Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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M U Hin nay trn th trng, chng ta thy rt nhiu chng loi sn phm. Mi loi thc phm mang c tnh ring. Cht lng ca cc sn phm thc phm khng nhng bao hm tr dinh dng m cn bao hm gi tr cm quan ca chng na. Mu sc l mt ch s quan trng ca gi tr cm quan. Mu sc cc sn phm thc phm khng ch c gi tr v hnh thc bn ngoi m cn c tc dng sinh l rt r rt. Mu sc thch hp s gip cho c th ng ho thc phm d dng. Chnh v vy, trong ch bin thc phm, ngi ta lun lun kim sot mu sc ca sn phm nhm to ra nhng mu sc thch hp vi tnh cht cht v trng thi . Gp phn tm hiu mu sn phm thc phm, Ti tin hnh thc hin bn tiu lun vi tn: Qu trnh hnh thnh v thay i mu sc thc phm trong ch bin thc phm

Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 --------------

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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NI DUNG Mu sc ca sn phm thc phm c hnh thnh v bin i trong ch bin thc phm u bt ngun t : * Mu sc ca nguyn liu ban u. * Cc phn ng to ra nhng cht mu mi (cc cht mu hnh thnh trong qu trnh gia cng k thut) t nhng hp phn c trong nguyn liu. * Nhum cc cht mu t nhin hoc cht mu tng hp trn sn phm trong ch bin.
1.

Mu sc hnh thnh sn c trong nguyn liu ban u. L nhm mu sc gm cc cht mu t nhin. c tnh ca chng d bin i

mu trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm. Chnh v vy, nhm mu ny thng c tch ra, c c v bo qun. Sau t cc cht mu t nhin c c ny dng nhum mu cho chnh nguyn liu hoc bn sn phm, nhm to ra mu sc mong mun cho sn phm. Cht mu t nhin chia lm 3 nhm chnh: - Clorofin sc t xanh l cy. - Carotinoit c mu vng. - Flavonoit c mu v mu xanh lam. Tt c cc sc t ny l nhng hp cht ho hc phc tp v c to nn trong qu trnh sng thch ng vi cc loi thc vt. Mc bn ca chng rt khc nhau v trong qu trnh bo qun, ch bin nhit v cc gia cng khc s b thay i i theo nhng cch khc nhau. V vy lc dang ti sn phm thng c mu sc p, sau khi ch bin mu sc s b km i mt phn hoc c khi mt mu hn. iu lm cho gi tr mt hng v gi tr s dng gim i v v hp dn bn ngoi ca thc n s b km.
Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 -------------2

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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a. Clorofil Clorofil l cht to ra mu xanh c trng ca l cy thc vt. Cht mu ny ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong qu trnh quang hp qu trnh ch yu to ra cc hp cht hu c v to ra ngun oxi t do duy nht ca tri t. Clorofil khng nhng cho mu xanh m cn che m cc cht mu khc. Trong cc mu xanh ca cy, clorofil c t chc c bit. Phn tn trong nguyn sinh cht, gi l lc lp hoc l ht dip lc. Hm lng clorofil trong cy xanh chim khong 1% cht kh. Clorofil c hai dng : - Clorofil A c cng thc l : C55H72O5N4Mg - Clorofil B c cng thc l : C55H70O6N4Mg c mu nht hn clorofil A. T l clorofil A v clorofil B trong thc vt khong 3:1 Cu to ca clorofil A v clorofil B:
CH=CH 2 H 3C N Mg N H 3C CH 2 CH 2 O COOCH 3 N CH3 N

X
CH=CH2

CH 2OOC20H 39

Hnh 1: Cu to ca clorofil A v B A : X l CH3 ; * B : X l CHO Trong ch bin, mu xanh clorofil b bin i rt a dng:

Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 --------------

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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-Di tc dng ca nhit v axit ca dch bo mu xanh mt i, mt mt l protein b ph hu, mt khc l do lin kt gia clorofil v protein b t lm cho clorofil d dng tham gia phn sau: Clorofil + 2HX feofitin + MgX2 to ra feofitin c mu xanh oliu -Khi cho tc dng vi cc kim nh nh cacbonat kim, kim th th chng s trung ho axit, to nn mi trng kim lm cho clorofil b x phng ho cho ru phitol, metanol v axit clorofilinic. Clorifil a + kim Clorifil a + kim (C32H30ON4Mg) (COONa)2 + CH3OH + phitol (C32H28O2N4Mg) (COONa)2 + CH3OH + phitol

Cc axit ( C32H30ON4Mg)(COOH) 2 v (C32H28O2N4Mg)(COOH) 2 thu c do x phng ho clorofil a v b gi l clorofilin hoc clorofilit. Cc axit cng nh mui ca chng u cho sn phm mu xanh m. -Clorofil cng c th b oxi ho do oxi v nh sng (quang oxi ho), do tip xc vi cc lipit b oxi ho hoc do tc dng ca enzim lipoxidaza. Cc qu trnh oxi ho ny c th xy ra trong rau (nht l rau sy) bo qun m tng i di 30%; cn khi m tng i ca khng kh cao hn th clorofil li b bin i thnh feofitin (mu xanh oliu). -Di tc dng ca Fe, Sn, Al, Cu th Mg trong clorofil s b thay th v s cho cc mu khc nhau sau: Vi Fe s cho mu nu Vi Sn v Al cho mu xm Vi Cu s cho mu xanh sng.

Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 --------------

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

------------------------Cc dng c mu xanh m Cu2+ Zn2+ Mg2+ R COOCH3 COOC20H39 Feofitin a v b (Mu xanh v xanh oliu) Mi trng axit phitol MgR COOCH3 COOC20H39 Cc dng khng mu m vng do oxy ho phitol MgR COOH COOH

Clorofil a v b (Mu xanh m)

Clorofilin a v b (Mu xanh m) Mi trng axit Mg2+

Oxi ha

COOH COOH feoforbit

Oxi ha trong mi trng axit

Oxi ho

M vng C9 C10

COOH COOH Clorin, purpurin (mu nu)

Hnh 2. Cc ng hng bin i ca clorofil a v b

Ta thy mu xanh dip lc (c th trong rau v qu t nhin) rt d bin i trong ch bin thc phm. Do , trong thc t, bo v mu xanh ca u ng hp, ngi ta cho vo hp mt t dinatri glutamat. Hoc nhum mu xanh cho
Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 -------------5

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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u vng, ngi ta dng clorofilin (clorofil + kim). V Clorofil d b hp th trn b mt ca ht u v gi c bn mu trn b mt lm cho mu ht rt p. b.Carotenoit. Carotenoit l nhm cht mu ho tan trong cht bo lm cho qa v rau c mu da cam, mu vng v mu . Nhm ny gm t 65 70 cht mu t nhin, tiu biu l caroten, licopen, xantofil, capxantin v xitroxantin, astarxantin... Mt trong nhng c im ca carotenoit l c nhiu ni i lun hp to nn nhng nhm mang mu ca chng. Mu ca chng ph thuc vo nhng nhm mang mu ny. Caroten c trong c rt, m,... c mu da cam c trng. Caroten thng cc dng ng phn : - Caroten, - caroten, caroten. Licopen c trong qu c chua v mt s qu khc. Trong qu trnh chn, hm lng ca licopen tng ln 10 ln. Xantofil l cht mu vng nhng mu sng hn caroten v n cha t ni i hn. Trong lng trng g c 2 xantofil l dihydroxyl - - caroten v dihydroxyl - caroten vi t l 2 : 1. Xantofil cng vi caroten cha trong rau xanh v cng vi caroten v licopen c trong c chua Capxantin l cht mu vng c trong t . Capxantin chim 7/8 cht mu ca t. Cht mu ny l dn xut ca caroten, nhng c mu mnh hn cc carotenoit khc 10 ln. Trong t c cc carotenoit nhiu hn t xanh 35 ln. Xitroxantin c trong mu qu chanh. Xitroxantin c c khi kt hp vo phn t - caroten mt nguyn t oxy to thnh cu trc furanoit. Astarxantin l dn xut ca caroren. Trong trng v loi gip xc c cht mu xanh ve gi l ovoverdin c th coi nh l mui dng endiol ca astarxantin v nhm amin ca protein (kt hp ca astarxantin v protein). Trong mai v gip ca con cua, tm, astarxantin cng tham gia vo thnh phn ca lipoprotein gi l

Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 --------------

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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xianin. Khi gia nhit, do protein bin tnh v astarxantin b tch ra di dng cht mu . c. Flavonoit Cc cht mu thuc nhm ny ho tan trong nc v cha trong cc khng bo. Trong rau, qu v hoa, s lng cng nh t cc flavonoit khc nhau, do lm cho chng c nhiu mu sc khc nhau: mu n mu tm. Nhm ny bao bao gm: - Cht antoxian mu c nhiu trong thc vt nh cc loi rau qu c mu t n tm nh: v qu qut, qu nho, qu du, bp ci tm, l ta t, u en, qu c tm, go np than, go ...

Tu vo s lng v t l khc nhau trong rau qu, hoa v cc b phn khc nhau ca thc vt lm cho chng cho nhiu mu sc khc nhau.

Antoxian l nhng glucozit do gc ng glucose, glactose... kt hp vi gc aglucon c mu (anthocyanidin). Aglucon ca chng c cu trc c bn c m t trong hnh 3. Cc gc ng c th c gn vo v tr 3,5,7; thng c gn vo
Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 -------------7

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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v tr 3 v 5 cn v tr 7 rt t. Phn t anthocyanin gn ng vo v tr 3 gi l monoglycozit, v tr 3 v 5 gi l diglycozit.

R1 OH 7 5 A OH O+ B
3

OH R2

OH

Hinh 3. Cu trc c bn ca aglucol ca Antoxian Mu sc ca cc antoxian lun lun thay i ph thuc vo nhit , cc cht mu cng xanh m (trong vng benzen c th c 1 2 hoc 3 nhm OH). Mc metyl ho cc nhm OH trong vng benzen cng cao th mu cng . Nu nhm OH v tr th ba kt hp vi cc gc ng th mu sc cng s thay i theo s lng cc gc ng c nh vo nhiu hay t. Cc antoxian cng c th to phc vi cc ion kim loi to ra cc mu khc nhau: chng hn mui kali s cho vi antoxian mu mu, cn mui canxi v magi s cho vi antoxian phc c mu xanh ve. C th, ngi ta thy rng: Khi c mt ca thic th qu phc bn t en s chuyn sang mu xanh, cn anh o th chuyn sang mu tm; Khi c mt ca nhm th anh o s cho mu tm. Cc antoxian ca nho thay i ng k khi c Fe, Sn, hoc Cu. Cc yu t ch yu nh hng n n nh ca antoxian l nhit , pH, oxy, cc ion kim loi, axit ascobic v nhng cht khc. Tuy nhin mu sc ca antoxian thay i mnh nht ph thuc vo pH mi trng. Gam mu ca antoxian Thng thng, pH<7 c mu ; pH > 7 c mu xanh. VD: rubrobraxianin clorua l antoxian ca bp ci , l mt triglucozit ca xianidin. pH = 1-3,5 cc anthocyanin thng dng mui oxonium mu cam n .
Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 -------------8

