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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

BI GING

L THUYT H THNG THNG TIN


Bin son: Dng Trn c

H Ni - 2009
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MC LC
Chng 1 : H thng thng tin trong cc t chc ...................................................................... 1 1.1 Cc khi nim v thng tin................................................................................................... 1 1.2 H thng thng tin da trn my tnh .................................................................................. 4 1.3 Cc h thng thng tin nghip v......................................................................................... 5 1.4 H thng thng tin v cc t chc...................................................................................... 10 Chng 2: Phn cng v phn mm ca cc h thng thng tin ............................................ 15 2.1 Phn cng........................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 Cc thnh phn phn cng ca h thng my tnh..................................................... 16 2.1.2 Thc hin lnh ............................................................................................................. 16 2.1.3 Thit b x l................................................................................................................ 17 2.1.4 Thit b nh ................................................................................................................. 18 2.1.5 Thit b lu tr ph ..................................................................................................... 20 2.1.6 Thit b nhp................................................................................................................ 24 2.1.7 Thit b xut................................................................................................................. 26 2.1.8 Cc loi my tnh ........................................................................................................ 27 2.2 Phn mm........................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.1 Phn mm h thng ..................................................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Phn mm ng dng.................................................................................................... 31 Chng 3: T chc d liu v thng tin .................................................................................. 34 3.1 Phn cp d liu ................................................................................................................. 34 3.2 Qun l d liu theo phng php truyn thng v phng php CSDL.......................... 35 3.3 M hnh ha d liu ........................................................................................................... 38 3.4 Cc m hnh CSDL ............................................................................................................ 39 3.5 H qun tr CSDL............................................................................................................... 43 3.6 ng dng khc ca CSDL ................................................................................................. 49 Chng 4: Mng my tnh, mng vin thng, Internet, Intranet.............................................. 52 4.1 Cc thnh phn ca h thng vin thng............................................................................ 52 4.2 Mng v x l phn tn...................................................................................................... 55 4.3 Cc giao thc v phn mm truyn thng.......................................................................... 57 4.4 S lc v chc nng v hot ng ca Internet ............................................................... 58 4.5 Cc dch v truyn thng v Internet ................................................................................. 61 4.6 Intranets v Extranets ......................................................................................................... 65 4.7 Vn an ninh mng my tnh........................................................................................... 66 Chng 5: H thng thng mi in t v h thng x l giao dch..................................... 67 5.1 Thng mi in t ............................................................................................................ 67 5.2 H thng x l giao dch .................................................................................................... 75
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5.3 H thng hoch nh ti nguyn doanh nghip .................................................................. 81 Chng 6: Cc h tr gip quyt nh v qun l thng tin .................................................... 83 6.1 Ra quyt nh v gii quyt vn .................................................................................... 83 6.2 H thng thng tin qun l................................................................................................. 85 6.3 H h tr quyt nh........................................................................................................... 92 Chng 7: Mt s h thng thng tin chuyn bit ................................................................... 99 7.1 Tr tu nhn to .................................................................................................................. 99 7.2 H chuyn gia................................................................................................................... 102 7.3 H thc ti o ................................................................................................................... 107 Chng 8: Pht trin h thng................................................................................................ 110 8.1 Tng quan v pht trin h thng..................................................................................... 110 8.2 Vng i pht trin h thng............................................................................................ 113 8.3 Kho st h thng............................................................................................................. 120 8.4 Phn tch h thng ............................................................................................................ 122 8.5 Thit k h thng.............................................................................................................. 126 8.6 Thc thi h thng ............................................................................................................. 129 8.7 Bo tr v nh gi li ...................................................................................................... 132 Chng 9: nh hng ca h thng thng tin n x hi v c nhn .................................. 134 9.1 Vn lng ph v li my tnh ....................................................................................... 134 9.2 Ti phm my tnh ........................................................................................................... 135 9.3 Mi trng lm vic v vn sc khe ......................................................................... 138

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CHNG 1

H THNG THNG TIN TRONG CC T CHC

Mt cch tng quan, h thng thng tin (Information System - IS) l mt h thng lm vic, trong con ngi (v my mc) thc hin cc cng vic s dng cc ti nguyn (bao gm c cc ti nguyn cng ngh) to ra cc sn phNm hoc cc dch v cho ngi s dng. H thng thng tin l mt h thng lm vic m cc hot ng c dnh ch yu cho vic x l thng tin (thu thp, truyn ti, lu tr, x l, hin th thng tin). Chng 1 gii thiu tng quan v h thng thng tin trong cc t chc, vi cc ni dung sau : Gi tr ca thng tin c lin h trc tip vi vic n tr gip cho ngi ra quyt nh t c mc tiu ca t chc nh th no. Phn bit gia d liu (data) v thng tin (information) v m t cc c im c s dng nh gi cht lng ca thng tin. Nm c cc nh hng tim tng ca h thng thng tin v c kh nng p dng cc kin thc ny vo cng vic c th mang li nhng thnh cng trong cng vic ca mi c nhn, t chc c th t c mc ch, v x hi c cht lng cuc sng tt hn. Ch ra cc dng h thng thng tin nghip v chnh, ai s dng chng, chng c s dng nh th no, v nhng li ch m cc h thng ny mang li l g. Ngi s dng h thng, ngi qun l nghip v, cc chuyn gia v h thng phi cng lm vic vi nhau xy dng thnh cng mt h thng thng tin. Ch ra cc bc pht trin h thng v mc tiu ca mi bc. Vic s dng h thng thng tin lm gia tng gi tr ca t chc v c th to ra cho t chc mt li th cnh tranh. Ch ra cc qu trnh gia tng gi tr trong chui cung cp v m t vai tr ca h thng thng tin trong . nh ngha thut ng li th cnh tranh v m t vic cc t chc s dng cc h thng thng tin t li th ny nh th no.

1.1 Cc khi nim v thng tin nh ngha h thng thng tin : L mt tp hp cc thnh phn thc hin vic thu thp, x l, phn phi d liu v thng tin, cung cp cc phn hi t c mc tiu. V d : My rt tin t ng ATM, h thng t v my bay, h thng ng k kha hc .v.v.

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Phn bit d liu v thng tin : D liu l cc s kin mc th, cha qua x l. Thng tin l tp cc s kin c x l v t chc theo cch lm cho chng c gi tr hn so vi chnh bn thn cc s kin ban u. Qu trnh bin i d liu thnh thng tin gi l qu trnh x l (process), l mt tp cc thao tc c lin quan n nhau c thc hin t c kt qu nh. Qu trnh xc nh cc mi quan h gia d liu to ra thng tin c ch cn c tri thc (knowledge). Tri thc l s hiu bit v tp cc thng tin v cch m cc thng tin c lm cho tr nn c ch h tr cc cng vic c th hoc t c mt quyt nh no .

Hnh 1.1 Bin i d liu thnh thng tin c im ca thng tin c gi tr : Mt thng tin c coi l c gi tr khi n c cc c im sau : Chnh xc : Thng tin chnh xc l thng tin khng c li. Trong nhiu trng hp, thng tin khng chnh xc c to ra bi d liu u vo ca qu trnh x l l khng chnh xc. Hon thin : Thng tin hon thin l thng tin phi cha tt c cc s kin quan trng. Chng hn mt bo co u t khng cha cc chi ph quan trng l bo co cha hon thin. Tnh kinh t : Chi ph to ra thng tin phi mc va phi. Ngi ra quyt nh lun lun phi cn bng gia gi tr ca thng tin v chi ph c c n. Linh hot : Thng tin linh hot l thng tin c th s dng c cho nhiu mc ch. Chng hn thng tin v hng ha tn kho c th c dng bi b phn bn hng quyt nh cc chng trnh marketing, cng c th c s dng bi b phn sn xut ln k hoch sn xut, ng thi c th c s dng bi b phn ti chnh xc nh gi tr tn kho .v.v Tin cy : Thng tin mang tnh tin cy l thng tin c th tin tng c. Trong nhiu trng hp, tin cy ca thng tin ph thuc vo tin cy ca phng php thu thp thng tin hoc ph thuc vo ngun cung cp thng tin.

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Tnh lin quan : Thng tin c ch ch khi n lin quan n s vic cn x l. Tnh n gin : Thng tin cng cn n gin, khng c qu phc tp. Cc thng tin qu chi tit v cu k nhiu khi khng phi c ch. Trn thc t, qu nhiu thng tin c th gy qu ti, ngi ra quyt nh c qu nhiu thng tin s kh c kh nng xc nh thng tin no thc s quan trng. Tnh kp thi : Thng tin kp thi l thng tin c cung cp khi cn thit. Nhng thng tin chm tr c th tr thnh v tc dng. C th xc minh c : Thng tin cn c th kim tra c m bo s ng n. C th truy cp c : Thng tin cn m bo c th truy cp c bi ngi dng c php, theo nh dng chuNn v ng thi gian cn thit. An ton : Thng tin cn c trong tnh trng an ton, trnh khi nhng xm phm tri php.

Trong nhiu trng hp, ph thuc vo loi thng tin cn thit, mt vi c im c th c tm quan trng hn cc c im khc. Chng hn, vi cc thng tin phn tch th trng, mt s d liu cha chnh xc hoc cha hon thin hon ton c th chp nhn c, nhng tnh kp thi ca cc thng tin ny l quan trng hn. Cc thnh phn ca h thng thng tin : Mt cch tng qut, h thng thng tin bao gm 4 thnh phn : u vo (Input), X l (Processing), u ra (Output), Phn hi (Feedback).

Hnh 1.2 Cc thnh phn ca h thng thng tin u vo : Nhng d liu, thng tin cn thit cho qu trnh x l. X l : Cc thao tc bin i cn thit trn d liu u vo u ra : Cc kt qu ca qu trnh x l Phn hi : Cc hnh ng pht sinh trong qu trnh x l, nh li h thng, thng bo .v.v.

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1.2 H thng thng tin da trn my tnh H thng thng tin da trn my tnh (CBIS - Computer Based Information System) l mt tp hp cc thnh phn phn cng, phn mm, c s d liu (CSDL), phng tin truyn thng, con ngi, quy trnh c thit lp thu thp, x l, lu tr v bin i d liu thnh thng tin. H thng x l n t hng, h thng qun l kho, h thng tnh lng nhn vin .v.v l cc v d v CBIS.

Hnh 1.3 Cc thnh phn ca CBIS Hnh 1.3 m t cc thnh phn ca 1 CBIS. Phn cng : Phn cng ca CBIS bao gm cc thit b, my tnh dng thc hin cc cng vic nhp liu, x l, v xut d liu u ra. Phn mm : Bao gm cc chng trnh my tnh, iu khin hot ng ca my tnh. C 2 loi phn mm chnh l phn mm h thng (chng hn cc h iu hnh nh Windows 7) dng iu khin cc hot ng c bn ca my tnh, v phn mm ng dng (v d Microsoft Office) cho php ngi dng thc hin cc cng vic c th. C s d liu : L mt tp hp c t chc cc s kin v thng tin, thng bao gm mt hoc nhiu file d liu c lin quan.

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Con ngi : Nhn t con ngi c th c coi l nhn t quan trng nht trong hu ht cc h thng thng tin, bao gm ngi qun l, ngi s dng h thng, ngi duy tr hot ng h thng v.v. Quy trnh : Bao gm cc chin lc, chnh sch, phng php, quy nh trong vic s dng CBIS. Mng vin thng, mng my tnh, Internet : Khi nim vin thng ch s truyn ti cc tn hiu dng in t phc v cho qu trnh truyn thng. Mng my tnh ch vic kt ni cc my tnh v cc thit b khc trong mt phm vi no , cho php thc hin truyn thng in t. Internet l mt mng my tnh c phm vi ton cu, bao gm hng ngn mng kt ni vi nhau, v c th trao i thng tin mt cch t do.

1.3 Cc h thng thng tin nghip v Cc loi h thng thng tin hin c s dng ph bin nht trong cc t chc bao gm cc h thng thng mi in t, h thng x l giao dch, h thng thng tin qun l, h h tr quyt nh. Ngoi ra, cn c mt s loi h thng c bit v c s dng chuyn bit hn nh h thc ti o, h tr tu nhn to .v.v. H thng mi in t (Electronic Commerce - E-Commerce) l cc h thng cho php thc hin cc giao dch thng mi nh mua bn cc sn phNm v dch v qua h thng mng nh Internet.

Hnh 1.4 TMT lm n gin ha qu trnh giao dch


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Thng mi in t thng bao gm cc hnh thc sau : Business-to-business (B2B) : Giao dch gia cc t chc/doanh nghip Business-to-consumer (B2C): Giao dch gia doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng Consumer-to-consumer (C2C): Giao dch gia ngi tiu dng vi nhau

H thng x l giao dch (Transaction Processing System - TPS) l h thng dng lu tr v x l cc giao dch nghip v hon thin ca t chc. Cc h thng ny thng lin quan n cc hot ng thng nht ca t chc. Mt tp cc chng trnh tch hp c kh nng qun l cc hot ng nghip v chnh ca t chc trn phm vi ton cc, tng th th gi l mt h thng hoch nh ti nguyn doanh nghip (Enterprise Resource Planning). H thng thng tin qun l (Management Information System - MIS) l h thng thng tin dng phn tch cc h thng thng tin khc c p dng trong cc hot ng nghip v ca t chc. Ni cch khc, MIS l h thng thng tin c nhim v thu thp, x l, lu tr, ph bin d liu di dng thng tin c ch, cn thit thc hin cc chc nng qun l.

Hnh 1.5 Cc h thng thng tin qun l ly d liu t cc h thng x l giao dch ca t chc H h tr quyt nh (Decision Support System - DSS) l h thng dng h tr vic ra quyt nh trong cc vn c th. Mt h thng DSS in hnh l mt h thng c tnh tng tc nhm tr gip ngi ra quyt nh trong vic rt ra c cc thng tin c ch t tp

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cc d liu th, cc ti liu hoc cc tri thc c nhn khc. H DSS ch trng vo vic lm tng hiu qu ca vic ra quyt nh.

