Chng I: H thng v tn hiu I Gii thiu: 1.1 Tn hiu lin tc v tn hiu ri rc 1.1.1 Nhng v d v s trnh by ton hc.

Nhng tn hiu l s biu hin ca vt l. tn hiu c m t trong nhiu cch, trong mi trng hp th thng tin ca tn hiu lun c nhng s bin i no . Chng hn, xem xt mch n gin trong hnh 1.1. Trong trng hp ny, s bin i thi gian qua ngun in p Vs v in p t Vc. th Vc l nhng v d ca nhng tn hiu..

Hinh1.1 mt mch RC n gin vi ngun in p VS v t in VC

Tng t, trong hnh 1.2, nhng s bin i theo thi gian ca lc f v vn tc xe t. kt qu vn tc ca xe c s bin i, l nhng tn hiu.. Nh v d khc, xem xt c ch pht m con ngi, ting ni to ra nhng dao ng trong m hc gy sc p. Hnh 1.3 l mt s minh ha ca vic ghi m tn hiu ting ni bng cch s dng mt ng ni xc nh nhng s bin i trong m hc th sc p c chuyn i vo trong mt tn hiu in.

Hnh 1.3 thu m ca ging ni Nh c th c nhn thy trong hnh, nhng m thanh khc tng ng ti mu khc trong s bin i lc m thanh, con ngi to ra ting ni bng vic pht ra nhng chui c bit ca nhng mu ny.. V du khc, bc tranh n sc, trong hnh 1.4, l mu ca nhng s bin i quan trng trong chi ngang qua nh.

HINH 1.4: mt bc tranh n sc (mt mu) Nhng tn hiu c trng cho ton hc v nhng bin c lp. Chng hn, mt tn hiu ting ni c th c i din cho ton hc bi sc p m thanh nh mt hm thi gian, v mt bc tranh c th c i din cho bi chi nh mt hm hai bin khng gian.

Hnh 1.5 miu t mt ct gi thng ng trung bnh hng nm nh mt hm chiu cao. Nhng s bin i chnh xc ca tc gi vi chiu cao c s dng trong vic kho st nhng mu thi tit, cng nh cn gi qui nh m c th nh hng n mt my bay trong thi gian p xung mt t.

hai kiu tn hiu c bn: tn hiu lin tc v tn hiu ri rc Trong trng hp tn hiu thi gian- lin tc bin c lp lin tc, tn hiu ny c nh ngha cho nhng gi tr lin tc Tn hiu ri rc l nhng tn hiu ch c nh ngha ti nhng thi gian ri rc, bin c lp l Mt tp hp ri rc nhng gi tr. Mt tn hiu ting ni nh mt hm thi gian v p lc khng kh nh mt hm cao l nhng v d ca nhng tn hiu lin tc.. Ch s tch ly hng d tr trong tun ca Dow- Jones nh c minh ha trong hnh 1.6, l mt v d ca mt tn hiu ri rc

Hnh 1.6 Mt v d ca tn hiu ri rc. Ch s tch ly hng d tr trong tun ca Dow-Jones t 5/1/1929 ti 4/1/1930

 phn bit gia nhng tn hiu lin tc v tn hiu ri rc, chng ti s s dng k hiu T biu th bin c lp thi gian- lin tc v N biu th bin c lp thi gian- ri rc.

Ngoi ra, nhng tn hiu thi gian- lin tc chng ti s bao bin c lp Trong du ngoc (.), cn nhng tn hiu thi gian- ri rc chng ti s s dng nhng du mc [.] bao bin c lp. Nhng s minh ha ca mt tn hiu thi gian lin tc x(t) V Tn hiu thi gian- ri rc X[n] c th hin trong hnh 1.7. quan trng ch rng thi gian- ri rc x[n] ch c nh ngha cho nhng gi tr s nguyn ca bin.

Hnh 1.7 biu biu din tn hiu lin tc (a), v tn hiu ri rc (b)

Mt tn hiu thi gian- ri rc X[n] i din cho bin c lp vn l ri rc. tn hiu nh i tng d liu l nhng v d ny. Mt khc, mt lp quan trng ca nhng tn hiu thi gian- ri rc xut hin t ly mu ca nhng tn hiu thi gian lin tc. Trong trng hp ny, tn hiu thi gian ri rc X[n] i din cho nhng mu lin tc ca mt hin tng bn di (cho) bin c lp lin tc. V ca tc ca chng, cng sut tnh ton, tnh linh hot, nhng b x l s hin i c dng thc hin nhiu h thng thc tin, hn ch t nhng iu khin t ng s n nhng h thng m thanh s. Nhng h thng nh vy yu cu s dng chui thi gian- ri rc th hin c s ly mu nhng kiu tn hiu thi gian- lin tc. th d ting ni v m nhc cho h thng m thanh.

