2n+2
,
+ Loi cha no: Mch C ngoi lin kt n cn cha lin kt i v lin kt ba. V d anken
C
n
H
2n
; cc ankin, ankaien C
n
H
2n 2
;
Cc hp cht mch vng gm:
+ Vng no
V d:

+ Vng khng no
V d:

+ Hp cht thm: c nhn benzen

Hp cht d vng:
Ngoi C cn c cc nguyn tkhc tham gia to vng.
V d:

2. Da vo nhm chc
Nhm chc l nhm nguyn t quyt nh tnh cht ho hc c trng ca mt loi hp cht.
Mt snhm chc quan trng.
Nhm hyroxyl: OH

Nhm nitro: NO
2

Nhm amin: NH
2

Hp cht n chc: Trong phn tc 1 nhm chc.
Hp cht a chc: Trong phn tc nhiu nhm chc ging nhau.
V d:
HOOC R COOH : iaxit
Hp cht tp chc: Trong phn tc nhiu nhm chc khc nhau.
V d: cc aminoaxit
H
2
N R COOH, HO CH
2
CH
2
CHO,
3. Mt shpcht c nhm chc in hnh
a) Ru (ancol): Phn tc (mt hay nhiu) nhm hyroxyl (OH) lin kt vi gc
hirocacbon.
V d:

b) Anehit: Phn tc nhm chc anehit

V d: CH
3
CH
2
CHO:propanal
c) Xeton: Phn tc nhm chc cacbonyl.

V d:

d) Axit cacboxylic (axit hu c): Phn tc (mt hay nhiu) nhm chc cacboxyl

V d:

HOOC CH
2
CH
2
COOH:axitsuccinic
e) Ete: Phn tc hai gc hirocacbon lin kt vi nguyn toxi.
V d:

g) Este: L sn phm ca phn ng este ho gia axit v ru.
V d
CH
3
COO C
2
H
5

h) Nitro: Phn tc nhm nitro (NO
2
) lin kt vi gc hirocacbon.
V d.

i) Amin :Amin c coi l dn xut ca amoniac (NH
3
) trong mt s nguy n t H c
thay th bng gc hirocacbon.
V d

k) Aminoaxit: Trong phn tc nhm cacboxyl (COOH) v nhm amin (NH
2
) lin kt vi
gc hirocacbon.
V d:
H
2
N CH
2
COOH axit aminoaxetic.

Cch gi tn cc hp cht hu c
1. Tn gi thng thng.
Khng tun theo quy tc khoa hc no, thng xut hin txa v bt ngun tnguyn liu
hoc tn nh bc hc tm ra, hoc mt a im no trong tnh cht ca hp cht .
V d: Axitfomic (axit kin); olefin (kh du); axit axetic (axit gim),
2. Danh php hp l
Gi theo hp cht n gin nht, cc hp cht khc c xem l dn xut ca chng,
nguyn tH c thay thbng cc gc hu c.
V d
CH
3
OH:ru metylic (cacbinol)
CH
3
CH
2
OH:ru etylic (metyl cacbinol)
3. Danh php quc t:
Gi theo quy c ca Lin on quc t ho hc l thuyt v ng dng (IUPAC).
a) Da vo b khung C xut pht tcc hirocacbon no mch thng. Cc hp cht cng loi
(cng dy ng ng), cng nhm chc th c ui ging nhau. Cth:
Hirocacbon no (ankan) cui an:
CH
3
CH
2
CH
3
: propan
Hirocacbon c ni i (anken) cui en:
CH
2
= CH CH
3
: propen
Hirocacbon c ni ba (ankin) cui in:
CH = C CH
3
:propin
Hp cht anehit cui al:
CH
3
CH
2
CHO:propanal
Hp cht ru cui ol:
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH : propanol
Hp cht axit hu c cui oic:
CH
3
CH
2
COOH : propanoic.
Hp cht xeton cui ion:

chsnguyn tcacbon c trong mch chnh, ngi ta dng cc phn nn (phn u)
sau:
1 : meta ; 2 : eta ; 3 : propa ; 4 : buta ; 5 : penta ; 6 : hexa ; 7 : hepta ; 8 : octa ; 9 : nona ; 10 :
eca ;
b) Tn ca nhm th. Cn ch rng, trong ho hu c, tt cnhng nguyn tkhc hiro
(nhCl, Br, ) hoc nhm nguyn t(nh NO
2
, NH
2
,, cc gc hirocacbon CH
3
,
C
2
H
5
,) u c coi l nhm th.
Gi tn nguyn t hoc tn nhm th.

Gi tn gc hirocacbon u xut pht ttn hirocacbon tng ng vi phn ui khc
nhau.
+ Gc hirocacbon no ho tr1 gi theo tn ca ankan tng ng bng cch thay ui an
bng ui yl vc gi chung l gc ankyl.
V d: CH
3
: metyl, C
2
H
5
: etyl,
+ Gc hirocacbon cha no ho tr1 cui enyl i vi anken, ui nyl i vi ankin v
ui -ienyl i vi ien.
V d:
CH
2
= CH : etilenyl (thng gi l gc vinyl)
CH C : axetilenyl hay etinyl.
+ Gc ho tr2 to thnh khi tch 2 nguyn tH khi 1 nguyn tC hoc tch nguyn tO
khi anehit hay xeton. Gc ho tr2 cui t-ylien. V d:
CH
3
CH
2
CH = : propylien.
c) Cc bc gi tn hp cht hu c phc tp:
Bc 1: Chn mch C chnh.
l mch C di nht hoc t C nhng cha ni i, ni ba, nhm th, nhm chc,
Bc 2 : nh sthtcc nguyn tC (bng chsrp) trong mch chnh xut pht t
pha gn nhm chc, ni i, ni ba, nhm th, mch nhnh.
Quy tc nh s. u tin nh sln lt theo tht.
Nhm chc ni i ni ba mch nhnh.
i vi hp cht tp chc thu tin ln lt: Axit anehit ru.
Bc 3: Xc nh cc nhm thv vtr ca chng trn mch C chnh.
Bc 4: Gi tn.
+ Trc tin gi tn cc nhm thv vtr ca chng trn mch C chnh, cui cng gi tn
hp cht vi mch C chnh.
Ch : Mch cacbon phi lin tc, khng c nguyn tkhc chen vo gia, v di vi cht

+ Nu c nhiu nhm th ging nhau th gp chng li v thm ti (2), tri (3), tetra (4),
penta (5),
+ Theo quy tc: Con schvtr ca nhm tht trc tn gi ca n, con schvtr ni
i, ni ba v nhm chc (mch C chnh) t pha sau.
V d: Gi tn cc hp cht sau.

Ch : Hin nay cng tn ti mt cch gi tn lt vtr ca ni i, ni ba, nhm chc
pha trc tn gi. V d:
CH
2
= CH
2
: 2-buten ; CH
2
= CH CH = CH
2
: 1,3 - butaien ;
d) Cho tn gi, vit cng thc cu to:
Vic u tin l da vo ui ca tn gi xc nh cht ng vi mch cacbon chnh.
V d: Vit CTCT ca nhng cht c tn sau:
+ 1, 1, 2, 2 - tetracloetan
Ta i tui an (hirocacbon no) etan (c 2C), tetraclo (c 4 clo thcc vtr 1, 1, 2, 2).
Do CTCT: CHCl
2
CHCl
2
.
+ 1 - clo , 2 , 3 - imetylbutan

Mt sdng phn ng ho hc trong ho hu c
1. Phn ng th. L phn ng trong nguyn t(hay nhm nguyn t) bthay thbi
nguyn t(hay nhm nguyn t) khc.
V d:

2. Phn ng cng hp. L phn ng trong phn tca mt cht cng hp vo lin kt i
hoc lin kt ba trong phn tca cht khc.
V d:

i vi phn ng cng hp bt i xng xy ra theo quy tc sau
Quy tc Maccnhicp (hay quy tc cng hp bt i xng).
Khi cc phn t cht hu c cha cc ni i, ni ba bt i xng (tc l cc nguyn t
cacbon ni i, ni ba lin kt vi cc nguyn thoc nhm nguyn tkhc nhau) tham gia
phn ng cng hp vi cc tc nhn cng c cu to bt i xng th phn dng ca tc nhn
s lin kt vi C m hn, ngha l C lin kt vi nhiu nguyn t H hn, cn phn m ca tc
nhn s lin kt vi C dng hn, tc l C lin kt vi t nguyn t H hn.
Sn phm thu c theo quy tc ny l sn phm chnh, cn sn phm thu c ngc quy
tc ny l sn phm ph, chim mt tlrt thp.
V d

3. Phn ng tch H
2
O: L phn ng tch mt hay nhiu phn tnc khi cc phn thp
cht hu c.
V d:

4. Phn ng oxi ho
a) Phn ng chy vi oxi to thnh CO
2
, H
2
O v mt ssn phm khc.
V d:

b) Phn ng vi oxi ho nhm chc hoc oxi ho lin kt kp (oxi ho khng hon ton).
V d
+ Oxi ho : ru anehit axit.

5. Phn ng khhp cht hu c: Khcc nhm chc bin loi cht ny thnh loi cht
khc.
V d:

6. Phn ng thuphn: L phn ng gia hp cht hu cv nc to thnh hai hay nhiu
hp cht mi.
V d:

7. Phn ng este ho. L phn ng gia axit v ru to thnh este.
V d:

Mun phn ng este ho xy ra hon ton, phi dng cht ht nc (thng hay dng H
2
SO
4

, Al
2
O
3
,)
8. Phn ng trng hp: L phn ng kt hp nhiu phn t nh (monome) ging nhau thnh
phn t ln (polime)
Phn ng trng hp c thxy ra gia hai loi monome khc nhau, khi gi l phn ng
ng trng hp.
iu kin cc monome tham gia phn ng trng hp l phn tphi c lin kt kp hoc
c vng khng bn.
V d:

9. Phn ng trng ngng: L phn ng to thnh phn t polime t cc monome, ng thi
to ra nhiu phn t nh n gin nh H
2
O, NH
3
, HCl,
iu kin cc monome tham gia phn ng trng ngng l phn t phi c t nht 2 nhm
chc hoc 2 nguyn t linh ng c thtch khi phn t.
V d:

10. Phn ng crackinh: L qu trnh bgy mch cacbon ca phn thirocacbon thnh cc
phn tnhhn di tc dng ca nhit hoc cht xc tc.

11. Phn ng refominh: L qu trnh dng nhit v cht xc tc bin i cu trc hirocacbon
tmch hthnh mch vng, tmch ngn thnh mch di.
Cc hiu ng chuyn dch electron
1. Hiu ng cm ng.
a) nh ngha: Hiu ng cm ng (k hiu l I) l sdch chuyn my e dc theo mch C
di tc dng ht hoc y ca cc nguyn tthhay nhm th.
V d:
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
Cl
b) Phn loi
Quy c: Trong lin kt o (C H) nguyn tH c I = O
+ Nhm thc m in ln hn H s ht e gy ra hiu ng cm ng m (I). Hiu ng I
tng theo chiu tng ca m in ca nhm th.
F > Cl > Br.
F > OH > NH
2

+ Nhm thc m in nh hn H, c +I. Hiu ng +I tng theo bc ca ankyl
C(CH
3
)
3
> CH(CH)
3
> C
2
H
5
> CH
3

c) ng dng: Hiu ng cm ng I dng gii thch tnh axit - bazca hp cht hu c:
Nhm thgy hiu ng I cng mnh, lm tnh axit ca hp cht cng tng.
Nhm thgy hiu ng +I cng mnh lm tnh baz ca hp cht cng tng.
2. Hiu ng lin hp:
a) nh ngha: Hiu ng lin hp (k hiu l C) l hiu ng dch chuyn my electron trong
hlin hp di tc dng ht hoc y e ca cc nguyn tnhm th.
b) Phn loi:
Nhm thht electron t gy ra hiu ng -C. l cc nhm thkhng no.
V d:

Hiu ng ny gii thch sthay i tnh axit - bazca hp cht hu cc nhm th: Nhm
thC lm tng phn cc ca lin kt O H, do lm tng tnh axit.
+ Nhm th+C (nhm thy electron t) lm tng tnh baz(tc khnng kt hp proton
nhcp electron p khng phn chia) v lm gim tnh axit.
V d cc nguyn tH c vtr ortho v para trong phn tphenol dbthdo hiu ng +C
gy ra bi oxi ca nhm OH lm mt e cc vtr ny cao hn.