Hnh 1.6 Cc thnh phn ca h h tr quyt nh Tr tu nhn to (Artificial Intelligent - AI) l tr tu ca my tnh v mt nhnh ca ngnh khoa hc my tnh nhm to ra n. Cc nghin cu v tr tu nhn to thng mang tnh chuyn mn v c th cao, c phn chia thnh cc lnh vc rt hp. Cc loi h tr tu nhn to in hnh bao gm: Robotics: Khoa hc v ngi my, thit k, ch to, ng dng ngi my, lin quan ti cc lnh vc in, c, phn mm. H vision: Lnh vc khoa hc nghin cu cc loi my c kh nng nhn. Ni cch khc, h vision l cc h thng c kh nng thu c thng tin t cc hnh nh v ng dng trong cc lnh vc nh iu khin, nhn dng vt th, pht hin s vic, t chc thng tin (sp xp hnh nh), tng tc ngi - my .v.v. H x l ngn ng t nhin: L lnh vc lin quan n vic chuyn i gia ngn ng con ngi v my tnh. Qu trnh to ngn ng t nhin l qu trnh chuyn i t d liu my tnh sang ngn ng con ngi. Qu trnh hiu ngn ng t nhin l qu trnh chuyn i cc mu ngn ng con ngi sang cc dng thc biu din hnh thc lm cho my tnh c th x l d hn.
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H hc my (machine learning): Hc my lin quan n vic thit k v pht trin cc thut ton cho php my tnh c th thay i hnh vi da trn d liu c c. Mc ch ca cc nghin cu hc my l cho php t ng pht hin cc mu phc tp v ra cc quyt nh thng minh da trn d liu. Mng n ron (neural networks): Mng n ron t nhin l mt h thng mng cc n ron sinh hc, trong khi mng n ron nhn to bao gm cc n ron hoc cc nt nhn to, l cc on chng trnh phn mm m phng c im ca n ron sinh hc. H chuyn gia (expert system): L cc h thng phn mm c th a ra cc cu tr li cho mt vn hoc lm r thm cc vn cha chc chn khi con ngi cn c t vn. Cc h chuyn gia thng p dng trong mt lnh vc hp c th no .

Hnh 1.7 Cc h tr tu nhn to in hnh H thc ti o (Virtual Reality) l cng ngh cho php ngi dng tng tc vi mt mi trng m phng bng my tnh, c th l mi trng m phng li mi trng thc hoc mt mi trng nhn to hon ton. Hu ht cc mi trng thc ti o hin ti l cc mi trng m phng th gic, tuy nhin mt vi mi trng cho php tng tc qua mt s gic quan khc. Ngi s dng c th tng tc vi mi trng thc ti o qua cc thit b nhp chuNn nh bn phm, chut, hoc qua cc thit b c bit nh Head-mounted-display (HMD), data loves .v.v. HMD l mt thit b bao gm hai mn hnh hin th nh v 1 h thng quang hc. Hai thnh phn ny s chuyn cc hnh nh t mn hnh vo mt, biu th nn cc hnh nh ni, 3 chiu.
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Hnh 1.8 Head Mounted Display Data glove l mt thit b nhp c dng gng tay, trong cc cng ngh cm ng c s dng thu thp d liu vt l chng hn cc chuyn ng t cc khp ngn tay. Thng thng, mt b phn theo di chuyn ng c gn vo data glove thu thp d liu v tr v xoay ca data glove. Cc chuyn ng ny c phin dch bi mt phn mm gn vi data glove, nh vy mi chuyn ng c th ng vi mt vi ngha no . Mt s loi data glove cao cp c kh nng cung cp phn ng xc gic m phng cm gic s. Kh nng ny cho php data glove ng thi ng vai tr l thit b xut.

Hnh 1.9 Data Glove


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1.4 H thng thng tin v cc t chc M hnh chung ca mt t chc: Mi t chc c mt m hnh hot ng ring, tuy nhin v mt tng quan th mt t chc c m hnh nh sau:

Hnh 1.10 M hnh chung ca cc t chc Trong m hnh ny, cc hot ng ca t chc nm 3 khi: Input, Processing, Output. Lung vt liu i t Input->Processing->Output th hin qu trnh nhp, x l, v xut. Cc hot ng ny c thc hin thng qua vic ra cc quyt nh ca ngi lm th hin qua lung quyt nh, v i cng vi n l lung d liu. Lung gi tr i t tri qua phi, theo sn phNm c gi tr tng dn ln. Khi nim chui gi tr (value chain): Chui gi tr l mt khi nim trong qun l kinh doanh c a ra bi GS. Michael Porter trong cun sch best-seller nm 1985 v Li th cnh tranh (Competitive Advantage). Chui gi tr l mt chui cc hot ng. Trong sn xut, sn phNm s c i qua tt c cc hot ng trong chui theo mt th t, v ti mi hot ng, sn phNm s gia tng thm mt gi tr no . Chui cc hot ng s lm cho sn phNm c gi tr gia tng ln sn so vi tng gi tr gia tng ca tng hot ng, qua to ra li nhun. Mt lu quan trng l khng nn nhm ln gia khi nim chui gi tr vi cc chi ph trong cc chui cc hot ng. Chng hn trong hnh ng gt kim cng, hot ng gt c th c chi ph thp, nhng n lm gia tng gi tr ca sn phNm cui cng ln rt nhiu.
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Trong chui gi tr, cc hot ng chnh bao gm: vn chuyn vo, sn xut (x l), vn chuyn ra, marketing v bn hng (sales), chm sc khch hng (customer service). Cc hot ng h tr bao gm: h thng qun tr - hnh chnh, nhn s, nghin cu pht trin .v.v.

Hnh 1.11 Chui gi tr trong doanh nghip sn xut C th thy rng, li nhun ca doanh nghip ph thuc vo tnh hiu qu trong vic thc hin cc hot ng trong chui gi tr. tng tnh hiu qu ca cc hot ng ny th vic p dng cc h thng thng tin, p dng cng ngh l mt trong nhng yu t then cht. Cc h thng thng tin c th c p dng trong hu ht cc hot ng ca chui gi tr, k c trong cc hot ng chnh cng nh cc hot ng h tr. Li th cnh tranh (competitive advantage): Li th cnh tranh c nh ngha l mt li th quan trng v lu di ca doanh nghip trc cc i th cnh tranh. Gi vng li th cnh tranh l yu t then cht duy tr li nhun ca doanh nghip. Cc yu t sau y khin cho doanh nghip phi tm kim c li th cnh tranh: S ganh ua gia cc i th hin ti S e da t mt i th mi S e da t cc sn phNm v dch v thay th Sc mnh thng lng ca khch hng v nh cung cp

Theo Michael Porter, c 2 loi li th cnh tranh:


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Li th v gi (cost advantage): Kh nng cung cp sn phNm cng loi nhng gi r hn Li th v s khc bit (diffirentiation advantage): Kh nng cung cp sn phNn cng gi nhng c c im khc bit (tt hn)

to ra c li th cnh tranh, doanh nghip cn lp cc k hoch chin lc theo cc nh hng: Thay th cu trc v quy trnh nghip v To ra cc sn phNm v dch v mi Ci tin cc dng sn phNm v dch v hin ti S dng cc h thng thng tin cho cc mc ch chin lc

H thng thng tin da trn hiu sut: Hu ht cc doanh nghip u tri qua 3 giai on trong qu trnh s dng h thng thng tin. Trong giai on u tin, cc t chc ch trng vo s dng h thng thng tin lm gim gi thnh v tng nng sut. giai on ny t chc thng khng ch trng vo vic s dng h thng thng tin lm tng doanh thu hoc phc v cho hot ng bn hng. Trong giai on 2, cc h thng thng tin c s dng hng vo vic to ra li th cnh tranh cho t chc. Khi , cc h thng thng tin c th c xy dng vi mt chi ph ln v gi c khng phi l vn cn cn nhc nhiu. Tuy nhin, giai on 3, cc t chc ch n vic qun l da trn hiu sut ca h thng thng tin. Ni cch khc, vic s dng h thng thng tin c cn nhc k lng trn cc li th chin lc v chi ph xy dng v vn hnh h thng, da trn cc tham s nh hiu sut, t sut li nhun trn vn u t, gi tr ca h thng thng tin .v.v. Hiu sut l php o c tnh bng kt qu t c chia cho u vo. Vi cng mt u vo, kt qu u ra tt hn chng t hiu sut cao hn. T sut li nhun l mt php o gi tr ca h thng thng tin. Php o ny kho st t l gi tr li nhun gia tng c to ra trn gi tr u t pht trin h thng thng tin. Ngoi ra, cn mt s tham s khc nh gi gi tr ca h thng thng tin nh tng trng li nhun ca doanh nghip, gia tng th phn, gia tng s nhn bit v hi lng ca khch hng .v.v

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Hnh 1.12 Ba giai on trong qu trnh s dng h thng thng tin Vai tr, chc nng ca cc v tr trong pht trin v vn hnh h thng thng tin: pht trin v vn hnh cc h thng thng tin trong cc t chc, cn c mt b phn chuyn bit vi cc vai tr v chc nng ca tng v tr theo cc lnh vc: Pht trin h thng Vn hnh h thng H tr

M hnh v cc mi lin quan ca cc v tr c th c m t nh trong hnh 1.13, trong c cc v tr in hnh nh: Chief Information Officer (CIO): Gim c Cng ngh LAN Administrators: Qun tr h thng LAN

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Cc v tr cng vic lin quan n Internet.

Hnh 1.13 Ba chc nng chnh trong pht trin v vn hnh h thng thng tin

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CHNG 2

PHN CNG V PHN MM CA H THNG THNG TIN

Chng ny trnh by v cc thnh phn phn cng v phn mm ca h thng thng tin da trn my tnh. i vi cc h thng thng tin da trn my tnh, ngi s dng h thng thng tin phi lm vic vi nhng chuyn gia pht trin h thng nh ngha cc yu cu nghip v, nh gi cc ty chn, v chn la cc thnh phn phn cng, phn mm cung cp mt gii php hiu qu v ph hp vi yu cu t ra. Phn u ca chng s trnh by cc vn sau: Ch ra v nh gi vai tr ca cc thnh phn phn cng ct li ca mt h thng my tnh Lit k cc loi my tnh ph bin v vai tr ca chng Ch ra vai tr ca h iu hnh v s pht trin ca h iu hnh Ch ra v m t cc chc nng ca hai loi phn mm c bn

i vi cc phn mm ng dng, cc t chc ch pht trin cc phn mm ng dng c quyn khi n c th gip cho doanh nghip p ng cc yu cu nghip v bt buc t c cc li th cnh tranh v pht trin cc phn mm, nhng chuyn gia pht trin h thng thng s dng cc ngn ng lp trnh c c im chc nng ph hp vi vn cn gii quyt. Phn cui ca chng s trnh by v cc phng php tip cn trong pht trin phn mm ng dng cng nh cc ngn ng lp trnh c s dng v s pht trin ca cc th h ngn ng lp trnh. 2.1 Phn cng Phn cng c nh ngha l bt k thit b my mc no (hu ht s dng cc mch s) h tr cho cc hot ng nhp liu u vo, x l, lu tr, v xut ra kt qu u ra ca h thng thng tin. Khi la chn phn cng nn cn nhc vic cc phn cng ny c th h tr cc mc ch ca HTTT v mc tiu ca t chc nh th no. xy dng nn 1 h thng phn cng hiu qu, cn phi la chn v t chc cc thnh phn di gc cn i gia cc vn hiu nng tng th ca h thng, gi c, phc tp v kh nng iu hnh h thng. Nhu cu v nghip v ca mi t chc l khc nhau, do vy cc gii php v HTTT c th c la chn khc nhau. la chn cc h thng phn cng ng n, cn nm c mi quan h gia chng vi HTTT v nhu cu ca t chc.

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2.1.1 Cc thnh phn phn cng ca h thng my tnh Cc thnh phn phn cng ca h thng my tnh bao gm cc thit b thc hin cc chc nng nhp liu u vo, x l, lu tr, v xut d liu u ra, cng vi cc h thng thit b lu tr ph dng lu tr cc d liu c tnh lu di v thit b truyn thng dng kt ni cc h thng my tnh.

Hnh 2.1 Cc thnh phn phn cng ca h thng my tnh Tt c cc hot ng x l ca my tnh c thc hin bi B x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit - CPU). CPU bao gm 2 thnh phn chnh : ALU - Arithmetic and Logic Unit v CU - Control Unit. ALU thc hin cc php tnh ton hc v cc php so snh logic. CU thc hin truy cp tun t vo cc lnh ca chng trnh, gii m, phi hp cc lung d liu vo/ra ALU, b nh chnh, b nh ph v cc thit b ra khc. B nh chnh, ni lu tr cc lnh ca chng trnh v d liu, c kt ni cht ch vi CPU. 2.1.2 Thc hin lnh Thao tc c bn nht ca cc b x l l thc hin chui tun t cc lnh (gi l mt chng trnh c lu trong b nh chnh). Mi lnh chng trnh c my tnh thc hin theo 2 giai on: Instruction Phase: Bao gm 3 bc l np lnh v gii m lnh Excution Phase: Gm 3 bc thc thi lnh v lu kt qu

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Hnh 2.2 Thc hin mt lnh 2.1.3 Thit b x l Kh nng x l d liu l kha cnh ti quan trng ca 1 h thng my tnh, trong vic x l c thc hin bi s trao i qua li gia b x l trung tm v thit b lu tr nh chu trnh hnh 2.2. Machine Cycle Time Tc x l ca CPU c c trng bi thi gian x l mt lnh, cn gi l machine cycle time hay instruction cycle time, bao gm 2 giai on v 4 bc nh m t trn. Thi gian ny rt nh v thng c o bng nano second (mt phn t giy) hoc thm ch pico second (mt phn nghn t giy). Ngoi ra tc x l cn c o bng n v triu php tnh/giy (MIPS - Million Instruction Per Second). Mt s b x l c kh nng thc hin x l theo kiu gi cc lnh (pipeline), c ngha l c th x l nhiu lnh trong cng 1 vng x l, chng hn trong lc thc thi 1 lnh, n c th gii m mt lnh khc, ng thi np 1 lnh khc na .v.v. Clock Speed Mi b x l to ra mt chui cc xung in vi mt tc nh trc, gi l tc ng h (clock speed), c nh hng ti tc thc hin lnh nh ni trn. Mi lnh khi a vo CPU thc hin s c phn r thnh cc thao tc mc s cp, c nh ngha trc, v khi iu khin CU ca b x l thc hin cc thao tc ny theo cc nhp xung in ca ng h CPU. Mi thao tc cn t nht khong thi gian gia hai xung nhp thc hin. Thi gian gia hai xung nhp cng ngn, thi gian thc hin thao tc cng nhanh. Do s cc thao tc s cp cn thit thc hin mt lnh chng trnh c th khc nhau, tc ng h khng dng o tc x l tht ca my tnh. Tc ng h thng c
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o bng MHz (triu xung trn giy), hoc GHz (t xung trn giy). Mt vn na l tc ng h cng cao th nhit sn sinh ra cng ln, v nhit ny cn c tn i trnh nh hng ti d liu cng nh vic x l ca CPU. Do , mt CPU c tc cng cao th cn cc thit b tn nhit cng ln, dn n tng kch thc ca my tnh. y l vn i vi cc nh sn xut my tnh xch tay, nu mun sn xut cc my tnh tc cao nhng kch thc nh gn. Cc c im vt l ca CPU Hu ht cc b x l bao gm cc mch s c in ln mt ming silicon, hay cn gi l chip. bt hoc tt mt mch s trn CPU, dng in phi truyn qua mt phng tin (thng l silicon) t im A ti im B. Thi gian truyn gia cc im c th gim bng cch lm gim khong cch gia cc im hoc lm gim in tr ca phng tin truyn. Vic gim khong cch gia cc im lm cho cc chip tr nn nh hn. Vo u nhng nm 1960s, sau khi sng ch ra mch tch hp, Gordon Moore, c ch tch tp on sn xut chip ln nht th gii, Intel, pht biu rng trong tin trnh pht trin ca vic sn xut chip, cc nh sn xut c kh nng ci tin c th tng gp i s lng bng bn dn (transistor - loi cng tc on/off siu nh) trn mt chip c mi hai nm. V pht biu ny tr thnh nh lut Moore ni ting - mt bng bn dn trn mt chip tng ln gp i sau 2 nm.