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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pH = 4 - 5 chuyn v dng baz cacbinol hay baz chalcon khng mu. pH= 6 dung dch c mu tm pH = 7 - 8 li v dng baz quinoidal anhydro mu xanh. pH=10-11 dung dch c mu xanh l cy Mun sn phm c mu th antoxyan phi mi trng axit, hoc phi axit ha chng trong qu trnh nhum mu. (V d: s thay i mu sc ca xianin khi mi trng pH thay i - Hnh.4.) Mu sc ca antoxian cn c th b thay i do hp th trn polysacarit. Khi un nng lu di cc antoxian c th b ph hu v mt mu, c bit l cc antoxian ca du ty, anh o, c ci. Ngc li cc antoxian ca phc bn t en cng trong iu kin khng b thay i. Nhn chung khi gia nhit, cc cht mu d b ph hu, cn cht mu vng th kh hn. Tm li, trong mi trng axit, cc antoxian l nhng baz mnh v c th to mui bn vng vi axit. Antoxian cng c kh nng cho mui vi baz. Mui vi axit th c mu , cn mui vi kim th c mu xanh.

Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 --------------

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

------------------------OH HO O Glucoza O Glucoza OH OH O

+ HO

+ OO Glucoza H+ O Glucoza Xianin (dng trung tnh c mu tm) O

Xianin (dng cation c mu trong mi trng axit)

O Glucoza

OH + HO

O Glucoza

Xianin (dng anion c mu xanh trong mi trng kim) Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 -------------10

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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Hnh 4. Cu to v bin i dng xianin khi mi trng thay i Trong sn xut hp, bo v cc cht mu t nhin, ngi ta c th cho thm cht chng oxi ho. (V d: thm cht chng oxi ho rutin bo v mu xanh ca anh o v mn; thm tanin, axit ascorbic bo v mu ca du v anh o. Ngoi ra cn dng bin php thm enzim glucooxydaza gi mu sc t nhin ca hp rau qu ( hp nc qu c,..) -Flavonol l sc t ca rau qu c mu vng v da cam. Khi flavonol b thu phn th gii phng ra aglucon mu vng . Flavonol u ho tan trong nc. Cng mu ca chng ph thuc vo v tr nhm OH : mu xanh nht khi pH v tr octo.
R HO OH OH OH O R

Flavonol tng tc vi st cho ta phc mu xanh l cy, sau chuyn sang mu nu. Phn ng ny thng xy ra khi gia nhit rau qu trong thit b bng st hoc bng st trng men b dp. Vi ch axetat, flavonol cho phc mu vng xm. Trong mi trng kim, flavonol rt d b oxi ho v sau ngng t to thnh sn phm mu . 2. Cc cht mu hnh thnh trong qu trnh gia cng k thut. Nguyn liu a vo cht bin thc phm thng cha mt t hp cc cht khc nhau. Trong qu trnh gia cng c nhit, chng s tng tc vi nhau to ra nhng cht mu mi c trng cho sn phm. Cc phn ng to mu trong thc phm rt phc tp v a dng. Chng hn nh: mu sc ca nc ch l do phn ng oxy ho cc polyphenol bng enzim;
Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 -------------11

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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mu sc xut hin khi sy malt, khi nng bnh m hoc trong cc sn phm ch bin ht khc li hu nh ch yu l do ph ng ozamin. Nu nh trong cc sn bnh ko, mu c to nn ch yu l do phn ng caramen ho cc ng th trong ch bin rau qu mu c hnh thnh nn cn do mt lot cc hp cht khc na. Chung quy li, cc phn ng to mu l nhng ph ng oxy ho v nhng phn ng khc c enzim xc tc hoc khng c enzim xc tc. l phn ng trng hp ho cc phm vt oxi ho ca polyphenol v phn ng gia bisflavonoit vi axitamin. Chng gm c: -Phn ng gia ng v cc axit amin. -Phn ng dehydrat ho cc ng (phn ng caramen ho) -Phn ng phn hu axit ascorbic, axit maleic, axit tactric v mt s axit hu c khc. -Phn ng oxi ho cc hp cht ca st v to thnh phc c mu. -Phn ng to nn cc sulfua kim loi c mu. 2.1. To mu mi do phn ng caramen. Phn ng caramen c ngha v nh hng rt ln n mu sc ca cc sn phm giu hm lng ng nh bnh ko, mt,..Phn ng xy ra mnh m nhit nng chy ca ng. Chng hn: glucoza 146 150oC, fructoza 95 100oC, sacaroza 160 180oC, lactoza 223 252oC. Tuy nhin, phn ng caramen xy ra nhit thp hn im nng chy ca ng v ph vo nng ng, thnh phn pH ca mi trng, thi gian un nng, Giai on u ca phn ng to nn cc anhydrit ca glucoza, fructoza, sacaroza nh : glucozan, fructozan, sacarozan (l nhng cht khng mu). Sau , bn cnh dehydrat ho cn xy ra s trng hp ho cc ng c dehydrat ho to thnh cc phm vt c mu nu vng. Nh vi sacaroza, s phn ng caramen ho nh sau:
Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 -------------12