Hirocacbon
Hirocacbon l nhng hp cht hu cm phn tchcha cc nguyn tcacbon v hiro.
Da vo cu to mch cacbon v bn cht lin kt gia cc nguyn tcacbon, ngi ta thng
phn ra ba loi ln.
Hirocacbon no (bo ho, trong phn tchc lin kt n - lin kt o).
Hirocacbon khng no (cha bo ho, trong phn tngoi lin kt n, cn c lin kt i
v lin kt ba - ngha l c clin kt o v t).
Hirocacbon thm (nhiu loi, xem phn aren).
Mi loi hirocacbon c chung mt cng thc tng qut:
i vi hirocacbon no mch h,
V d

ta thy s lin kt gia cc nguyn tC bng s nguyn t cacbon tri 1. V mi nguyn t
C c 4e ho tr(C c ho trIV) m mi lin kt cn 2e ho tr, nn nu phn tc n nguyn t
C th s e ho tr cn lin kt vi H l 4n 2 (n 1) = 2n + 2. Do vy cng thc chung ca
hirocacbon no mch hl C
n
H
2n+2
.
i vi hirocacbon khng no mch hc mt lin kt i (v danken), ngoi lin kt o
cn cn 2e ho trto thnh lin kt t gia 2 nguyn tC.
Do se ho trcn lin kt vi H gim i 2 n v. Do cng thc ca anken l C
n
H
2n
.
Nu anken c a lin kt i th cng thc chung sl C
n
H
2n+22a
.
i vi hirocacbon mch hc mt lin kt ba (ankin, v dCH
3
C CH) th ngoi lin
kt o cn 2 lin kt t dng ht 4e ho tr. Do snguyn tH lin kt cng gim i 4 n v
(so vi hirocacbon no). Cng thc chung ca ankin sl C
n
H
2n+24
= C
n
H
2n2
.
i vi hirocacbon vng no: Khi to thnh vng dng mt 2e ho trnn se ho tr
lin kt vi H gim nn se ho trlin kt vi H gim 2 n v(so vi hirocacbon no mch
h). Do , cng thc hirocacbon vng no (xicloankan) l C
n
H
2n
(ng phn ca anken).
Vy cng thc chung ca mi hirocacbon l:C
n
H
2n+22a
.
n: Snguyn tC trong phn t.
a: Slin kt i (1 lin kt ba bng 2 lin kt i), svng (1 vng tng ng 1 lin kt
i, tc l a = 1).
V d:

Ankan
Cng thc chung l C
n
H
2n+2
vi n > 1.
Tn gi chung l ankan hay parafin
Cht n gin nht l metan CH
4

Cng thc - cu to - cch gi tn
1. Cu to
Mch C h, c thphn nhnh hoc khng phn nhnh.
Trong phn tchc lin kt n (lin kt o) to thnh t4 obitan lai ho sp
3
ca nguyn
tC, nh hng kiu tdin u. Do mch C c dng gp khc. Cc nguyn tc thquay
tng i tdo xung quanh cc lin kt n.
Hin tng ng phn do cc mch C khc nhau (c nhnh khc nhau hoc khng c
nhnh).
2. Cch gi tn
Tn gi gm: Tn mch C cui an.
Phn tc mch nhnh th chn mch C di nht lm mch chnh, nh scc nguyn tC
tpha gn mch nhnh nht.
V d:

Tnh cht vt l
Nhit nng chy, nhit si tng dn khi tng snguyn tC trong phn t.
4 cht u l kh, cc cht c n t5 19 l cht lng, khi n > 20 l cht rn.
u khng tan trong nc nhng dtan trong cc dung mi hu c.

Tnh cht ho hc
Phn ng c trng l phn ng thv phn ng hu.
1. Phn ng nhit phn
V dnhit phn metan:

2. Phn ng oxi ho
a) Chy hon ton: sn phm chy l CO
2
v H
2
O.

b) Oxi ho khng hon ton:

3. Phn ng th
a) Th clo v brom: Xy ra di tc dng ca askt hoc nhit v to thnh mt hn hp
sn phm.

Iot khng c phn ng thvi ankan. Flo phn huankan km theo n.
Nhng ankan c phn tln tham gia phn ng thm du hn vu tin thnhng nguyn
tH ca nguyn tC hoc cao.
V d:

b) Th vi HNO
3
(hi HNO
3
200
o
C 400
o
C).

c) Phn ng tch H
2
: 400 900
o
C, xc tc Cr
2
O
3
+ Al
2
O
3
.

4. Phn ng crackinh

(Sn phm l nhng hirocacbon no v khng no).
iu ch
1. iu chmetan
a) Ly t cc ngun thin nhin: kh thin nhin, kh hao, kh du m, kh chng than .
b) Tng hp

c)

d)

2. iu chcc ankan khc
a) Ly t cc ngun thin nhin: kh du m, kh thin nhin, sn phm crackinh.
b) Tng hp t cc dn xut halogen:
R - Cl + 2Na + Cl - R' R - R' + 2NaCl
V d:

c) T cc mui axit hu c

ng dng
Dng lm nhin liu (CH
4
dng trong n xhn, ct kim loi).
Dng lm du bi trn.
Dng lm dung mi.
tng hp nhiu cht hu ckhc: CH
3
Cl, CH
2
Cl
2
, CCl
4
, CF
2
Cl
2
,
c bit tCH
4
iu chc nhiu cht khc nhau: hn hp CO + H
2
, amoniac,

CH CH, ru metylic, anehit fomic
Anken
Cng thc chung : C
n
H
2n
vi n > 2.
Tn gi chung l anken hay olefin
Cht n gin nht l etilen CH
2
= CH
2
.
1. Cu to
Mch C h, c thphn nhnh hoc khng phn nhnh.
Trong phn tc 1 lin kt i: gm 1 lin kt o v 1 lin kt t. Nguyn tC lin kt i
tham gia 3 lin kt o nh3 obitan lai ho sp
2
, cn lin kt t nhobitan p khng lai ho.

c bit phn tCH
2
= CH
2
c cu trc phng.
Do c lin kt t nn khong cch gia 2 nguyn tC = C ngn li v hai nguyn tC ny
khng thquay quanh lin kt i v khi quay nhvy lin kt t bph v.
Hin tng ng phn do: Mch cacbon khc nhau, v tr ca ni i khc nhau. Nhiu
anken c ng phn cis - trans.
V d: Buten-2

Anken cng phn vi xicloankan.
2. Cch gi tn
Ly tn caankantng ng thay ui an bng en. Mch chnh l mch c ni i vi s
thtca C ni i nhnht.
V d:

Tnh cht vt l
Theo chiu tng ca n (trong cng thc C
n
H
2n
), nhit si v nhit nng chy tng.
n = 2 4 : cht kh
n = 5 18 : cht lng.
n > 19 : cht rn.
u t tan trong nc, tan c trong mt sdung mi hu c(ru, ete,)

Tnh cht ho hc
Do lin kt t trong lin kt i km bn nn cc anken c phn ng cng c trng, dboxi
hochni i, c phn ng trng hp.
1. Phn ng oxi ho
a) Phn ng chy.

b) Phn ng oxi ho m du: To thnh ru 2 ln ru hoc t mch C chni i to
thnh anehit hoc axit.

2. Phn ng cng hp
a) Cng hp H
2
:

b) Cng hp halogen: Lm mt mu nc brom nhit thng.

(Theo dy Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
phn ng kh dn.)
c) Cng hp hirohalogenua

(Theo dy HCl, HBr, HI phn ng ddn)
i vi cc anken khc, nguyn thalogen (trong HX) mang in m, u tin nh vo
nguyn tC bc cao (theo quy tc Maccpnhicp).

d) Cng hp H
2
O (un nng, c axit long xc tc)
Cng tun theo quy tc Maccpnhicp: Nhm - OH nh vo C bc cao

3. Phn ng trng hp: C xc tc, p sut cao, un nng

iu ch
1. iu chetilen
Tch nc khi ru etylic

Tch H
2
khi etan:

Nhit phn propan

Cng hp H
2
vo axetilen

2. iu chcc anken
Thu tngun kh chbin du m.
Tch H
2
khi ankan:

Tch nc khi ru

Tch HX khi dn xut halogen:

Tch X
2
tdn xut ihalogen:

(Phn ng trong dung dch ru vi bt km xc tc).
ng dng
Dng sn xut ru, cc dn xut halogen v cc cht khc.
trng hp polime: polietilen, poliprpilen.
Etilen cn c dng lm qumau chn.
Ankin
Cng thc chung C
n
H
2n2
(n > 2)
Cht n gin nht l axetilen CH CH.
1. Cu to
Trong phn tc mt lin kt ba (gm 1 lin kt o v 2 lin kt t).
c bit phn taxetilen c cu hnh ng thng ( H C C H : 4 nguyn tnm trn
mt ng thng).
Trong phn tc 2 lin kt t lm di lin kt C C gim so vi lin kt C = C v C
C. Cc nguyn tC khng thquay tdo quanh lin kt ba.
2. ng phn
Hin tng ng phn l do mch C khc nhau v do vtr ni ba khc nhau.
Ngoi ra cn ng phn vi ankaien v hirocacbon vng.
3. Cch gi tn
Tng tnhanken nhng cui in.
V d:

Tnh cht vt l
Khi n tng, nhit si v nhit nng chy tng dn.
n = 2 4 : cht kh
n = 5 16 : cht lng.
n > 17 : cht rn.
u t tan trong nc, tan c trong mt sdung mi hu c. V d axetilen tan kh nhiu
trong axeton.
Tnh cht ho hc
1. Phn ng oxi ho ankin
a) Phn ng chy

Phn ng tonhit
b) Oxi ho khng hon ton (lm mt mu dung dch KMnO
4
) to thnh nhiu sn phm
khc nhau.
V d:

Khi oxi ho ankin bng dung dch KMnO
4
trong mi trng H
2
SO
4
, c thgy ra t mch
C chni ba to thnh anehit hoc axit.
2. Phn ng cng: C thxy ra theo 2 nc.
a) Cng H
2
(t
o
, xc tc):

b) Cng halogen (lm mt mu nc brom)

c) Cng hirohalogenua (120
o
C 180
o
C vi HgCl
2
xc tc) v cc axit (HCl, HCN,
CH
3
COOH,)

Vinyl clorua c dng trng hp thnh nha P.V.C:

Phn ng cng HX c thxy ra n cng:

i vi cc ng ng ca axetilen, phn ng cng tun theo quy tc Maccpnhicp.
V d:

d) Cng H
2
O: Cng tun theo quy tc Maccpnhicp:

3. Phn ng trng hp

4. Phn ng th: Chxy ra i vi axetilen v cc ankin khc c ni ba cacbon u mnh
R C CH:



Khi cho sn phm thtc dng vi axit li gii phng ankin:

iu ch
1. iu chaxetilen
a) Tng hp trc tip

b) T metan

c) Thu phn canxi cacbua

d) Tch hiro ca etan

2. iu chcc ankin
a) Tch hirohalogenua khi dn xut ihalogen

b) Phn ng gia axetilenua vi dn xut halogen

ng dng ca ankin
Chc axetilen c nhiu ng dng quan trng.
thp sng (kht n).
Dng trong n xhn, ct kim loi.
Dng tng hp nhiu cht hu ckhc nhau: anehit axetic, cao su tng hp
(policlopren), cc cht do v cc dung mi,
Ankaien (hay iolefin)
Cng thc chung l :C
n
H
2n2
(n> 3)
Cu to
C 2 lin kt i trong phn t. Cc ni i c th:
vtr lin nhau: C = C = C
vtr cch bit: C = C C C = C
Hlin hp: C = C C = C
Quan trng nht l cc ankaien thuc hlin hp. Ta xt 2 cht tiu biu l:
Butaien : CH
2
= CH CH = CH
2
v

Tnh cht vt l
Butaien l cht kh, isopren l cht lng (nhit si = 34
o
C). C2 cht u khng tan trong
nc, nhng tan trong mt sdung mi hu cnh: ru, ete.
Tnh cht ho hc
Quan trng nht l 2 phn ng sau:
1. Phn ng cng
a) Cng halogen lm mt mu nc brom

brom, cc ni i sbbo ho.
b) Cng H
2

c) Cng hirohalogenua.

2. Phn ng trng hp

iu ch
1. Tch hiro khi hirocacbon no
Phn ng xy ra 600
o
C, xc tc Cr
2
O
3
+ Al
2
O
3
, p sut thp.


2. iu chtru etylic hoc axetilen

Hirocacbon thm (Aren)
Cc hirocacbon thm quen thuc nhbenzen (C
6
H
6
), toluen (C
6
H
5
CH
3
), etylbenzen
(C
6
H
5
C
2
H
5
) v cc ng ng ca n c cng thc chung C
n
H
2n-6

vi n > 6. Ngoi ra, c cc aren mch nhnh khng no nhstiren C
6
H
5
CH = CH
2
,
phenylaxetilen C
6
H
5
C CH,hoc c nhiu nhn benzen nhnaphtalen, antraxen.
Hirocacbon thm in hnh l benzen.
Benzen C
6
H
6

1. Cu to - ng phn - tn gi
a) Cu to
Phn t benzen c cu to vng 6 cnh u. Mi nguyn tC trong phn tbenzen tham
gia 3 lin kt o vi 2C bn cnh v H nh3 obitan lai ho sp
2
nn tt ccc nguyn tC v H
u nm trn cng mt phng. Cn mi lin kt th4 (lin kt t) c to nn nhobitan 2p c
trc vung gc vi mt phng phn t. Khong cch gia cc nguyn tC trong phn tl bng
nhau nn my electron p ca nguyn tC xen phu vi 2 my electron 2p ca 2 nguyn tC
bn cnh, do trong phn tbenzen khng hnh thnh 3 lin kt t ring bit m l mt hlin
kt t thng nht gi l h lin hp thm, quyt nh nhng tnh cht thm c trng ca nhn
benzen; va thhin tnh cht no, va thhin tnh cht cha no.
V thCTCT ca benzen thng c biu din bng my cch sau:

Gc hirocacbon thm
Khi tch bt 1H khi phn tbenzen ta c gc phenyl C
6
H
5

Khi tch bt 1H khi nguyn tC trn nhn benzen ca 1 phn thirocacbon thm ta c
gc aryl.
Nu tch 2H thc gc phenylen v arylen
b) ng phn
V cc lin kt C C trong nhn benzen ng nht nn benzen chc 3 ng phn vtr.
Nu hai nhm thhai C ln cn ta c ng phn ortho (vit tt l o) hoc nh s1, 2.
Nu hai nhm thcch nhau mt nguyn tC (mt nh lc gic gi l ng phn meta
(vit tt l m) hoc 1, 3.
Nu hai nhm thhai nguyn tC i nh gi l ng phn para (vit tt l p) hoc 1,
4.
V d: Cc ng phn ca iclobenzen C
6
H
4
Cl
2
.