Hnh 2.3 nh lut Moore 2.1.4 Thit b nh c nh v v tr rt gn vi CPU, nhm gim thi gian truy cp. Chc nng chnh ca b nh l cung cp nhanh chng cc lnh chng trnh v d liu cho CPU.

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Dung lng lu tr Ging CPU, thit b nh bao gm hng nghn mch c in trn tm chip silicon. Mi mch biu th trng thi dn in (on) hoc khng dn in (off). D liu c cha trong b nh thng qua s kt hp ca cc trng thi mch on/off ny. n v nh nh nht l bit. 8 bits hnh thnh 1 byte, thng c dng biu din mt k t (chng hn ch A). Ngoi ra cn cc n v cao hn nh MB, GB, TB .v.v. Cc loi b nh B nh my tnh c th c phn chia thnh mt s loi. Loi b nh ph bin, dng lu tr tm thi cc lnh chng trnh v d liu c gi l RAM (Random Access Memory). y l b nh dng volatile, c ngha l ni dung ca n s b mt khi ngt dng in. RAM c gn trc tip vo bo mch ch ca my tnh hoc trn mt card ngoi vi khc gn trn bo mch. RAM li c chia thnh mt s loi khc nhau. SRAM (Static RAM) l loi RAM s dng ti 6 transistor cho mt nh, v do vy khng cn phi lm ti nh k, c s dng cho b nh m (cache) v thanh ghi tc cao. Ngc li, DRAM (Dynamic RAM) l loi RAM ch dng mt transistor v 1 t in (capacitor) cho mt nh, do vy DRAM c mt rt cao so vi SRAM. Tuy nhin, do t in s b hao in nng trong qu trnh hot ng, do vy DRAM phi c lm ti nh k b in. DRAM li c mt s loi nh: EDO RAM (Extended Data Output RAM) l loi RAM c th cho php mt s thao tc chng nhau mt phn (pipelining), SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) l loi RAM c giao din ng b, c ngha l n s ch tn hiu ng h trc khi p ng cc u vo iu khin, do vy c th ng b vi bus h thng ca my tnh, DDR DRAM (Double Data Rate DRAM) l loi RAM c th lm tng tc gn gp i so vi SDR DRAM (Single Data Rate) bng cch truyn d liu trn c 2 na chu k ln/xung ca tn hiu ng h. Trong khi RAM l loi b nh volatile th ROM (Read-Only Memory) l b nh nonvolatile, c ngha l ni dung ca n s khng b mt khi ngt ngun in. ROM dng lu tr vnh vin nhng d liu v lnh chng trnh khng thay i, chng hn cc d liu v chng trnh t nh sn xut, in hnh l ROM BIOS cha cc chng trnh my tnh khi ng khi bt ngun. Ngoi loi ROM thng thng cha cc chng trnh cng ha v khng th thay i, cn mt s loi ROM khc nh PROM (Programmable ROM) l loi c th lp trnh c, c th c ghi 1 ln sau khi sn xut, v EPROM (Erasable PROM) l loi ROM c th xa i ghi li nhiu ln (bng cc thit b hoc chng trnh chuyn dng).

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Hnh 2.4 Cc loi b nh 2.1.5 Thit b lu tr ph Nh ni trn, thit b nh chnh l nhn t quan trng xc nh sc mnh ca h thng my tnh. Tuy nhin, b nh chnh ch cung cp mt dung lng nh dnh cho d liu v cc lnh cn thit CPU x l. My tnh cn c 1 b nh khc cha d liu, chng trnh, thng tin nhiu hn v lu di hn. chnh l thit b nh ph. u im ca thit b nh ph l khng b mt d liu khi ngt in, dung lng ln hn nhiu, gi c thp hn nhiu. Tuy nhin, tc truy cp th thp hn ng k. Vic la chn thit b nh ph ph hp, i hi phi c hiu bit v cc c im nh phng php truy cp, dung lng, tnh di ng ca thit b. Phng php truy cp C hai phng php truy cp c s dng ph bin l truy cp tun t v truy cp trc tip. Truy cp tun t (sequencetial access) l phng php truy cp trong mt nhm cc i tng (d liu trong cc nh, trong a hoc bng ) c truy cp theo mt th t xc nh trc (thng chnh l th t m cc i tng c lu tr trc ). i vi mt s thit b, truy cp tun t l phng php duy nht truy cp n cc i tng (chng hn trong cc bng t s xem xt phn sau), hoc c th l mt phng php ty chn. Truy cp trc tip (direct access), i khi cn c gi l truy cp ngu nhin (random access), l phng php truy cp c kh nng truy cp ti mt i tng bt k trong danh sch vi thi gian truy cp nh nhau, ngha l c th truy cp trc tip vo i tng d liu

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mong mun m khng phi ln lt qua cc i tng trc . Tnh cht ny i ngc vi truy cp tun t, trong i tng v tr xa hn c thi gian truy cp lu hn. Cc loi thit b lu tr ph Cc thit b lu tr ph c s dng hin nay rt a dng, sau y l mt s loi thit b ph bin: Bng t (magnetic tapes):

L loi thit b lu tr lu i nht, thuc loi truy cp tun t (l phng php truy cp duy nht) v hin nay c s dng ch yu trong vic sao lu d phng d liu. Tng t nh cc loi bng video hoc bng cassette, bng t l mt di film c ph mt lp oxit st. Cc phn ca bng c t ha biu th cc bits. Nu my tnh mun c d liu v tr gia ca cun bng, n phi ln lt qua tt c cc v tr nm pha trc v tr cn ly d liu, y l nhc im ca bng t. ly d liu, n cn dch chuyn bng n ng v tr v gn vo u c bng c d liu ra my tnh. Ngy nay, bng t khng cn c s dng rng ri, nhng vn cn c s dng nh mt thit b lu tr d phng gi r. Ngoi ra, cng ngh pht trin hn cho php sn xut cc loi bng t tc cao, dung lng ln, v kch thc film rt nh, tin li cho vic bo qun.

Hnh 2.5 Bng t a t (magnetic disks):

a t cng l loi c bao ph bng cht oxit st, c th l mt a kim loi mng (a cng) hoc mt tm film trn (a mm). V tng t bng t, a t biu th cc bits bng cc vng a c t ha. Khi c hoc ghi d liu ln a, u c a dch chuyn thng n vng mong mun trn a c hoc ghi. Do vy, a t l loi thit b truy cp trc tip, c tc truy cp nhanh hn nhiu so vi bng t. C mt s loi a t khc nhau, c v dung lng v tnh di ng.
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Cc loi a t di ng nh a mm hoc a Zip ngy ny gn nh khng cn c s dng na. Cc a cng mc d c gi cao hn v khng di chuyn linh hot c, nhng c s dng rng ri do c dung lng ln hn nhiu v tc cng nhanh hn.

Hnh 2.6 a cng RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)

Vic lu tr d liu trong cc a t khng phi lc no cng an ton. Cc thit b ny c th b hng bt c lc no, hoc d liu c lu c th b nh hng bi cc yu t khc bn ngoi do chng c lu thng qua vic t ha cc vng a. Do vy, nhu cu v cc thit b lu tr c th chng li l cp thit. RAID l mt phng php lu tr d liu s dng k thut lu tr thm cc thng tin iu khin, cho php h thng to ra cc bn xy dng li khi nu mt a cng b hng c th ti to li d liu bng cch thay vo a mi v tin hnh khi phc li d liu ban u. lm c vic ny, d liu c chia ra thnh nhiu phn v lu tr song song trn cc a cng vt l khc nhau s dng cng ngh striping phn tn d liu. Cng ngh ny c kh nng lm tng hiu sut v tin cy ca h thng. RAID c th c thc thi theo mt s phng php. n gin nht l dng phng php a bn sao (disk mirror), theo h thng s ghi d liu lp 2 ln ging ht nhau ln 2 a khc nhau. Nh vy, phng php ny cn gp i dung lng cn c, v l phng php tn km. Mt s phng php RAID khc phc tp hn, nhng hiu qu hn v ch ghi p mt phn ca d liu.

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s dng RAID cn c cc phn cng v phn mm chuyn dng. Thit b phn cng RAID thng c thit k biu th cc a RAID trong h thng nh l mt a n duy nht, v h iu hnh khng h nhn ra y l nhiu a kt hp vi nhau. Cc gii php phn mm thng c ci t trn h iu hnh, v biu th cc a RAID nh mt a n duy nht i vi cc ng dng chy trn h iu hnh .

Hnh 2.7 RAID SAN (Storage Area Network)

SAN l mt k thut dng gn cc thit b lu tr ph (bng t, a t, a quang ) vo cc my tnh t xa nhng theo phng thc lm cho cc thit b ny nh c gn trc tip vo cc my tnh.

Hnh 2.7 Storage Area Network


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a quang (CD - Compact Disk)

a quang l mt loi thit b lu tr c cu to l mt a trn phng, cha d liu c m ha bng cc hc siu nh trn mt cht liu c bit (thng lm bng nhm) c ph trn mt trong 2 mt ca a. D liu c ghi ln a bng cch s dng tia laser, v sau c th c truy cp khi vng d liu c chiu sng bi mt diode laser nm trong a quang. S khc nhau v cao gia cc hc v mt phng s dn n s khc nhau v cng ca tia sng phn x, v d liu c c thng qua vic o s thay i cng phn x ny. a quang ghi c (CD Recordable - CD-R) li s dng mt loi sn nhy cm vi nh sng ph ln mt a. Tia laser ca ghi CD s lm i mu sn v cho php tia laser ca c CD c th c c d liu. Cc loi a ny ch ghi c 1 ln. a CD c ghi nhiu ln (CD ReWritable - CD-RW) s dng hp kim thay v sn. Tia laser ca ghi trong trng hp ny dng t nng v lm thay i tnh cht ca hp kim (chng hn tnh cht kt tinh hoc khng kt tinh), qua lm thay i c im phn x ca vng hp kim b t. a CD-RW khng c c s khc bit nhiu v phn x nh cc a CD hoc CD-R, do vy, nhiu a CD-RW khng c c bi cc a CD loi c. a t quang (magneto-optical disk)

L mt loi a quang c c v ghi bi a t quang. c im ca loi a ny l mc d l a quang nhng li c xem nh l a cng i vi h iu hnh v khng cn phi s dng h thng file c bit. a DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)

Cng l mt loi a quang, c pht minh vo nm 1995, c kch thc tng t CD nhng c dung lng lu tr d liu ln hn gp khong 6 ln nh cng ngh to ra cc hc nh hn nhiu so vi CD. Th nh (Memory cards)

L mt loi thit b lu tr non-volatile, c th xa i v ghi li nhiu ln. y l mt loi EEPROM c th xa v ghi theo tng khi ln. Cc thit b lu tr m rng

Bao gm cc thit b di ng nh cng ri, Zip .v.v. 2.1.6 Thit b nhp L cc thit b ng vai tr cng ni ti my tnh, c s dng cung cp d liu v
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lnh chng trnh cho my tnh. C rt nhiu cc thit b nhp, t cc thit b c mc ch c bit thu thp cc loi d liu c bit cho n cc thit b ph thng hn. Thit b nhp d liu c nhn Bn phm v chut l cc thit b nhp thng dng nht, c dng a cc d liu nh cc k t, vn bn, lnh c bn vo my tnh. Hin nay nhiu bn phm v chut c nhng thit k c bit hn tin li trong s dng cng nh nhp d liu nhanh hn. Chut c dng tr v nhn vo cc biu tng, menu, lnh trn mn hnh, my tnh s thc hin 1 s cc phn ng theo . Thit b nhn dng ting ni Cng ngh nhn dng ting ni cho php mt my tnh c trang b cc thit b thu m nh mic c th chuyn i ting ni ca con ngi thnh mt phng tin cung cp d liu hoc lnh cho my tnh. Hu ht cc h thng cn c luyn nhn dng cc mu hoc b gii hn trong 1 phm vi hp s t vng c th nhn dng. Cc h thng tin tin hn c th nhn dng cc chui ting ni lin tc m khng cn phi chia nh ra thnh cc t ri rc. Cc h thng cao cp hin nay cho php nhn dng cc m thanh cha tng nghe v c th hiu c cc t vng phc tp. Mt s t chc, doanh nghip xy dng cc h thng nhn dng ting ni v tr li t ng thay v s dng con ngi, hu ht trong cc trng hp yu cu ca ngi dng khng qu phc tp. My ghi hnh k thut s L cc thit b dng ghi li, v lu tr cc hnh nh v video di dng k thut s. Mn hnh cm ng Cc cng ngh mn hnh mi cho php mn hnh hin th va l thit b nhp va l thit b xut. Bng cch chm vo cc vng nht nh trn mn hnh cm ng, ngi dng c th thc thi cc lnh, chng trnh, hoc lm cho my tnh c cc p ng no . My quyt L cc thit b dng s ha d liu v a vo my tnh.