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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C12H22O11 H2O Sacaroza C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 Glucozan levulozan

C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 glucozan C12H22O10 Sacarozan levulozan

Ti nhit 185 190oC s to thnh izosacarozan:

Khi nhit cao hn s mt i 10% nc v to thnh caramelan (C 12H18O9 hoc C24H36O18) c mu vng. 2C12H22O10 2H2O Izosacarozan Khi mt i 14% nc s to thnh caramelen: C12H22O10 + C24H36O18 3H2O 2.2. To mu mi do phn ng melanoidin. Phn ng ozamin, cacbonylamin, aminoza hay phn ng melanoidin l phn ng c vai tr rt quan trng trong k thut sn xut thc phm. Cc hp phn tham gia vo phn ng l protein (hoc cc sn phm phn gii ca chng) v gluxit. iu kin phn ng xy ra c l cht tham gia phn ng phi c nhm cacbonyl v mi trng phi c nhm amin hoc amoniac. Theo Hodge, phn ng to melanoidin bao gm mt lot cc phn ng xy ra song song hoc ni tip. Da vo mc v mu sc ca cc sn phm c th chia thnh ba giai on k tip nhau. Sn phm ca giai on u khng mu v khng hp th nh sng cc tm (giai on ny gm hai phn ng: phn ng ngng t cacbonylamin v phn ng chuyn v Amadori. Sn phm ca giai on th hai khng mu hoc c mu vng nhng hp th mnh nh sng cc tm. Giai on ny bao gm phn ng kh nc ca ng, phn hu ng v cc cht amin. Sn phm ca giai on cui c mu
Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 -------------13

C12H18O9 hoc C24H36O18 caramelan C36H48O24.H2O

V khi mt i 25% nc s to thnh caramelin c mu nu en.

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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m. Giai on ny gm c phn ng ngng t aldol, trng hp ho aldehitamin v to hp cht d vng cha nit. Phn ng gia axitamin v ng xy ra rt ph bin trong sn xut cc sn phm thc phm. Tu thuc vo yu cu v tnh cht cm quan ca tng sn phm m ngi ta hoc to iu kin tng cng phn ng n mc ti a hoc km hm phn ng n mc ti thiu. Chng hn: Sn xut bnh m (bnh quy), mu sc ca v bnh hu nh do phn ng ny quyt nh (do axit amin t do, ng kh to ra khi ln men, cng vi nhit nng thch hp s to hp cht mu melanoidin). Trong sn xut bia, mu sc ca bia l do malt quyt nh. Malt vng dng sn xut bia vng. thu c malt vng, ngi ta cho mc mm trong mt thi gian ngn, lm mt nc nhanh thu c lng axitamin v t ng lm kh khn cho phn ng cacbonylamin. Tri li sn xut malt en th nhit sy phi cao hn, thi gian sy lu hn. Trong ch bin qu v rau: phn ng gia ng nghch o v axit amin hoc mui amon k c siro v nc qu c c u b sm mu khi c c, nht l khi nhit cao. Chnh mu ny lm cho sn phm hp qu v rau khng cn gi c t nhin v xu i.
2.3. To thnh cc cht mu do phn ng oxy ho polyphenol.

