Ni dung n tp mn H iu hnh

Cu 1: Cc mc tiu khi xy dng h iu hnh v cc loi h iu hnh c xy dng. Tr li: - Cc mc tiu khi xy dng h iu hnh: + T chc vic khai thc c hiu qu cc thit b ca mt my tnh chc nng qun l ti nguyn ca my tnh. + Ngi s dng iu khin my tnh mt cch d dng v khng ph thuc vo phn cng my o. - Cc loi h iu hnh c xy dng: a. H thng x l theo l n gin: Thc hin tp lnh theo th t nh trc. b. H thng x l theo l a chng: Cc chng trnh c lu gi trong b nh trong ca my tnh. CPU c lp lch thc thi theo nguyn tc sau: Khi mt chng trnh c yu cu truy xut ngoi vi, n s c dng li truy xut ngoi vi v chng trnh khc trong b nh s c gi thc thi Tn dng c tc ti a ca CPU. c. H thng chia s thi gian: - L h thng m rngca h thng a chng, cc chng trnh c lp lch s dng lun phin thi gian CPU. -u: Gi lp c th thc hin c nhiu chng trnh ng thi . H thng a nhim (Multi Tasking). d. H thng song song. y l nguyn tc ca cc h iu hnh dng trong cc my tnh c nhiu CPU. Lc ny ngoi vic t chc a nhim cho mt CPU ngi ta cn chia cng vic thc hin ng thi (song song) trn cc CPU. e. H thng phn tn. - L tp hp my tnh c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc ng truyn thng thng thng. V vy trn h thng phn tn, mi CPU li c b nh ring ca mnh. H iu hnh gip vic: + Lin lc vi nhau gia cc CPU. + Chia s (dng chung) ti nguyn. + Tng tc x l bi ton khi chia nh ng thi trn nhiu CPU. + m bo an ton khi mt thnh phn b hng. p dng cho cc h iu hnh mng. f. H thng x l thi gian thc: Trong mt s h thng c yu cu kht khe v thi gian, din bin. V vy i hi h thng phi c iu khin theo ng thi gian din ra qu trnh. V d vic s dng ting ni. Cu 2: Cc dch v m h iu hnh cung cp, cc cu trc m h iu hnh c th p dng. Tr li: - Cc dch v m h iu hnh cung cp: - Thc thi chng trnh. - Thao tc nhp xut. - Thao tc trn h thng tp tin. - Thng tin: trao i thng tin gia cc chng trnh vi nhau, thng tin gia ngi s dng v h thng. - Pht hin li. - Cc cu trc m h iu hnh c th p dng: a. Cu trc n gin.

V d: MS DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System). H iu fhnh ny c cu trc n gin gm ROM BIOS ni cha cc lnh iu khin h thng, MS DOS Drivers b trnh iu khin thit b, cc chng trnh h thng, ng dng.

b. Cu trc theo lp (Tier). - Lp l h iu hnh c chia thnh nhiu phn nh phc v cho cc vic iu khin chng trnh cng nh phn cng phc tp. Chia theo nguyn tc TopDown che giu bt cc thao tc phn cng trc tip t cc chng trnh ng dng. - Mi lp c tru tng ha v ch giao tip vi hai lp k cn ( trn v di n). Lp cui l phn cng v lp trn cng l ng dng. c. My o: L h iu hnh c t chc di dng cc lp nhng vic truy xut cc lp th thng qua li gi h thng. V vy t trnh ng dng c th gi trc tip cc lp. V v th m h iu hnh bao ly phn cng tng t nh mt my o d. Client Server. - Cu trc h iu hnh bao gm ht nhn (Kernel), cc chng trnh h thng c t trong cc lp c th truy xut trc tip t cc chng trnh ng dng. Mi khi chng trnh ng dng cn phi truy xut vo ti nguyn th n gi cc chng trnh h thng nh mt dch v. V vy ht nhn lc ny ch cn kim sot trao i gia cc dch v v trnh ng dng. M rng m hnh Client Server ngi ta c th lp h iu hnh phn tn. Cu 3: V sao phi s dng h iu hnh a chng? Trong h iu hnh ny mt tin trnh l g? Mt tiu trnh l g?. M t cc trng thi trong chu trnh sng ca mt tin trnh v vic chuyn i gia chng. Tr li: a. Phi s dng h iu hnh a chng v: khi c nhiu cng vic cng truy xut ln thit b, vn lp lch cho cc cng vic l cn thit v thi gian thc hin cc cng vic l khc nhau. V vy s dng hiu qu CPU, s a chng cn c a vo h thng. S a chng c t chc bng cch lu tr nhiu tin trnh trong b nh ti mt thi im, v iu phi CPU qua li gia cc tin trnh trong h thng. b. Tin trnh (Process) l mt chng trnh ang x l, s hu mt con tr lnh, tp cc thanh ghi v cc bin. hon thnh tc v ca mnh, mt tin trnh s c yu cu ti nguyn nh CPU, b nh chnh, cc tp tin v thit b nhp/ xut. - Mt tiu trnh l 1 n v x l c bn ca h iu hnh, trong on m lnh c thc hin tun t do n s dng 1 con tr lnh, tp cc thanh ghi v 1 vng nh Stack ring. c. Cc trng thi trong chu trnh sng ca mt tin trnh v vic chuyn i gia chng: - Cc trng thi trong chu trnh sng ca mt tin trnh: + To mi: tin trnh ang c to lp. 2