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2.1.7 Thit b xut Cc h thng my tnh xut ra d liu u ra l kt qu ca qu trnh x l cho nhng ngi ra quyt nh mi cp ca t chc h c th gii quyt cc vn nghip v. Ngoi ra, u ra ca h thng ny c th l u vo ca h thng khc. Cc dng thc u ra c th l dng trc quan, m thanh, hoc thm ch dng s. Vi bt k ni dung hay dng thc no ca u ra, cc thit b xut cn c thit k cung cp ng thng tin ti ng ngi cn thit vi ng dng thc v ti ng thi im. Mn hnh hin th Mn hnh hin th l thit b ging nh mn hnh TV, trn cc d liu u ra t my tnh s c hin th. Cc mn hnh truyn thng s dng ng phng tia m cc hin th hnh nh, do vy n cn c gi l mn hnh CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). Cc mn hnh ny c c ch hot ng gn ging nh TV - c cc dng in t phng ra t cc ng phng. Cc tia ny bn vo hn hp pht pho c trt ln b mt mn hnh, mt im trn mn hnh gi l im nh s sng ln. Cc tia ny qut i qut li trn mn hnh, do khi nh sng pht pho m i th n li bn tip v im nh li sng ln. Cht lng mn hnh c o bng s im nh ngang v dc dng to ra n. Mt im nh cng dy th phn gii cng ln, r v sc nt ca hnh nh cng tt hn. Khong cch gia 2 im nh k nhau gi l khong cch im. Khong cch ny thng thng t 0.25 n 0.31mm. Khong cch im cng nh th cht lng hnh nh cng tt. c im ca mn hnh mu ph thuc vo cht lng mn hnh, dung lng RAM v b giao din mn hnh (Graphic Card). Mn hnh tinh th lng Mn hnh LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) hin th cc hnh nh s dng tinh th lng, mt cht liu ging nh du, c t gia 2 tm knh phn cc, hnh thnh cc k t v hnh nh trn mn hnh. Loi mn hnh ny hi mt ngi s dng v n t nhp nhy, sng hn, v khng pht ra cc tia sng lm ngi s dng mn hnh CTR lo ngi. Hn na, mn hnh LCD mng hn, chim t din tch v tiu th t in nng hn. Mn hnh TFT LCD (thin-film transistor) l loi mn hnh tinh th lng gn mt transistor iu khin 1 pixel, do vy, phn gii cao hn v phn ng nhanh hn vi nhng thay i trn mn hnh. My in v my v L cc thit b cho u ra bn cng (hard copy). C nhiu loi my in vi cc tc , c im v kh nng khc nhau. Tc my in c o bng s trang in trn pht (pages per minute - ppm). V cht lng in, tng t phn gii mn hnh, cht lng in da trn s
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lng im in trn mi inch (dot per inch - dpi). My in c dpi cng ln th cht lng cng cao. Cc cng ngh in c p dng bao gm in kim, in phun v in laser (ph bin nht hin nay). My v l cc thit b xut bn cng c dng trong cng vic thit k. Chng thng c dng to ra cc s , bn v thit k ta nh, thit k sn phNm 2.1.8 Cc loi my tnh C nhiu loi my tnh, c s dng theo cc mc ch v nhu cu khc nhau. Handheld: My tnh cm tay Notebook, Laptop: My tnh xch tay Network Computer: My tnh c thit k vi h thng thit b gin lc (thng cng c cng), ch yu dng nhp d liu hoc dng ti cc ni cng cng nh im truy cp Internet .v.v Desktop Computer: My tnh bn Workstation: My trm, c th chy cc phn mm chuyn dng Midrange: My ch c nh Mainframe: My ch c ln Supercomputer: Siu my tnh, ch yu dng trong cc ng dng khoa hc k thut

2.2 Phn mm Phn mm l cc chng trnh my tnh dng iu khin hot ng ca phn cng my tnh hoc thc hin cng vic cho ngi s dng. Chng trnh my tnh bao gm chui cc lnh (instructions) dng ch th cho my tnh lm vic. Ti liu (documentation) l mt loi vn bn dng m t cc chc nng ca chng trnh nhm gip ngi dng c th thao tc khi s dng chng trnh v h thng my tnh. Phn mm c th c chia lm 2 loi, l phn mm h thng v phn mm ng dng. Phn mm h thng (system software) l tp cc phn mm c thit k kt hp cc hot ng v chc nng ca phn cng v cc chng trnh ng dng trong h thng my tnh. Cc phn mm h thng c thit k ring cho cc loi b x l v cc dng phn cng khc nhau. Phn mm ng dng (application software) bao gm cc chng trnh dng gip cho ngi s dng gii quyt vn c th no bng my tnh. Thng thng, cc phn mm ng dng c lu trong cng ca my tnh, v sau c np vo b nh chnh v chy.
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Ngoi ra, chng trnh ng dng cng c th c lu cc thit b lu tr khc nh CD, DVD, flash .v.v.

Hnh 2.8 Phn loi phn mm 2.2.1 Phn mm h thng iu khin cc thao tc ca phn cng my tnh l chc nng c bn ca phn mm h thng. Phn mm h thng bao gm h iu hnh v phn mm tin ch. H iu hnh H iu hnh (OS - Operating System) l mt tp cc chng trnh my tnh dng iu khin phn cng v ng vai tr nh mt giao din gia phn cng vi phn mm ng dng.

Hnh 2.9 Vai tr ca h iu hnh H iu hnh thng c lu trn cng ca my tnh. Khi h thng my tnh c khi ng, mt s phn ca h iu hnh s c np vo my tnh. Cc chc nng c bn ca h iu hnh bao gm: Thc hin cc chc nng phn cng thng thng Cung cp giao din ngi dng: Giao din ha (graphics) hoc giao din dng lnh (CLI - Command Line Interface)

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Cung cp s c lp phn cng: ng vai tr trung gian gia chng trnh v ngi dng vi phn cng Qun l b nh h thng Qun l tc v Cung cp kh nng kt ni mng iu khin truy cp ti nguyn h thng Qun l file

Hnh 2.10 Giao din lp trnh ng dng

Hnh 2.11 V d v vic h iu hnh iu khin vic truy cp d liu vt l


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Cc h iu hnh thng dng

Hnh 2.12 Cc h iu hnh thng dng Phn mm tin ch Phn mm tin ch (utility program) l loi phn mm c thit k tr gip vic qun l v phi hp phn cng my tnh, h iu hnh, v phn mm ng dng. Mt s phn mm tin ch c tch hp sn vo h iu hnh. Cc phn mm tin ch thng dng bao gm: Cc phn mm tin ch a: Chng phn mnh a (fragment), kim li a, lm sch a, phn vng a, nn d liu, qun l file .v.v Cc tin ch h thng: Cung cp cc thng tin chi tit v cc phn mm ci t ln my tnh v v phn cng ca my tnh Cc tin ch an ninh nh phn mm dit vi rus, pht hin xm nhp .v.v. Phn mm qun l v kim sot mng: Kim tra mng, ghi li s kin, kim tra truyn thng .v.v

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2.2.2 Phn mm ng dng Phn mm ng dng c th c chia lm 2 loi: phn mm pht trin c quyn v phn mm xy dng sn. Phn mm pht trin c quyn l phn mm c xy dng ring cho mt n v, t chc no , v theo yu cu ring ca t chc . Phn mm pht trin c quyn c th do t chc t xy dng hoc thu mt n v sn xut phn mm thc hin theo yu cu. Loi phn mm ny cn gi li tailor-made software (phn mm may o). Phn mm xy dng sn l loi phn mm c pht trin sn v c bn trn th trng, cc t chc c nhu cu c th mua v s dng. Gi phn mm xy dng sn c th l gi chuNn (khng c chnh sa), hoc gi c th chnh sa li theo yu cu. Vic chnh sa c th do n v t chnh sa hoc thu n v pht trin phn mm thc hin.

Hnh 2.13 Cc loi phn mm ng dng Ty theo nhu cu v iu kin s dng, c th chn pht trin phn mm c quyn hay xy dng sn. Vi phn mm c quyn, ngi s dng s c c chnh xc cc yu cu mong mun nh cc chc nng, cc bo co u ra .v.v. Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh pht trin phn mm, ngi s dng cng s tham gia t u do vy s nm k hn v h thng v c kh nng iu khin h thng tt hn sau ny. Pht trin c quyn cng s em li s ch ng v linh hot hn trong vic chnh sa h thng p ng cc thay i hoc ci tin. Tuy nhin, phn mm c quyn cng c nhng nhc im nht nh. Nhc im ln nht l s tiu tn ti nguyn v thi gian pht trin h thng t u. Ngoi ra, vic pht trin mt h thng ring bit cng s em li nhng ri ro nht nh, chng hn cc chc nng hoc hiu nng h thng cha c kim nh trc bao gi.
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Phn mm xy dng sn thng c chi ph thp hn, do nh sn xut c th ng thi bn cho nhiu n v s dng vi cng mt phn mm. Ngoi ra, cc ri ro v chc nng cng nh hiu nng h thng c gim thiu, v phn mm c sn v ngi s dng hon ton c th kim tra trc khi tin hnh mua. Phn mm loi ny cng thng c cht lng tt hn, do h thng c pht trin qua cc nghin cu chung v tri qua qu trnh s dng ti mt s n v khc v c th nghim, nh gi, chnh sa nhiu ln. Nhc im ca phn mm xy dng sn l ngi s dng thng phi tr tin cho rt nhiu chc nng h khng cn v khng bao gi s dng. Ngoi ra, phn mm li c th thiu cc chc nng m n v c th yu cu, v c th phi chnh sa, ci tin trong tng lai vi chi ph rt t. Phn mm xy dng sn cng c th khng khp vi cc quy trnh nghip v v cc chuNn d liu vn rt khc bit gia cc n v khc nhau. Ngn ng lp trnh Ngn ng lp trnh (programming language) l mt ngn ng nhn to, c thit k biu th cc tnh ton c thc hin bi my tnh. y chnh l cc cng c to nn cc chng trnh phn mm iu khin hnh vi ca my tnh, biu th cc thut ton. Hu ht cc ngn ng lp trnh u c cc c t v c php v ng ngha ngi s dng c th dng vit nn cc chng trnh. Ngn ng lp trnh tri qua nhiu th h pht trin, t cc ngn ng bc thp nht nh ngn ng my cho n cc ngn ng hin i ngy nay ang c s dng rng ri nh Java, C#, C++ .v.v Th h th nht: Cc lnh c vit di dng m my (machine code) v c thc thi trc tip bi my tnh. chnh l ngn ng my (machine language). Th h th 2: Cc t vit tt c s dng cho cc thao tc thng dng (v d ADD, MOV, JMP .v.v). Mt s c im ca loi ngn ng ny l mi thao tc c theo sau bi a ch ca cc tham s v cc tn gi nh c s dng thay th cho cc a ch c nh bng s. i vi cc chng trnh vit bng cc ngn ng ny cn c cc b hp dch dch ra ngn ng my my tnh c th thc thi c. Ngn ng in hnh ca th h ny l Hp ng (Assembly language). Th h th 3: Vi cc ngn ng thuc th h ny, cc lnh tr nn ta ting Anh hn v d hiu hn. Cn c cc chng trnh dch (compiler) dch ra ngn ng my. V d in hnh l cc ngn ng FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL .v.v. Th h th 4: Cc ngn ng tr nn d s dng, k c cho ngi khng phi lp trnh vin. Cc lnh c sc mnh hn, ch cn ch cho my tnh cn lm g, khng cn phi hng dn chi tit tng bc thc hin.

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Th h th 5: Th h cc ngn ng lp trnh trc quan, cho php ngi lp trnh pht trin cc ng dng qua cc k thut ko th (drag-and-drop), thay v vit m lnh bng vn bn. V d Visual Basic, Visual C .v.v. Th h th 6: Ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng. Thay v xy dng cc chng trnh theo m hnh hng th tc, cc ngn ng ny xy dng chng trnh da trn cc i tng (object). i cha d liu v cc phng thc, cng vi kh nng tng tc vi cc i tng khc. Cc i tng c th c ti s dng trong cc chng trnh khc nhau, lm tng cht lng chng trnh v nng sut ca ngi lp trnh.

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CHNG 3

T CHC D LIU V THNG TIN

D liu v thng tin l 1 trong 5 thnh phn ct li ca H thng thng tin. Mt H thng thng tin khng th coi l hon thin nu thiu d liu. Bn cnh , vic t chc d liu cho HTTT cng l 1 vn ht sc quan trng. Chng ny s gii thiu v vn t chc d liu v thng tin cho cc HTTT. Phng php t chc d liu truyn thng l thng qua qun l tp cho thy nhiu nhc im khi s dng trong cc HTTT. Phng php qun l d liu thng qua C s d liu (CSDL) l phng php mi, c nhiu u im so vi phng php truyn thng. Mt CSDL c thit k v qun l tt s em li mt cng c hu ch trong vic h tr ra quyt nh. Cc CSDL u c qun l bi mt H qun tr CSDL. H qun tr CSDL s gip cho vic qun l CSDL tr nn d dng v quy c hn, n cho php ngi s dng v cc phn mm lu tr v thu thp d liu mt cch c cu trc. Trong tng lai, cc ci tin v cng ngh t chc v qun l CSDL s tip tc c pht trin v em li nhiu li ch cho cc t chc v doanh nghip. 3.1 Phn cp d liu Phn cp d liu ni n vic t chc d liu mt cch c h thng, thng l theo nh dng phn cp. Theo m hnh phn cp, mt CSDL s c mt hoc nhiu file d liu, mi file cha d liu v mt lnh vc no cn qun l, chng hn file cha d liu v nhn s ca 1 doanh nghip.