Phn ng to mu do oxi ho cc polyphenol c th c enzim hoc khng c enzim tham gia. Kh nng phn ng to mu mnh hay yu ph thuc vo cu trc ca phenol cng nh vo ngun enzim xc tc phn ng oxi ho ny. Mt s phenol ch yu ca phn ng to mu do enzim xc tc nh:

Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 --------------

14

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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Piropcatechol

v cc dn xut (ngoi

tr gaiacol);

3, 4

Dihydroxyphenylalanin c to ra t tyrozin (trng hp trong khoai ty) v d oxi ho thnh dopa-quinon -

3,4 Dihydroxyphenyletylamin hay dopamin l cht chnh lm cho chui Axit garlic l axit c nhn thm, khi b oxy ho th cho mu sm Axit clorogenic, c trong to, khoai ty v l, l cht c kh nng to ra Phn ng to mu do enzim thng gm cc giai on sau:
OH OH Hydroxyl ho bi enzim oxyl ho bi enzim R octodiphenol (thng khng c mu) R octoquinon (thng c mu ) O O Khng xc tc bi enzim

b sm mu

cht mu xanh en khi phn ng vi st trong qu trnh nu khoai ty,.. *

OH

Polime c mu

R Phenol (thng khng c mu)

Enzim tc giai on u c tn l monophenolaza hoc cresolaza, cn enzim xc tc giai on 2 c tn l polyphenolaza hoc catecholaza. C ch chung ca phn ng to mu do enzim

Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 --------------

15

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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Cc cht mu to thnh kiu ny thng c tn gi chung l melanin. Cc cht mu cu phn ng sm mu enzim cn c tn na l flobafe u
OH OH

OH CH2-CH-COOH NH2

O galacrom (c mu)

COOH Melanin

CH2-CH-COOH O NH2

NH

Ni chung sn phm cui cng, thng c mu nu, mu en hoc cc gam mu trung gian nh: hng, , nu, xanh en,.. Phn ng to thnh cc cht mu c bt u t quinon v khng c enzim tham gia. u tin, quinon phn ng vi nc to ra trihydroxybenzen, tip , cc trihydroxybenzen li phn ng vi quinon khc hnh thnh ra cc hydroxyquinon v cui cng chnh cc hydroxyquinon li l ni ngng t oxy ho, dn n to thnh cc polyme. Cc quinon c th tc dng vi nhm SH v NH 2 ca protein, axitamin v amin theo c ch :
O O

Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 --------------

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Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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O + RSH

OH

SH

RS

OH

SR

RS O quinon O O quinon + RNH2 HO O O OH OH

SR

HO

NR

NH-R-OH

quinonimin

HO

Quinonimin l phc gia quinon v axitamin thng c mu . Khi to thnh

phc ny, axitamin kt hp vi ccbon v tr para ca mt trong hai nhm quinon. Nu c hai v tr para ca cc nhm quinon u b thay th th axit amin s khng kt hp vo v phc quinon s khng c to thnh. Nhiu th nghim chng t mu c to thnh mt cch mnh m ch khi hp cht nit tham gia vo phc c cha nhm amin bc hai (prolin). Nu hp cht c cha nhm amin bc mt th phc to thnh c mu da cam, t m hn. - Phc gia quinon v polypeptit hoc protein th c mu nu. Chng hn: khi sy kh l thuc trong khng kh th cht mu nu c to thnh.

Qu trnh hnh thnh v bin i mu ca cc sn phm ch: Cc sn phm ch nh: ch en, ch , ch vng, ch xanh,..vi sc nc c trng rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo mc v chiu hng ca phn ng oxy ho bng enzim (v phi enzim) cc polyphenol c trong l ch. Nu nh ch xanh,
Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 -------------17

Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

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phn ng oxy ho c nh ch ngay t khu u, th ch en li c tin trin mc ti a. Nhiu nghin cu cho thy: cc polyphenol ca l ch rt a dng (trong cc cht thuc nhm catechin chim t lng nhiu nht khong 15-20% cht kh v trn 70% tng lng polyphenol ca l ch) v ch c L epigalocatechin (LEGC) v L epigalocatechingalat (L-EGCG) mi c kh nng to thnh sn phm c mu ti hoc c trng cho ch en. Nhng nu thun tu ch c hai cht ny th mi to ra c mu vng. Mun mu , trong hn hp phn ng phi c mt cc cht vn chuyn hydro tc l cht catechin cha b oxi ho. C th tm tt s sau:
Catechin L-EGC + L-EGCG + Cht chuyn H O2, polyphenoloxydaza Octoquinon

