Gii bi k trc

Bi 1. a) Gii phng trnh x

4
=3x
2
+10x+4
b) x
3
=6x
2
+1
Gii
a) Vit li phng trnh cho di dng:



+ + = + + + +
+ = + + + +
4 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 3 10 4 2
( ) (3 2 ) 10 4
x x x x x
x x x

2

Chn v phi l mt hng ng thc, tc l



= + + =
+ + =
2
3 2
' 25 (3 2 )(4 ) 0
2 3 8 13 0
Thy =1 tho mn ( Ch ch cn chn mt nghim )
Vy ta c:

+ = + +
+ = +

+ = +

+ = +

2 2 2
2 2
2
2
( 1) 5 10 5
( 1) [ 5( 1)]
1 5( 1)
1 5( 1)
x x x
x x
x x
x x
2

y l hai phng trnh bc hai , t gii c nghim

+ +
=

5 1 4 5
2
5 1 4 5
2
x
x

b) x
3
=6x
2
+1 x
3
-6x
2
-1=0 (xem dng 6- phng trnh bc 3)
t

= = = +
6
2
3 3
a
x y y y
Khi phng trnh cho tng ng vi phng trnh sau:

+ + =
=
=
3 2
3
3
( 2) 6( 2) 1
15 0
15
y y
y
y
0

T nghim ca phng trnh l = +
3
2 1 x 5
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh a(ax
2
+bx+c)
2
+b(ax
2
+bx+c)+c=x
t + + =
2
ax bx c y
Ta c h phng trnh sau:

+ + =

+ + =

2
2
ax bx c y
ay by c x

y l h phng trnh i xng loi I bit cch gii.
Ch : Tng qut hn khi gp phng trnh dng:f(f(x)=x, trong f(x) l mt
hm s no th t f(x)=y, ta s c h i xng loi I:

=

( )
( )
f x y
f y x

Bi 3. (H Ngoi thng-2000).
Gii phng trnh (x
2
+3x-4)
2
+3(x
2
+3x-4)=x+4
Vit li phng trnh di dng:
(x
2
+3x-4)
2
+3(x
2
+3x-4)-4=x
y l dng c th ca bi 2. t x
2
+3x-4=y, ta c h:

+ =

+ =

2
2
3 4
3 4
x x y
y y x

T hai phng trnh cho nhau, gii ra ta c = = = 0; 4; 1 5 x x x

Bi 4.Gii h phng trnh
a)
3
3
2 2
2 2
x y
y x
=

b)
3
3
3 3
3 3
x y
y x
=

c)
0
3
4
1
8
x y z
xy yz zx
xyz

+ + =

+ + =

Gii
a)
3
3
2 2 (1
2 2 (2
x y
y x
=

)
)
0
y l phng trnh i xng loi II. Tr hai phng trnh cho nhau ta c

3 3
2 2
2( )
( )( 2)
x y y x
x y x xy y
x y
=
+ + + =
=
Thay x=y vo (1) ta c:
3 3
2( 1) 2 2 x x x x = =
y p=2, q=-2.
t
2
2 . 2. .
3 3
p
x t = = t , khi ta c phng trnh tng ng:

3
3
3
3
2 2
(2 . ) 2.2 . 2
3 3
2 2 2
8. . 4. 2
3 3 3
2 2
8. 6 3
3 3
3 3
4 3
2 2
t t
t t
t t
t t
=

=
=
=

t
3 3
1
2 2
m = > m nn phng trnh c nghim duy nht
3 3 2 2
3 3 2 2
3 3 2 2
3 3
3 3
1
( 1 1)
2
2 2 1
2. 2. . ( 1 1)
3 3 2
2
.( 1 1)
3
2 3 3 27 3 3 27
1 1
3 8 8 2 2 2 2
2 3 3 19 3 3 19
3 2 2 2 2
t m m m m
x t m m m m
x m m m m
= + +
= = + +
= + +
| |

| = + +
|
\ .
| |
+
| = +
|
\ .