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Hnh 3.1 Phn cp d liu

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File bao gm mt tp cc bn ghi c lin quan, mi bn ghi i din cho 1 thc th d liu, chng hn doanh nghip c 100 nhn vin th mi nhn vin s c lu tr trong 1 bn ghi v tp hp 100 bn ghi to thnh 1 file. Bn ghi l mt tp cc trng c lin quan, mi trng c th coi l 1 thuc tnh ca i tng d liu, chng hn bn ghi v Nhn vin c th c cc trng M NV, H tn, Ngy k hp ng Mi trng cha mt n v d liu n l, chng hn Tn NV. Di gc lu tr, mt trng d liu bao gm cc k t, cc bytes, v lu tr trong cc thit b lu tr di dng cc bt d liu. Kha v thuc tnh Mt file d liu thng c biu din di dng cc bng, trong , mi hng ca bng l 1 bn ghi, i din cho 1 thc th d liu. Mi ct ca bng l 1 trng, i din cho 1 thuc tnh ca i tng d liu.

Hnh 3.2 Kha v thuc tnh Trong cc thuc tnh ca i tng d liu, mt hoc mt s cc trng to nn mt nh danh duy nht cho cc bn ghi trong file c gi l trng kha ca file. Trng kha cng dng xc nh cc trng khc v dng tm kim cc bn ghi trong file. 3.2 Qun l d liu theo phng php truyn thng v phng php CSDL Phng php qun l d liu truyn thng Theo phng php qun l d liu truyn thng, cc file d liu ring r s c to v lu tr cho mi chng trnh ng dng. Chng hn mi lnh vc nghip v nh k ton, ti chnh, sn xut s c cc file d liu v chng trnh ng dng ring r. iu ny lm cho thng tin c x l c lp v khng c kt ni.
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Phng php qun l thng qua CSDL Theo phng php ny, mt khi d liu chung c lin quan s c lu tr v chia s bi cc chng trnh ng dng khc nhau. Thay v s dng cc file d liu ri rc, mi chng trnh ng dng s dng 1 tp d liu c kt ni hoc c lin quan trong ton b CSDL chung.

Hnh 3.3 Phng php qun l d liu thng qua CSDL u im ca phng php qun l d liu thng qua CSDL Tng cng tnh chin lc ca d liu doanh nghip : Cc d liu chnh xc, cp nht, v hon thin c cung cp y cho ngi ra quyt nh khi cn thit v ng nh dng cn thit. Gim tnh d tha d liu : Phng php tip cn CSDL lm gim hoc loi b hon ton tnh d tha ca d liu. D liu c t chc bi h qun tr CSDL v c lu ti 1 ni duy nht. iu ny lm tng tnh hiu qu trong vic lu tr d liu, trnh lng ph dung lng lu tr. Tng cng tnh ton vn ca d liu : Vi phng php truyn thng, cc thay i trn d liu s khng lm thay i trn tt c cc bn sao ca d liu c lu tr trn cc file ri rc. iu ny khng xy ra i vi CSDL, v khng c cc bn sao d liu c lu tr cc file ri rc khc nhau, v c lu tr 1 ni duy nht.

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D dng chnh sa v cp nht d liu : Vi phng php CSDL, h qun tr CSDL s chu trch nhim vic cp nht v chnh sa d liu. Ngi s dng v chuyn gia pht trin h thng khng cn bit d liu vt l c lu u. D liu c lu tr v chnh sa ch 1 ln, ti 1 ni duy nht. Chng trnh v d liu c lp : H qun tr CSDL t chc d liu hon ton c lp vi chng trnh ng dng. Vi phng php CSDL, chng trnh ng dng khng b nh hng bi v tr lu tr d liu vt l hoc kiu d liu vt l. Truy cp n d liu v thng tin tt hn : Hu ht cc h qun tr CSDL u c cc cng c cho php d dng truy cp v thu thp d liu t CSDL. Cc lnh n gin c cung cp ly cc d liu. Quan h gia cc phn d liu trong CSDL c th c kho st v xem xt mt cch d dng. ChuNn ha vic truy cp d liu : c im cn bn ca phng php CSDL l mt phng php truy cp d liu ng nht, chuNn ha. iu ny c ngha l cc quy trnh ging nhau c p dng bi tt c cc chng trnh ng dng lu tr v thu thp d liu. Framework cho vic pht trin ng dng : Vic truy cp d liu c chuNn ha c ngha l vic pht trin chng trnh ng dng c chuNn ha hn. Bi v chng trnh ng dng thng qua CSDL truy cp d liu, vic chuNn ha qu trnh truy cp d liu c th to nn mt framework thng nht cho pht trin ng dng. Ngoi ra, do cc chng trnh ng dng ch cn lm vic vi h qun tr CSDL, khng phi lm vic vi cc file d liu vt l, do vy c th lm gim thi gian pht trin h thng. Bo v d liu tt hn : Vic s dng v truy cp cc d liu c lu tr tp trung s lm cho vic qun l v iu khin c d dng hn. Cc k thut nh m truy cp hoc mt khNu c th c p dng m bo ch nhng ngi s dng c quyn mi c truy cp vo cc phn nht nh ca CSDL. D dng hn trong vic chia s d liu v ti nguyn : Chi ph cho cc phn cng, phn mm, nhn s qun l d liu c chia s bi nhiu ngi s dng v cc ng dng khc nhau.

Nhc im ca phng php qun l d liu thng qua CSDL Chi ph cho cc phn mm qun tr CSDL c th s tng i ln, c bit l cc h qun tr CSDL cho cc ng dng ln. Gia tng chi ph cho ngi qun l CSDL : Vic qun tr CSDL cn c nhn vin c chuyn mn trong lnh vc ny. Tuy nhin, mt s t chc c th thit lp v duy tr hot ng ca CSDL m khng cn c ngi chuyn mn ha.

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Gia tng tnh d b tn cng ca d liu : Mc d CSDL mang li tnh an ton hn bi cc phng tin bo v c th tp trung mt ni, nhng cng lm cho d liu d b tn cng bi nhng ngi truy cp tri php mt khi h thng an ninh b v hiu ha. Ngoi ra, nu h qun tr CSDL b li hoc ngng hot ng v mt l do no , tt c cc ng dng lin quan s b nh hng.

3.3 M hnh ha d liu to ra c cc CSDL, trc ht phi to c cc m hnh d liu. M hnh d liu l mt m hnh tru tng m t d liu c biu th v truy cp nh th no. M hnh d liu nh ngha cc thnh phn d liu v quan h gia chng, c biu th di dng cc s (diagrams). Cc s ny cng cho thy c s d liu c t chc nh th no. M hnh ha d liu (Data Modelling) l qu trnh to ra cc m hnh d liu thng qua vic p dng cc k thut m t m hnh d liu. M hnh ha d liu doanh nghip l vic thc hin to m hnh d liu mc ton b doanh nghip, t chc. Mt trong cc k thut thng c s dng m hnh ha d liu l S quan h thc th (Entity-Relationship Diagram). E-R diagram l mt s nh danh cc thc th xut hin trong h thng v mi quan h gia chng. Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt E-R diagram bao gm cc thc th (Entities), cc mi quan h (Relationships), trng s ca quan h (Cardinality).

Hnh 3.4 M hnh quan h thc th h thng bn hng Trong s quan h thc th trn c 6 thc th l Ngi bn hng (Salesperson), Khch hng (Customer), n t hng (Order), Ha n (Invoice), Mc hng (Items) v Sn phNm (Product). Cc quan h bao gm :
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Ngi bn hng phc v Khch hng Khch hng t hng cc n hng n hng bao gm cc Mc hng Mc hng thuc loi Sn phm n hng to ra Ha n

Cc quan h c th l 1 n : Chng hn Ngi bn hng phc v nhiu Khch hng v 1 Khch hng ch c ph v bi 1 Ngi bn hng. Hoc c th l quan h 1 1 : Mt n hng s to ra 1 ha n v ngc li. 3.4 Cc m hnh CSDL M hnh CSDL (Database Model) l cu trc hoc nh dng ca 1 CSDL, c m t bng mt ngn ng chnh thc c h tr bi h qun tr CSDL. Ni cch khc, m hnh CSDL l ng dng ca m hnh d liu khi s dng cng vi h qun tr CSDL. N l mt phng php dng m t vic CSDL c cu trc th no v s dng ra sao. M hnh CSDL c s dng ph bin hin nay l m hnh quan h (Relational Model), tuy nhin, trc cng c mt s m hnh khc c gii thiu v s dng kh rng ri, l cc m hnh phn cp (Hierarchical Model) v m hnh mng (Network Model). M hnh phn cp M hnh phn cp l m hnh trong d liu c t chc di dng hnh cy. Cu trc ny cho php lp li thng tin thng qua cc quan h cha/con: Mi i tng cha c th c nhiu i tng con, trong khi mi i tng con ch c ti a 1 cha. y l m hnh CSDL u tin ra i nhm gii quyt cc vn ca vic s dng cc file d liu ri rc. M hnh phn cp c s dng kh rng ri vo cui nhng nm 1960s v cho n nhng nm 1970s, in hnh l vic IBM chn m hnh ny p dng cho cc sn phNm h qun tr CSDL u tin ca mnh.

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Hnh 3.5 M hnh phn cp M hnh mng M hnh mng c xem l mt trong nhng m hnh c cch biu din cc i tng d liu v quan h gia chng mt cch linh hot hn. Khc vi m hnh phn cp, m hnh mng cho php mi i tng c th c th nhiu cha v nhiu con, hnh thnh nn mt cu trc li.

Hnh 3.7 M hnh mng u im chnh ca m hnh ny so vi m hnh phn cp nm ch n cho php m hnh ha cc mi quan h gia cc i tng theo mt cch t nhin hn. Mc d m hnh ny c thc thi v s dng kh rng ri, tuy nhin t khi m hnh quan h ra i v nhanh chng tr thnh m hnh thng tr trong lnh vc CSDL th m hnh mng khng cn c s dng rng ri. Trn thc t, cho n cui nhng nm 1980s, nhng u im v hiu nng ca cc m hnh phn cp v m hnh mng vn c s dng trong cc h thng ln, tuy nhin,
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cc thit b phn cng ngy cng c kh nng x l nhanh, mnh hn, v m hnh quan h vi cc u im v tnh linh hot v hiu qu dn lm bin mt s ng dng ca 2 m hnh ny trong cc ng dng cho doanh nghip. M hnh quan h M hnh quan h c pht trin v gii thiu ln u vo nm 1969 bi E.F. Codd, mt nh khoa hc ngi Anh lm vic cho IBM. V cn bn, m hnh quan h to nn m hnh logic ca d liu da trn 2 khi nim: Vng (chng hn kiu d liu) v cc Quan h. Vng l 1 tp cc gi tr, cng vi cc ton t thao tc trn . Mt quan h (relation) trn n vng D1, D2, , Dn l mt tp con ca php tnh tch cc D1 x D2 x x Dn. Mt thnh phn ca tp kt qu tch cc ny c gi l 1 b gi tr (tuple). Ni cch khc, m hnh quan h cho php biu th d liu di dng cc bng. Mi hng ca bng biu th mt mi quan h gia cc Vng gi tr, v mt bng biu th mt tp cc mi quan h. Mi ct ca bng biu th mt Vng gi tr. Nh vy, mt bng tng ng vi mt quan h v mt hng (cn gi l bn ghi - record) tng ng vi 1 b gi tr, v mt ct (cn gi l thuc tnh) tng ng vi 1 Vng.

Hnh 3.8 M hnh quan h


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Mt s php ton thng dng trn CSDL quan h: Php chn (Selecting): Php chn cho php lc ra mt tp con cc bn ghi t mt hoc nhiu bng tha mn cc iu kin lc no . Php chiu (Projecting): Trong khi php chn thc hin lc theo hng th php chiu thc hin la chn v lc theo ct, dng chn lc 1 tp cc thuc tnh ca 1 hoc nhiu quan h. Php ni (Join): Dng kt hp cc bn ghi t 2 bng thng qua vic khp cc gi tr trong cc trng c cng Vng gi tr (thng thng cc trng ny c cng tn, nhng nm cc bng khc nhau).

Hnh 3.9 Kt ni cc bng d liu

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To v hiu chnh CSDL

Hnh 3.10 To v hiu chinrhCSDL bng Microsoft Access Sau khi xy dng xong m hnh CSDL, c th chuyn chng thnh cc CSDL vt l bng cc cng c c cung cp bi cc h qun tr CSDL, nh to mi, hiu chnh cc i tng d liu. 3.5 H qun tr CSDL H qun tr CSDL (Database Management System - DBMS) l mt tp cc chng trnh phn mm thc hin cc cng vic thit lp, duy tr, hiu chnh v iu hnh cc thao tc vi d liu trong cc CSDL ca cc t chc, doanh nghip v ngi s dng. Cc t chc, doanh nghip, thng giao trch nhim qun l v vn hnh cc h qun tr CSDL ca mnh cho nhng chuyn gia qun tr CSDL (Database Administrator) hoc cc chuyn gia k thut chuyn trch. H qun tr CSDL c th s dng mt trong cc m hnh CSDL nh ni phn trn, nh m hnh phn cp hoc m hnh quan h. Cc h qun tr CSDL hin i thng cho php ngi s dng v cc phn mm lu tr v thu thp d liu theo mt cch c cu trc, ng thi cung cp cc phng tin iu khin truy cp d liu, m bo tnh ton vn d liu, qun l vic iu khin tng tranh, khi phc d liu .v.v. Lc CSDL (Database Schema)
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Lc ca mt h CSDL l cu trc ca n c m t bi mt ngn ng hnh thc c h tr bi h qun tr CSDL. Trong mt CSDL quan h, lc CSDL nh ngha cc bng, cc trng, cc quan h, .v.v. v cc i tng khc. Lc thng c lu trong t in d liu v thng c nh ngha bng ngn ng CSDL vn bn, tuy nhin thut ng ny thng ch mt s m t trc quan cu trc ca CSDL. Lc c th chia lm nhiu cp. mc khi nim, lc khi nim biu th s cc khi nim v mi quan h gia chng. Lc logic biu th cc thc th, cc thuc tnh, v cc mi quan h. Lc vt l l s thc thi c th ca lc logic. Lc con (Subschema): Trong khi lc CSDL l bn m t ton b CSDL th lc con m t mt tp con ca CSDL v ch ra nhng ngi dng no c th thao tc trn tp con . C mt s l do a ra lc con: Lc con cung cp cc view khc nhau ca d liu cho ngi dng v ngi pht trin h thng, khi h khng cn bit tt c d liu trong CSDL. Lc con lm tng cng tnh an ton ca CSDL v ngn chn vic lm tn hi n d liu. Lc con c th tr gip cho ngi qun tr CSDL, trong khi vn m bo tnh ton vn d liu.

