BI TON TM GTNN, GTLN TRN T P S NGUYN DNG

Tr n Vn Cng

1 Trong chng trnh dnh cho HSG Ton l p 8, 9 m c bi t l cc k thi vo l p 10 Chuyn Ton cc b n h c sinh chng ta th ng g p cc bi ton v tm GTNN, GTLN c a m t bi u th c. V n ny khng qu kh v khng c g l y lm l l m cho l m i v i a s cc b n h c sinh THCS n u bi ton c xt trn t p cc s th c, s th c dng,...Ni chung l trn m t mi n c tnh y . Nhng cng n u bi ton l i c xt trn t p cc s nguyn dng, s t nhin, s h u t ,...th qu th t l m t bi ton khng h d dng cht no. V khi l i gi i cho bi ton cng khng c ph n t nhin cho l m m i h i khng t nh ng k thu t gi i tinh t v su s c. Trong bi vi t ny ti s c p n m t s bi ton ki u nh th . Qua ph n no gip ch c cht t kinh nghi m cho cc b n HSG Ton THCS m nh t l cc b n h c sinh chu n b thi vo cc l p Chuyn, l p Ch n khi b t g p cc d ng ton ki u ny. Bi ton 1. Cho x, y, n Z+ th a mn x + y = 2n. Tm GTNN, GTLN c a bi u th c P = xy L i gi i. Khng m t tnh t ng qut, ta c th gi s 1 x y 2n 1 2 2x x + y = 2n 2y 2(2n 1) 1 x n y 2n 1 Tm GTNN Ta c: (x 1)(y 1) 0 xy x + y 1 = 2n 1 D u = x y ra khi: x, y Z+ x + y = 2n 1 x n y 2n 1 (x 1)(y 1) = 0

x=1 y = 2n 1

V y GTNN c a P = xy l 2n 1 khi x = 1, y = 2n 1. V vai tr bnh ng c a x, y trong bi u th c P nn ta cng c GTNN c a P = xy t c khi x = 2n 1, y = 1. Tm GTLN Ta c: (x n)(y n) 0

2 xy n(x + y) n2 = n2 D u = x y ra khi: x, y Z+ x + y = 2n 1 x n y 2n 1 (x n)(y n) = 0

x=y=n

V y GTLN c a P = xy l n2 khi x = y = n. Ch . Trong tr ng h p ny tm GTLN c a P = xy ta cng c th s d ng BT gi a trung bnh c ng v trung bnh nhn (cn g i l BT Cauchy) cho k t qu nhanh hn l: xy ( D u = x y ra khi x = y = n. Bi ton 2. Cho x, y, n Z+ th a mn x + y = 2n + 1. Tm GTNN, GTLN c a bi u th c P = xy L i gi i. Khng m t tnh t ng qut, ta c th gi s 1 x y 2n 2 2x x + y = 2n + 1 2y 2.2n 1 x n < n + 1 y 2n Tm GTNN Ta c: (x 1)(y 1) 0 xy x + y 1 = 2n D u = x y ra khi: x, y Z+ x + y = 2n + 1 1 x n < n + 1 y 2n (x 1)(y 1) = 0 x+y 2 ) = n2 2

x=1 y = 2n

V y GTNN c a P = xy l 2n khi x = 1, y = 2n. V vai tr bnh ng c a x, y trong bi u th c P nn ta cng c GTNN c a

3 P = xy t c khi x = 2n, y = 1. Tm GTLN Ta c: (x n)(y n 1) 0 xy (n+1)x+nyn(n+1) = n(x+y)+xn(n+1) n(2n+1)+nn(n+1) = n(n+1) D u = x y ra khi: x, y Z+ x + y = 2n + 1 1 x n < n + 1 y 2n (x n)(y n 1) = 0