2. Tnh cht vt l
Benzen l cht lng khng mu, rt linh ng, c mi c trng, nhit si = 80
o
C.

Benzen nhhn nc, khng tan trong nc, nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c
nhru, ete, axeton.
Benzen l dung mi tt ho tan nhiu cht nhCl
2,
Br
2,
I
2,
S, P,cht bo, cao su.
Nhng cht n gin nht trong dy ng ng ca benzen l cht lng, nhng ng ng
cao hn l cht rn.
Benzen c dng lm nguyn liu u iu chthuc nhum, thuc cha bnh, si
tng hp, cht do, phenol, nitrobenzen, anilin.
Benzen l mt trong nhng dung mi hu ctt nht.
3. Tnh cht ho hc ca benzen.
Benzen va tham gia phn ng th va tham gia phn ng cng, trong phn ng thc
trng hn, chng tnhn benzen rt bn. c im ca benzen gi chung l tnh thm.
a) Phn ng th: Ddng hn hirocacbon no mch h.
Vi halogen nguyn cht (Cl
2
, Br
2
) phn ng xy ra nhit thng c vbo st xc
tc:

(brombenzen)
Ch : Bnh thng benzen khng lm mt mu nc brom.
Phn ng nitro ho: Vi HNO
3
bc khi, c mt H
2
SO
4
c, un nng nh.

Phn ng vi H
2
SO
4
c

Phn ng vi dn xut halogen

b) Phn ng cng: Kh xy ra hn hirocacbon cha no, mch h.
Cng hp hiro

Cng hp clo v brom

4. Tnh cht ho hc ca cc ng ng benzen
a) Phn ng th
Th trn nhn benzen. Phn ng thtrn nhn benzen ca cc ng ng phthuc vo nh
hng ca nhm thc sn i vi nhn benzen. Ngi ta chia thnh 2 loi.
+ Nhm th l nhm y electron:
Khi trn nhn benzen c nhm th y electron nh NH
2
, NR, OH, OCH
3
, gc
ankyl R, (+C, +H) lm mt electron cc vtr ortho v para tng, do phn ng th
xy ra dhn (nh hng thvo vtr o, p).
V d phn ttoluen C
6
H
5
CH
3

+ Nhm th l nhm ht electron
Khi trn nhn benzen c nhm th ht electron nh NO
2
, SO
3
H, COOH, CHO (
C) lm gim mt electron vtr meta c tri hn (nh hng thvo vtr m).
V dphn tC
6
H
5
NO
2

Sau y l phn ng thca Br
2
ng vi 2 trng hp trn.

Th trn gc ankyl: Vi halogen xy ra khi chiu sng khng c xc tc.

b) Phn ng oxi ho:
Cc cht oxi ho mnh (nhKMnO
4
) oxi ho nguyn tC ca mch nhnh nh trc tip vi
nhn benzen:

5. iu ch
a) iu ch benzen
Chng ct nha than .
Taxetilen:

Txiclohexan.

Tn - hexan.

b) iu ch cc hirocacbon thm khc

Gii thiu mt shirocacbon thm
a) Tuloen C
6
H
5
CH
3
: l cht lng (nhit si = 111
o
C), c mi ging benzen, khng tan
trong nc, tan trong mt sdung mi hu c.
b) Etylbenzen C
6
H
5
CH
2
CH
3
l cht lng khng mu, c mi ging benzen (nhit si
= 136
o
C), t tan trong nc.

Ngoi cc tnh cht ca hirocacbon thm cn c phn ng tch H
2
:

c) Stiren C
6
H
5
CH = CH
2
l cht lng (nhit si = 145
o
C). t tan trong nc, tan nhiu
trong ru, ete, xeton.
Dtham gia phn ng cng ni i ca mch nhnh.

Phn ng trng hp xy ra rt ddng khi c mt cht xc tc:

Pol i sti ren l cht rn trong sut, d gi a cng nhi t, dng l m vt l i u i n, dng c
gi a nh.
Stiren ng trng hp vi butaien to thnh cao su butaien stiren.
d) Xilen C
6
H
4
(CH)
3
: c 3 dng.

e) Hirocacbon thm c nhiu vng benzen.
iphenyl C
6
H
5
C
6
H
5
: cht rn, tan trong ru, ete.
Naphtalen C
10
H
8
:

Cht rn
Antraxen C
14
H
10

Dn xut halogen ca hirocacbon no
1. Cu to
Do m in ca nguyn thalogen (X) ln nn mi lin kt C-X bphn cc ng kv
nguyn tX linh ng dtham gia phn ng. Theo chiu tCl Br I linh ng ca
nguyn tX trong phn tdn xut tng ln.
Cch gi tn: Theo danh php th.
V d

2. Tnh cht vt l
Ba cht CH
3
Cl, CH
3
Br, C
2
H
5
Cl l cht kh. Cc cht khc l cht lng, rn. u khng
mu.
Khng tan trong nc, dtan trong cc dung mi hu c.
3. Tnh cht ho hc
a) Phn ng thu phn trong mi trng kim:

b) Phn ng tch HX:

c) Tc dng vi NH
3

d) Tc dng vi Na

4. iu ch
Phn ng thca halogen vo hirocacbon no.
Phn ng cng HX vo hirocacbon cha no.

Phn ng gia HX v ru (c H
2
SO
4
)

5. Gii thiu mt scht
a) CH
2
Cl CH
2
Cl (icloetan) l cht lng, dng ho tan nha, cht bo.

b) CHCl
3
(clorofom) l cht lng, dng lm dung mi, gy m.

c) CCl
4
(tetraclorua cacbon) l cht lng, dng lm dung mi ho tan cao su, cht bo, du
m.
d) Freon - 12 (CCl
2
F
2
) l cht kh, khng mu, khng mi, khng chy, khng c. Dng
lm cht sinh hn trong my lnh. Tuy vy, n c nhc im ln l ph hutng ozon bo v
Tri t, cho nn ngi ta ang tm cch hn chsn xut v sdng n.
Dn xut halogen ca hirocacbon cha no
1. Cu to phn t
Nguyn tX (halogen) c thnh vo C ni i hoc nguyn tC khc.
V d, ng vi CTPT C
3
H
5
Cl c 3 cht.

v CH
2
= CH CH
2
Cl
C lin kt bi (i hoc ba) trong phn t.
2. Tnh cht ho hc
Phn ng cng v phn ng trng hp:

3. Phn ng trao i ca nguyn thalogen
Nguyn tX linh ng v dtham gia phn ng trao i - dbthuphn khi c mt kim.

Ngun hirocacbon trong thin nhin
Trong thin nhin c ba ngun cung cp hirocacbon l: kh thin nhin, du mv than .
Kh thin nhin
Thnh phn chyu ca kh thin nhin l metan (90 - 98%), cn li l eta, propan, butan
v mt sng ng cao hn, ngoi ra cn mt lng nhH
2
S, N
2
,
ng dng:
* Dng lm nhin liu
* Dng lm nguyn liu ho hc iu chhiro, axetilen, cao su nhn to, cht do, nhiu
cht tng hp khc.
V d:

Taxetilen c thtng hp nhiu cht khc.
Du m
1. Thnh phn ca du m.
Du ml cht lng c snh, mu nu sm, c mi c trng, nhhn nc. Du mnm
trong nhng ti du su di t.
Du ml hn hp hirocacbon c ththuc cc loi: no mch h, vng no, thm. Ngoi
ra, cn cha nhng lng nhcc cht hu ckhc trong phn tc O, N, S
Trong du mthnh phn hirocacbon lng l chyu, c ho tan hirocacbon kh v rn.
2. Cc sn phm chng ct du m
a) Sn phm nh ca du m gm:
Khi chng ct phn on du mthu c cc sn phm nhghi bng sau:
Phn cn li ca du msau khi chng ct sn phm nhgi l mazut. Chng phn on
mazut thu c:
+ Du nhn: bi trn.
+ Vazlin: bi my.
+ Parafin: lm nn thp sng.
+ Cui cng l hc n dng lm nha ri ng.
b) Crackinh du m
Crackinh l qu trnh "bgy" phn thirocacbon mch di (bng nhit v bng xc tc)
thnh cc hirocacbon mch ngn hn.
V d:

C 2 phng php crackinh
Crackinh bng nhit: Thc hin 500 - 600
o
C, p sut vi chc atm. Xng thu c theo
phng php ny cha nhiu anken.
Crackinh bng xc tc: Thc hin nhit thp hn, cht xc tc thng dng l nhm
silicat.
Xng thu c bng phng php crackinh ny c cht lng cao v cha nhiu ankan mch
nhnh, xicloanken v aren.
Than
Khi nung nng than ln khong 1000
o
C trong iu kin khng c khng kh, cc hp cht
hu cln trong than bay ra, cn li than cc.
Tn phn
on
Nhit si,
o
C

SC trong
phn t
ng dng
Kh < 40
C
1
- C
4

Nhin liu, nguyn liu THHC.
Xng nh 40 - 200
C
5
- C
11

Nhin liu, dung mi
Ligorin 120 - 240
C
8
- C
11

Nhin liu, dung mi
Du thp 150 - 310
C
12
- C
18

Nhin liu , thp sng
Du nng 300 - 450
C
15

Nhin liu, ng ciezen
Hi bay ra khi chng than c ngng tv phn tch thnh:
1. Kh l cc: H
2
, CH
4
, oxit cacbon, NH
3
, N
2
, C
2
H
4
,
2. Nha than : l cht lng nht, mu thm, khi chng phn on thu c.
Du nh (nhit si < 170
o
C) cha hirocacbon thm.

Du trung (nhit si = 170 - 230
o
C) cha phenol, naphtalen, piriin

Du nng (nhit si = 230 - 270
o
C) cha naphtalen v cc ng ng ca n, cresol,

Du antraxen (nhit si = 270 - 360
o
C) cha antraxen, phenantren.

Cn li (khong 60%) l nha than , dng ri ng, lm vt liu xy dng.
3. Nc amoniac
Ho tan NH
3
v cc mui amoni nh(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
, NH
4
Cl,
1. Cng thc tng qut
R(OH)
n
vi n > 1.
R l gc hirocacbon
c bit ru no, mch thng, mt ln ru c CTPT : C
n
H
2n+1
OH.
2. Cu to
Nhm hiroxyl OH vi mi lin kt O - H phn cc ng k.
Gc R c thl mch hno hay cha no hoc mch vng.
V d:
CH
3
OH, CH
2
= CH CH
2
OH, C
6
H
5
CH
2
OH.
Nhm OH c thnh vo nguyn tC bc 1, bc 2, bc 3 to thnh cc ru tng ng
bc 1, bc 2, bc 3.
V d:

Ru khng bn khi:
+ Nhiu nhm OH cng nh vo 1 nguyn tC.
+ Nhm OH nh vo nguyn tC c ni i.
V d:

Hin tng ng phn l do:
+ Mch C khc nhau.
+ Vtr ca cc nhm OH khc nhau.
+ Ngoi ra ru n chc cn ng phn l ete oxit R O R'.
V d: Cht n gin C
3
H
8
O c 3 ng phn.

3. Cch gi tn
a) Tn thng dng:
Tn ru = Tn gc hirocacbon no tng ng + ic.
V d: CH
3
CH
2
OH ru etylic
b) Tn hp php
Tn ru = tn hirocacbon no tng ng + ol.

Tnh cht vt l
i vi ru no, mch h, mt ln ru C
n
H
2n+1
OH :
Khi n = 1 12 ; ru l cht lng, n > 12 l cht rn, nhit si ca ru cao hn ca
hirocacbon no hay dn xut halogen c KLPT xp xv trong ru c hin tng lin hp phn
tnhlin kt H, do sbay hi kh khn.

Tt ccc ru n chc u nhhn nc.
Ba cht u (metanol, etanol, propanol) tan v hn trong nc l do khi ho tan ru vo
nc, gia cc phn tru v cc phn tnc hnh thnh lin kt hiro:

Sau tan gim nhanh khi n tng.
Tnh cht ho hc
1. Tc dng vi kim loi kim.

Cc ancolat l cht rn, tan nhiu trong ru tng ng, bthuphn hon ton.