+ Running: cc ch th ca tin trnh ang c x l. + Blocked: tin trnh ch cp pht mt ti nguyn, hay ch mt s kin xy ra. + Ready: tin trnh ch c cp pht CPU x l. + Kt thc: tin trnh hon tt x l. - S chuyn i gia cc trng thi:

(1) Tin trnh mi to c a vo h thng. (2) B iu phi cp pht cho tin trnh mt khong thi gian s dng CPU. (3) Tin trnh kt thc. (4) Tin trnh yu cu mt ti nguyn nhng cha p ng v ti nguyn cha sn sng cp pht ti thi im ; hoc tin trnh phi ch mt s kin hay thao tc nhp xut. (5) B iu phi chn mt tin trnh khc cho x l. (6) Ti nguyn m tin trnh yu cu tr nn sn sng cp pht; hay s kin hoc thao tc nhp/xut tin trnh ang i hon tt. Cu 4: B iu phi tin trnh ca h iu hnh lm nhim v g? Cc gii thut iu phi thng dng. Tr li: a. B iu phi tin trnh ca h iu hnh lm nhim v: p dng mt gii thut iu phi thch hp chn tin trnh thch hp c s dng CPU, v b phn phi s chuyn giao CPU cho tin trnh ny. b. Cc gii thut iu phi thng dng: - FIFO (First in First out): Ready list l 1 queue. + Nhc im: nu tin trnh chim t thi gian CPU vo sau th ch lu Thi gian lu trong h thng khng cc tiu.

- RR (Round Robin- quay vng):

- u tin: + Mi tin trnh s c gn 1 u tin v tin trnh c chn trong Ready list l tin trnh c u tin cao. + Tin trnh c u tin thp s phi ch cho n ht tin trnh c u tin hn n Tin trnh gi l hin tng i CPU. - SJF (Sorted- Job First): Trong gii thut ny u tin cao nht th c gn cho tin trnh c thi gian thc thi ngn nht.

Thi gian ch l cc tiu trong gii thut ny nhng thi gian xc nh khng r rng. - SJF v RR sau 1 q (quantum) nh gi li thi gian thc hin cc tin trnh trong Ready list. - Nhiu u tin: Do c im hot ng ca tin trnh. + Tin trnh h thng. + Tin trnh thao tc. + Tin trnh theo l. Cc lp cp u tin, mi cp u tin l 1 danh sch FIFO. p dng thm gii thut aging (Gi ho). Mi khi trao i tin trnh th 1 tin trnh cp u tin pha di s c tng cp u tin ln 1. KL: Trong thc t th h iu hnh s t chc phi hp hp l gia cc chin lc ch khng phi dng 1 ci. Cu 5: Nu nhu cu v c ch lin lc gia cc tin trnh. Tr li: - Nhu cu lin lc gia cc tin trnh: - Trong mi trng a chng cc tin trnh lin lc vi nhau nhm p ng cc nhu cu sau: + Chia s thng tin. + Hp tc hon thnh tc v. - C ch lin lc gia cc tin trnh: a. Tn hiu: Thng bo s xy ra ca mt s kin. - Tng t tn hiu ngt, tn hiu ch dng thng bo c s kin xy ra. - Tin trnh nhn tn hiu v x l hoc b qua. - Khng truyn d liu. 4

b. Pipe (ng ng): Truyn d liu khng cu trc.

- ng ng c kch thc xc nh. Qui tc: + Tin trnh khng ghi khi ng ng y v khng c khi ng ng trng.