Hnh 3.11 Lc con


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Ngn ng nh ngha d liu (Data Definition Language) L tp cc lnh dng nh ngha v m t d liu v quan h d liu trong CSDL. y l ngn ng dng to nn cc lc CSDL. Ban u, n c xem nh 1 tp con ca ngn ng SQL, nhng hin nay n c dng ch bt k ngn ng hnh thc no m t cc cu trc d liu, chng hn cc XML schemas. T in d liu (Data Dictionary) T in d liu l cc thng tin m t chi tit d liu trong CSDL nh ngha, quan h vi cc d liu khc, ngun gc, vic s dng, nh dng .v.v. Ni cch khc y l 1 ti liu dng m t CSDL, hay cn gi l siu d liu v CSDL, m t cc bng, cc trng, cc thng tin chi tit nh kiu d liu hay di d liu .v.v. Lu tr v thu thp d liu Cc chng trnh ng dng v ngi dng truy cp d liu thng qua h qun tr CSDL v khng lm vic trc tip vi d liu vt l. ng truy cp ny gi l ng truy cp logic (LAP - Logical Access Path). Thao tc trc tip vi d liu vt l trn cc thit b lu tr l nhim v ca h qun tr CSDL v ng truy cp ny gi l ng truy cp vt l (PAP - Physical Access Path).

Hnh 3.12 Truy cp d liu


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Ngn ng SQL (Structured Query Language) SQL l mt ngn ng CSDL c thit k qun l d liu trong cc h qun tr CSDL quan h. Ngn ng ny bao gm cc truy vn v cp nht d liu, to v chnh sa lc CSDL, iu khin truy cp d liu.

Hnh 3.13 S dng SQL trong Microsoft Access SQL c pht trin ln u ti IBM v u nhng nm 70s, vi mc ch lm ngn ng thao v thu thp d liu cha trong cc CDSL quan h ca IBM v sau ny c cng nhn v s dng rng ri trn ton th gii. SQL c c php kh n gin, c th l 1 cu lnh truy vn thu thp d liu t CSDL hoc 1 cu lnh dng thao tc vi d liu trong CSDL nh thm mi, chnh sa, xa u ra ca CSDL Bn cnh cc cng c cho php thit lp, hiu chnh, thao tc vi CSDL, cc h qun tr CSDL cng c cc cng c cho php thit lp cc bo co u ra ca CSDL. y l nhng bo co tng hp hoc chn lc d liu theo yu cu c trnh by theo nhng nh dng mong mun ca ngi dng v c th in n thnh cc bn trn giy phc v cho mc ch s dng lu di.

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Hnh 3.14 To bo co u ra trong Microsoft Access Cc h qun tr CSDL ph bin Hin nay c kh nhiu h qun tr CSDL c s dng trn th gii, c cung cp bi cc hng phn mm c tn tui, trong phi k n cc sn phNm sau: Oracle: L h qun tr CSDL c pht trin bi hng phn mm c cng tn. Cho n nay, y vn c coi l sn phNm ni ting nht trong lnh vc CSDL. MS SQL Server: L sn phNn ca hng phn mm khng l Microsoft. Ra i sau v c xem l c cht lng cha bng Oracle c bit l trong cc ng dng ln, nhng MS SQL Server cng l sn phNn CSDL rt ph bin trn th trng. DB2: DB2 l 1 trong nhng sn phNn CSDL nm trong h h qun tr CSDL quan h ca IBM. y l 1 h qun tr CSDL c lch s lu i v c xem l 1 trong nhng h qun tr CSDL u tin s dng SQL mc d Oracle gii thiu bn thng mi sm hn. DB2 hin c coi l h qun tr CSDL tt th 2, ch sau Oracle. Informix: Cng l 1 sn phNm ca IBM, thc cht c IBM mua li t 2001. MySQL: L h qun tr CSDL m ngun m ni ting c gii thiu ln u vo nm 1995 v thng c s dng trong cc d n phn mm min ph.

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MS Access: L ng dng CSDL c nh ca Microsoft

Th phn ca cc sn phNm h qun tr CSDL c s dng trn th thng Mi sn phNm h qun tr CSDL u c nhng c im ring ca mnh, qua c ngi dng nh gi v la chn. c a chung nht hin nay vn l sn phNm ca Oracle, tip theo l cc sn phNm ca IBM v Microsoft.

Other; 11,4 Sysbase; 3 Oracle Microsoft; 17,4 Oracle; 47,1 IBM Microsoft Sysbase Other IBM; 21,1

Hnh 3.15 Th phn cc sn phNm h qun tr CSDL La chn h qun tr CSDL ph hp Vi s lng a dng cc sn phNm h qun tr CSDL c cung cp bi cc doanh nghip phn mm trn th thng, ngi s dng c th la chn cho mnh sn phNm ph hp da trn nhu cu cng nh cc tiu ch khc. Di y l mt s cc yu t quan trng cn xem xt khi la chn mt h qun tr CSDL: Kch thc CSDL: Cc h qun tr CSDL c th h tr cc CSDL c kch thc ti a khc nhau. Do vy, cn xem xt kch thc CSDL chn loi ph hp. S ngi dng ng thi: S lng ngi s dng, c bit l s ngi s dng ng thi, l 1 tham s quan trng. Mi ngi dng khi s dng h qun tr CSDL s lm cho h thng phi phc v cc thao tc ca h, do vy khi s ngi dng ng thi tng ln, c ngha h qun tr CSDL phi c kh nng phc v nhiu hn. Mt s h qun tr CSDL c kh nng phc v n nh 1 s lng ln ngi dng, trong khi 1 s h thng ch c th phc v 1 s t hoc va phi.

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Hiu sut: Hiu sut ca 1 h qun tr CSDL ni n nng lc x l ca h thng. Tnh nng: Hu ht cc h qun tr CSDL hin i u c cng mt s tnh nng c bn, tuy nhin, mt s h qun tr CSDL c th khng h tr cc tnh nng c bit hoc nng cao, chng hn cc cu lnh SQL phc tp hoc cc tnh nng lin quan n thao tc d liu. Do vy khi la chn h qun tr CSDL cn chn loi c h tr cc tnh nng cn thit ca h thng. Nh cung cp: La chn da trn nh cung cp c bit c quan tm khi cn nhc n tnh tng thch gia cc phn cc nhau ca h thng, k c phn cng hoc cc phn mm khc lin quan nh h iu hnh, Web server, .v.v. Gi c: y l 1 yu t r rng l rt quan trng. Cc h qun tr CSDL tt thng cho gi c kh cao, trong khi mt s loi khc gi thp hn nhng cng c kh nng p ng yu cu. Do vy cn cn nhc la chn h thng ph hp c v cht lng v chi ph nm trong k hoch cho php.

3.6 ng dng khc ca CSDL Kho d liu (Data Warehouse) Kho d liu l mt CSDL thu thp cc thng tin nghip v ca t chc t rt nhiu ngun khc nhau, trong tt c cc lnh vc hot ng ca t chc. Ni cch khc, kho d liu lu tr cc d liu nht qun, c chuNn ha v lm sch, t nhiu khun dng tch hp, c ngun gc t cc h thng nghip v khc nhau, c t chc v thit k phc v cho mc ch phn tch d liu v to cc bo co d liu, h tr cho vic ra quyt nh. Theo nh ngha hp, kho d liu ch bao gm vic lu tr d liu. Tuy nhin, ngy nay khi ni n kho d liu ngi ta thng hiu theo ngha rng hn, bao gm c vic tng hp v phn tch d liu, c vic thu thp, chuyn i, np d liu vo kho, cc cng c qun l siu d liu .v.v. Khng c mt kin trc chi tit chuNn no cho kho d liu. C nhiu kiu kin trc ty thuc tng mi trng v bi cnh khc nhau, tuy nhin, nhn chung cc kho d liu thng c cu trc tng th bao gm cc lp c lin quan sau: Lp CSDL nghip v: y chnh l ngun ca kho d liu, chng hn cc h thng qun l nghip v v.v.v Lp truy cp d liu: Giao din gia lp truy cp thng tin v lp CSDL nghip v. y chnh l cc cng c dng thu thp, chuyn i, np d liu vo kho. Lp siu d liu: y thng l phn d liu m t, chi tit hn so vi d liu nghip v.
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Lp truy cp thng tin: Ti lp ny, d liu c truy cp to bo co v phn tch, bao gm cc cng c phn tch kinh doanh, khai ph d liu .v.v.

Hnh 3.16 Kho d liu Vic lu tr d liu trong kho d liu cng c s khc bit so vi cc h thng nghip v. Cc h thng nghip v c ti u ha m bo cho tnh ton vn d liu, ch trng vo vic lu tr v qun l giao dch nghip v thng qua vic chuNn ha CSDL v m hnh quan h thc th. Cc CSDL khi c chuNn ha v chia ra lm rt nhiu bng d liu, chng c qun l mt cch hiu qu thng qua cc CSDL quan h. Cc CSDL ny c hiu sut cp nht thng tin rt nhanh bi v ch c 1 lng nh d liu trong cc bng ny b nh hng mi ln giao dch nghip v c x l. Ngoi ra, nng cao hiu sut x l, cc d liu c thng c thanh lc dn ra khi CSDL nghip v. Trong khi , kho d liu c ti u ha cho vic thu thp v phn tch thng tin. Thng thng, d liu trong kho d liu khng c chuNn ha cht ch. Ngoi ra, tng tc tc truy cp thng tin, d liu trong kho thng c lu tr nhiu ln. D liu c ly t cc h thng nghip v v c lu gi trong kho d liu thm ch k c sau khi n b thanh lc ra khi h thng nghip v. X l phn tch trc tuyn (OLAP) v khai ph d liu (Data mining)
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Trong cc h thng kho d liu, c mt s phng php phn tch, trong phi k n phng php X l phn tch trc tuyn (OLAP Online Analytical Processing) v Khai ph d liu (Data mining). Khai ph d liu l qu trnh pht hin ra cc mu d liu Nn v cc mi quan h trong kho d liu. Vi vic d liu c thu thp ngy cng nhiu, khai ph d liu ngy cng tr thnh mt cng c quan trng trong vic chuyn i d liu thnh thng tin c ch. Sau y l mt s ng dng thng dng ca khai ph d liu: Lm thng hiu, nh v sn phNm v dch v: Cho php cc chin lc gia hnh dung ra nhng v tr khc nhau ca i th trong mt th trng cho trc s dng d liu trn mt s cc tnh nng quan trng ca sn phNm. Phn tch s ri b ca khch hng: D bo t l s khch hng hin ti s ri b doanh nghip n vi i th. Marketing trc tip: Ch ra cc khch hng tim nng c v nh s p ng li trong 1 chin dch marketing trc tip nh qua in thoi hoc email. Pht hin gian ln: Ch ra cc giao dch c du hiu la o hoc bt hp php. Phn tch xu hng mua bn: Ch ra cc sn phNm v dch v thng c mua cng thi im (chng hn ph n mua son thng mua cng nc hoa). Phn on th trng: Phn nhm cc khch hng da trn c tnh hoc s thch. Phn tch xu hng th trng: Phn tch cc tham s chnh nh doanh s, khi lng tiu dng, u i thay i theo thi gian nh th no.

Trong khi khai ph d liu lm vic mc chi tit th OLAP lm vic mc tng quan hn. OLAP l phng php phn tch dng top-down, hng truy vn v yu cu ngi s dng c kin thc v d liu v bi cnh nghip v. Khai ph d liu l phn tch bottom-up, hng khai ph v ngi s dng phi tin tng vo cng c khai ph d liu pht hin ra cc d liu v gi thit cha c.

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CHNG 4

CC H THNG TRUYN THNG

Bn cnh cc h thng phn cng, phn mm l nn tng cho h thng thng tin, trong thi i kt ni ngy nay, cc h thng truyn thng cng c coi nh khng th thiu i vi vic pht trin cc h thng thng tin bi hu ht cc h thng thng tin hin nay u hot ng trong mi trng mng. Vic s dng hiu qu cc h thng truyn thng, cc h thng mng s lm cho t chc, doanh nghip, tr nn nhanh nhy v sng to hn, to ra mt li th cnh tranh lu di. Trong phn u chng, chng ta s xem xt cc khi nim v h thng truyn thng, cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng truyn thng, cc phng n x l d liu c bn v u nhc im ca cc phng php. Trong cc h thng truyn thng, Internet r rng l mt h thng rt quan trng v c s dng cc k rng ri. Internet cung cp nhiu dch v a dng cho ngi s dng v cc t chc, doanh nghip. Chng ny cng s m t s lc v hot ng ca Internet, cc phng php kt ni Internet, vai tr ca cc nh cung cp dch v Internet v cc dch v cn bn trn Internet, trong c World Wide Web. Xut pht t mt h thng qun l ti liu, Web tr thnh mt dch v khng th thiu cho ngi dng Internet, k c ngi dng c nhn hay cc t chc. Phn cui ca chng s trnh by cc khi nim v Web, hot ng ca Web, bao gm vic s dng cc trnh duyt, search engine v cc cng c Web khc, ng thi cng xem xt cc khi nim Intranet, Extranet, v vic cc t chc s dng chng ra sao. 4.1 Cc thnh phn ca h thng vin thng Vin thng c hiu l vic truyn ti thng tin qua mt khong cch xa nhm phc v cho vic lic lc, giao tip, truyn thng. Ngy nay, vin thng thng lin quan n vic s dng cc thit b in t nh in thoi, truyn hnh, radio, my tnh .v.v. Mt h thng vin thng in hnh thng bao gm cc thnh phn sau: H thng gi thng tin: L h thng pht ra thng tin, l ngun ni thng tin s xut pht i ti ch. Thng tin ny s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu trc khi chuyn i. Tn hiu: L thng tin c chuyn i truyn i trn ng truyn. Phng tin truyn dn: L thnh phn truyn ti tn hiu.