2. Phn ng este ho vi axit hu cv v c

Cc phn ng este hou thun nghch, khng hon ton. Mun phn ng xy ra hon
ton theo chiu thun phi dng H
2
SO
4
c ht nc.
Phn bit:
Ru bc 1: phn ng chm, khng hon ton.
Ru bc 2: phn ng rt chm.
Ru bc 3: gn nhkhng xy ra phn ng.
3. Phn ng tch nc
To ete:

To olefin:

4. Phn ng tch hiro: Cho hi ru qua bt Cu hay bt Fe nung nng.
Ru bc 1 anehit.
Ru bc 2 xeton.

5. Phn ng oxi ho khng hon ton (m du)

6. Ring ru etylic bln men gim.

iu ch
1. Thuphn este v dn xut halogen

2. Cng H
2
O vo anken

3. Khanehit v xeton

4. Cho glucozln men c ru etylic

Gii thiu mt sru mt ln ru
1. Ru metylic CH
3
OH
L cht lng, khng mu, nhhn nc, tan v hn trong nc, c mi c trng, nhit
si = 65
o
C.

Rt c: ung phi dm, ung nhiu dcht.
Dng iu chanehit fomic, tng hp cht do, lm dung mi.
iu ch:
+ Tng hp trc tip:

+ Bng cch chng g
2. Ru etylic CH
3
CH
2
OH
L cht lng, nhhn nc, tan v hn trong nc, c mi thm, nhit si = 78
o
C.

Cng dng rt ln trong thc t: chto cao su v mt scht hu ctng hp khc
nheste, axit axetic, ete
lm dung mi ho tan vecni, dc phm, nc hoa.
3. Ru butylic C
4
H
9
OH
C 4 ng phn l nhng cht lng, t tan trong nc hn 3 cht u dy ng ng. C mi
c trng.
4. Ru antylic CH
2
= CH CH
2
OH
L cht lng khng mu, mi xc, nhit si = 97
o
C

c dng sn xut cht do.
Khi oxi hochni i to thnh glixerin:

iu chi tpropilen

Ru nhiu ln ru

1. Phn ng c trng
Do c nhiu nhm OH trong phn tnn phn cc ca cc nhm O - Htng, nguyn tH
y linh ng hn so vi ru 1 ln ru. Do vy ngoi nhng tnh cht chung ca ru,
chng cn c nhng tnh cht ring ca ru nhiu ln ru: in hnh l phn ng ho tan Cu
(OH)
2
to thnh dung dch mu xanh lam.

2. Gii thiu mt sru nhiu ln ru
a) Etylenglicol CH
2
OH CH
2
OH
L cht lng dng xiro, khng mu, khng mi, c vngt, c, tan nhiu trong nc, nhit
si = 197
o
C.

iu ch:
+ i tetilen


Etylenglicol c thtrng ngng vi iaxit to thnh polime dng lm si tng hp
b) Glixerin CH
2
OH CHOH CH
2
OH
L cht lng dng xiro, khng mu, khng mi, c vngt, tan nhiu trong nc, nhit
si = 190
o
C

Phn ng este ho vi HNO
3
(khi c mt H
2
SO
4
):

Nitroglixerin l cht lng nhdu, rt c, km bn, khi va chm mnh gy n.

Dng lm thuc niamit
iu ch:
+ X phng ho cht bo.
+ Ln men glucozkhi c mt NaHSO
3

+ Tng hp tpropilen

ng dng:
+ Dng sn xut thuc nnitroglixerin.
+ Trong sn xut thc phm, dc phm, hng liu, thuc da, vi, mc, kem nh rng.
Cu to phn tca phenol
Phenol l dn xut ca hirocacbon thm trong mt hay nhiu nguyn tH ca nhn
benzen c thay thbng nhm OH.
V d:

y chxt mt cht tiu biu l C
6
H
5
OH.
Trong phn tphenol c hiu ng lin hp (+C) :
My electron ca cp e khng tham gia lin kt trong nguyn tO bdch chuyn vpha
nhn benzen: kt qulm tng phn cc ca lin kt O H. Nguyn tH linh ng, dtch
ra lm phenol c tnh axit. Mt khc, do hiu ng lin hp dng (+C) ca nhm OH lm mt
e cc vtr ortho v para trn nhn benzen tng ln, do phn ng thvo cc vtr ny
dhn benzen.

Tnh cht vt l
Phenol l cht tinh thkhng mu, nhit nng chy = 42
o
C.

nhit thng, phenol t tan trong nc, khi un nng tan tng ln. t
o
> 70
o
C tan
v hn vo nc. Phenol tan nhiu trong ru, ete, clorofom,
Phenol c, c tnh st trng, lm bng da.
iu chphenol vng dng
1. Tch tnha chng than .
2. i tbenzen.

3. ng dng
Phenol c dng lm thuc st trng, dit nm mc, chto thuc nhum, dc phm,
thuc dit cdi, chto ttng hp (poliamit) v cht do (nha bakelit)
Ru thm
Cng thc: C
6
H
5
R OH.
Trong R l gc hirocacbon mch h.
C
6
H
5
CH
2
OHC
6
H
5
CH
2
CH
2
OH
(ru benzylic) (ru phenyletylic)
Chai u l cht lng, t tan trong nc, tan c trong mt sdung mi hu cnhru
etylic, ete, axeton,
C2 u tham gia phn ng nhru no, mch h, bc nht mt ln ru.
Ete
1. Cng thc
Ete l dn xut ca ru khi thay thH trong nhm OH bng mt gc hirocacbon.
R O R'
Tn gi ca ete = Tn hai gc hirocacbon + ete
Gc R c gi theo thtchci u.
V d:
CH
3
O CH
2
CH
3
: etyl metyllete.
C
2
H
5
O C
2
H
5
: ietylete.
2. Tnh cht
Ete khng c nguyn tH linh ng nn khng c phn ng c trng ca ru. Ete khng
tc dng vi nc to li ru.
imetylete (CH
3
O CH
3
) l cht kh (nhit si = - 23,7
o
C), t tan trong nc.

ietylete l cht lng, nhit si = 36
o
C, l dung mi rt tt ho tan cht bo v cc
cht hu c. ietylete tinh khit c dng lm thuc m trong y hc.
Cng thc- cu to - cch gi tn
1. Cng thc tng qut : R(CHO)
m
,m> 1.
R c thl H hoc gc hirocacbon vc bit c hp cht OHC CHO trong m = 2, R
khng c.
Anehit no, mch thng mt ln anehit c CTPT: C
n
H
2n+1
CHO vi n > 0.
2. Cu to phn t

ng phn c thdo:
+ Mch C khc nhau.
+ Vtr cc nhm chc.
+ ng phn vi xeton v ru cha no.
V d: Anehit C
3
H
7
CHO c cc ng phn

3. Cch gi tn
a) Tn thng dng: Gi theo tn axit hu ctng ng.
V d.
H CHO : anehit fomic.
CH
3
CHO : anehit axetic.
b) Danh php quc t: Thm ui al vo tn hirocacbon no tng ng (vsC).
V d.
H CHO:metanal
CH
3
CHO:etanal.
CH
2
= CH CH
2
CHO:butenal.
Tnh cht vt l
Nhit si ca anehit thp hn ca ru tng ng v gia cc phn tanehit khng c
lin kt hiro.
tan trong nc gim dn khi tng snguyn tC trong phn t.
Tnh cht ho hc
1. Phn ng oxi ho

a) Phn ng trng gng: Tc dng vi AgNO
3
trong NH
3
.

b) Phn ng vi Cu(OH)
2
v nc feling:

(mu gch)

(nc feling)
Cc phn ng ny l cc phn ng c trng nhn bit anehit.
c) Vi oxi khng kh c mui Mn
2+
xc tc:

2. Phn ng cng
a) Cng hp H
2
: Phn ng khanehit thnh ru bc nht.

b) Cng hp HX:

3. Phn ng trng hp anehit: C nhiu dng.
* To polime:

4. Phn ng trng ngng : Gia anehit fomic v phenol to thnh polime phenolfomanehit.
5. Nu gc R cha no, anehit ddng tham gia phn ng cng v phn ng trng hp.
V d

(Phn ng cng y tri vi quy tc Maccpnhicp).
iu ch
Tch H
2
khi ru bc nht.
Oxi ho m du ru bc nht.
Hp nc vo axetilen c anehit axetic.

Thuphn dn xut th2 ln halogen:

Gii thiu mt sanehit
1. Fomanehit HCHO
L cht kh, c mi xc, tan nhiu trong nc.
Dung dch 37 40% gi l fomon dng nhiu trong y hc.
iu ch: Trc tip tCH
4
.

Fomanehit c dng lm cht st trng, chto nha phenolfomanehit.
2. Anehit axetic CH
3
CHO
L cht lng, tan nhiu trong nc, nhit si = 52,4
o
C, boxi ho thnh axit acrilic, b
khthnh ru anlylic.
iu chbng cch tch nc khi glixerin.

Cu to

Trong R, R' l nhng gc hirocacbon c thging hoc khc nhau.
V d.

Tnh cht vt l
Axeton l cht lng, cc xeton khc l cht rn, thng c mi thm.
Axeton tan v hn trong nc, cc xeton khc ctan gim dn khi mch C tng.
Axeton dng lm dung mi v nguyn liu du tng hp mt scht hu c.
Tnh cht ho hc
Khnng phn ng km anehit
1. Kh boxi ho. Khng c phn ng trng gng v khng c phn ng vi Cu(OH)
2
. Khi
oxi ho mnh tht mch cacbon.

2. Phn ng cng
Khbng H
2
thnh ru bc 2.

iu ch
Tch H
2
khi ru bc 2:

Oxi ho ru bc 2.
Thy phn dn xut th2 ln halogen:

Cng nc vo ng ng ca axetilen

Cng thc- cu to - cch gi tn
1. Cng thc.
Axit hu c (cn gi l axit cacboxylic l nhng hp cht c mt hay nhiu nhm cacboxyl (
COOH) lin kt vi nguyn t C hoc H.
Cng thc tng qut: R(COOH)
n

R c thl H hay gc hirocacbon.
R = O, n = 2 axit oxalic:
HOOC COOH
Nu R l gc hirocacbon cha no, ta c axit cha no.
Nu R c nhm chc khc cha axit, ta c axit tp chc.
Axit no mt ln axit c cng thc tng qut.

2. Cu to

Do nguyn tO ht mnh cp electron lin kt ca lin kt i C = O lm tng phn
cc ca lin kt O H. Nguyn tH trnn linh ng, dtch ra. Do vy tnh axit y th
hin mnh hn nhiu so vi phenol.

b) nh hng ca gc R n nhm - COOH:
+ Nu R l gc ankyl c hiu ng cm ng +I (y electron) th lm gim tnh axit. Gc R
cng ln hay bc cng cao. +I cng ln, th tnh axit cng yu.
V d: Tnh axit gim dn trong dy sau.

+ Nu trong gc R c nhm th gy hiu ng cm ng I (nhF > Cl > Br > I hay NO
2
> F >
Cl > OH) th lm tng tnh axit.
V d: Tnh axit tng theo dy sau.

+ Nu trong gc R c lin kt bi

V d:

+ Nu c 2 nhm COOH trong 1 phn t, do nh hng ln nhau nn cng lm tng tnh
axit.
c) nh hng ca nhm COOH n gc R:
Nhm COOH ht electron gy ra hiu ng I lm cho H nh C vtr o trnn linh ng,
dbth.

V d:

3. Cch gi tn
a) Tn thng dng:
Thng bt ngun ttn ngun nguyn liu u tin dng tch c axit.
V d Axit fomic (axit kin), axit axetic (axit gim)
b) Danh php quc t:
Tn axit = Tn hirocacbon tng ng +oic.
CH
3
CH
2
COOH:propanoic
CH
2
= CH CH
2
COOH:butenoic.

Tnh cht vt l ca axit no, mch hmt ln axit (C
n
H
2n+1
COOH)
Ba cht u dy ng ng l cht lng, c vchua, tan v hn trong nc, in li yu trong
dung dch.
Nhng cht sau l cht lng, ri cht rn, tan gim dn. Nhit si tng dn theo n.
Gia cc phn taxit cng xy ra hin tng lin hp phn tdo lin kt hiro.

Do , axit c nhit sicao hn anehit v ru tng ng
Tnh cht ho hc
1. Phn ng nhm chc COOH
a) Trong dung dch nc in li ra ion H
+
(H
3
O), lm giy qu(axit yu).

R cng nhiu C, axit in li cng yu.
b) Phn ng trung ho

c) Ho tan kim loi ng trc H trong dy Bktp.

d) y mnh axit yu hn ra khi mui:

2. Phn ng do nhm OH ca COOH
a) Phn ng este ho vi ru:

b) Phn ng to thnh halogenua axit:
c) Phn ng hp H
2
to thnh anehit


d) Phn ng to thnh anhirit axit:
e) Phn ng to thnh amit v nitril

3. Phn ng gc R
Dthhalogen vtr o :

Sau tip tc thht H to thnh CCl
3
COOH. Nhng dn xut thhalogen c tnh axit
mnh hn axit axetic.
iu ch
1. Thuphn este

2. Oxi ho cc hirocacbon
Oxi ho hirocacbon no bng O
2
ca khng kh vi cht xc tc (cc mui Cu
2+
, Mn
2+
,
Cr
3+
,) P = 7 20 atm vun nng sthu c axit bo c t10 -20 nguyn tC trong phn
t.
3. Oxi ho ru bc 1 thnh anehit ri thnh axit.