-C hai P1 v P2 b kho vnh vin. c. Chia s vng nh (Shared Memory): Cho php nhiu tin trnh truy cp n cng mt vng nh. - Ch c p dng khi nhiu tin trnh c v 1 tin trnh ghi. d. Trao i thng ip (Message): truyn d liu c cu trc, c th vn dng trong cc h phn tn. S dng 2 hm: + send: gi. + receive: nhn. - Hm send ch r ni gi v ni nhn. Mi 1 thng ip c th cha d liu c cu trc. - Thng ip kh truyn qua mng. e. Sockets: chun ho vic lin lc gia cc h thng khc bit.

Cu 6: V sao phi ng b ho hot ng ca cc tin trnh. Cc gii php ng b ho. Tr li: a. Phi ng b ho hot ng ca cc tin trnh v: - Do tnh c quyn truy cp ti nguyn (ti nguyn khng chia s c) ti 1 thi im ch 1 tin trnh c truy xut do: + c tnh phn cng. + yu cu s dng. Tin trnh yu cu ti nguyn nhiu. - Yu cu phi hp: cc tin trnh cn phi c hp tc hon thnh tc v nhng tc thc thi li khng ging nhau phi ng b 2 ci. b. Cc gii php ng b ho: 1. Busy waiting: - Nguyn tc: nhn bit min gng ang c tin trnh, 1 tin trnh yu cu min gng bn th s c thc hin 1 vng lp ch n khi tin trnh ang s dng min gng ra khi min gng th mi vo min gng. - Phn mm: 5

+ Dng c hiu: 1 tin trnh khi vo min gng th dng c bo min gng bn v khi tin trnh ta khi min gng th h c bo min gng ri. - Kim tra lun phin thc hin tt hn. Hai tin trnh dng chung 1 bin kim tra. Bin ny cng bo min gng ang rnh hoc bn nhng cng c nhc im. Nu 1 tin trnh ra khi min gng m khng thit lp li c gi tr bin dng chung bo l min gng ri th n li khng cho tin trnh kia vo min gng. - Gii php Peterson: L dng 2 bin chung trong 1 bin c dng ch min gng bn hay ri. V 1 bin mng ch danh sch tin trnh cn min gng. Mt tin trnh mun vo min gng th cn phi kim tra c 2 bin, iu s gip vic kh b cc tin trnh ra khi min gng m vn chn tin trnh khc vo min gng. - Phn cng: Dng tn hiu TSL (Test and Set Lock). y l c ch phn cng cho php kim tra v cp nht ni dung ca 1 vng nh trong 1 thao tc khng th chia s. Nu h thng c nhiu b x l th cc tn hiu TSL c x l tun t. - Nhn xt chung: Cc gii php busy waiting yu cu tin trnh thc hin vng lp kim tra min gng khi n khng vo c. iu ny lm tn thi gian ca CPU -> lm gim hiu qu s dng CPU. 2. Sleep and Wake up: - Nguyn tc: Khi 1 tin trnh yu cu min gng m min gng ang bn th n s c a v trng thi blocked v ng k vo danh sch ch min gng. Mt tin trnh khi ra khi min gng s thc hin thao tc gi 1 tin trnh trong danh sch ch min gng v trng thi sn sng vo min gng. Th tc a 1 tin trnh v blocked gi l sleep v th tc a 1 tin trnh ch vo min gng v trng thi sn sng gi l Wake up. - Cc gii php c th trin khai gm: + Semaphore c 1 cu trc nh l 1 i tng c d liu, trong gm gi tr nh gi l min gng bn hay ri m cha danh sch tin trnh ch min gng qua 2 phng thc down, up. Ti 1 thi im n ch cho php 1 tin trnh thc thi trong min gng. + Monitors: y l ci tin ca Semaphore c ci t bi ngn ng lp trnh thc hin bi trnh bin dch do khng ph thuc vo lp trnh vin. + Message: Khi 1 tin trnh vo min gng s gi 1 thng ip cho tt c cc tin trnh khc bo min gng bn. Tin trnh kim sot min gng s lu thng tin bn, khi tin trnh i ra khi min gng th li gi thng ip bo min gng ri. Tin trnh kim sot s chu trch nhim iu phi min gng bng cch gi tn hiu nh thc 1 tin trnh ang ch. Do thng ip c gi tng i c lp gia cc tin trnh nn n thc hin tt trong h phn tn. Cu 7: Min gng l g? Cc gii thut x l min gng. Tr li: - Min gng l: on lnh trong chng trnh c kh nng pht sinh mu thun truy xut. khng xy ra mu thun truy xut, cn m bo ti mt thi im ch c mt tin trnh c vo min gng. m bo c iu ny cn thc hin bn iu kin sau: + Khng c hai tin trnh trong min gng cng mt lc. + Khng c yu cu v tc thc hin ca cc tin trnh trong min gng. + Mt tin trnh ch min gng khng c ngn cn cc tin trnh khc vo min gng. + Khng c tin trnh no phi ch min gng v hn. ng b ho tin trnh chnh l gii thut x l min gng. 6