hay, nhng bc tranh trong nhng t bo hay trong sch ny, cho ta vn tht s gm c mt li ta im, v ton b nhng im ny i din cho mt mu (ca) chi (ca) im tng ng trong nh nguyn bn. khng c vn g cho ngun d liu, tuy nhin, tn hiu x[n] ch c nh ngha (cho) nhng gi tr s nguyn ca n. n khng to nhiu hng hn tham chiu ti 7/ 2 mu ca mt tn hiu ting ni s so vi n tham chiu ti trung bnh 5/2 ca khi . hu ht sch ny chng ta s trnh by nhng tn hiu v nhng tn hiu thi gian- lin tc, thi gian- ri rc s m t ring r v song song, v th m chng ta c th hiu, v ng dng chng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhm mang li li ch cho con ngi. Trong chng 7 chng ti s tr li cu hi ca vic ly mu, v Trong hon cnh l chng ta s mang nhng khi nim thi gian- lin tc v thi gian- ri rc kho st mi quan h gia mt tn hiu thi gian- lin tc v mt tn hiu thi gian- ri rc thu c t n bng vic ly mu.

1.1.2 Nng lng tn hiu v cng sut qua nhng v d trn, nhng tn hiu c th i din cho s a dng ca hin tng trong mt h thng vt l. Nu V (t) l in p v dng in i (t) chy qua mt in tr R,th Cng sut tc thi :
p (t ) = v (t )i (t ) = 1 2 v (t ) R

(1.1)

Nng lng ton phn trong khong thi gian t1 t t2 l

t2

p(t )dt = R v (t )dt

2 t1 t1

t2

(1.2)

V cng sut trung bnh qua thi gian ny l.

1 2 1 21 2 p (t )dt = v (t )dt t2 t1 t2 t1 t R t1 1
t t

(1.3)

Tng t, xe t c miu t trong hnh 1.2, cng sut tc thi p(t ) = bv 2 (t ) , V chng ta c th nh ngha nng lng ton phn v cng sut trung bnh qua mt khong thi gian nh cng thc (1.2) v (1.3). tn hiu thi gian- lin tc x (t) hay bt k tn hiu thi gian- ri rc x[n] u c th p dng c. nng lng ton phn qua khong thi gian t1 t t2 gian- lin tc x (t) l: trong mt tn hiu thi

t2

x(t )
t1

dt

(1.4)

t2- t1 l khong thi gian. Nng lng ton phn ca tn hiu thi gian- ri rc x[n] qua khong thi gian n1 n n2 l:

n = n1

x [ n]

n2

(1.5)

Vic chia s lng im trong khong (on), n2 n1 + 1 xem nh cng sut trung bnh qua khong(on). Quan trng cng sut v nng lng c s dng y khng ph thuc vo s lng cng thc (1.4) v (1.5) tht s lin quan n nng lng vt l. (*) Tuy vy, chng ta s tm thy tin li s dng nhng thut ng ny trong mt kiu cch chung..Hn na, trong nhiu h thng chng ti s c quan tm ngun v nng lng qua nhng tn hiu trong mt khong thi gian v hn, th d, Cho khong. < t < + hoc khong < n < + Trong nhng trng hp ny, chng ti nh ngha nng lng ton phn nh cng thc (1.4) v (1.5) nh khong thi gian tng n v cng. iu , Trong thi gian lin tc,.
T

E @lim

x(t ) dt = x(t ) dt ,
2 2

(1.6)

V trong thi gian ri rc.

E @lim
N

n = N

+N

x (t ) =

n=

x (t )

(1.7)

(*) d mt mi quan h nh vy tn ti, cng thc (1.4) v (1.5) c th c nhng kch thc sai v khng chnh xc. Chng hn, So snh cng thc (1.2) v (1.4), chng ti nhn thy Nu X (t) i din cho in p ngang qua mt in tr, ri cng thc (1.4) phi c chia ct bi s chng li tnh nng lng vt l.. Ghi nh iu (cho) mt s tn hiu Tch phn trong cng thc (1.6) Hay trong cng thc (1. 7) c l khng hi t th d Nu X (T) Hay X[n] cn bng vi mt gi tr bt bin khc khng trong mi thi gian. Nhng tn hiu nh vy c nng lng v hn, trong khi bo Vi E < C nng lng hu hn.. tng t, chng ti c th nh ngha cng sut c tnh trung bnh bi thi gian qua mt khong(on) v hn nh sau:

P @lim

1 T 2T

x(t ) dt

(1.8)

v
P @lim
+N 2 1 N x [ n ] N 2 N + 1 n =

(1.9)

Trong thi gian lin tc v thi gian ri rc, tng ng. Vi nhng nh ngha ny, chng ti c th xc nh ba lp quan trng (ca) nhng tn hiu.. u tin l lp (ca) nhng tn hiu vi nng lng ton phn hu hn, ngha l tn hiu c E < Mt tn hiu nh vy phi c cng sut trung bnh bng khng, t trong trng hp thi gian lin tc theo cng thc (1.8) th ta c:
P = lim
T

E =0 2T

(1.10)

Mt v d (ca) Mt tn hiu nng lng- hu hn l Mt tn hiu m gi tr =1 khi t nm trong khong 0 t 1 v l 0 khi t ngoi khong . Trong trng hp ny E = 1 v P = 0

Mt lp (th) hai (ca) nhng tn hiu l cng sut trung bnh hu hn P . T iu trn,ta thy Nu P > 0, E = .iu ny tt nhin c ngha, t nu c mt nng lng trung bnh khc khng trn n v thi gian (th d, cng sut khc khng), sau khi tch phn hay tng mt khong thi gian nguyn mu li tc s lng nguyn ca nng lng. Chng hn, hng s bo hiu X[n] = 4 c nng lng v hn, nhng cng sut trung bnh P = 16 l nhng tn hiu khng ci P no m E cng khng hu hn. Mt v d n gin l tn hiu X (T)= T. chng ti s gp nhng v d khc (ca) nhng tn hiu trong tt c chng nhng lp trong phn d ca iu ny vo nhng chng sau y..

1.2 Nhng s bin i ca bin c lp. Mt khi nim tng qut trong tn hiu v s phn tch h thng l s bin i ca mt tn hiu.. Chng hn, trong mt h iu khin my bay, nhng tn hiu tng xng vi nhng hot ng (ca) phi cng c thay i bi nhng h thng in v c kh vo s thay i lc y ca my bay hay nhng v tr ca my bay kim

sot nhng b mt nh bnh li hay nhng cnh ph my bay, m ln lt c thay i bng ng lc hc v chuyn ng ca n vo trong nhng s thay i vn tc my bay v hng. ng thi, trong mt h thng m thanh cht lng cao, mt tn hiu vo i din cho m thanh nh c ghi m trn mt bng a hay a CD c sa i tng cng cht lng mong i th loi b ting n hay cn bng vi thnh phn ca tn hiu ( th d nh m cao hay m trm). Trong mc ny, chng ti tp trung vo nhng s bin i tn hiu c bn bao gm s ci bin n gin (ca) bin c lp, th d, trc thi gian. nhng php bin i s cp ny cho php chng ta gii thiu vi thuc tnh c bn ca nhng tn hiu v nhng h thng.. Trong nhng chng tip, chng ti s tm thy chng cng hot ng mt vai tr quan trng Trong vic nh ngha(xc nh) v c trng ca nhng h thng..

1.2.1 Nhng v d (ca) nhng s bin i (ca) bin c lp. Mt v d n gin v rt quan trng ca vic thay i bin c lp (ca) Mt tn hiu l Mt chuyn dch thi gian.. Mt thi gian chuyn dch trong thi gian ri rc c minh ha trong hnh 1.8, trong chng ti c hai tn hiu X[n] v = x[n-n0] m (th) ng nht trong hnh dng, nu khng c i ch hay chuyn tng i nhau.. Chng ti s cng gp nhng chuyn dch thi gian trong thi gian lin tc, nh c minh ha trong hnh 1.9, Print No X (T t0) qu Mt Chm tr. nu t0 dng tnh) hay tr trc (nu t0 tiu cc) phin bn ca x (t).. Nhng tn hiu m (th) c lin quan trong kiu cch ny xut hin trong nhng ng dng nh raa, s nh v di nc, v s x l tn hiu a chn trong vi thit b thu ti nhng s nh v (v tr) khc quan st mt tn hiu l truyn xuyn qua mt mi trng ( nc, tng , khng kh vn vn &).. Trong trng hp ny, s khc nhau Trong thi gian truyn sng t im (ca) ngun gc Ca Truyn tn hiu ti bt k hai kt qu nhng thit b thu no Trong mt chuyn dch thi gian gia nhng tn hiu ti hai thit b thu.. Mt s bin i c bn (th) hai (ca) thi gian trc l iu ca thi gian reversal. (Cho) v d, nh c minh ha trong hnh 1.10, tn hiu X[- n ] c ang tn ti t tn hiu x[n] bi mt phn x quanh N = 0 (Th d, bng vic o ngc tn hiu).. Tng t, nh c miu t trong hnh 1.11, tn hiu X (- T) c ang tn ti t tn hiu X (T) bi mt phn x v t= 0..