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Thit b vin thng: L cc thit b dng chuyn i tn hiu sang dng ph hp v/hoc thc hin cc nhim v truyn thng khc. H thng nhn: L h thng s nhn tn hiu v chuyn i li thnh thng tin s dng.

Hnh 4.1 Cc thnh phn ca h thng vin thng Cc loi phng tin truyn dn C nhiu loi phng tin truyn dn khc nhau, dng cho cc loi tn hiu khc nhau. Sau y l 1 s loi in hnh: Cp xon i (Twisted-Pair Cable): L loi cp s dng cc cp s dy ng xon vo nhau, c th bc hoc khng bc. Loi cp ny c s dng rng ri cho cc dch v in thoi hoc mng my tnh c khong cch gn, nhng nhc im l tc chm v di ti a b gii hn. Cp ng trc (Coaxial Cable): Loi cp c 1 li dn in bn trong v bao bc bi lp cch in v sau li c bc bi 1 lp dn na v cui cng tt c c bao ph bi lp v bn ngoi. Cp ny c tc truyn cao hn cp xon i, tuy nhin gi thnh cao hn v vic trin khai phc tp hn. Cp quang (Fiber-optic Cable): Bao gm rt nhiu nhng si thy tinh cc nh c b li vi nhau trong 1 lp v bc. Loi cp ny s dng cc tia nh sng truyn d liu. Cp quang c kch thc nh hn nhiu so vi cp ng, c kh nng truyn d liu tc cc cao, i xa, m khng b mo tn hiu. Tuy nhin, cp quang l loi phng tin truyn dn c gi thnh v chi ph trin khai rt cao. Truyn dn viba (Microwave): S dng cc tn hiu radio tn s cao truyn qua khng gian. y l phng php truyn v tuyn, c u im khng phi trin khai

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dy, v c th truyn tc cao. Nhc im l khng c c vt cn trn ng truyn gia bn gi v bn nhn. Ngoi ra, tn hiu c th d b can thip. Truyn dn t bo (Cellular): Cng l phng php v tuyn, chia vng hot ng ra thnh cc t bo. H tr cho ngi dng di dng, tn hiu cng d b can thip. Truyn dn hng ngoi (Infrared): Tn hiu c truyn qua khng kh di dng cc sng nh sng. Tin li trong vic di chuyn thit b, tuy nhin phi khng c vt cn trn ng truyn v ch p dng c trong khong cch ngn.

Hnh 4.2 Phng tin truyn dn Cc thit b vin thng ph bin Modem (Modulator - Demodulator): L thit b c chc nng chuyn i tn hiu t dng s (digital) sang dng tng t (analog) c th truyn i trn h thng truyn dn in thoi thng thng. Qu trnh ny gi l iu ch (modulation). Thit b ny cng thc hin chc nng ngc li l gii iu ch (demodulation) chuyn i tn hiu tng t ngc tr li tn hiu s. Fax modem: Cc thit b Fax cho php truyn i cc bn sao vn bn qua ng in thoi thng thng. Fax modem l mt thit b kt hp gia fax v modem, to cho ngi dng mt cng c truyn thng rt hiu qu. B dn knh (Multiplexer): B dn knh cho php mt vi tn hiu truyn thng chia s v c th cng truyn trn mt ng truyn duy nht ti cng thi im, nh c th lm gim chi ph truyn thng. Ti u nhn thng tin, cn c mt thit b tch knh (Demultiplexer) tch tn hiu. PBX (Private Branch Exchange): Tng i c nhn t ng. L thit b tng i phc v ring cho mt t chc hoc mt doanh nghip. PBX cho php thit lp cc cuc gi ni b trong h thng hoc kt ni ra h thng mng ngoi qua mt s ng in thoi ca nh cung cp dch v vin thng.
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Nh cung cp v cc dch v vin thng Cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng l cc nh cung cp dch v in thoi v cc dch v truyn thng khc tng t. Mt s loi dch v truyn thng ph bin: Dch v in thoi thng thng (Standard Phone): y l dch v rt ph bin, c c im l gi r, nhng tc thp (56 Kpbs), ch yu ph hp vi vic truyn cc cuc gi in thoi, khng ph hp cho cc ng dng truyn video v d liu ln. Mng s tch hp a dch v (ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network): L mt loi hnh mng theo k thut s, c kh nng tch hp nhiu loi dch v trn cng 1 ng truyn. Tc ti a c th ln ti vi Mbps, thch hp cho cc ng dng tc cao, nhng gi c t hn v khng ph bin rng nh dch v in thoi thng thng. Dch v ng dy thu bao s (DSL - Digital Subscriber Line): DSL hoc xDSL l mt h cc cng ngh cung cp dch v truyn d liu dng s trn cc ng dy thu bao in thoi thng thng. DSL c th c s dng cng thi im trn cng ng dy vi dch v in thoi thng thng v n s dng di tn cao hn tn hiu thoi. Tc download ca DSL ln ti hng chc Mbps, ph thuc vo cng ngh, iu kin ng dy v mc dch v. Tc upload thng chm hn download i vi cng ngh ADSL (Asymmetric DSL). Cable Modem: L loi dch v truyn thng trn h thng h tng cp truyn hnh. C tc kh cao, nhng chi ph cao v khng ph bin rng. T1: L mt dch v bng rng tc cao, ln ti 1.544 Mbps, thng c s dng cho cc t chc, doanh nghip. Chi ph thit lp dch v t, chi ph thu bao hng thng ty theo khong cc. Internet v tinh (Satellite): L dch v dnh cho cc vng khng c kh nng thit lp cc kt ni mt t nh DSL hoc Cable Internet. Dch v ny thng gp phi mt s vn nh tr tn hiu hoc nh hng bi thi tit.

4.2 Mng v x l phn tn nh ngha mng my tnh: Cc h thng my tnh c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc phng tin truyn dn, cc thit b mng, v phn mm. Cc m hnh x l trong mng my tnh X l tp trung (Centralized Processing)
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Vic x l c thc hin ti 1 my tnh hoc 1 h thng my tnh gp (cluster) ti mt ni duy nht. Vic truy cp ti my tnh x l c th thng qua cc trm cui khng thng minh, ch c chc nng gi u vo v nhn kt qu u ra, hoc thng qua cc trm cui thng minh hn, c kh nng x l nh dng u ra. Tt c cng vic x l u c thc hin ti my tnh trung tm.

Hnh 4.3 X l tp trung vi trm cui khng thng minh Khi my tnh c nhn v mng cc b pht trin, cc trm cui c thay th bi cc my tnh c nhn, c chc nng nh trm cui nhng c thm cc thit b phn cng v phn mm khc. Ngi dng my tnh c nhn c th chy cc ng dng ca ring mnh ng thi cng vn c th truy cp vo my tnh trung tm khi cn.

Hnh 4.4 X l tp trung vi trm cui thng minh hn Ti nhng nm 1990s, m hnh client/server ra i v dn thay th cc h thng truy nhp trm cui. My khch (client) kt ni vi my ch thng qua h thng mng thay v cc trm cui c ni trc tip ti my x l trung tm.

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Hnh 4.5 M hnh Client/Server X l ri rc (Decentralized Processing) L m hnh x l c thc hin ti nhiu my t ti cc ni khc nhau. Mc d d liu c truyn gia cc my tnh theo nh k phi hp x l, nhng vi tn sut khng lin tc. X l phn tn (Distributed Processing) M hnh s dng cc h thng my tnh t xa nhng kt ni vi nhau qua mng gii quyt mt vn hoc x l thng tin. Mt h thng phn tn bao gm nhiu my tnh c lp, c kt ni vi nhau qua mng v c trang b cc phn mm h thng phn tn. Phn mm ny s cho php cc my tnh kt hp hot ng v chia s ti nguyn phn cng, phn mm, d liu .v.v. Ngi dng ca h thng phn tn s ch tng tc vi mt giao din duy nht mc d vic x l c th c thc hin bi cc h thng my tnh t cc ni xa nhau. 4.3 Cc giao thc v phn mm truyn thng Giao thc truyn thng: Cc lut v cc tiu chuNn cn thit m bo vic truyn thng c th thc hin c. Phn mm truyn thng: L cc phn mm cung cp cc chc nng quan trng trong mng, cho php ngi dng v cc h thng c th trao i thng tin v d liu qua mng. H iu hnh mng: L h iu hnh c cc thnh phn v cc chng trnh cho php my tnh kt ni mng v tip nhn cc yu cu t cc my tnh khc v d liu v iu khin vic truy cp ti cc ti nguyn nh my in hoc h thng tp. Phn mm qun l mng: Phn mm dng gim st hot ng ca cc h thng my tnh trong mng v cc ti nguyn c chia s. Mt s giao thc truyn thng thng dng
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M hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): Giao thc ny phn chia cc chc nng truyn thng ra thnh 7 tng khc nhau lm n gin ha vic pht trin, vn hnh, v bo tr cc mng truyn thng phc tp. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol): Giao thc truyn thng nguyn thy ca Internet, ra i vo nhng nm 1970s. Tng t nh OSI nhng ch chia thnh 4 tng. SNA (System Network Architecture): Giao thc truyn thng c pht trin v s dng trn cc my tnh ca IBM. Hin nay SNA vn c s dng trong mt s ngn hng v mng giao dch ti chnh. Ethernet: Giao thc truyn thng rt ph bin c s dng cho cc mng cc b m bo tnh thng nht v tng thch gia cc thit b truyn thng, nh nhiu ngi dng c th d dng s dng 1 si cp theo tiu chuNn kt ni thit b, chia s ti nguyn. ATM (Asyschronous Transfer Mode): Cng ngh chuyn mch chia bn tin thnh cc t bo c kch thc c nh 53 bytes, c th h tr tc truyn ln ti 10 Gbps. 802.11a: ChuNn khng dy cho php kt ni cc thit b ATM khng dy vi tc ln ti 54 Mbps. Bluetooth: ChuNn khng dy cho php kt ni cc thit b in thoi di ng, my tnh cm tay, v cc thit b di ng khc trong khong cch ngn. 802.11b/Wifi: ChuNn khng dy cho php kt ni cc thit b khng dy vi khong cch xa hn.

4.4 S lc v chc nng v hot ng ca Internet Internet l mt mng ca cc mng, c phm vi trn ton cu. Phn li ca Internet c th c xem nh l mt mng li cc thit b mng l Router kt ni vi nhau v c chc nng chn ng, chuyn tip cc gi tin i ti ch. c th kt ni ti Internet, ngi s dng (c nhn hoc t chc) phi thit lp kt ni ti mt nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP - Internet Service Provider) thng qua cc k thut nh quay s (dial-up), DSL, ng truyn ring Cc ISP c kt ni ti cc ISP mc cao hn v qua kt ni vo mng li ca Internet. Cc bn tin t trm gi s c chuyn tip qua cc Router ca ISP m trm kt ni vo v c th s chuyn qua cc ISP khc cho ti khi n trm nhn thng tin.

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Hnh 4.6 Truyn d liu trn Internet Hot ng ca Internet Hot ng ca Internet da trn b giao thc ni ting l TCP/IP, trong c 2 giao thc chnh c ly lm tn gi ca b giao thc l TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) v IP (Internet Protocol). Internet Protocol (IP): L giao thc chnh tng lin mng ca m hnh TCP/IP. IP c nhim v truyn ti cc gi tin t trm ngun ti trm ch da trn a ch ca trm. lm c vic ny, IP nh ngha phng php nh a ch (gi l lc a ch IP), v cu trc ca gi tin. Phin bn u tin ca a ch IP gi l IPv4 hin ang c dng chnh trn Internet. Mc d vy, IPv4 c mt s hn ch v phin bn tip theo IPv6 ang c trin khai thay th dn phin bn c. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): L mt trong 2 giao thc chnh ca b giao thc TCP/IP. Trong khi giao thc IP iu khin vic truyn d liu cp thp hn, t trm ti trm thng qua vic chuyn tip cc gi tin qua mng Internet th TCP hot ng cp cao hn, lin quan ti vic truyn thng gia 2 h thng cui, 2 tin trnh trn cc trm, chng hn gia trnh duyt Web v Web server. Ni cch khc, TCP cung cp mt tin trnh truyn thng tin cy, c th t, t mt chng trnh trn mt trm ny ti mt chng trnh trn mt trm khc. Bn cnh ng dng Web, TCP cn c s dng cho nhiu ng dng khc, in

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hnh l email, truyn tp .v.v. TCP cng c chc nng pht hin li, iu khin khin lung, iu khin tc nghn. Uniform Resource Locator (URL): URL c s dng nh v mt ti nguyn trn mng Internet v c ch thu thp n. V cn bn, URL thng c 3 phn l giao thc, tn min hoc a ch IP ca trm cha ti nguyn, v ng dn n ti nguyn. protocol://domain/pathname V d: http://www.ptit.edu.vn/library/books/is.pdf Tn min (Domain name): thay th cho cc a ch IP kh nh trong vic nh danh mt trm trn mng, tn min c s dng. phn cp, tn min c t chc di dng cc cp (levels). Cp u tin l top-level domains, bao gm generic top-level domain nh com, net, org .v.v v country code top-level domains phn bit theo quc gia. Bn di cp u tin l cc tn min cp 2 v 3 thng c dng dnh cho ngi dng cui kt ni cc h thng mng ca h ti Internet, thit lp cc Web site, hoc to ra cc ti nguyn khc c th c truy cp qua Internet.