- Cc gii thut x l min gng (Ging cc gii php ng b ho cu trn). Cu 8: Tc nghn v cc gii php x l. Tr li: a. H thng ri vo trng thi tc nghn khi mi tin trnh trong h thng u ch mt s kin do mt tin trnh khc trong h thng pht sinh dn n khng tin trnh no c thc thi n trng thi kt thc -> c gi l tc nghn. - iu kin xy ra tc nghn. + Ti nguyn khng chia x. + Chim gi ti nguyn v yu cu thm ti nguyn. + H thng khng thu hi c ti nguyn t cc tin trnh. + Tn ti 1 chu k trong th cp pht ti nguyn.

b. X l tc nghn. 1. Ngn chn tc nghn. - tc nghn khng xy ra cn m bo ti thiu mt trong bn iu kin xy ra tc nghn khng xy ra. 2. Phng trnh. - Tc nghn l c 4 iu kin => s dng ti nguyn ca P (tin trnh). =>(iu khin tc nghn bng cch) kim sot cp pht ti nguyn. (*) Trng thi an ton: L trng thi m h thng c th tho mn cc nhu cu ti nguyn ca mi tin trnh theo 1 th t no m vn ngn chn c tc nghn. (*) Chui cp pht an ton: L 1 th t ca cc tin trnh c cp pht ti nguyn trn c s cc ti nguyn t do v cc ti nguyn b chim gi tho mn yu cu ti nguyn ca n. (*) Chin lc cp pht an ton: Ch tho mn ti nguyn ca tin trnh khi a n trng thi an ton nu tin trnh c cp php. (*) Gii thut: Da tr c s to ra cc bng cp pht => mng 2 chiu. - Bng ti nguyn t do. - Mng yu cu ti nguyn ca tin trnh. - Mng ti nguyn cn. => Chui cp pht an ton. 3. Pht hin tc nghn. - Xy dng gii thut da trn cc cu trc d liu l : + Ti nguyn t do. + Ti nguyn thc s cp pht cho tin trnh. + Ti nguyn tin trnh yu cu thm. 4. Gii quyt tc nghn. - nh ch cc tin trnh tham gia vo tc nghn (bng cch nh ch ln lt cc tin trnh cho n ht tc nghn). - Thu hi ti nguyn m c th gy tc nghn (thu hi lm sao chui cp pht tr v trng thi an ton). 7

Cu 9: Mc tiu v vic t chc qun l b nh. Cch t chc cp pht b nh chnh. Tr li: a. Mc tiu ca vic t chc qun l b nh: - C th p ng c y cc nhu cu b nh ca chng trnh vi mt b nh vt l gii hn. - Qu trnh chuyn i a ch, t chc cp pht b nh l trong sut vi ngi dng, v c kh nng ti nh v. - Tn dng hiu qu b nh (t c vng nh khng s dng c). - B nh c bo v tt. - C kh nng chia s b nh gia cc tin trnh. b. Cch t chc cp pht b nh chnh: - Cp pht lin tc: C th cp pht cc vng nh lin tc cho cc tin trnh trong nhng phn vng c kch thc c nh hay bin ng. im yu ca cch tip cn ny l kch thc cc chng trnh c th c x l b gii hn bi cc kch thc ca khi nh lin tc c th s dng. Cc hin tng phn mnh ngoi vi, ni vi u c th xut hin. - Cp pht khng lin tc: C th cp pht cc vng nh khng lin tc cho mt tin trnh. Hai k thut thng c p dng l phn trang v phn on. K thut phn trang cho php loi b hin tng phn mnh ngoi vi, k thut phn on loi b hin tng phn mnh ni vi nhng phi gii quyt vn cp pht ng. - Swapping: S dng thm b nh ph lu tr tm cc tin trnh ang b kho, nh vy c th tng mc a chng ca h thng vi cu hnh my c dung lng b nh chnh thp. - B nh o: S dng k thut phn trang theo yu cu, kt hp thm k thut swapping m rng b nh chnh. Tch bit khng gian a ch v khng gian vt l, nh c th x l cc chng trnh c kch thc ln hn b nh vt l tht s. Cu 10: Cc thut ton thay th trang khi s dng k thut b nh o. Tr li: Khi ci t b nh o, phi s dng mt thut ton thay th trang thch hp chn cc trang b chuyn tm thi ra b nh ph, dnh ch trong b nh chnh cho trang mi. Cc thut ton thay th trang thng s dng l FIFO, thut ton ti u, LRU v cc thut ton xp x LRU, cc thut ton thng k NFU, MFU a. Thut ton FIFO: - Tip cn: Ghi nhn thi im mt trang c mang vo b nh chnh. Khi cn thay th trang, trang trong b nh lu nht s c chn. - Tho lun: + p dng thut ton FIFO, thc t khng nht thit phi ghi nhn mt thi im mi trang c np vo b nh, m ch cn t chc qun l cc trang trong b nh trong mt danh sch FIFO, khi trang u danh sch s c chn thay th. + Thut ton thay th trang FIFO d hiu, d ci t. Tuy nhin khi thc hin khng phi lc no cng c kt qu tt: trang c chn thay th c th l trang cha nhiu d liu cn thit, thng xuyn c s dng nn c np sm, do vy khi b chuyn ra b nh ph s nhanh chng gy ra li trang. + S lng li trang xy ra s tng ln khi s lng khung trang s dng tng. Hin tng ny gi l nghch l Belady. b. Thut ton ti u: - Tip cn: Thay th trang s lu c s dng nht trong tng lai.