4. Thy phn dn xut trihalogen

5. Tng hp qua nitril

Gii thiu mt saxit

1. Axit fomic H COOH
L cht lng, khng mu, tan nhiu trong nc, c mi xc, nhit si = 100,5
o
C.

Trong phn tc nhm chc anehit CHO nn c tnh khmnh ca anehit.
V d:

Axit fomic c trong nc kin, trong mt stri cy, trong mhi ng vt.
iu ch: c thiu chtCOv NaOH (cho CO i qua kim nng)

Axit fomic c dng lm cht khtrong ngnh nhum, tng hp cc hp cht hu c
khc.
2. Axit axetic CH
3
COOH
L cht lng, khng mu, tan nhiu trong nc, c mi chua, xc, nhit si = 118,5
o
C.

Dung dch 5 8% l gim n.
iu ch : ngoi cc phng php chung, axit axetic cn c iu chbng nhng cch
sau.
+ i taxetilen.

+ Cho ru etylic ln men gim.
+ Chng kh g: trong lp nc c 10% CH
3
COOH. Trung ho bng vi thnh (CH
3
COO)
2
Ca. Tch mui ra ri chho bng H
2
SO
4
thu axit axetic.
Axit axetic c dng trong cng nghip thc phm, trong cng nghip dc phm v k
nghsn xut cht do v tnhn to.
3. Axit bo c KLPT ln.
Quan trng nht l
C
15
H
31
COOHC
17
H
35
COOH
(axit panmitic) (axit stearic)
Chai u c cu to mch thng, khng phn nhnh.
L nhng cht rn nhsp, khng mu.
Khng tan trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c.
Phn ng vi kim v tan trong dung dch kim.

Mui ca cc axit ny vi Mg v kim loi kim th(Ca, Ba, ) khng tan trong nc.
Cu to
C ni i trong gc R, do c thcng phn hnh hc.
V d axit crotonic

Tnh axit mnh hn so vi axit no tng ng.
Tnh cht
Phn ln cc axit cha no l cht lng.
Ngoi cc phn ng thng thng ca axit hu c, cc axit cha no cn c c trng
bng.
+ Phn ng cng.
+ Boxi ho.
+ Phn ng trng hp thnh polime.
V d:

Gii thiu mt saxit cha no
1. Axit acrilic CH
2
= CH COOH
L cht lng khng mu, mi xc, tan v hn trong nc, tan nhiu trong ru, ete.
Este ca axit acrilic dng sn xut cht do.

L cht lng khng mu, tan c trong nc, ru, ete.
Este ca n vi ru metylic c trng hp chto thutinh hu c(plexiglat).

3. Axit sorbic CH
3
CH = CH CH = CH COOH
Cht tinh thmu trng, t tan trong nc.
Dng bo qun thc phm.
4. Axit oleic

L cht lng nhdu.
C trong du ng, thc vt di dng este vi glixerin, c bit c ti 80% trong du oliu.
Phn ng vi hiro to thnh axit stearic.
Mui oleat ca Na, K dng lm x phng git. Cc oleat ca Ca, Mg khng tan trong nc.
Cu to
Trong phn tc 2 nhm cacboxyl COOH nh hng n nhau lm tnh axit tng.
Hai nhm COOH cch nhau cng xa, tnh axit cng gim.
Tnh cht vt l
L nhng cht tinh th, tan c trong nc, tan gim khi snguyn tC tng.
Tnh cht ho hc
Tnh cht axit thhin mnh hn so vi axit n chc. Trong dung dch nc in li hai
nc, nc 1 mnh hn nc 2.

Ngoi nhng tnh cht chung ca axit, cc a axit cn tham gia.
+ Phn ng trng ngng vi iamin

+ Phn ng vi ru 2 ln ru to thnh chui polieste

Gii thiu mt siaxit
1. Axit oxalic HOOC COOH
L cht tinh th, thng dng C
2
H
2
O
4
. 2H
2
O.
Khi un nng dbmt CO
2
.

Dboxi ho

Axit oxalic c dng lm cht khvnh phn KMnO
4
.
iu ch

2. Axit aipic HOOC (CH
2
)
4
COOH
Dng sn xut nha tng hp (amit), si tng hp (nilon)
iu ch
Oxi ha xiclohexan (ly tdu m).
Cu to
L dn xut ca hirocacbon thm c nhm COOH mch nhnh.
Nhn benzen ht electron lm tng linh ng ca H trong nhm COOH, do axit
thm c tnh axit mnh hn axit no mch h.
Nhm COOH c tnh ht electron, do lm tng tnh bn ca nhn benzen, lm phn
ng thtrn nhn benzen kh hn v thng xy ra vtr meta.
Tnh cht
Cc axit cacboxylic thm l cht tinh th, t tan trong nc.
Tnh axit: thhin mnh hn axit no mch h.
Cc axit ny cng tham gia cc phn ng c trng chung cho nhm COOH.
Phn ng trn nhn benzen:

Gii thiu mt saxit thm
1. Axit benzoic C
6
H
5
COOH
L cht tinh thhnh kim, khng mu, nhit si = 122,4
o
C. t tan trong nc lnh, tan
nhiu hn trong nc nng.
C tnh st trng, c dng trong y hc, bo qun thc phm, tng hp cc hp cht
hu c(thuc nhum)
iu ch: Oxi ho toluen c xc tc

2. Axit phtalic C
6
H
4
(COOH)
2

Thng gp dng ortho v para.

Axit ortho - phtalic l cht tinh th, tan nhiu trong nc nng. Khi un nng, khng nng
chy m bmt nc to thnh anhirit phtalic.

iu chbng cch oxi ho naphtalen

3. Axit salixilic HO C
6
H
4
COOH
L cht tinh th, nhit nng chy = 159
o
C, t tan trong nc, tan trong cc dung mi hu
c.
Dng lm thuc st trng, chthuc cha bnh, bo qun thc phm.

Gii thiu mt saxit c nhm chc pha tp

L cht tinh thkhng mu, tan nhiu trong nc.
Tnh axit mnh hn axit axetic (K = 1,48 . 10
4
).

C trong nhiu loi thc vt (cci ng, nho), trong qucha chn.
2. Axit lactic (o hiroxi propionic)

L cht tinh th, khng mu, ht m mnh v chy ra.
Tan nhiu trong nc.
C trong sa chua, to thnh khi ln men lactic mt scht ng.
V d.

Axit lactic c dng trong cng nghip thuc nhum (cm mu), cng nghip thuc da,
cng nghip thc phm v dc phm.
3. Axit malic (axit to)

L cht tinh th, tan nhiu trong nc.
C cha trong mt squ(to, nho).
Dng trong cng nghip thc phm.

C nhiu trong cc loi qu, c bit l nho (nn c tn l axit ru vang)
Mui kali - natri tactrat.
KOOC CHOH CHOH COONa
Ho tan c Cu(OH)
2
to thnh dung dch Feling, dng lm thuc thanehit v cc
hiratcacbon.

5. Axit limonic hay axit xitric (axit chanh)

C nhiu trong chanh v mt squchua khc.
Cu to v gi tn
1. Cng thc
Este l sn phm ca phn ng este ho gia axit hu c hoc axit v c vi ru.
V d:

C thphn este thnh cc loi
Loi 1: Este ca axit n chc v ru n chc c cng thc cu to chung

Gc R v R' c thging nhau,hoc khc nhau, c thl gc hirocacbon no hoc khng no
Nu R v R' u l gc no mch hth CTPT chung ca este l:
C
n
H
2n
O
2
(n> 2)
Loi 2: Este ca axit a chc v ru n chc. Cng thc chung l R - (COOR')
n
, trong
R' l gc ru ho tr1.
Loi este ny c: este trung ho v este axit.
V d:

imetyl aipat

metyl hiroaipat
Loi 3: Este ca axit n chc v ru a chc. Cng thc chung l (R - COO)
n
- R'.
V d:

C nhng este to thnh bi nhiu gc axit khc nhau.
V d:

2. Tn gi
Tn thng thng ca este c gi nhsau
Tn este = Tn gc hirocacbon ca ru + tn gc axit c ui at.
V d:

Tnh cht vt l
Este ca cc ru n chc v axit n chc (c snguyn tC khng ln lm) thng l
cht lng, dbay hi, c mi thm dchu ca cc loi hoa qukhc nhau. Nhng este c
KLPT cao thng l cht rn.
Nhit si ca este so vi axit cng CTPT thp hn v khng c sto thnh lin kt
hiro.
Cc este t tan trong nc (so vi axit v ru to ra n), nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung
mi hu c.
Tnh cht ho hc
1. Phn ng thuphn. Phn ng thun nghch, mun phn ng xy ra hon ton phi thc
hin trong mi trng kim:

2. Phn ng x phng ho (khi un nng) vi kim:

3. Nu este c gc axit cha no th c ththam gia phn ng cng v phn ng trng hp
ging nhhirocacbon cha no.
V d:

iu ch
1. Thc hin phn ng este ho

2. Tmui v dn xut halogen ca hirocacbon

3. Thalogenua axit v ancolat.

4. Tanehit axit v ru

Gii thiu mt seste thng gp
1. Etyl axetat CH
3
COO C
2
H
5

L cht lng khng mu, mi c trng, nhit si = 77
o
C.

t tan trong nc. c dng lm dung mi cho hp cht cao phn tv dng chto sn.
2. Isoamyl axetat CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
2
CH (CH
3
)
2

L cht lng khng mu, mi l, nhit si = 142
o
C

Hu nhkhng tan trong nc.
Dng lm dung mi v lm cht thm trong ngnh thc phm v hng liu
3. Este ca cc loi hoa qu.
To thnh mi thm ca cc hoa qu. V d
Etyl fomiat HCOO C
2
H
5
: mi ru rum
Amyl fomiat HCOO C
5
H
11
: mi anh o.
Etyl butyrat C
3
H
7
COO C
2
H
5
: mi m
Isoamyl butyrat C
3
H
7
COO C
5
H
11
: mi da.
4. Este ca axit acrilic v axit metacrilic

C2 este u dtrng hp to thnh cc polime poliacrilat trong sut, khng mu.
Polimetyl acrilat dng sn xut mng keo, da nhn to.
Polimetyl metacrilat dng chthutinh hu cctrong sut cao hn thutinh silicat,
cho tia tngoi i qua, chrng gi, mt gi.
Thnh phn
Cht bo (ngun gc ng vt, thc vt) l este ca glixerin vi axit bo (axit hu cmt
ln axit mch thng, khi lng phn tln).
Cc cht bo c gi chung l glixerit.
Cng thc tng qut ca cht bo.

Trong R, R', R'' c thging nhau hoc khc nhau.
Mt saxit bo thng gp.

Hai axit sau y c nhiu ni i cng thng gp trong du:

Thng gp cc glixerit pha tp.
V d:

Trong cht bo, ngoi este ca glixerin vi axit bo cn c mt lng nhaxit dng t do
c c trng bi ch s axit.
Ch s axit ca mt cht bo l s miligam KOH cn thit trung ho axit t do trong mt
gam cht bo.
V d: Mt cht bo c chsaxit bng 9 - Ngha ltrung ho 1 gam cht bo cn 9 mg
KOH
Tnh cht vt l
Cc cht bo thc tkhng tan trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong ru, ete v cc dung mi
hu ckhc.
phthuc thnh phn axit trong cht bo: nu cht bo ch yu t axit no th th rn
(m), ch yu t axit cha no th th lng (du).
Cht bo ng vt : glixerit ca axit no panmitic, stearic nn thrn.
Cht bo thc vt : glixerit ca axit cha no oleic nn thlng.
Tnh cht ho hc
1. Phn ng thuphn
Cht bo t tan trong nc nn khng bthuphn bi nc lnh hay nc si.
thuphn cht bo phi un nng trong nc p sut cao (25atm) t n nhit
cao (220
o
C):


C thdng axit v c(axit sunfuric long) tng tc phn ng thuphn. Axit bo
khng tan trong nc, c tch ra.
2. Phn ng x phng ho
Nu cht bo vi kim :

Cc mui to thnh l x phng tan trong dung dch. Khi thm NaCl vo hn hp phn ng,
x phng sni ln thnh lp, ng c. Glixerin tan trong dung dch c tch bng cch
chng phn on.
3. Phn ng cng ca glixerit cha no, bin du thnh m.
Quan trng nht l phn ng cng hiro (shiro ho) bin glixerit cha no (du) thnh
glixerit no (m).
V d:

4. Cc glixerit cha no dboxi hochni i.
Lm mt mu dung dch KMnO
4
.
Boxi ho bi oxi ca khng kh.
ng dng ca cht bo
Dng lm thc phm: khi n, nhmen ca dch ty, cht bo bthuphn thnh axit bo v
glixerin ri bhp thqua mao trng rut vo bn trong rut. Nhqu trnh tiu ho n bin
thnh nng lng nui cth.
Thnh phn
X phng l mui ca kim loi kim (Na, K) vi cc axit bo khi lng phn t ln (c
mch cacbon di > 12 nguyn tC)
Cc axit bo chyu sn xut x phng l panmitic, stearic, oleic.
X phng rn l hn hp mui Na ca cc axit bo, chyu l natri stearat, natri panmiat.
Cc x phng K u l x phng lng.
iu chx phng
1. Ho tan cc axit bo vo dung dch kim (xa)