Ngng t

Kh H2 Bisflavanol (khng mu)

Diphenolquinon

Oxy ho O2 Bisflavanol; teaflavin galat (khng mu)

Tearubigin (mu )

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Lc cc phn ng to mu do s oxi ho cc polyphenol nh sau: Phn ng 1. : Oxi ho:

HO H OX HO H OH OH OH O2 Polyphenol oxydaza HO H HO H OX OH O O

Phn ng 2. : Ngng t to thnh dime: Theo Robert, cc octoquinon d ngng t thnh diphenolquinon
HO H OX HO H + HO H OY HO H Octoquinon OH O O HO H diphenolquinon H OY OH O O OH O O HO H H OX OH OH OH

Cc dime thng c mu. V d: nu xut pht t catechin th dime to c s c mu . Phn ng 3. : Khi tng tc ca phn t diphenolquinon vi mt polyphenol th phn t diphenolquinon s b kh to thnh bisflavanol khng mu
HO H OH OH HO OH O2 Polyphenol oxydaza HO OH 19 HO H O O

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Tiu lun mn hc: CC TNH CHT CM QUAN CA THC PHM

------------------------+ HO H OX HO H OH OH OH HO H H OX OH + OH OH

HO

H OY HO H OH

O O HO H

H OY OH

OH OH

Phn ng oxy ho cc dime trung gian:

bisflavanol

Cc diphenolquinon c th tng tc vi nhau qua phn ng oxy ho - kh, xp xp li phn t to ra teaflavin c mu vng. phn ng tin trin c gc Y C3 phi l gc galoyl.
HO H OX HO H + HO H OY HO H bisflavanol OH O O HO H bisflavanol X = H : teaflavin X = G : teaflavingalat Hc vin thc hin: NG TH HNG - Lp CHTP 0709 -------------20 OH OH HO OH OH O OH OH OH OH HO H HO H OX OH OH OH

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Phn trong vng chm gi l gc to mu benzontrolon. Theo Roberts, nu oxy ho ng thi epigalocatechin v bisflavanol. Tearubigin l hp cht c tnh axit do c cc nhm cacboxyl c to nn khi m vng pirogalol trong gc benzotropolon ca teaflavin. S oxi ho teaflavin thnh tearubigin xy ra nh sau:
OH O Oxi ho H2C O COOH COOH Teaflavin Tearubigin OH + CO2

HO

OH

Do tearubigin l sn phm oxy ho ca teaflavin v cc bisflavanol, cho nn chng khng phi l mt n cht m l hn hp ca nhiu cht. Tearubigin trng thi t do c mu hng nht. Khi nh vi Na c mu nu gch, vi K v Ca c mu ti.
3.

Nhum cc cht mu t nhin hoc cht mu tng hp trn sn phm trong ch bin. Tu theo c tnh ca mi loi sn phm, s thch ca ngi tiu dng v cng