- Tho lun: Thut ton ny bo m s lng li trang pht sinh l thp nht, n cng khng gnh chu nghch l Belady. Tuy nhin, y l mt thut ton khng kh thi trong thc t, v khng th bit trc chui truy xut ca tin trnh. c. Thut ton LRU (Least recently-used): - Tip cn: Vi mi trang, ghi nhn thi im cui cng trang c truy cp, trang c chn thay th s l trang lu nht cha c truy xut. - Tho lun: + Thut ton FIFO s dng thi im np chn trang thay th, thut ton ti u li dng thi im trang s c s dng, v thi im ny khng th xc nh trc nn thut ton LRU phi dng thi im cui cng trang c truy xut dng qu kh gn d on tng lai. + Thut ton ny i hi phi c c ch phn cng h tr xc nh mt th t cho cc trang theo thi im truy xut cui cng. C th ci t theo mt trong hai cch l s dng b m hoc s dng stack. d. Cc thut ton xp x LRU: - Thut ton vi cc bit reference ph tr: + Tip cn: C th thu thp thm nhiu thng tin v th t truy xut hn bng cch lu tr cc bit reference sau tng khong thi gian u dn. + Tho lun: S lng cc bit lch s c th thay i tu theo phn cng, v phi c chn sao cho vic cp nht l nhanh nht c th. - Thut ton c hi th hai: + Tip cn: S dng mt bit reference duy nht. Thut ton c s vn l FIFO, tuy nhin khi chn c trang theo tiu chun FIFO, kim tra bit reference ca trang . Nu gi tr ca bit reference l 0 th thay th trang chn, ngc li cho trang ny mt c hi th hai v chn trang FIFO tip theo. Khi mt trang c cho c hi th hai, gi tr ca bit reference c t li l 0, v thi im vo Ready List c cp nht li l thi im hin ti. Mt trang c cho c hi th hai s khng b thay th trc khi h thng thay th ht nhng trang khc. Nu trang thng xuyn c s dng, bit reference ca n s duy tr c gi tr 1, v trang hu nh khng bao gi b thay th. - Tho lun: C th ci t thut ton c hi th hai vi mt xu vng. e. Thut ton c hi th hai nng cao (Not recently used - NRU): - Tip cn: xem cc bit reference v dirty bit nh mt cp c th t. Vi hai bit ny c th t hp to thnh bn lp sau: + Lp 1: (0,0) khng truy xut, khng sa i: y l trang tt nht thay th. + Lp 2: (0,1) khng truy xut gn y nhng b sa i: trng hp ny khng tht tt v trang cn thay th c lu tr li trc khi thay th. + Lp 3: (1,0) c truy xut gn y nhng khng b sa i: trang c th nhanh chng c tip tc c s dng. + Lp 4: (1,1) c truy xut gn y v b sa i: trang c th nhanh chng c tip tc c s dng, v trc khi thay th cn phi c lu tr li. Lp 1 c u tin thp nht, v lp 4 c u tin cao nht. Mt trang s thuc v mt trong bn lp trn, tu vo bit reference v dirty bit ca trang . Trang c chn thay th l trang u tien tm thy trong lp c u tin thp nht v khc rng. f. Thut ton thng k: - Tip cn: s dng mt bin m lu tr s ln truy xut n mt trang, v pht trin hai thut ton sau:

+ Thut ton LFU: thay th trang c gi tr bin m nh nht, ngha l trang t c s dng nht. + Thut ton MFU: thay th trang c gi tr bin m ln nht, ngha l trang c s dng nhiu nht (most frequently used). Cu 11: Trnh by tnh trng tr tr h thng (Thrashing) v cc gii php gii quyt tnh trng ny. Tr li: Mt h thng m trong mi tin trnh khng c cp cc khung trang cn thit nn thng xuyn pht sinh li trang v tn rt nhiu thi gian CPU thc hin thay th trang. H thng nh vy gi l h thng ri vo tr tr. Khi tnh trng tr tr xy ra, h thng gn nh mt kh nng x l, tc pht sinh li tng cao khng khip, khng cng vic no c th kt thc v tt c cc tin trnh u bn rn vi vic phn trang. ngn chn tr tr th ngi ta s phi cp s khung trang cho mi tin trnh. gii quyt vn ny ngi ta a ra cc gii php: - Tp lm vic (working set). - Tn sut li trang. a. Tp lm vic (working set): S dng mt tham s , nh ngha mt ca s cho working set. Gi s kho st n v thi gian (ln truy xut trang) cui cng, tp cc trang c tin trnh truy xut n trong ln truy cp cui cng ny gi l working set ca tin trnh ti thi im hin ti. H iu hnh gim st working set ca mi tin trnh v cp pht cho tin trnh ti thiu cc khung trang cha working set ca n. Nh vy mt tin trnh ch c th c np vo h thng khi c khung trang t do cho working set ca n. Nu tng s khung trang yu cu ca cc tin trnh trong h thng vt qu cc khung trang c th s dng, h iu hnh chn mt tin trnh tm dng, gii phng bt cc khung trang cho cc tin trnh khc hon tt. b. Tn sut li trang: - Tn sut li trang rt cao khin tnh trng tr tr h thng c th xy ra. - Khi tn sut li trang qu cao, tin trnh cn thm mt s khung trang. - Khi tn sut li trang qu thp, tin trnh c th s hu nhiu khung trang hn mc cn thit. - C th thit lp mt gi tr chn trn v chn di cho tn sut xy ra li trang v trc tip c lng, kim sot tn sut li trang ngn chn tnh trng tr tr xy ra: + Nu tn sut li trang vt qu chn trn, cp cho tin trnh thm mt khung trang. + Nu tn sut li trang thp hn chn di, thu hi bt mt khung trang t tin trnh. Cu 12: Theo khi nim h iu hnh th tp tin l g? Cu trc ca h thng qun l tp tin v c ch qun l khi a trng. Tr li: - Tp tin l mt n v qun l lu tr thng tin ca b nh ngoi. c im thng tin cc tp tin c lu tr lu di v ch b xo khi ngi dng yu cu. c im ca s lng tp tin trong my tnh l rt ln. Tp tin c qun l bi h iu hnh. - Cu trc ca h thng qun l tp tin bao gm: + i vi tp tin th c: cch hin th, cc yu t cu thnh tp tin, cch t tn, cch truy xut, cch s dng v bo v tp tin, cc thao tc trn tp tin. + i vi th mc th c: Cch t chc th mc, cc c tnh v cc thao tc trn th mc. 10