Cc axit bo c thiu chtdu mbng cch oxi ho cc parafin c snguyn tcacbon
ln hn 30 bng oxi (khng kh) c mui mangan xc tc:

2 un nng cht bo vi kim (x phng ho cht bo)
Tc dng ty ra ca x phng
Phn tx phng gm
Mt gc hirocacbon mch di (v dC
15
H
31
, C
17
H
35
, C
17
H
33
,) kh tan trong nc
nhng dtan trong cc dung mi khng cc (nhdu, m).
Mt nhm phn cc (l COONa hay COOK) c khnng in li thnh ion nn dtan
trong nc,nhng khng tan trong du m.
V vy x phng c tnh cht c bit l tnh hot ng b mt.
X phng lm gim sc cng bmt ca nc, lm cho nc dthm t cc git du, mv
cc cht bn trn bmt. Khi git, ra bng x phng, gc R ca phn tx phng bm vo cht
bn, nhm phn cc (COONa) chuyn (ho tan) cht bn vo nc di dng nhtng hay
huyn ph, do lm sch vt git, ra.
Mt khc, x phng l mui ca axit yu nn phn tx phng bthuphn to ra mi
trng kim gip cho vic nhtng ho cht keo:

Trong nc cng x phng to thnh cc mui panmiat, oleat, stearat (canxi, magie, st) kt
ta, do x phng mt tc dng ty ra.
Cc cht ty ra tng hp
Ngoi x phng thng, hin nay ngi ta cn dng nhiu loi cht ty ra tng hp khc
nhau. cng l nhng cht hot ng bmt, thuc my loi sau.
1. Nhng cht ty ra sinh ion (iongen)
Phn tgm gc hirocacbon R v nhm phn cc. Ngoi loi R - COONa, cn c nhng
cht hot ng bmt nhion phc tp.
V d:
Cc ankyl sunfat: R O SO
3
Na(Rc > 11C)
Cc ankyl sunfonat: R SO
3
Na, iu chbng cch.

(R c 10 20 nguyn tC)
Cc ankyl aryl sunfonat:

Nhng cht hot ng bmt nhcation phc tp.
V d :

2. Nhng cht ty ra khng sinh ion
Phn tcha gc R khng phn cc v cc nhm phn cc nhOH, O (ete).
V d:

R : c thc ti 18C,
n : c thbng 6 30 tutheo cng dng.
Cc cht ty ra trn vn gic tc dng ty ra ctrong mi trng axit v nc cng.
Phn loi
Gluxit l tn gi mt loi hp cht hu crt phbin trong cthsinh vt
Cng thc phn tC
n
(H
2
O)
m
.
Cc cht gluxit c phn lm 3 loi.
a) Monosaccarrit l nhng gluxit n gin nht, khng bthuphn thnh nhng gluxit n
gin hn. V d: glucoz, fructoz(C
6
H
12
O
6
), riboz(C
5
H
10
O
5
)
b) Oligosaccarit l nhng sn phm ngng tt2 n 10 phn tmonosaccarit vi stch
bt nc. Quan trng nht l cc isaccarit hay iozc cng thc chung C
12
H
22
O
11
. Cc
isaccarit ny bthuphn to thnh 2 phn tmonosaccarit. V dthuphn saccaroz.

c) Polisaccarit l nhng hp cht cao phn t. Khi bthy phn, polisaccarit to thnh mt s
ln phn tmonosaccarit.

V d: Tinh bt, xenluloz, glicogen u c cng thc chung l (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
.
Monosaccarit
1. Cng thc v cu to (C
6
H
12
O
6
)
Monosaccaritl nhng hp cht tp chc m trong phn tngoi
nhm cn c nhiu nhm chc OH nhng nguyn tcacbon knhau.
Nu nhmdng anehit (c nhm CH = O), ta gi monosaccarit l anoz,
nu nhm dng xeton, ta c xetoz.

Tutheo snguyn tcacbon trong phn t, monosaccarit (anozv xetoz) c gi l
trioz(3C), tetroz(4C), pentoz(5C), hexoz(6C), heptoz(7C). Nhng monosaccarit quan
trng u l hexozv sau l pentoz. V d: glucoz, frutoz,
Ngoi ng phn cu to (anozv xetoz), monossaccarit cn cng phn khng gian
gi lng phn quang hc, mi ng phn khng gian li c tn ring.
2. Cu to dng mch hca glucoz.
Glucoztham gia phn ng trng bc v khc Cu
2+
, do vy phn tphi c nhm
chc anehit (CH = O).
Glucoztc dng vi (CH
3
CO)
2
O sinh ra pentaeste C
6
H
7
O(OCOCH
3
)
5
, chng ttrong
phn tc 5 nhm -OH; cc nhm -OH c thto phc cht mu xanh lam khi tc dng vi
Cu(OH)
2
(tng tnhglixerin).
Tcc kt quthc nghim, ngi ta thy rng glucozl mt pentahiroxi anehit c
mch thng khng phn nhnh.

Do sphn bkhc nhau ca cc nhm OH trong khng gian, glucozc nhiu ng phn
khng gian. Glucozthin nhin, c gi l D-glucoz(c nhm OH ti C
5
bn phi)
phn bit vi mt ng phn iu chtrong phng th nghim l L-glucoz(nhm O bn
tri). Cng thc cu trc nhsau:

3. Cu trc dng mch vng ca glucoz
Ngoi dng mch h, glucozcn c cc dng mch vng 6 cnh hoc 5 cnh. Glucozvng
6 cnh c gi l glucopiranozv vng ny c dng ca dvng piran, cn vng 5 cnh c
gi l glucofuranozv c dng dvng furan.

Glucopiranozbn hn rt nhiu so vi glucofuranz.
4. Cu trc phn tfructoz.
Fructoztrong thin nhin c gi l D-fructoz, c cng thc cu trc.

5. Tnh cht vt l - trng thi tnhin
Monosaccarit l nhng cht khng mu, c vngt, dtan trong nc, khng tan trong dung
mi hu c, c khnng lm quay mt phng nh sng phn cc sang phi v hoc sang tri.
Trong thin nhin, glucozc trong hu ht cc bphn cththc vt: r, l, hoa v nht
l trong quchnh. Glucozcng c trong cthngi, ng vt.
Fructoztrng thi tdo trong qucy, mt ong. Vngt ca mt ong chyu do fructoz.
6. Tnh cht ho hc
a) Phn ng ca nhm anehit CH = O
Phn ng oxi ho nhm chc anehit thnh nhm chc axit. Khi glucoztrthnh axit
gluconic.
+ Phn ng trng gng.

+ Phn ng vi Cu(OH)
2
(trong mi trng kim)

(mu gch)
+ Phn ng oxi ho trong mi trng trung tnh v axit, v dbng HOBr:

+ Phn ng khnhm -CHO to ra ru 6 ln ru.

b) Phn ng ca cc nhm OH
Phn ng vi Cu(OH)
2
cho dung dch mu xanh lam.
To este c cha 5 gc axit mt ln axit. V dglucozphn ng vi anhirit axetic
(CH
3
CO)
2
O to thnh pentaaxetyl glucoz:

c) Phn ng ca glucoz dng vng:
Nhm OH nguyn tr C
1
trong phn tglucozdng vng linh ng hn cc nhm OH khc
nn ddng to ete vi cc phn tru khc (v dvi CH
3
OH) to thnh glucozit:

d) Phn ng ln men
Di tc dng ca cc cht xc tc men do vi sinh vt tit ra, cht ng bphn tch thnh
cc sn phm khc. Cc cht men khc nhau gy ra nhng qu trnh ln men khc nhau.
V d:
Ln men etylic to thnh ru etylic.

Ln men butyric to thnh axit butyric:

Ln men lactic to thnh axit lactic:

Ln men limonic to thnh axit limonic:

7. iu ch
a) Qu trnh quang hp ca cy xanh di tc dng ca bc xmt tri, to thnh glucozv
cc monosaccarit khc:

b) Thu phn i, polisaccarit c trong thin nhin (nhsaccaroz, tinh bt, xenluloz)
di tc dng ca axit v chay men.

(glucoz)(fructoz)

c) Trng hp anehit fomic

(glucoz)
isaccarit
isaccarit l loi gluxit phc tp hn, khi thuphn cho hai phn tmonosaccarit.
Nhng monosaccarit tiu biu v quan trng l saccaroz, mantoz, lactozu c cng thc
phn tC
12
H
22
O
11
.
1. Tnh cht vt l
Tt ccc isaccarit u l nhng cht khng mu, kt tinh c v tan tt trong nc.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
a) Phn ng thu phn

(Lactozlisaccarit c trong sa)
b) Phn ng ca nhm anehit
Saccarozkhng c nhm chc anehit nn khng tham gia phn ng trng gng v phn
ng vi Cu(OH)
2
.
Mantozv lactozkhi ho tan trong dung dch chuyn mt phn sang dng tautome c
nhm chc anehit nn c phn ng trng gng v phn ng vi Cu(OH)
2
.
c) Phn ng vi hiroxit kim loi (tc dng vi Cu(OH)
2
) v tham gia phn ng to ete v
este (phn ng ca ru nhiu ln ru).
3. iu ch
Cc isaccarit c iu chtcc ngun nguyn liu thin nhin. V d
Saccarozly tma, cci ng.
Saccaroztrong ma tc dng vi sa vi to thnh dung dch canxi saccarat trong sut. Khi
sc CO
2
vo dung dch canxi saccarat li to thnh saccaroz:

Mantozl cht ng chyu trong mch nha (ng mch nha). N l sn phm ca s
thuphn tinh bt.
Lactozc trong sa ngi, ng vt (v vy cn c tn lng sa). Ngoi ra cng tm
thy c lactoztrong thc vt.
Polisaccarit
Polisaccarit l nhng gluxit c cu thnh bi nhiu n vmonosaccarit ni vi nhau bng
nhng lin kt glicozit. Nhng polisaccarit thng gp: tinh bt, xenluloz,
1. Tinh bt (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n

a) Cu to: Tinh bt l hn hp cc polisaccarit (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
, khc nhau vsn v cu trc
ca chui polime. Tinh bt c trong cv ht nhiu loi cy.
Cc phn ttinh bt gm 2 loi:
Loi amiloz cu to tchui polime khng phn nhnh gm cc mt xch o- glucoz
mch vng vi n vo khong 200 400 v c khi ti 1000. Gia 2 mt xch l mt cu oxi ni
nguyn tC
1
ca gc th1 vi nguyn tC
4
ca gc th2. Cu oxi ny c gi l lin kt o-
1, 4 glicozit.

Loi amilopectin: Chui polime c sphn nhnh, hsn t600 - 6000. Shnh thnh
mch nhnh l do lin kt o - 1,6 glicozit, c biu din nhsau:

Tlamilozv amilopectin thay i tutheo tng loi tinh bt, amilozthng chim 20%
v amilopectin chim khong 80%.
b) Tnh cht vt l:
Tinh bt cu to tnhng ht nhc hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau, phn ngoi ca ht
tinh bt cu to tamilopectin, phn bn trong cu to tamiloz.
Cc ht tinh bt khng tan trong nc lnh. Trong nc nng ht bphng ln ri vthnh
dung dch keo gi l htinh bt.
c) Tnh cht ho hc:
Htinh bt + dung dch iot dung dch mu xanh.
Tinh bt khng tham gia cc phn ng kh(phn ng trng gng v vi Cu
2+
) v trong
phn tkhng c chc anehit.
Phn ng thuphn tinh bt thnh glucozxy ra khi un nng vi xc tc axit v clong
hoc nhcc enzim, phng trnh tng qut:

giai on trung gian c thsinh ra cc extrin (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
x
(x < n) v mantoz. Qu trnh
thuphn din ra theo ssau:

d) S to thnh tinh bt t CO
2
v H
2
O:
Nng lng mt tri c l cy hp th, chuyn qua cc sc t: clorofin (mu xanh lc),
carotin (mu da cam), xantofin (mu vng) v dng thc hin qu trnh quang hp.

(glucoz)

(tinh bt)
e) ng dng ca tinh bt
Lm lng thc cho ngi vng vt.
iu chglucoz.
iu chmch nha.
iu chru etylic
Hvi.
2. Xenluloz(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n

a) Cu to phn t:
Khc vi tinh bt, cu to phn tca xenlulozc nhng c im sau:
n rt ln ( t6000 12000 ).
Chui polime ca xenlulozl mch thng khng phn nhn, v vy n to thnh si (si
bng, si gai, si ay) trong cc chui polime c xp theo cng mt phng v xut
hin lc tng tc gia cc chui .
Mi mt xch (1 mt xch glucoz) c 3 nhm OH, trong 1 nhm chc ru bc 1 v 2
nhm chc ru bc 2. nhn mnh c im ny, ngi ta thng vit cng thc phn tca
xenluloznhsau:

b) Tnh cht vt l
Xenlulozl cht rn, khng mi, khng c v, c dng si, c tnh thm nc.
Xenlulozkhng tan trong nc, ete, ru nhng tan trong mt sdung mi c bit nh
dung dch Sveze gm Cu(OH)
2
trong NH
3
c, dung dch H
2
SO
4
c.
c) Tnh cht ho hc:
Bn hn tinh bt (khng to mu xanh vi iot)
To thnh este

Trinitroxenlulozl cht nmnh, c dng lm thuc sng khng khi.
Khi este ho khng hon ton sthu c mono, initroxenlulozdng chsn, lm
phim, keo dn,
Phn ng to thnh xenluloz iaxetat v xenluloz triaxetat.