Th th, nu x (t) i din cho mt s ghi bng m thanh, ri x (- t) l cng s ghi bng c chi backward. s bin i khc l iu ca s ly cao rng thi gian. Trong hnh 1.12 chng ti c minh ha ba bo hiu, x(t), X (2t), V X (t / 2), m c lin quan bi quy m tuyn tnh(thng) thay i Trong ngi c lp variable. Nu chng ti ln na ngh ca v d Ca X (T) nh mt s ghi bng, ri x (2t) l s ghi c chi ti hai ln tc , v x[t/2] l s ghi c chi ti na tc . N thng ca s quan tm xc nh hiu ng ca vic thay i bin c lp (ca) mt tn hiu cho X (T) thu c mt tn hiu (ca) mu (dng) x( t + ) . u v c a cho nhng s. mt s bin i nh vy (ca) bin c lp gi gn hnh dng ca x (t),. tr tn hiu kt qu c th tuyn tnh tri ra nu < 1 . tuyn tnh nn nu. > 1 o ngc ng lc nu. <0 v chuyn ng lc nu l ch s khng. y c minh ha trong s ng cng sau y (ca) nhng v d...

Mc 1.2 Bin i ca bin c lp

Hnh 1.9 Tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian do s thay v i thi gian.Tronghnh ny , do l gii thch cho x (t) (I, e .., mi x (t) xy ra ti mt thi gian trc x (t-to).

Hnh 1.10 (a) Mt tn hiu thi gian ri rc x [n], (b) phn nh x [n] khong n = 0

Hnh 1.11 (a) Mt tn hiu lin tc thi gian x (t); (b) phn nh x (t) t = 0.

Hnh 1.2 Tn hiu thi gian lin tc lin quan bi t l thi gian.

V d 1.1 Vi tn hiu x (t) th hin trong hnh 1.13 (a), cc tn hiu x (r +1) tng ng trc mt (chuyn sang bn tri) do mt n v dc theo trc t nh minh ha tronghnh 1.13 (b). C th, chng ta lu rng gi tr ca x (t) ti t = xy ra x (t +1) = -1 .

Hnh 1.13 (a) Cc tn hiu lin tc thi gian x (t) c s dng trong 1.1-1.3 v d minh ha nhng bin i ca bin c lp; (b) thi gian chuyn tn hiu x (t +1),(c).

Tn hiu x (t +1) thu c bng cch o s thay i thi gian v mt thi im, (d) quy m tn hiu x( )v x tn hiu x( +1) thu c theo thi gian chuyn dch. V d: Gi tr ca x (t) ti t = 1 ti x (t +1) t = 1-1 = 0. Suy ra t x (t) l bng khng khi t <0, chng ta c x (t +1) bng khng khi t <-1. Tng t nh vy, k t x(t) l bng khng i vi t> 2, x (t +1) l bng khng khi t> 1. Chng ta hy cng xem xt cc tn hiu x (t +1), c th thu c bng cch thay th t-1 trong x (t +1). l, x (t-1) l thi gian o ngc phin ca x (t + 1). Do , x (t+1) c th thu c hnh do cch phn nh x (t +1) khong trc t nh trong hnh 1.13 (c).

V d 1.2 Cho tn hiu x (t), th hin trong hnh 1.13 (a), cc tn hiu x (3/2t) tng ng vi mt tuyn tnh ca x (t) bi mt yu t ca 2/3 nh minh ha trong hnh 1.13 (d). C th, chng ti lu rng gi tr ca x (t) ti t = xy ra trong x( )t = to. V d: Gi tr ca x (t) ti t = 1 c tm thy ti x ( ) t = (1) =

. Cng c, k t x (t) bng khng khi t <0, chng ta c x( ) bng khng khi t<0. Tng t nh vy, k t x (t) bng khng khi t> 2, x (
)bng khng khi t> .