- C ch qun l khi a trng: a. Bng qun l tpt in, th mc: y l ni qun l thng tin v cc Entry trong h thng qun l tp tin, dng nh v v tr ca cc tp tin v cung cp cc thng tin cn thit qun l v tm kim chng. Bng ny c ci t ngay sector ca a. b. Bng phn phi vng nh: tc l bng lu tr a ch vt l cc khi nh dnh cho tp tin. Ci t theo 2 cch: + nh v lin tip: 1 tp tin c lu tr trong cc khi c a ch lin nhau (d ci t v thao tc, nhc im l khi to v xo tp tin d to ra phn mnh). + inh v bng danh sch lin kt: a v cc thit b nh c chia thnh cc khi c kch thc bng nhau, tp tin c lu tr trong 1 s khi m tp tin ca n khng lin nhau v tng khi c 1 vng dnh lm a ch lin kt ch n khi tip theo. Do truy xut 1 tp tin -> ch cn bit a ch ca khi u tin. tng tc truy xut -> ngi ta c th ci tin danh sch -> danh sch Index. Mi tp tin c qun l bng 1 Node bao gm 2 phn t (phn t 1 cha cc thng tin v thuc tnh, phn t 2 cha thng tin lin quan -> lu tr a ch vt l). c. Chia s: y l vic dng chung 1 tp tin ti mt thi im ca ngi s dng. Cch chia s thng thng l thc hin lin kt 1 tp tin xut hin trong nhiu th mc. d. Qun l a: Tc l xc nh cc vng a cha tp tin , th mc v cc vng cn trng (khng cha tp tin no). qun l a th cc h thng hin nay u s dng theo nguyn l khi c kch thc bng nhau -> ph hp vi cch phn phi vng nh theo danh sch lin kt. - Kch thc khi < 2Kb. - Xc nh khi trng: c th s dng danh sch lin kt xc nh cc khi ny. => Dng bng bit. e. Bo v: - Qun l khi a hng. - Back up l k thut sao lu d liu d phng khi h thng c s c. - m bo tnh khng i ca h thng tp tin. Cu 13: H thng qun l nhp xut ng vai tr g trong h iu hnh. Trnh by cch ci t h thng nhp xut. Tr li: - H thng qun l nhp xut ng vai tr then cht trong h iu hnh. Vai tr ca h thng ny l cung cp mt c ch giao tip thun tin gia ngi s dng v cc thit b ngoi vi. - Cch ci t h thng nhp xut: 1. H thng xut nhp a: a. Cu trc phn cng: - Sector: mi 1 sector c s byte nht nh. Tp hp cc sector to thnh track v cc track li tp hp li to thnh Cylinder -> disk -> head. - c im: lng thng tin lu tr ln, khng gian a ch ln. Thc hin tm kim trn nhiu u c head gi l tm kim chng nhau. b. Thut ton truy xut a: Thao tc truy xut a c thc hin nh sau: - u tin a u c n track hay Cylinder ph hp trn a, thao tc ny gi l seek. Tip theo ch a quay a sector (khi cn c) n u c gi l Latency time. Khi sector n -> vn chuyn thng tin ca sector cn thit. Thi gian vn chuyn thng tin ny gi l Transfer Time. gim thiu thi gian truy xut th ngi ta a ra cc quy tc lp lch gi l cc thut ton lp lch truy xut. Thut ton nhm mc ch vic di chuyn u c l t nht gia cc khi cn c. 11

c. Kim sot li: Loi li: + Li lp trnh l li yu cu c cc sector khng c trong thc t. + Li yu cu tm kim cc Cylinder khng tn ti. + Li kim tra tm thi: u c hoc b mt a hng, li ny s b nh du v ln c sau s c kim tra. + Li h vt l. + Li t chi thi hnh lnh t b iu khin. - sa cc li ny ngi ta s dng RAM Disk, l s dng 1 phn nh v trc ca b nh chnh lu kch thc khi. iu ny gip cho vic truy xut nhanh v phng trnh cc li i vi nhng khi d liu thng xuyn c truy cp. Tuy nhin kch thc ca b nh chnh khng ln -> phn RAM Disk c kch thc nh -> n ch khc phc c 1 phn. - Dng Interleave: l 1 chc nng dng ng b ho c v ghi d liu gip cho vic truy xut thun tin hn. 2. H thng thit b chun. a. Thit b u cui Terminal: Theo quan im lp trnh terminal c phn loi theo chun giao tip: - RS 232: l giao tio tun t mi ln 1 bit. - nh x b nh: l 1 phn ca h thng my tnh giao tip thng qua b nh c bit c CPU nh v gi l Video RAM. giao tip c ta ci t phn mm nhp. b. Phn mm nhp: Cc thit b nhp l c lp v mt thit b, thun tin cho ngi s dng thng thng thng tin nhp c xut ngay ra mn hnh. Nh vy phn mm nhp ngoi chc nng t chc tip nhn tn hiu t thit b nhp cn a thng tin ra ngoi mn hnh (gi l Echoing). mi h iu hnh cch thc x l c th trong mi phn mm nhp l khc nhau. c. Phn mm xut: Thng thng dng cho cc thit b theo chun giao tip RS232, thng tin c CPU a vo b nh m sau s ln lt chuyn tng bit cho thit b xut thng qua cng ni tip. 3. Ci t ng h: ng h l 1 thit b khng th thiu trong cc h thng a nhim. - Nguyn l hot ng: ng h l 1 b m thi gian, c sau 1 khong thi gian nht nh n li pht tn hiu, nhng tn hiu c pht gi l cc ngt nh k (gi l clock tick). H iu hnh thc hin vic lp trnh vi cc ngt nh k thng qua 1 thanh ghi ghi thng tin ca ngt. - Phn mm ng h thc hin cc chc nng nh sau: + Th nht l qun l thi gian. + Th hai l khng cho php cc tin trnh chy lu hn thi gian n c php. + K ton vic s dng thi gian CPU. + Cui cng l chc nng cung cp h thng m gi gi l wachdog Time, h thng ny dng kim sot nh lng thi gian cho mt s cng vic m yu cu c thi gian khi ng. Cu 14: Bo v h thng l thc hin nhng cng vic g, nhm mc ch no? Ma trn quyn truy xut c s dng v ci t c th nh th no? Tr li: a. Bo v h thng l thc hin nhng cng vic: + Xc nh lm th no thc hin vic bo v, c th c cc c ch phn mm hoc c ch phn cng. + Quyt nh vic bo v c p dng nh th no: nhng i tng no trong h thng cn c bo v, v cc thao tc thch hp trn cc i tng ny. - Bo v h thng nhm mc ch: 12