Cc cht trn c iu chbng phn ng gia xenlulozv anhirit axetic c H
2
SO
4
xc
tc:

Xenlulozaxetat khng dchy nhxenluloznitrat, c dng chtnhn to, nha,
sn.
Khi ch ho vi kim c (NaOH) xenlulozbphng ln thnh xenlulozkim l sn
phm thkhng hon ton.

Xenlulozkim khi chho vi CS
2
to thnh xenlulozxantogenat

Xenlulozxantogenat ho tan trong dung dch kim long thnh dung dch rt nht gi l
visco. Khi p visco chy qua lnhvo dung dch axit sthu c si xenlulozhirat, l
tvisco.

Phn ng thu phn xenluloz.
Xenlulozkh bthuphn hn tinh bt. Phi un nng lu vi axit v clong p sut
cao, xenlulozthuphn hon ton thu c glucoz:

(glucoz)
d) Xenluloz trong t nhin - ng dng
Xenlulozc nhiu trong si bng (98%), si ay, gaiTrong gckhong 50%
xenluloz.
Xenlulozc dng lm giy, lm vi, si, tnhn to (v dtvisco), thuc sng
khng khi, cht do (xenluloit), sn, sn xut ru etylic.

Cc hp cht nitro
1. Cu to
L dn xut thu c khi thnguyn tH trong phn thirocacbon bng nhm nitro
-NO
2
.
Cng thc chung c dng R(NO
2
)
n
, vi n > 1.
Trong phn tca hp cht nitro c mi lin kt trc tip gia 2 nguyn tC - N v nguyn
tN c ho trIV.
Cng thc cu to c biu din:

V d:

2. Tnh cht vt l
Cc hp cht nitro l nhng cht rn hoc lng, t tan trong nc.
3. Tnh cht ho hc
a) Nhiu hp cht nitro km bn, khi un nng hoc va chm c thbphn tch v tbc
chy, phn ng chy khng cn oxi ngoi.

Do nhiu cht c dng lm thuc n, thuc sng nhiamit (nitroglixerin), TNT
(trinitroluen).
b) Khi bkhbi hiro mi sinh th bin thnh amin. V d:

4. iu ch
Cc hp cht nitro c iu chbng phn ng nitro ho cc hirocacbon.
Cc hirocacbon no mch h:

Cc hirocacbon thm:

Amin
1. Cu to
Amin l dn xut ca NH
3
khi thay th mt hay nhiu nguyn t H bng gc hirocacbon.

Cng c thxem amin nh dn xut ca hirocacbon khi thay th nguyn t H bng nhm
NH
2
.
Phn loi: bc ca amin:

Ty theo snhm NH
2
ta c monoamin, iamin,

V d:

Trong phn tamin (ging trong phn tNH
3
), nguyn tN c 1 cp electron khng phn
chia.

V thamin c khnng kt hp proton (H
+
), thhin tnh baz.

Nu R l gc no mch h, c khuynh hng y electron, lm tng in tch m N, lm
tng khnng kt hp H
+
, ngha l lm tng tnh baz. Amin bc cao c tnh baz mnh hn
amin bc thp.
Nu R l nhn benzen, c khuynh hng ht electron, ngc li lm gim tnh bazca amin
(tnh bazyu hn NH
3
)
2. Tnh cht vt l
a) Cc amin mch h: Nhng cht n gin nht (CH
3
NH
2
, C
2
H
5
NH
2
) l nhng cht
kh, tan nhiu trong nc, c mi c trng ging NH
3
.
Khi khi lng phn ttng dn, cc amin chuyn dn sang lng v rn, tan trong nc
cng gim dn.
V d.
Cht : CH
3
CH
2
, (CH
3
)
2
NH, C
2
H
5
NH
2
, C
2
H
4
(NH
2
)
2

Nhit si6,3
o
C+6,9
o
C+16,6
o
C+116,5
o
C

b) Cc amin thm: l nhng cht lng hoc cht tinh th, c nhit si cao, mi c trng,
t tan trong nc.
3. Tnh cht ho hc
Ni chung amin l nhng bazyu, c phn ng tng tNH
3
.

a) Tnh baz
Cc amin mch h tan c trong nc cho dung dch c tnh baz.

Do lm qu c mu xanh.
Anilin (C
6
H
5
NH
2
) v cc amin thm khc do tan t trong nc, khng lm xanh giy
qu.
Phn ng vi axit to thnh mui.

Cc mui ca amin l cht tinh th, tan nhiu trong nc. Khi cho cc mui ny tc dng vi
kim mnh li gii phng amin.

b) Cc iamin: Cc iamin c ththam gia phn ng trng ngng vi cc iaxit to thnh
polime (xem phn iaxit)
c) Amin thm:
Nhm NH
2
cnh hng hot ho nhn thm vnh hng thvo vtr o-, p-.

V d:

Do nh hng ca nhm NH
2
, tnh bn ca nhn benzen gim xung, dboxi ho (v d
bng hn hp K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
) cho nhiu sn phm khc nhau. V d:

4. iu ch
a) Kh hp cht nitro bng hiro mi sinh:

b) Phn ng gia NH
3
vi R X (X = Cl, Br, I)

Phn ng c thtip tc cho amin bc cao:

c) Phng php Sabatie

5. Gii thiu mt samin
a) Metylamin CH
3
NH
2

L cht kh, c mi ging NH
3
, tan nhiu trong nc, trong ru v ete.

b) Etylamin C
2
H
5
NH
2

L cht kh (nhit si = 16,6
o
C), tan v hn trong nc, tan c trong ru, ete.

c) Hecxametyliamin H
2
N (CH
2
)
6
NH
2
:

L cht tinh th, nhit si = 42
o
C.

c dng chnha tng hp poliamit, si tng hp.
d) Anilin C
6
H
5
NH
2
:

L cht lng nhdu, nhit si = 184,4
o
C. c, c mi c trng. t tan trong nc nhng
tan tt trong axit do to thnh mui. trong khng kh boxi ho c mu vng ri mu nu.
Dng sn xut thuc nhum.
e) Toluin CH
3
C
6
H
4
NH
2

Dng ortho v meta l chtlng. Dng para l cht kt tinh.
iu chbng cch khnitrotoluen.

Amit
Amit c th c coi l dn xut ca axit cacboxylic khi th nhm OH bng nhm amin
(NH
2
) hay cc nhm R NH, (R)
2
N.

Amit ca axit fomic l cht lng, cc amit khc l cht rn.
Amit c iu chbng phn ng gia NH
3
vi dn xut thclo ca axit hoc vi este.

V d:

Amit ca axit cacbonic gi l cacbamit hay ure:

Ure l cht tinh th, c tnh bazyu (do nhm NH
2
), ddng to mui vi axit. Ure bphn
hukhi c tc dng ca cc vi sinh vt trong t.

Ure c dng lm phn bn, iu chcht do urefomanehit ( HN CO NH CH
2
)
n

Trong cng nghip, ure c iu chbng phn ng.

Aminoaxit
1. Cu to:
Cng thc tng qut : (NH
2
)
x
R (COOH)
y

Aminoaxit l hp cht hu ctp chc, c cha cnhm NH
2
(baz) v nhm -COOH
(axit) trong phn t.
C th coi aminoaxit l dn xut th NH
2
vo nguyn t H gc R ca axit cacboxylic, khi
nhm NH
2
c thnh vo nhng vtr khc nhau (o, |, ,) trn mch C.

| o
C C C COOH
Cc aminoaxit c trong cc cht anbumin tnhin u l o-aminoaxit.
C nhng aminoaxit trong snhm NH
2
v snhm COOH khng bng nhau. Tnh axit -
bazca aminoaxit tuthuc vo snhm ca mi loi.
2. Tnh cht vt l
Cc aminoaxit u l nhng cht tinh th, nng chy nhit tng i cao ng thi b
phn hu. Phn ln u tan trong nc, t tan trong dung mi hu c.
3. Tnh cht ho hc
a) Va c tnh axit, va c tnh baz
Trong dung dch tion ho thnh lng cc:

To mui vi caxit v kim:

Phn ng este ho vi ru.

b) Phn ng trng ngng to polipeptit
Trng ngng gia 2 phn tto ipeptit.

Trng ngng to ra polipeptit

Cc polipeptit thng gp trong thin nhin (protein)
4. iu ch.
a) Thu phn cc cht protein thin nhin

b) Tng hp
Tdn xut halogen ca axit.

Tng hp nhvi sinh vt.
5. Gii thiu mt saminoaxit
a) Cc aminoaxit thin nhin c trong protein
Glixin:H
2
N CH
2
COOH

Cn gi l o - aminoaxit propionic.

L tinh thkhng mu, tan trong nc, cho vchua. Mui mononatri glutamat (m chnh) c
vngt ca tht, dng lm gia v.

b) Cc aminoaxit dng (nhm NH
2
cui mch C)

Axit e - aminocaproic.
H
2
N (CH
2
)
5
COOH

Khi trng ngng to thnh poliamit dng chto tcapron.

Axit e - aminoenantoic.
H
2
N (CH
2
)
6
COOH

Khi trng ngng to thnh polime chto si tng hp enan.
Protein
1. Thnh phn - cu to
Thnh phn nguyn tca protein gm c: C, H, O, N, S v cP, Fe, I, Cu.
Protein l nhng polime thin nhin cu to tcc phn taminoaxit trng ngng vi nhau.
Sto thnh protein tcc aminoaxit xy ra theo 3 giai on.
+ Giai on 1: To thnh chui polipeptit nhshnh thnh cc lin kt peptit.
+ Giai on 2: Hnh thnh cu trc khng gian dng xon (nhl xo) ca chui polipeptit
nhcc lin kt hiro gia nhm ca vng ny vi nhm NH ca vng tip theo.

dng xon, gc R hng ra pha ngoi.
+ Giai on 3 cc chui polipeptit dng xon cun li thnh cun nhshnh thnh lin
kt ho hc gia cc nhm chc cn li trong gc aminoaxit ca chui polipeptit.
Vi cch cu to nhvy thn 20 aminoaxit to thnh hng ngn cht protein khc nhau
vthnh phn, cu to trong mi cthsinh vt. Mi phn tprotein vi cu hnh khng gian
xc nh, vi nhm chc bn ngoi hnh xon mang nhng hot tnh sinh hc khc nhau v thc
hin nhng chc nng khc nhau trong hot ng sng ca cth.
2. Tnh cht:
a) Cc protein khc nhau to thnh nhng cun khc nhau. C 2 dng chnh.
Hnh si: nhttm, lng, tc.
Hnh cu: Nhanbumin ca lng trng trng, huyt thanh, sa.
b) Tnh tan: rt khc nhau
C cht hon ton khng tan trong nc (nhprotein ca da, sng, tc)
C protein tan c trong nc to dung dch keo hoc tan trong dung dch mui long.
Tnh tan ca mt sprotein c tnh thun nghch: nu tng nng mui th protein kt ta,
nu gim nng mui protein tan.
c) Hin tng bin tnh ca protein
Khi bun nng hay do tc dng ca mui kim loi nng hoc ca axit (HNO
3
, CH
3
COOH),
protein bkt ta (ng t) km theo hin tng bin tnh. Khi , cc lin kt hiro, lin kt
mui amoni, lin kt isunfua, lin kt este bph huv lm mt hot tnh sinh hc c trng
ca protein.
d) Tnh lng tnh ca protein
V trong phn tprotein cn c nhm - NH
2
v - COOH tdo nn c tnh bazv tnh axit
tuthuc vo slng nhm no chim u th.
Trong dung dch, protein c thbin thnh ion lng cc
+
H
3
N - R - COO
-
.