V d 1.3 Gi s chng ta mun xc nh nh hng ca bin i bin c lp ca mt tn hiu nht nh, x (t), c c mt tn hiu ca cc hnh thc x(

c a ra con s. Mt cch tip cn c h thng lm iu nyl s chm tr u tin hoc nng cao x (t) theo quy nh vi gi tr ca , v sau thc hin t l thi gian v thi gian o tn hiu ph hp vi gi tr ca . Cc tn hiu chm tr hoc nng cao c tuyn tnh ko di nu | | <1, nn tuyn tnh l | |>1, v ngc li trong thi gian nu <0.
), v

minh ha cch tip cn ny, chng ta hy ch cho x(

c th c xc nh cho tn hiu x (t) c hin th trong hnh 1,13 (a). tn hiu = 1, chng ta tin 1 (chuyn sang bn tri) x (t) 1 nh trong hnh 1.13 (b). k t | | = 3/2, chng ta tuyn tnh c th nn cc tn hiu dch chuyn ca con s 1.13 (b) bi mt nhn t ca 2/3 c c nhng tn hiu th hin con s 1.13 (e). Ngoi ra s dng i din cho cc hin tng vt l nh thay i thi gian trong mt tn hiu sng siu m v ln chy qu tc hay s o ngc v bng ghi m, chuyn i ca bin c lp l rt hu ch trong h thng tn hiu v phn tch.Trong phn 1,6 phn tch cc thuc tnh ca h thng. Nhng bin i cng rt quan trng trong vic xc nh v kim tra mt s thuc tnh quan trng ca tn hiu.

1.2.2 Theo chu k tn hiu Mt lp quan trng v tn hiu m chng ta s thng xuyn gp phi trong sutcun sch ny l tng lp hc ca cc tn hiu nh k. Mt chu k tn hiu lin tc thi gian ca tn hiu x (t) c gi tr tch cc v T.
(1.11)

i vi tt c cc gi tr v t, ni cch khc, mt tn hiu tun hon c tnh cht khng thay i i chu k T. trong trng hp ny, chng ta ni rng x (t) c khong thi gian chu k l T.

Hnh 1.14 Mt tn hiu lin tc thi gian nh k. Mt v d ca mt tn hiu lin tc thi gian nh k c a ra trong hnh 1.14. T hnh hoc t cng thc (1.11), chng ta c th d dng suy ra rng nu x (t) c chu k T, sau x (t) = x (t + mT) cho tt c cc t v m s nguyn bt k . Do , x (t) l tn hiu khong thi chu k 2T, 3T, 4T, ... giai on c bn ca x (t) l gi tr dng nh nht v T m cng thc (1.11) .. nh ngha ny v cc giai on c bn, ngoi tr nu x (t) l mt hng s. Trongtrng hp ny l giai on c bn l khng xc nh, sin x (t) l nh k cho bt k s la chn ca T (v vy l khng c gi tr dng nh nht). Mt tn hiu x(t) l khng nh k s c gii thiu nh l mt tn hiu khng tun hon. Tn hiu theo chu k c xc nh. Tng t trong thi gian ri rc. C th, mt tn hiu thi gian ri rc x [n] l nh k vi N giai on, trong N l mt s nguyn dng, nu n khng thay i bi mt s thay i thi gian v N, tc l nu x [n] = x [n + N ] (1.12) i vi tt c cc gi tr n trong cng thc (1.12) nh hng ti x[n], sau x [n] cng l 2N thi gian nh k , 3N, vv... Cc giai on c bn, l gi tr dng nh nht v N m cng thc (1.12) nm gi Mt v d ca mt tn hiu ri rc thi gian nh k vi khong thi gian c bn = 3 c th hin trong hnh 1.15.

Hnh 1.15 Mt tn hiu ri rc thi gian nh k vi khong thi gian c bn =3. V d 1.4 Hy minh ha cc loi v gii quyt vn c th c yu cutrong vic xc nh c hay khng mt tn hiu c a ra l tun hon. Cc tn hiu c chu k chng ta mun kim tra c cho bi (1.13)

T lng gic, chng ta bit rng cos(t+2 )=cos(t) v sin(t+2 )=sin(t). do , xem xt t> 0 v t <0 mt cch ring bit, chng ta thy rng x (t) khng lp li trong mi khong thi gian 2 chiu di. Tuy nhin, nh minh ha trong .Hnh 1.16, x (t) cng c mt gin on ti thi im ngun gc khng lp li bt c lc no khc. K t khi mi im c trng trong hnh dng ca mt tn hiu tun hon c ti din nh k, n kt lun rng cc tn hiu x (t) l khng nh k.