ngh ch bin, m cc nh ch bin thc phm s dng phng php nhum mu bng cht mu t nhin hoc cht mu tng hp. Nhum mu cho cc sn phm thc phm cn tun theo nguyn tc sau: * S dng cht mu t nhin mt cch hp l. Do cht mu t nhin khng gy c i vi con ngi, nn hm lng ca chng c s dng trong thc phm khng gii hn. Tuy nhin, hm lng hp l (to mu sc c trng cho sn phm, hp th hiu ngi tiu dng, v mang li nhun cao nht) l bi ton cc
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nh sn xut cn gii quyt. Nhc im ca nhm mu t nhin l khng bn mu. * S dng cc cht mu tng hp vi hm lng ngng cho php (theo tiu chun cht lng ca chun y t v v sinh an ton thc phm) thch hp i vi tng loi thc phm. u im ca vic dng cht mu tng hp: Bn mu. a dng v mu sc: mu vng. mu , mu xanh, mu en... C th phi mu to mu thch hp vi th hiu, c 3 phng php phi mu : Phng php c hc; Phng php kinh nghim; Phng php in t. Nhm cht mu vng tng hp: Tatrazin(mu vng chanh); Quinolein vng l mui Na ca axit Naphtolsulphonic, c mu vng da cam; Vng da cam S l mui Na ca axit Naphtolsulphonic, c mu vng da cam. ng dng : Dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi photmat, v ngoi tht chn) VD: bt khoai mn trng hm lng tinh c hm lng amiloza nhiu nn rt b nghin ra trn vi tatrazin thnh u xanh.
-

Nhm cht mu tng hp: Azorubin(mu ) (Dng trong sn xut mt ko, siro, nc gii kht,); Amaran (mu Bordeaux ) (Dng trong sn xut trng c mui, nc qu, ru vang,..); Erytrozin, rp l mui c 3 nguyn t Na ca axit Naphtoldisulphonic (Dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi phomat, v ngoi tht chn);

Nhm cht mu xanh tng hp: Mu xanh l V (l mui canxi ca dn xut triphenylmetan, c mu xanh nht); Indigocacmin (l mui Na ca axit indigotin disunphonic, c mu xanh lam);
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Xanh l sng FCF (l C37H34N2Na2O9S3 l cht c mu xanh l sng); Xanh lc sng BS (l mui Na ca dn xut Fusinic, c mu xanh lc sng, thng c dng vi hn hp cc mu xanh khc to mu xanh lc),.. ng dng : Dng trong sn xut kem, bnh ko, mt, qu ngm ng Confitur, ru, nc gii kht,
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Nhm cht mu en tng hp: Mu en sng Brilliant PN (l mun c 4 Na ca axit tetrasulphonic, c mu en sng). ng dng: Dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi phomat, v ngoi tht chn. VD: trong quay tht g, tht ln cc siu th Metro hay Big C th sau khi quay n mu vng h to ra nhng vt en trn tht. Nu m quay n khi xut hin mu en th tn thi gian v cht lng nhiu khi khng ngon.
-

Bng cch phi mu ca cc nhm trn ta c mu c trng theo yu

cu sn phm.

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KT LUN Qu trnh hnh thnh mu sc ca sn phm rt a dng, phong ph trong ch bin thc phm l do nguyn nhn sau: Mu sc t nhin c nguyn liu b bin i khi tc ng ca mt s Mt s phn ng to mu (caramen, metanoidin, oxi ho hp cht Nh sn xut ch bin thc phm ch ng phi ch hp cht mu t yu t (nhit , oxi khng kh, kim loi,...) trong gia cng ch bin. phenol,..) xy ra trong ch bin. nhin hoc cht mu tng hp ngng cho php.

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MC LC Tn phn Tiu M U NI DUNG Mu sc hnh thnh sn c trong nguyn liu ban u. Cc cht mu hnh thnh trong qu trnh gia cng k thut. To mu mi do phn ng caramen To mu mi do phn ng melanoidin. To thnh cc cht mu do phn ng oxy ho polyphenol. Nhum cc cht mu t nhin hoc cht mu tng hp trn sn phm trong ch bin. KT LUN Trang 1 2 2 11 12 13 14 20 23

1. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 3.

Ti liu tham kho:

1. 2. 3. 4. Bi ging mn hc: Cc cht ph gia dng trong sn xut thc phm PGS.TS. Nguyn Duy Thnh. Ho sinh cng nghip - NXB Khoa Hc K Thut PGS.TS. L Ngc T ch bin. Bi ging mn hc: Cc tnh cht cm quan thc phm TS. Nguyn Minh T. Mt s trang Web ngnh cng ngh thc phm.

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