Vy nghim ca h phng trnh cho l:

3 3
3 3
2 3 3 19 3 3 19
3 2 2 2 2
2 3 3 19 3 3 19
3 2 2 2 2
x
y

| |
+
| = +
|

| |

+
| = +

\ .
.


b) Gii tng t nh a).

c)
0
3
4
1
8
x y z
xy yz zx
xyz

+ + =

+ + =

p dng cng thc Viet cho phng trnh bc ba, khi x,y,z l nghim ca phng
trnh bc ba sau y:

3
3
3 1
0
4 8
1
4 3
2
t t
t t
=
=

V
1
cos
2 3

= nn nghim ca phng trnh l (xem phng php gii)

2
3
cos ; cos
9 3

t t

= =
Tm li phng trnh c ba nghim l:

1 2 3
7 5
cos ; cos ; cos
9 9
t t t
9

= = =
T nghim ca h phng trnh l:
7 5
(cos ;cos ;cos )
9 9 9

cng cc hon v ca b
ba s ny.

Bi 5. Gii cc phng trnh
a)
3
1
4x -3x=
2

b)
3
1
4 3
4
x x + =
c)x
4
=4x+1
Gii
a),b) Xem cch gii trong phn phng trnh bc ba.
c)Vit li phng trnh cho di dng:

4 2 2 2
2 2 4 1 x x x x
2
+ + = + + +
Chn v phi l hng ng thc tc l :

2
' 4 2 (1 ) 0 = + =
Nhn thy =1 tho mn.
Vit li phng trnh di dng:

4 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2 1 2 4
( 1) [ 2( 1)
1 2( 1)
1 2( 1)
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
+ + = + +
+ = +

+ = +

+ = +

2
]
y l cc phng trnh bc hai nn c th gii d dng.

Bi 7
Du ca tam thc bc hai
A. Tm tt l thuyt
Ch ban u: Trc khi xt mt tam thc khi h s a cha tham s, cn xt
ring trng hp a=0. Ch khi a 0 cc iu sau y mi c thc hin.
1.nh l thun v du ca tam thc bc hai
Cho tam thc f(x)=ax
2
+bx+c; trong a 0.
+) Nu <0 th a.f(x)>0 ; x R, tc l f(x) lun cng du vi h s a.
+)Nu =0 th a.f(x) 0 x R, f(x) =0
2
b
x
a
= , tc l f(x) lun cng du vi
h s a vi mi
2
b
x
a

+) Nu >0 th f(x) =0 c hai nghim phn bit x
1
,x
2
( gi s x
1
<x
2
) v
*) af(x)<0 x (x
1
;x
2
)
*) a.f(x)>0 x (-;x
1
) (x
2
;+ ). Tc l trong khong hai nghim th f(x) tri du
vi h s a, ngoi khong hai nghim th f(x) cng du vi h s a.
2. nh l o v du ca tam thc bc hai
2.1 nh l
Cho tam thc bc hai f(x) =ax
2
+bx+c. Nu c mt s sao cho a.f( ) <0 th
f(x) c hai nghim x
1
,x
2
v x
1
< <x
2
, tc l nm gia hai nghim ca f(x).
2.2. So snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi mt s cho trc.
Cho phng trnh bc hai f(x) =ax
2
+bx+c=0 ( a 0) c hai nghim x
1
,x
2
v mt
s . Khi
+)
1 2
. ( ) 0 x x a f < < <
+)

>

>
`
< <
)

>

1 2
1 2
0
phng trnh c hai nghim x ,
. ( ) 0
0
2
x
a f
v x x
S

+)

>

>
`
< <
)

<

1 2
1 2
0
phng trnh c hai nghim x ,
. ( ) 0
0
2
x
a f
v x x
S

+)

>
+

>

1 2 1 2
0
( ; ) ( ; ) [ ; ]
. ( ) 0
x x x x
a f

2.3 So snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi hai s cho trc.
Cho phng trnh f(x) =ax
2
+bx+c=0 ( a 0) c hai nghim x
1
,x
2
v hai s ,
(gi s < ). Khi
+)