Hnh 1.16 Cc tn hiu x (t) xem xt trong v d 1.4

1.2.3. Tn hi u ch n v l Mt tnh cht hu ch khc ca tn hiu lin quan ti tnh cht i xng chn l qua trc thi gian.Mt tn hiu lin tc l chn nu x(-t)=x(t) cn tn hiu gin on l chn nu x[-n]=x[n] Mt tn hiu c coi nh l tn hiu l nu: X(-t)=-X(t) X[-n]=-X[n] Mt tn hiu l cn phi bng 0 ti thi im t=0 hoc n=0.Hnh 1.17 v 1.18 cho thy x(0)=-x(0) v x[0]=-x[0].

Hnh 1.17 a)Tn hiu chn lin tc theo thi gian t b)Tn hiu l lin tc theo thi gian t

Hnh 1.18 V d v tnh chn l ca hiu ri rc Mt thc t quan trng l bt k tn hiu no cng c th b sai khc khi ta cng hai tn hiu vi nhau ci no l chn ci no l l. bit c hy xt cng thc sau:

Cch n gin kim tra xem phn chn c thc s chn,phn l c thc s l hay khng v x(t) l chnh l tng ca c hai tn hiu chn(Ev),l(Od). 1.3 Tn hi u d ng hm m v d ng sin: 1.3.1 Tn hi u lin t c Cng thc: C l bin v a trong trng hp tng qut l s phc. Xung hm m phc c nhng c im khc nhau ty thuc vo gi tr ca bin s. Xung hm m th c Nh trnh by hnh 1.19 nu C v a l s thc(trong trng hp x(t) c gi l hm m thc),v c bn c hai trng hp xy ra.Nu a dng th x(t) l mt xung hm m tng.Dng xung ny c s dng trong nhiu ng dng vt l khc nhau nh tc ng trong mt v n nguyn t v nhng tc ng ha hc phc tp khc.Nu a m th x(t) l mt xung hm m suy gim,n cng c s dng miu t nhng hin tng a dng nh s phn r cc cht phng x v p ng

tn s trong mch RC,s suy gim trong cc h thng my mc c kh.V d nh trong phn bi tp 2.61,2.62 v p ng tn s ca mch trong hnh 1.1,chic oto trong hnh 1.2 u l cc xung hm m suy gim.Ch : a=0 v x(t) l mt hng s.

a) a>0

b) a<0 Hnh 1.19 Xung hm m Chu k c a tn hi u hnh sin v hm m ph c Mt im quan trng ca xung hm m phc:a l s thun o

Tn hiu ny c mt tnh cht quan trng l c tnh tun hon.T cng thc (1.11) tn hiu x(t) s tun hon vi chu k T nu :

BIn i:

c tnh tun hon ta phi c:

Nu Nu Vi:

th khi x(t)=1 vi T bt k th chu k c bn ca tn hiu x(t) l gi tr nh nht ca tn hiu T

Tt nhin tn hiu

c cng tn s c bn.

Mt tn hiu c lin quan ti chu k ca xung hm m l tn hiu dng hnh Sin

Ging vi tn hiu xung hm m->tn hiu hnh Sin tun hon vi chu k

.C hai u c s dng

miu t nhng c im ca nhiu quy trnh vt l-c bit l trong cc h thng vt l c nng lng c bo ton.V d nh bi tp 2.61:p ng tn s ca mch LC c dng hnh Sin,tn hiu m pht ra t mt nhc c n gin cng c dng hnh Sin.

S dng h thc Euler tn hiu hm m phc cng thc 1.21 c th c vit di dng hnh Sin vi iu kin l c cng tn s c bn:

Tng t tn hiu hnh Sin cng thc 1.25 c th c vit li vi iu kin vi cng tn s c bn:

Ch :c hai hm m trn u c cng bin phc Ta c th biu din cng thc 1.27 di dng khc:

Ta thy rng tn s c bn trng hp ng.

nghich o vi

.Nu ta gim ln

th s tng chu k

.Xt

->x(t) l mt hng s v do tun hon vi T>0 bt k.V vy tn s c bn

ca mt tn hiu x(t)=const l khng xc nh bi v mt tn hiu khng i th khng c tn s dao

Nhng tn hiu tun hon nh tn hiu hnh Sin 1.25 v xung hm m 1.21 l nhng v d quan trng ca tn hiu vi nng lng v hn v cng sut trung bnh hu hn. Gi s ta tnh tng nng lng v cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu qua mt chu k:

Hnh 1.21 Mi quan h gia tn s c bn v chu k ca tn hiu hnh Sin

Bi v c v s s hng trong khong thi gian mi ln lp lai chu k.Do :

nn tng nng lng l v hn.Tuy nhin

mi chu k ca tn hiu phi hon ton ging nhau,bi vi cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu =1 qua

iu kin cn xung hm m

tun hon vi chu k

l:

Cho nn

l mt bi s ca

tha mn biu thc 1.34 th

phi l mt bi s nguyn ca

k=0 th c bn:

= const cn cc gi tr khc ca k,

tun hon vi tn s c bn

v chu k

V c khong thi gian t t - n + , tng s nng lng trn tt c cc thi gian l v hn . Tuy nhin , tng thi k ca tn hiu trng ging ht nhau . Cng sut trung bnh ca cc tn hiu bng 1 trong tng

thi k , trung bnh trong nhiu thi gian lun lun mang li mt cng sut trung bnh l 1 . l , cc tn hiu phc tp theo cp s nhn tun hon c cng sut trung bnh hu hn bng :

(1.32) Mc 1,3 cung cp cc v d tnh ton nng lng v cng sut cho cc tn hiu tun hon v khng tun hon . Hm s m tun hon phc tp s ng mt vai tr trung tm ca chng ta trong vic x l tn hiu v h thng , mt phn v n phc v cc khi xy dng cc k hu ch cho nhiu tn hiu khc . chng ta thng s tm thy n hu ch xem xt s hi ho lin quan hm s m phc tp , hm s m tun hon , tt c u c tun hon vi mt khong thi gian ph bin T0 . C th , mt iu kin cn thit cho mt hm s m phc tp c nh k vi khong thi gian T0 .

(1.33) t T0 l mt bi s ca 2 , tc l .

(1.34) Chng ta nh ngha:

(1.35) Chng ta thy rng , p ng cng thc ( 1.34 ) , phi l mt bi s ca 0 . c ngha l, mt b c lin quan hi ho n ng s m phc tp l mt tp hp cc ng s m tun hon vi tn s c bn l tt c cc bi s ca tn s tch cc duy nht

(1.36) K = 0, k(t ) l mt hng s , trong khi i vi bt k gi tr khc ca k , k(t ) tun hon vi tn s c bn | k | 0 thi gian c bn

(1.37)

K harmonic (hi ha) k ( t) l vn tun hon vi khong thi gian T0, v n i qua chnh xc | k | trong bt k khong thi gian di T0 . S dng thut ng " harmonic (hi ha) " ca chng ti l ph hp vi vic s dng ca n trong m nhc, ni ca n cp n m kt qu t nhng thay i p sut m tn s l nhp s bi s ca tn s c bn . v d , cc m hnh ca rung ng ca mt chui trn mt nhc c nh violon c th c m t nh l mt chng cht ---- i.e , tng trng ---- ng s m nh k c lin quan hi ho . trong chng 3 , chng ta s thy rng chng ta c th xy dng mt lp hc rt phong ph ca cc tn hiu nh k bng cch s dng cc tn hiu lin quan n hi ho ca cng thc. (1,36 ) l cc khi xy dng . V d 1,5: N i khi l mong mun th hin tng ca hai ng s m phc tp nh cc sn phm phc tp duy nht theo cp s nhn v mt hnh sin . Gi s chng ta mun v th cng ca tn hiu

(1.38) lm iu ny , trc tin chng ta khai trin ra mt hm m phc tp t pha bn phi ca cng thc ( 1,38 ) , ni m cc tn s ca khai trin ny theo cp s nhn c thc hin nh l mc trung bnh ca cc tn s tng ca hai ng s m . lm iu ny , chng ti c c

(1.39) Theo nh l Euler ta c th vit li

(1.40)
y , chng ti s dng thc t rng tm quan trng ca cc hm s m phc tp lun lun l s thng nht . do , | x ( t) | l nhng g thng c gi l mt hnh sin sa cha ton sng . nh th hin trong hnh 1,22 .

Hnh 1,22 y - sng hnh sin sa cha ca v d 1.5 .

T ng tn hi u ph c t p theo c p s nhn Trng hp chung nht ca mt hm s m phc tp c th c th hin v gii thch v hai trng. c th , xem xt mt hm m phc tp Ce at theo cp s nhn C c th hin di hnh thc, c ngha l:

Sau

S dng mi quan nh thc Euler , chng ta c th m rng ny tip tc nh

Nh vy , cho r = 0 , cc phn thc v o ca mt hm s m phc tp l hnh sin. i vi r > 0 tng ng vi tn hiu hnh sin nhn theo cp s nhn ngy cng tng , v cho r < 0 tng ng vi tn hiu hnh sin nhn mt cp s nhn phn r . 2 trng hp ny c th hin trong hnh 1.23

Cc ng t nt trong hnh tng ng vi cc chc nng |C|ert t eq ( 1,42 ) , chng ta thy rng | C | ert l ln ca hm m phc tp . V vy , cc ng cong tiu tan hnh ng nh l mt ng bao cho cc ng cong dao ng trong con s ny cc bin ca cc dao ng ch t c nhng ng cong , v theo cch ny ng bao cung cp cho chng ti mt cch thun tin hnh dung xu hng chung trong bin ca dao ng .