x=n y =n+1

V y GTLN c a P = xy l n(n + 1) khi x = n, y = n + 1. V vai tr bnh ng c a x, y trong bi u th c P nn ta cng c GTLN c a P = xy t c khi x = n + 1, y = n. Bi ton 3. Cho x, y, z, n Z+ sao cho x + y + z = 3n. Tm GTNN, GTLN c a bi u th c P = xyz L i gi i. Khng m t tnh t ng qut, ta c th gi s 1 x y z 3n 2 3 3x x + y + z = 3n 3z 3(3n 2) 1 x n z 3n 2 Tm GTNN Ta c: (x 1)(y 1) 0 xy x + y 1 = 3n 1 z xyz (3n 1)z z 2 L i c: (z 1)(3n 2 z) 0 (3n 1)z z 2 3n 2 (2) (1) 1 x y n z 3n 2 1 x n y z 3n 2

4 T (1) v (2) suy ra: P = xyz 3n 2 D u = x y ra khi: x, y, z Z+ x + y + z = 3n 1 x y n z 3n 2 1 x n y z 3n 2 (x 1)(y 1) = 0 (z 1)(3n 2 z) = 0

x = 1 y=1 z = 3n 2

V y GTNN c a P = xyz l 3n 2 khi x = 1, y = 1, z = 3n 2. V vai tr bnh ng c a x, y, z trong bi u th c P nn ta cng c GTNN c a P = xyz t c khi c 2 trong 3 s x, y, z b ng 1 v s cn l i b ng 3n 2. Tm GTLN Ta c: (x n)(z n) 0 xz n(x + z) n2 = n(3n y) n2 = n(2n y) xyz n(2ny y 2 ) = n[n2 (y n)2 ] n3 D u = x y ra khi: x, y, z Z+ x + y + z = 3n 1 x y n z 3n 2 1 x n y z 3n 2 (x n)(z n) = 0 (y n)2 = 0

x=y=z=n

V y GTLN c a P = xyz l n3 khi x = y = z = n. Ch . Trong tr ng h p ny tm GTLN c a P = xyz ta cng c th s d ng BT gi a trung bnh c ng v trung bnh nhn (cn g i l BT Cauchy) cho k t qu nhanh hn l: xyz ( x+y+z 3 ) = n3 3

D u = x y ra khi x = y = z = n.

5 Bi ton 4. Cho x, y, z, n Z+ sao cho x + y + z = 3n + 1. Tm GTNN, GTLN c a bi u th c P = xyz L i gi i. Khng m t tnh t ng qut, ta c th gi s 1 x y z 3n 1 3 3x x + y + z = 3n + 1 3z 3(3n 1) 1 x n < n + 1 z 3n 1 Tm GTNN Ta c: (x 1)(y 1) 0 xy x + y 1 = 3n z xyz 3nz z 2 L i c: (z 1)(3n 1 z) 0 3nz z 2 3n 1 (2) T (1) v (2) suy ra: P = xyz 3n 1 D u = x y ra khi: x, y, z Z+ x + y + z = 3n + 1 1 x y n < n + 1 z 3n 1 1 x n < n + 1 y z 3n 1 (x 1)(y 1) = 0 (z 1)(3n 1 z) = 0 (1) 1 x y n < n + 1 z 3n 1 1 x n < n + 1 y z 3n 1

x = 1 y=1 z = 3n 1

V y GTNN c a P = xyz l 3n 1 khi x = 1, y = 1, z = 3n 1. V vai tr bnh ng c a x, y, z trong bi u th c P nn ta cng c GTNN c a P = xyz t c khi c 2 trong 3 s x, y, z b ng 1 v s cn l i b ng 3n 1. Tm GTLN Ta c: (x n)(z n 1) 0