< < <

<

1 2
a.f( )<0
( tc l c hai s u nm trong khong hai nghim)
. ( ) 0
x x
a f
(Ch rng khi phng trnh lun c hai nghim, khng cn iu kin 0)
+) < Phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit v ch c mt nghim thuc ( ; ) ( ). ( ) 0 f f
+)

< < >

>

<

1 2
0
a.f( )>0
(tc l c hai nghim u nm trong khong hai s) a.f( ) 0
0
2
0
2
x x
S
S

B. Phng php gii v v d minh ho
Dng 1: Xt du mt biu thc v p dng gii bt phng trnh hu t.
a) Xt du mt biu thc E.
+) Vit E di dng tch ca cc nhn t l tam thc bc hai v nh thc bc nht.
+)Lp bng xt du.
b)Gii bt phng trnh hu t.
+) Chuyn tt c cc hng t sang mt v
+)Rt gn biu thc c c
+) Xt du biu thc
+)Da vo bng xt du chn min nghim

V d 1. Xt du biu thc sau:

2 2
1 7
( 2 ) (2
2 2
E x x x =
2
)
Gii
p dng hng ng thc, vit li E di dng:

2 2
2 2
1 7 1
[ 2 (2 )].[ 2 (2 )]
2 2 2
( 4)( 4 3)
E x x x x x x
x x x
= +
= +
7
2
+) x
2
-4=0 c hai nghim l -2,+2.
+)x
2
-4x+3=0 c hai nghim l: 1;3
p dng quy tc xt du i vi tam thc bc hai ta c bng sau:






V d 2. Gii bt phng trnh:
x - -2 1 2 3 +
x
2
- 4 + 0 - - 0 + +
x
2
4x +3 + + 0 - - 0 +
E + 0 - 0 + 0 - 0 +


5 2 1
2
2 1 5
x x
x x
+
+ >
+

Gii


2
5 2 1
2
2 1 5
5 2 1
2 0
2 1 5
12 36
0
(2 1)( 5)
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
+
+ >
+
+
+
+
+
>
+
>
T ta c bng xt du sau:

x - -5 1/2 6 +
x
2
12x + 36 + + + 0 +
(2x-1)(x+5) + 0 - 0 + +
f(x) + - + 0 +







Da vo bng xt du ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh l:
x<-5
1
6
2
x < < x>6
Ch : Nu ton l:

5 2 1
2
2 1 5
x x
x x
+
+
+

th nghim ca bi ton l: x<-5
1
2
x >
Dng 2. Gii v bin lun bt phng trnh bc hai.
f(x)=ax
2
+bx+c>0 ( hay <; ; )
*) Xt ring trng hp h s a=0.
*) Khi a 0
+) Lp bng xt du ca a v bit thc trn cng mt bng..
+)p dng nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai xc nh nghim ca bt phng
trnh

V d 3. Gii v bin lun bt phng trnh

2
( 1) 4( 1) 1 0 (1 m x m x m + + + )
Gii
Ta xt cc trng hp:
a) a=m-1=0 m=1: Ta c: (1) -8x+2 0
1
4
x
b) m 1; Khi (1) l mt bt phng trnh bc hai:
+) a=m-1=0 m=1
+) '=(3m+5)(m+1)=0
5
3
m = m=-1
Ta c bng xt du sau:

m - -5/3 -1 1 +
a - - - 0 +
+ 0 - 0 + +







T bng xt du ta c:
+) <
5
hoc -1<m<1:
3
m
Khi ta c a<0 v '>0, phng trnh tng ng c hai nghim l:

+
=

+ +

1
2
2( 1) '
1
2( 1) '
1
m
x
m
m
x
m

Trong trng hp ny x
1
>x
2
, t p dng quy tc xt du (1) x x
2
hoc x x
1
+)
5
1
3
m .
Trong trng hp ny a<0 v ' 0, tam thc mang du ca h s a nn (1) x R
+) m>1: Trong trng hp ny a>0, '> v x
1
<x
2