Hnh 1,23 ( ) Tr ng sin tn hi u x ( t) = cos Cert ( 0t + ) r > 0 ( b ) m c nt sinusoid x (t ) = Certcos ( 0t + ), r < 0 Cc tn hiu hnh sin nhn ng s m ang phn hy thng c gi l xoang damped V d v cc xoang Chuyn ngnh k thut pht sinh trong phn ng ca mch RLC v trong h thng c kh . cc loi h thng c c ch tiu tan nng lng ( in tr, lc lng damping nh 1 ma st ) vi dao ng trong thi gian ny b phn r . V d minh ha h thng nh vy v suy gim ln hnh sin phn ng t nhin ca h c th c tm thy trong cc vn 2,61 v 2,62 .

1.3.2 Tn hi u r i r c th i gian ph c t p theo c p s nhn v cc tn hi u hnh sin Nh trong thi gian lin tc , mt tn hiu quan trng trong thi gian ri rc l tn hiu theo cp s nhn.

Hoc

Mc d hnh thc ca trnh t thi gian ri rc theo hm m c a ra trong cng thc ( 1.45) l tng t nh thi gian lin tc theo cp s nhn , n thng l thun tin hn th hin ri rc . Trnh t thi gian v phc tp theo cp s nhn trong cc hnh thc ca cng thc (1.44)

Th c t theo c p s nhn tn hi u

Nu C v l c tht , chng ta c th c mt trong mt s loi hnh vi , nh minh ha trong hnh ure 1,24 . Nu | a | > 1 cng ca tn hiu pht trin theo cp s nhn vi n , trong khi nu | alpha | <1 chng ti c mt mc nt Furthermire theo cp s nhn , nu l tch cc , tt c cc gi tr ca C l ca cng mt du hiu , nhng nu l tiu cc sau cc du hiu ca x [ n ] khuyt . lu cng = 1 sau x [ n] l mt hng s, trong khi nu = -1 , x [ n] khuyt v gi tr gia +C v C . ng s m ri rc thi gian c gi tr thc s thng c s dng m t s tng trng dn s nh l mt chc nng ca th h v tr li tng s v t ng s l t ngoai nh l m t chc nng ca ngy , thng ho c qu . p Tn hi u Sin Mt iu quan trng khc,cp s nhn thu c bng cch s dng cc mu c a ra trong cng thc (1.45). C th:

Nh trong trng hp thi gian lin tc , tn hiu ny lin quan cht ch vi cc tn hiu hnh sin

Nu chng ta ly n tham bin khng th nguyn c hai 0 v c n v radian . Ba v d v trnh t hnh sin c th hin trong hnh 1.25 . nh thc Euler c lin h vi hm s m v th hm sin :

Cc tn hiu trong cng thc (1.46 ) v (1.47 ) l nhng v d ca cc tn hiu thi gian ri rc, vi tng s nng lng v hn nhng cng sut trung bnh hu hn . V d, khi , tt c cc mu ca tn hiu trong cng thc (1.46 ) ti nng lng ca tn hiu . Tng nng lng - < n < l v hn, trong khi cng sut trung bnh cho mi im thi gian r rng l bng 1 . V d khc v nng lng v kt qu tnh ton cho tn hiu thi gian ri rc c a ra trong v d 1.3 .

Hnh 1.24 Thc theo cp s nhn tn hiu x [ n] =

C n ;

(a ) > 1 (b ) 0 < < 1 (c ) -1 < <0 ; < -1 .

Hnh: Qu trnh ri rc ha tn hiu sin.

Thi gian ri rc theo cp s nhn c th c vit v gii thch v tn hiu hnh sin theo cp s nhn. C th, khi chng ta vit C v mc1.3 l tn hiu hm m v dng sin.

Sau .

Do , cho || = 1, phn thc v phn o ca mt chui hm m phc l hnh sin. ||<1 tng ng vi chui hnh sin nhn mt thi gian theo cp s nhn || > 1 tng ng vi chui hnh sin nhn theo cp s nhn ngy cng tng. V d v cc tn hiu ny c m t trong hnh 1.26

Hnh: 1.26(a) Ri rc sng sin tng dn: (b) Ri rc sng sin suy gim.