Khi tng sin tch dng vin tch m ca ion lng cc bng khng th protein c
gi ltrng thi ng in.
e) Thu phn protein

f) Phn ng c mu ca protein
Tng tpeptit v aminoaxit, protein tham gia phn ng cho mu.
Phn ng biure: Cho protein tc dng vi mui ng (CuSO
4
) trong mi trng kim cho
mu tm do sto thnh phc cht ca ng (II) vi hai nhm peptit.
Phn ng xantoproteinic: Cho HNO
3
m c vo protein sxut hin mu vng. Nguyn
nhn do phn ng nitro ho vng benzen cc gc aminoaxit to thnh cc hp cht nitro dng
thm c mu vng.
3. Phn loi protein
Gm 2 nhm chnh:
a) Protein n gin: chcu to tcc aminoaxit, khi thuphn hu nhkhng to thnh cc
sn phm khc. Cc protein n gin li c chia thnh nhiu nhm nh. V d:
Anbumin: Gm mt sprotein tan trong nc, khng kt ta bi dung dch NaCl bo ho
nhng kt ta bi (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
bo ho. ng tkhi un nng. C trong lng trng trng, sa.
Globulin: Khng tan trong nc, tan trong dung dch mui long, ng tkhi un nng. C
trong sa, trng.
Prolamin: Khng tan trong nc, khng ng tkhi un si. C trong la m,ng.
Gluein: Protein thc vt tan trong dung dch kim long. C trong thc go.
Histon: Tan trong nc v dung dch axit long.
Protamin: L protein n gin nht. Tan trong nc, axit long v kim. Khng ng tkhi
un nng.
b) Cc protein phc tp: Cu to tprotein v cc thnh phn khc khng phi protein. Khi
thuphn, ngoi aminoaxit cn c cc thnh phn khc nhhiratcacbon, axit photphoric.
Protein phc tp c chia thnh nhiu nhm.
Photphoprotein: c cha axit photphoric.
Nucleoprotein: trong thnh phn c axit nucleic. C trong nhn tbo ng, thc vt.
Chromoprotein: c trong thnh phn ca mu.
Glucoprotein: trong thnh phn c hiratcacbon.
Lipoprotein: trong thnh phn c cht bo.
4. Schuyn ho protein trongg cth.
Protein l mt thnh phn quan trng nht trong thc n ca ngi vng vt ti to
cc tbo, cc cht men, cc kch thch t, xy dng tbo mi v cung cp nng lng.
Khi tiu ho, u tin protein bthuphn (do tc dng ca men) thnh cc polipeptit (trong
ddy) ri thnh aminoaxit (trong mt) vc hp thvo mu ri chuyn n cc m tbo
ca cth. Phn chyu ca aminoaxit ny li c tng hp thnh protein ca cth. Mt
phn khc tng hp cc hp cht khc cha nitnhaxit nucleic, kch thch tMt phn b
phn huv boxi hocung cp nng lng cho cth.
ng thi vi qu trnh tng hp, trong cthlun xy ra qu trnh phn huprotein qua
cc giai on to thnh polipeptit, aminoaxit ri cc sn phm xa hn, nhNH
3
, ure O = C
(NH
2
)
2
to thnh CO
2
, ncQu trnh tng hp protein tiu thnng lng, qu trnh phn
huprotein gii phng nng lng.
5. ng dng ca protein
Dng lm thc n cho ngi vng vt.
Dng trong cng nghip dt, giy dp, lm keo dn.
Mt sprotein dng chto cht do (nhcazein ca sa).
nh ngha:
Nhng hp cht c khi lng phn t rt ln (thng hng ngn, hng triu .v.C) do nhiu
mt xch lin kt vi nhau c gi l hp cht cao phn t hay polime.
V d: Cao su thin nhin, tinh bt, xenlulozl nhng polime thin nhin.
Cao su Buna, pol i eti l en, P.V.C l nhng pol i me tng hp.
Cu trc v phn loi
1. Thnh phn ho hc ca mch polime
a) Polime mch cacbon:
Mch C bo ho. V dpolietilen.

Mch C cha bo ho. V dcao su Buna:

Polime cha nguyn thalogen th. V dP.V.C:

Ru polime. V dru polivinylic:

Polime dn xut ca ru. V dpolivinyl axetat:

Cc polime anehit v xeton. V dpoli acrolein.

Polime ca axit cacboxylic. V dpoliacrilic:

Polime nitril (c nhm - C N). V dpoliacrilonitril:

Polime ca hirocacbon thm. V dpolistiren:

b) Polime d mch: Trn mch polime c nhiu loi nguyn t.
Mch chnh c C v O. V dpoliete (poliglicol):

polieste (polietylenglicol terephtalat)

Mch chnh c C, N. V dpolietyleniamin :

Mch chnh c C, N, O. V dpoliuretan :

2. Cu to hnh hc ca mch polime.
Cc phn tpolime thin nhin v tng hp c thc ba dng sau.
a) Dng mch thng di: Mi phn tpolime l mt chui mch thng di, do cc mt xich
polime kt hp u n to ra.
b) Dng mch nhnh: Ngoi mch thng di l mch chnh, cn c cc mch nhnh do cc
monome kt hp to thnh.
c) Dng mch li khng gian: Nhiu mch polime lin kt vi nhau theo nhiu hng khc
nhau. V dtrong cao su lu ha, trong cht do phenolfomanehit.
Tnh cht ca polime.
1. Tnh cht vt l:
L nhng cht rn tinh thhoc vnh hnh tuthuc vo trt tsp xp cc phn t
polime. Khi cc phn tpolime sp xp hn n to thnh trng thi vnh hnh.
Hp cht polime khng c nhit nng chy xc nh. Phn ln cc polime khi un nng
thu ra ri chy nht. Mt spolime bphn hukhi un nng.
Phn nhiu polime kh tan trong cc dung mi. C loi polime hon ton khng tan trong
cc dung mi.
2. Tnh cht ho hc:
Phthuc thnh phn v cu to ca polime.
Phn ln cc polime bn vng ho hc (i vi axit, kim, cht oxi ho). C cht rt bn
vi nhit v ho cht, v dnhteflon ( - CF
2
- CF
2
- )
n
.
Mt spolime km bn vi tc dng ca axit v baz. V d: Len, ttm, tnilon bthu
phn bi dung dch axit hoc kim do c nhm peptit.
Nhng polime c lin kt i trong phn tc ththam gia phn ng cng. V dphn ng
lu ho cao su.
iu chpolime:
a) Phn ng trng hp: L qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t n gin ging nhau (monome)
thnh phn t polime, khi khng c stch bt cc phn tnhnn thnh phn nguyn t
ca polime v monome ging nhau.
Phn tmonome tham gia phn ng trng hp phi c lin kt kp hoc c vng khng bn.
V d:

Phn ng trng hp c thxy ra gia 2 loi monome khc nhau, khi gi l ng trng
hp.

b) Phn ng trng ngng: l phn ng to thnh polime t cc monome, ng thi to ra
nhiu phn t nh, n gin nhH
2
O, NH
3
, HCl,
c ththam gia phn ng trng ngng, cc phn tmonome phi c t nht 2 nhm chc
c khnng phn ng hoc 2 nguyn tlinh ng c thtch khi phn tmonome.
Trng ngng nhng monome cng loi:
V d:

Trng ngng gia cc monome khc nhau:
Gia iamin v iaxit:

Gia iaxit v ru 2 ln ru:

(tlapxan)
ng dng ca polime
1. Cht do
a) nh ngha: cht do l nhng vt liu polime c tnh do, tc l c khnng bbin dng
di tc dng bn ngoi v gic bin dng sau khi ngng tc dng.
b) Thnh phn:
Thnh phn c bn: l 1 polyme no . V dthnh phn chnh ca bnit l cao su, ca
xenluloit l xenluloznitrat, ca bakelit l phenolfomanehit.
Cht ho do: tng tnh do cho polime, hnhit chy vnht ca polime. V d
ibutylphtalat,
Cht n: tit kim nguyn liu, tng cng mt stnh cht. V daming tng tnh
chu nhit.
Cht ph: cht to mu, cht chng oxi ho, cht gy mi thm.
c) u im ca cht do:
Nh(d = 1,05 1,5). C loi xp, rt nh.
Phn ln bn vmt chc, c ththay thkim loi.
Nhiu cht do bn vmt chc.
Cch nhit, cch in, cch m tt.
Nguyn liu r.
d) Gii thiu mt s cht do.
Polietilen (P.E) : iu chtetilen ly tkh du m, kh thin nhin, kh
than .
L cht rn, hi trong, khng cho nc v kh thm qua, cch nhit, cch in tt.
Dng bc dy in, bao gi, chto bng thm khng, lm thit btrong ngnh sn xut ho
hc, sn tu thu.
Polivinyl clorua (P.V.C)

Cht bt vnh hnh, mu trng, bn vi dung dch axit v kim.
Dng chda nhn to, vt liu mng, vt liu cch in, sn tng hp, o ma, a ht
Polivinyl axetat (P.V.A)
iu chbng cch : cho ri trng hp.

Dng chsn, keo dn, da nhn to.
Polimetyl acrilat

v polimetyl metacrilat

iu chbng cch trng hp cc este tng ng.
L nhng polime rn, khng mu, trong sut.
Polimetyl acrilat dng sn xut cc mng, tm, lm keo dn, lm da nhn to
Polimetyl metacrilat dng lm thutinh hu c.
Polistiren

Dng lm vt liu cch in. Polistiren dpha mu nn c dng sn xut cc dng
dn dng nhcc o, lc
Nha bakelit:
Thnh phn chnh l phenolfomanehit. Dng lm vt liu cch in, chi tit my, dng
gia nh.
bonit: l cao su rn c ti 25 - 40% lu hunh. Dng lm cht cch in.
Tflon : rt bn nhit, khng chy, bn vi cc ho cht. Dng trong cng
nghip ho cht v kthut in.
2. Cao su
Cao su l nhng vt liu polime c tnh n hi, c ng dng rng ri trong i sng v
trong k thut.
a) Cao su thin nhin: c chho tmcy cao su.
Thnh phn v cu to: l sn phm trng hp isopren.

n t2000 n 15000
Mch polime un khc, cun li nhl xo, do cao su c tnh n hi.
Cao su khng thm nc, khng thm khng kh, tan trong xng, benzen, sunfua cacbon.
Lu ho cao su: Chho cao su vi luhunh lm tng nhng u im ca cao su nh:
khng bdnh nhit cao, khng bdn nhit thp.
Lu ho nng: ung nng cao su vi lu hunh.
Lu ho lnh: Chho cao su vi dung dch lu hunh trong CS
2
.

Khi lu ha, ni i trong cc phn tcao su mra v to thnh nhng cu ni gia cc
mch polime nhcc nguyn tlu hunh, do hnh thnh mng khng gian lm cao su bn
chc hn, n hi hn, kh tan trong dung mi hu chn.

b) Cao su tng hp:
Cao su butaien (hay cao su Buna)

L sn phm trng hp butaien vi xc tc Na.
Cao su butaien km n hi so vi cao su thin nhin nhng chng bo mn tt hn.
Cao su isopren.

C cu to tng tcao su thin nhin, l sn phm trng hp isopren vi khong 3000.
Cao su butaien - stiren

C tnh n hi vbn cao:
Cao su butaien - nitril: sn phm trng hp butaien v nitril ca axit acrilic.

Do c nhm C N nn cao su ny rt bn vi du, mv cc dung mi khng cc.
3. Ttng hp:
a) Phn loi t:
Tc phn thnh:
T thin nhin: c ngun gc tthc vt (bng, gai, ay) v tng vt (len, ttm)
T ho hc: chia thnh 2 loi.
+ T nhn to: thu c tcc sn phm polime thin nhin c cu trc hn n (chyu l
xenluloz) v bng cch chto ho hc ta thu c t.
+ T tng hp: thu c tcc polime tng hp.
b) T tng hp:
T clorin: l sn phm clo ho khng hon ton polivinyl clorua.

Ho tan vo dung mi axeton sau p cho dung dch i qua lnhvo bnc, polime kt
ta thnh si t. Tclorin dng dt thm, vi dng trong y hc, kthut.
Tclorin rt bn vmt ho hc, khng chy nhng bn nhit khng cao.
Cc loi t poliamit: l sn phm trng ngng cc aminoaxit hoc iaxit vi iamin. Trong
chui polime c nhiu nhm amit - HN - CO - :
+ T capron: l sn phm trng hp ca caprolactam

+ T enan: l sn phm trng ngng ca axit enantoic

+ T nilon (hay nilon): l sn phm trng ngng hai loi monome l hexametyliamin

v axit aipic
:

Cc tpoliamit c tnh cht gn ging tthin nhin, cdai bn cao, mm mi, nhng
thng km bn vi nhit v axit, baz. Dng dt vi, lm li nh c, lm chkhu.
T polieste: chto tpolime loi polieste. V dpolietylenglicol terephtalat.


Tlapsan rt bn chc, bn nhit v bn vi axit, bazhn tnilon.

Hoa Hoc Co Ban

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hoa Hoc Co Ban

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nguyn t

v cation kim loi hoc amoni.

Page 18 of 169 Nguyn tl ht nhnht khng thphn chia vmt ho hc

trong nc nguyn cht v trong dung dch nc mi nhit

, do vy pH > 7 (tnh baz).

ca nc v bn thn kim loi lm in cc.

ca nc hoc ca kim tan trong dung dch.

tng dn, dung dch c

tham gia to thnh H

Page 31 of 169 Nguyn tl ht nhnht khng thphn chia vmt ho hc

): Bng phn ng to mui clorua (bromua) kt ta trng.

Page 48 of 169 Nguyn tl ht nhnht khng thphn chia vmt ho hc

Page 64 of 169 Nguyn tl ht nhnht khng thphn chia vmt ho hc

Page 73 of 169 Nguyn tl ht nhnht khng thphn chia vmt ho hc

Page 99 of 169 Nguyn tl ht nhnht khng thphn chia vmt ho hc

Page 104 of 169 Nguyn tl ht nhnht khng thphn chia vmt ho hc

Page 119 of 169 Nguyn tl ht nhnht khng thphn chia vmt ho hc

Page 168 of 169 Nguyn tl ht nhnht khng thphn chia vmt ho hc

You might also like