+ Bo v chng li ca tin trnh. + Chng s truy xut bt hp l. b. Ma trn quyn truy xut c s dng v ci t: - Ma trn quyn truy xut: + Tp cc min bo v v tin trnh lin kt vi n s to ln mt ma trn. Trong mi dng l mt min bo v, mi ct l mt i tng ca h thng, mi ca ma trn s l quyn truy xut ca tin trnh. + Vic di chuyn cc dng trong ma trn chnh l thc hin vic lin kt ng. + Nu quan nim ma trn quyn truy xut l mt i tng th h iu hnh lc ny li c th thay i ni dung ca ma trn quyn truy xut. - Ci t ma trn quyn truy xut: + Bng gm b ba: min bo v (Protection Domain), i tng ca h thng (Object), quyn truy xut. Khi mt tin trnh P mun c truy xut i tng M trong min bo v Q vi quyn R th phi tm b ba: Q, M, R trong bng. Nu c th truy xut hp l -> c thc thi. Nu khng c th truy xut khng hp l -> hu b. + Danh sch quyn truy xut: Vi mi mt i tng th ci mt bng gm hai thnh phn l min bo v v quyn truy xut. Lc ny bo v i tng da vo bng. Mt tin trnh P mun thc hin truy xut i tng M trong min bo v Q vi thao tc R th ch cn tra vo bng dnh cho i tng M. Nu tm thy cp Q, M th thao tc hp l -> thc thi, cn nu khng th thao tc khng hp l ->khng c thc thi. + Danh sch tim nng: Mi mt dng trong ma trn quyn truy xut c t chc thnh mt danh sch tim nng vi cc thao tc m min bo v ny cho php truy xut ln tng i tng. Vy mi mt phn t trong danh sch l mt tim nng. Khi mt tin trnh P mun thc hin thao tc trn mt i tng, h iu hnh s tm xem thao tc c trong danh sch tim nng hay khng. Nu c th truy xut hp l, nu khng th ngc li. Cu 15: An ton h thng l g? Cc tc hi c nguy c t ni b h thng v t bn ngoi. Tr li: a. An ton h thng l mc tin cy m h thng phi duy tr khi h thng phi i ph vi cc vn ni b v tc hi t bn ngoi. Mt h thng c gi l an ton nu cc ti nguyn c s dng ng theo quy c. b. Cc tc hi c nguy c t ni b h thng v t bn ngoi: - Mi e do t h thng l virut, n l mt on m c kh nng gn vo chng trnh nn c kh nng ly truyn, ng thi c cha cc lnh lm sai li hot ng h thng. Cc chng trnh gi l su khc vi virut, su l mt chng trnh hon chnh c kh nng t hot ng, t lan truyn trn mi trng mng, n chim ti nguyn h thng lm cho h thng b ngng tr hay tc nghn. - Mi e do t bn ngoi thng thng qua cc k h ca chng trnh. C hai loi k h chnh: + K h th nht l con nga thnh Troy: tc l mt chng trnh cho php mt ngi s dng c hot ng trong mi trng ca min bo v dnh cho mt ngi dng khc m theo nguyn tc ngi s dng my tnh b cm. + K h th hai l cnh ca nh Trap-door: y l mi e do t cc lp trnh vin. Khi xy dng chng trnh h li nhng ng xm nhp h thng m ch c h mi hiu. Khi h mun h c th thng qua con ng ny thm nhp h thng v ph hoi chng 13