Khi (1) x
1
x x
2


Tm li:
+)m=1:
1
4
x
+) <
2 1
5
hoc -1<m<1: x x ;
3
m x x

+)
5
1:
3
m x R
x


+) >
1 2
1: m x x
Trong :
+ + +
=

+ + + +
=

1
2
2( 1) (3 5)( 1)
1
2( 1) (3 5)( 1)
1
m m m
x
m
m m m
x
m


Dng 3. Tm iu kin tam thc khng i du trn R.
Cho tam thc bc hai f(x)=ax
2
+bx+c; a 0.
Ta c:

>
>

<

>

<
<

<

<

0
*) ( ) 0
0
0
*) ( ) 0
0
0
*) ( ) 0
0
0
*) ( ) 0
0
a
f x x R
a
f x x R
a
f x x R
a
f x x R
*)Ch : Nu h s a c cha tham s th phi xt ring trng hp a=0.
V d 4. Tm m sao cho:
a) = + + + >
2
( ) 2 2( 1) 2 1 0 f x x m x m R
b) = +
2
( ) ( 1) ( 1) 1 2 0 f x m x m x m x R
Gii
a) Ta c:

= > > = <
< < =
2
2 0 ( ) 0 ' 2 1 0
1 2 1 2
a f x x R m m
m


b)*) m=1: khi f(x) c dng f(x)=-1 <0 x R. Do m=1 tho mn
*) m 1: ta c:

= <


=

<

<

1 0
( ) 0
( 1)(9 5) 0
1
5
1
5
9
9
a m
f x x R
m m
m
m
m


Kt lun
5
1
9
m
V d 5. Tm m bt phng trnh sau v nghim
= + + <
2
( ) (2 1) 1 0 (1) f x mx m x m
Gii
*) Nu a=m=0, khi (1) x+1<0: c nghim m=0 loi.
*) Nu m 0

(1) v nghim f(x) 0 x R

a=m>0
1
8 =1-8m 0
m

V d 6. Tm m :

2
2
4
2
4
x x
x R
x mx
+ +

+

Gii
V tam thc x
2
+x+4 c =-15<0 nn x
2
+4x+4>0 x R


2
2
4
2
4
x x
x R
x mx
+ +

+
tho mn cho mi x R trc ht hm phi xc nh ti mi
x R, suy ra x
2
-mx+4=0 phi v nghim, tc l =m
2
-16<0.
Vi =m
2
-16< 0 th tam thc x
2
-mx+4>0 x R
Do
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
4 4
2 2
4 4
4 2( 4);
(2 1) 4 0;
(2 1) 16 0
x x x x
x R x
x mx x mx
x x x mx x R
x m x x R
m
+ + + +

+ +
+ + +
+ +
= +
R

Vy iu kin ca bi ton l:

2
2
16 0
5 3
2 2
(2 1) 16 0
m
m
m
<

Dng 4.So snh mt s vi cc nghim ca mt tam thc bc hai
Cho tam thc bc hai f(x)=ax
2
+bx+c v mt s . cn so snh vi cc
nghim x
1
; x
2
ca n.
p dng nh l o v du ca tam thc bc hai, ta thc hin cc bc sau:
*)Xt ring trng hp a=0
*)Khi a 0:Tnh a.f( )
+)Nu a.f( )<0 th phng trnh f(x) =0 lun c hai nghim x
1
;x
2
( lun c >0), khi
nm gia hai nghim: x
1
< <x
2.
+)Nu a.f( )=0 th l mt nghim ca f(x).
+)Nu a.f( )>0, ta tnh
-Nu <0 th phng trnh f(x)=0 v nghim, vic so snh nghim vi l v ngha.
-Nu =0 th phng trnh f(x)=0 c nghim kp
1 2
2
b
x x
a
= = , khi ta so snh trc
tip nghim ny vi .
-Nu >0 th phng trnh f(x)=0 c hai nghim x
1
,x
2
v nm ngoi on [x
1
;x
2
].
bit r nm v bn no ca nghim ta so snh vi na tng ca hai nghim
tc l so snh vi
2 2
S b
a
=
Nu
1 2
0:
2
S
x x > <
Nu
1 2
0:
2
S
x x < <
*C th hn xem phn A, mc 2.2
V d 7. Tm m cc phng trnh sau y c hai nghim x
1
;x
2
tho mn iu kin
c nu:
a)mx
2
+(m-1)x+3-4m=0 vi x
1
<2<x
2

b)(m+1)x
2
-(m-3)x+m+1=0 vi -1<x
1
x
2
Gii
a)t f(x)= mx
2
+(m-1)x+3-4m
Trng hp 1: a=m=0: Loi v khi f(x) l nh thc bc nht nn khng th c hai
nghim
Trng hp 2: m 0, f(x) l tam thc bc hai