6 xz (n+1)x+nzn(n+1) = n(x+z)+xn(n+1) n(3n+1y)+nn(n+1) = n(2n+1y) xyz n[(2n + 1)y y 2 ] (3) L i c: yn (y n)(y n 1) 0 (2n + 1)y y 2 n(n + 1) (4) y n+1 T (3) v (4) suy ra: P = xyz n2 (n + 1) D u = x y ra khi: x, y, z Z+ x + y + z = 3n + 1 1 x y n < n + 1 z 3n 1 1 x n < n + 1 y z 3n 1 (x n)(z n 1) = 0 (y n)(y n 1) = 0

x=y=n z =n+1

V y GTLN c a P = xyz l n2 (n + 1) khi x = y = n, z = n + 1. V vai tr bnh ng c a x, y, z trong bi u th c P nn ta cng c GTLN c a P = xyz t c khi c 2 trong 3 s x, y, z b ng n v s cn l i b ng n + 1. Bi ton 5. Cho x, y, z, n Z+ sao cho x + y + z = 3n + 2. Tm GTNN, GTLN c a bi u th c P = xyz L i gi i. Khng m t tnh t ng qut, ta c th gi s 1 x y z 3n 3 3x x + y + z = 3n + 2 3z 3.3n 1 x n < n + 1 z 3n Tm GTNN Ta c: (x 1)(y 1) 0 xy x + y 1 = 3n + 1 z 1 x y n < n + 1 z 3n 1 x n < n + 1 y z 3n

7 xyz (3n + 1)z z 2 L i c: (z 1)(3n z) 0 (3n + 1)z z 2 3n (2) T (1) v (2) suy ra: P = xyz 3n D u = x y ra khi: x, y, z Z+ x + y + z = 3n + 2 1 x y n < n + 1 z 3n 1 x n < n + 1 y z 3n (x 1)(y 1) = 0 (z 1)(3n z) = 0 (1)

x = 1 y=1 z = 3n

V y GTNN c a P = xyz l 3n khi x = 1, y = 1, z = 3n. V vai tr bnh ng c a x, y, z trong bi u th c P nn ta cng c GTNN c a P = xyz t c khi c 2 trong 3 s x, y, z b ng 1 v s cn l i b ng 3n. Tm GTLN Ta c: (x n)(z n 1) 0 xz (n+1)x+nzn(n+1) = n(x+z)+xn(n+1) n(3n+2y)+nn(n+1) = n(2n+2y) xyz n[(2n + 2)y y 2 ] = n[(n + 1)2 (y n 1)2 ] n(n + 1)2 D u = x y ra khi: x, y, z Z+ x + y + z = 3n + 2 1 x y n < n + 1 z 3n 1 x n < n + 1 y z 3n (x n)(z n 1) = 0 (y n 1)2 = 0

x=n y =z =n+1

V y GTLN c a P = xyz l n(n + 1)2 khi x = n, y = z = n + 1. V vai tr bnh ng c a x, y, z trong bi u th c P nn ta cng c GTLN c a P = xyz t c khi c 2 trong 3 s x, y, z b ng n + 1 v s cn l i b ng n.

8 Trn y l m t vi t ng v vi c gi i quy t bi ton tm GTNN, GTLN trn t p s nguyn dng m trong qu trnh b i d ng HSG c a THCS cng nh n luy n thi vo l p Chuyn, l p Ch n THPT ti c rt ra. Hy v ng r ng v i m t cht t t ng ny s gip ch c ph n no cc b n yu ton THCS. Cu i cng ti xin xu t m t s bi ton cc b n c th luy n t p v v n d ng thnh th o cc t ng trn. Bi ton 1. Cho x, y l cc s nguyn dng th a mn x + y = 2013. Tm GTNN, GTLN c a bi u th c P = x(x2 + y) + y(x + y 2 ) Bi ton 2. Cho x, y l cc s nguyn dng th a mn x + y = 2012. Tm GTNN, GTLN c a bi u th c P = x4 + y 4 + xy Bi ton 3. Cho x, y l cc s nguyn dng th a mn x2 + y 2 = 1250. Tm GTNN, GTLN c a bi u th c P = x2012 + y 2012 Bi ton 4. Cho x, y l cc s nguyn dng th a mn x + y = 2013. Tm GTNN, GTLN c a bi u th c P = xn + y n Bi ton 5. Cho x, y, z l cc s nguyn dng th a mn x + y + z = 2012. Tm GTNN, GTLN c a bi u th c P = x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3[x2 (y + z) + y 2 (z + x) + z 2 (x + y)]