= < <
+ < < <
1 2
( ) 0 c hai n < ghim :x 2 . (2) 0
1
(2 1) 0 0
2
f x x a f
m m m

b) t = + + +
2
( ) ( 1) ( 3) 1 f x m x m x m
Trng hp 1: a=m+1=0 m=-1 loi.
Trng hp 2: m -1

= +

= + >

>

+ >

>
+

< > <

< >

1 2
2
2
( )=0 c hai nghim tho mn:-1<x
3 14 5 0
. ( 1) ( 1)(3 1) 0
1
2
3 14 5 0
( 1)(3 1) 0
3 1
0
2( 1)
1
5
3
1
1; 5 1
3
1
1;
3

f x x
m m
a f m m
S
m m
m m
m
m
m
m m m
m m

V d 8. Bin lun theo m v tr ca s 1 i vi cc nghim ca phng trnh:
= + + =
2
( ) ( 1) 4 0 (1) f x m x mx m
Gii
Trng hp 1 a=m+1=0 m=-1, thay m=-1 vo f(x) ta c (1) =
1
4
x
Trng hp 2: m -1.

=
=

= +
=

=
+
= =
2
' 3
0
' 0
1
3
. (1) ( 1)(1 2 )
1
. (1) 0
1
2
1
1
2 1
1 0 1
2
m m
m
m
a f m m
m
a f
m
S m
m
S
m


T ta c bng bin lun sau:
(Hnh 4)

Dng 5 . So snh cc nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi hai s cho trc.
Cch gii: Xem phn A, mc 2.3.
V d 9. Tm m cc phng trnh sau tho mn cc iu kin c nu:
a) f(x)=(m+1)x
2
+mx+3=0 vi x
1
<-2<1<x
2

b)f(x)=x
2
-2mx+m=0, vi x
1
;x
2
(-1;3)
Gii
a) Trng hp 1: a=m+1=0 m=-1 loi v khi f(x) ch c mt nghim
Trng hp 2: m -1.
iu kin ca bi ton l:

= + + <

= + + <

< <

<

< <

. ( 2) ( 1)(2 7) 0
. (1) ( 1)(2 5) 0
7
1
5
2
1
2 5
1
2
a f m m
a f m m
m
m
m
<

b) iu kin ca bi ton l:

< <

= + >

= >
<


+ = + >
>

<

= <

<

<

1 2
2
1 3
0 hoc m 1
' 0 1
m>-
3
( 1) 3 1 0
9
(3) 9 5 0
5
1 1 0
1
2
3
3 3 0
2
1
0
3
9
1
5
x x
m
m m
f m
f m
m
S
m
m
m
S
m
m
m

C. Bi tp t gii
1) Tm m phng trnh sau c hai nghim x
1
;x
2
tho mn:
= = < <
2
1 2
m
( ) 2 3 0 vi 1
2
f x x x m x x
2) Bin lun theo m v tr ca s 2 i vi nghim ca phng trnh:
( 2 + + =
2
) 2( 1) 2 6 m x m x m 0
0
0
3) Tm m bt phng trnh sau v nghim:
( 1 + <
2
) 2 ( 3) m x mx m
4)Cho = + +
2
( ) ( 1) 2( 1) 3 3 f x m x m x m
Tm m bt phng trnh f(x) 0 c nghim
5. Cho bt phng trnh:
+ + +
2
6 7 x x m
a) Tm m bt phng trnh v nghim
b)Tm m bt phng trnh c ng mt nghim
c)Tm m bt phng trnh c min nghim l mt on trn trc s c di bng
1.