Hnh 4.7 Top-level domain Kt ni v truy cp ti Internet truy cp ti Internet th phi thit lp kt ni thng qua nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP). Sau y l mt s phng php kt ni thng dng: Kt ni thng qua mng cc b: T mng cc b ca ngi dng (thng l t chc), c th thit lp kt ni ti mng ca ISP bng mt knh truyn ring qua 1 Router. Kt ni thng qua modem t my tnh c nhn: i vi ngi dng c nhn, thng dng hn c l phng php kt ni bng mng cng cng thng qua 1 modem. Kt ni thng qua dch v online: Ngi s dng kt ni ti my ch ca nh cung cp dch v online.
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Hnh 4.8 Kt ni v truy cp ti Internet Cc ISP in hnh ti Vit Nam: Ti Vit Nam hin nay c khong gn 20 ISP, in hnh l cc ISP sau: STT 1 2 3 4 5 Tn ISP Cng ty C phn dch v Bu chnh Vin thng Si Gn (SaigonPostel) Cng ty C phn Vin thng FPT (FPT Telecom) Cng ty NetNam Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT) Tng cng ty Vin thng Qun i (Viettel) Web site www.spt.com.vn www.fpt.vn www.netnam.com.vn www.vnpt.com.vn www.viettel.com.vn

4.5 Cc dch v truyn thng v Internet Internet cung cp v s cc dch v rt hu ch cho ngi s dng cng nh nhng nh pht trin, sau y l mt s dch v ph bin trn Internet :

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Email : Th in t l dch v rt tin li cho ngi dng, cho php trao i cc thng tin dng file text, m thanh, hnh nh, file d liu .v.v gia ngi dng Internet 1 cch nhanh chng. Trao i trc tuyn : Cho php hai hoc nhiu ngi c th trao i trc tip theo thi gian thc qua mng Internet. Telnet : Dch v ng nhp t xa cho php ngi dng truy cp vo 1 my tnh khc xa qua mng v s dng cc ti nguyn c php. Chng hn ngi dng c th ng nhp vo my tnh c quan t mt a im xa nh nh hoc ni lm vic khc. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Dch v truyn file cho php chuyn cc file t my ny n my khc qua mng Internet. Chat rooms : To mi trng nhiu ngi dng c th trao i trc tuyn. Internet phone : Cho php ngi dng Internet s dng cc phn mm v thit b tng thch trao i vi nhau bng ging ni qua mng. Mt s h thng cho php trao i gia gia ngi dng phn mm trn my tnh v ngi dng in thoi (PCto-Phone). Internet Video Conferencing : Dch v h tr giao tip trc tip bng hnh nh v m thanh gia nhiu ngi dng Internet. Content Streaming : Cho php ngi dng truyn cc file a phng tin qua mng, nh cc dng d liu m thanh v hnh nh c hin th gn nh lin tc trong khi ni dung cn li vn ang tip tc c truyn i. Mua bn qua mng : Cho php ngi dng mua bn cc sn phNm v dch v qua Internet. u gi trn mng : Dch v t chc cc phin u gi qua Web cho ngi dng trn khp th gii tham gia. Music, radio, video qua mng : Cho php ngi dng nghe, xem hoc ti m nhc, video qua mng. Trao i d liu in t (EDI - Electronic Data Interchange) : Cho php cc t chc, doanh nghip trao i d liu nghip v v thng mi di dng d liu in t v theo mt nh dng chuNn, c cu trc c thng nht gia 2 bn. Li ch chnh ca EDI l lm gim chi ph ng k so vi phng php trao i th cng, thng qua giy t. Thm ch k c khi cc giy t c duy tr s dng song song, EDI vn em li nhiu li ch khc nh tc nhanh hn, gim cc chi ph nh sp xp, t chc, phn
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phi, tm kim ti liu .v.v. Mt u im na ca EDI l gim cc li trong qu trnh trao i d liu chng hn li trong qu trnh vn chuyn .v.v. Mng cng cng v cc dch v chuyn bit : Cung cp cho ngi dng kh nng truy cp ti khi d liu khng l v cc dch v khc. o to qua mng : Cho php t chc cc lp hc o qua h thng mng hoc cung cp cc bi ging dng in t trn mng.

Hnh 4.9 Trao i d liu in t World Wide Web (Web) Web l mt h thng cc ti liu siu vn bn c lin lin kt vi nhau v c th c truy cp thng qua Internet. S dng trnh duyt Web (Web browser), ngi dng c th xem cc trang Web cha vn bn, hnh nh, video, v cc dng thc khc v c th chuyn qua gia cc trang ny bng cc siu lin kt. C th ni, Web l mt dch v Internet bao gm hng triu my tnh c lp nhng lm vic cng vi nhau nh mt khi thng nht. Web site : L mt tp cc trang web, hnh nh, video, hoc cc ti nguyn s khc c quan h vi nhau, c gn a ch vi 1 tn min hoc 1 a ch IP. Mt web site c lu tr trn my ch web v c th truy cp qua Internet.

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Hypermedia : L khi nim m rng ca siu vn bn (hypertext), trong cc dng thc d liu nh vn bn, hnh nh, audio, video, v cc siu lin kt c b tr vi nhau to thnh mt dng thng tin hn hp. Thng tin hn hp ny c th c to ra bng cch s dng mt ngn ng nh du siu vn bn l HTML v sau c hin th bi cc chng trnh phn mm gi l cc trnh duyt Web. HTML (HyperText Markup Language) : Ngn ng nh du siu vn bn - l ngn ng c dng to ra cc trang web. Ngn ng ny cung cp phng thc to ra mt ti liu c cu trc bng cch ch ra cc ng ngha cu trc ca vn bn nh tiu , on vn bn, danh sch lit k, siu lin kt n vn bn khc, v cc hng mc khc. N cng cho php hnh nh v cc i tng khc c nhng vo trang web v c th c dng to ra cc form tng tc. HTML c vit di dng cc thnh t HTML bao gm cc th c bao bi mt cp ngoc nhn (< .. >), nm trong trang web. Cc thnh t HTML ng vai tr nh cc ch dn cho trnh duyt web bit ti liu c phin dch nh th no v hin th trn mn hnh ra sao. Search Engine (SE): My tm kim l cng c c thit k thc hin tm kim thng tin trn Internet. Kt qu tm kim thng c hin th di dng danh sch cc ti nguyn tm c, c th l cc trang web, hnh nh, thng tin, hoc cc dng thc khc. Khc vi cc th mc Web c duy tr th cng bi ngi dng, cc SE hot ng mt cc t ng thng qua cc thut ton c ci t bi ngi dng hoc kt hp t ng v th cng. lm c vic ny, cc SE phi lu tr thng tin v rt nhiu trang web, ly t chnh cc trang html. Cc trang ny c thu thp thng qua cc phn mm web crawler (spider), mt dng trnh duyt web t ng ln theo cc lin kt trn trang web. Ni dung trang web sau c phn tch v xc nh xem s nh ch mc (index) n nh th no. D liu v cc trang web c cha trong CSDL ch mc s dng cho vic truy vn sau ny. Khi ngi s dng gi mt truy vn ti SE (thng s dng t kha), SE s kim tra CSDL ch mc v cung cp danh sch cc trang web khp nht vi truy vn ca ngi dng. Java Applets : L mt chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng Java c th nhng vo cc trang html thng qua th <APPLET> theo cch tng t nh nhng cc hnh nh vo trang web. Khi ngi dng s dng trnh duyt web c h tr Java xem trang web c cha applet, m ca applet s c ti v h thng ca ngi s dng v c thc hin bi my o Java (Java Virtual Machine) ca trnh duyt. Thng thng Java applet c s dng cung cp cc tnh nng tng tc cho ng dng web m html khng lm c. Hin nay, ngoi Java applet cn mt s loi i tng khc cung cp tnh nng tng tc cng c th nhng vo trang web, v d cc i tng c to ra bng cc cng c nh Multimedia Flash .v.v.

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4.6 Intranets v Extranets Intranet Intranet l mt mng my tnh ni b ca t chc/doanh nghip c xy dng theo cc chuNn v cng ngh s dng cho Internet, chng hn kin trc client/server hoc chy trn b giao thc TCP/IP. Khc vi Internet l mt mng ca cc mng, mng ca cc t chc/doanh nghip khc nhau, intranet l mt mng thuc ni b ca 1 t chc, i khi dng ch web site ca t chc, nhng theo ngha rng c th hiu l h tng cng ngh thng tin ca t chc. Intranet ny cng c s dng rng ri trin khai cc cng c v cc ng dng. Chng hn cc h thng h tr cng tc, lm vic nhm, hoc cc th mc d liu chuyn dng, cc cng c bn hng, chm sc khc hng, hoc cc cng c tng nng sut lm vic khc .v.v. Intranet cng c th l ni to mi trng trao i thng tin cng ng, chng hn cc din n trao i thng tin ni b trao i tho lun v cc vn nghip v hoc ly kin nhn vin .v.v. Mt s li ch in hnh ca intranet : Tng nng sut cng vic : Intranet c th gip cho ngi dng nh v v truy cp thng tin nhanh hn, d dng s dng cc ng dng qua mng tng ng vi vai tr v trch nhim ca h. Vi giao din kiu trnh duyt, ngi dng c th truy cp d liu c lu tr trong cc CSDL ca t chc t bt k h thng my tnh no trong mng ni b. Tng kh nng giao tip : Intranet c th ng vai tr nh mt cng c hu hiu cho vic h tr giao tip trong t chc. H tr vic qun l v iu hnh nghip v : Intranet c th c s dng nh l nn tng cho vic pht trin v trin khai cc ng dng h tr hot ng nghip v trong ton b t chc.

Extranet Extranet c th xem nh phn ca mng intranet ca t chc/doanh nghip c m rng ra cho nhng ngi dng bn ngoi t chc, nh cc i tc, nh cung cp, khch hng .v.v. v thng thng qua Internet. Ni cch khc, extranet c th c hiu nh l mt mng intranet c m rng vo mng Internet hoc mt h thng truyn dn khc nhng c qun l bi nhiu t chc. Mt mng ring nm trong mt mng cng cng thng c gi l mt mng ring o (VPN - Virtual Private Network).

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Hnh 4.10 Mng ring o 4.7 Vn an ninh mng my tnh Mt s hnh thc xm phm an ninh ph bin trn mng my tnh : Nghe trm thng tin, phn tch lu lng Thay i thng tin trn ng truyn, gi mo thng tin Tn cng t chi dch v, t lit h thng

Mt s bin php ngn chn : M ha thng tin Ch k s m bo tnh ton vn, xc minh ngun gc Dng k thut cookie chng tn cng t chi dch v

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CHNG 5

CC H THNG THNG MI IN T V X L GIAO DNCH

So vi cc h thng thng mi truyn thng, thng mi in t (TMT) c th xem nh l mt phng php mi trong kinh doanh, da trn cng ngh. V cng nh cc ng dng cng ngh mi khc, TMT cng em li nhng c hi pht trin mi v c nhng vn tim tng. Chng ny s trnh by v mt s u im ca TMT, cc thch thc m cc t chc/doanh nghip phi vt qua thnh cng trong TMT, v nu ra mt s ng dng in hnh ca TMT. Vic trin khai cc h thng TMT cn c lp k hoch cNn thn v kt hp cc thnh phn h tng cng ngh khc nhau. Chng ny cng s ch ra cc thnh phn h tng cng ngh chnh ca mt h thng TMT v cc yu cu cn thit trin khai thnh cng h thng TMT. Cc c im chnh ca cc h thng thanh ton in t cn thit cng nh cc vn chnh e da s pht trin ca TMT cng c nu ra. H thng x l giao dch (Transaction Processing System - TPS) l mt h thng h tr cc hot ng thng nht, din ra trong cc giao dch thng mi thng thng v gip cho t chc/doanh nghip trong vic gia tng gi tr cho cc sn phNm v dch v. Phn tip theo ca chng s trnh by v cc hot ng c bn cng nh cc mc tiu chung ca tt c cc h thng x l giao dch, ng thi cng nu ra tm quan trng ca vic lp k hoch phc hi kinh doanh v d phng ri ro i vi cc h thng x l giao dch quan trng. Bn cnh cc h thng x l giao dch, cc h thng qun l thng tin v.v. trong tng lnh vc hot ng ca doanh nghip, vic trin khai mt h thng qun l ti nguyn doanh nghip tch hp (Enterprise Resource Planning System - ERP) c th cho php doanh nghip t c cc li ch kinh doanh to ln qua vic to ra mt tp cc h thng c tch hp cht ch vi nhau. Trong phn cui ca chng s trnh by v h thng EPR cng vi cc u/nhc im gn vi vic trin khai mt h thng EPR trong doanh nghip. 5.1 Thng mi in t TMT c xem nh l hnh thc thc hin thng mi (mua/bn cc loi hng ha v dch v) qua h thng in t nh Internet hoc cc h thng mng my tnh khc. Cc h thng TMT hin i ngy nay hu ht s dng Web lm mi trng thc hin, t nht l ti mt cng on no trong vng i giao dch, mc d TMT bao hm mt khong cng ngh rng hn, chng hn giao dch qua email.

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Trong TMT, qu trnh giao dch ch yu c thc hin mt cch in t trn cc mt hng o, nhng hu ht lin quan n vic vn chuyn hng ha vt l theo mt phng thc no . TMT c thc hin gia cc doanh nghip c gi l business-to-business hoc B2B, c thc hin gia nh cung cp v khc hng c gi l business-to-consumer hoc B2C, v thc hin gia nhng khch hng vi nhau th gi l consumer-to-consumer hay C2C. Business-to-business B2B m t cc giao dch TMT gia cc doanh nghip, chng hn gia nh sn xut v doanh nghip bn bun hoc gia doanh nghip bn bun v doanh nghip bn l. c im ca B2B l s lng v khi lng cc giao dch B2B thng rt ln so vi cc giao dch B2C. Business-to-consumer B2C m t cc giao dch TMT phc v cho ngi dng cui, vi cc sn phNm hoc dch v. Consumer-to-consumer C2C m t cc giao dch TMT gia nhng khch hng vi nhau thng qua mt bn th 3 no . Mt v d in hnh l h thng u gi trc tuyn, trong mt ngi dng a ln mt sn phNm bn, nhng ngi dng khc u gi mua sn phNm, bn th 3 thng thu cc loi ph nh ph lit k sn phNm hoc ph doanh thu. H thng ca bn th 3 thng ch ng vai tr trung gian, lm mi trng ngi dng trao i, v h khng c trch nhim kim tra cht lng sn phNm hoc lin quan n vn thanh ton. Cc giai on trong qu trnh thc hin giao dch TMT Bao gm cc giai on sau: Tm kim v nhn din La chn, m phn Thc hin mua hng/thanh ton hng ha/dch v qua mng Phn phi hng ha/dch v Dch v sau bn hng

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Hnh 5.1 M hnh cc giai on trong giao dch TMT Trong m hnh trn, vic phn phi hng ha/ dch v c th theo 2 phng thc. Phng thc truyn thng dnh cho cc dng hng ha/dch v vt l, v phn phi in t dnh cho cc loi hng ha/dch v dng in t (v d ni dung s, cc dng hng ha in t .v.v)

Hnh 5.2 Phn phi hng ha v dch v trong TMT

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Cc vn trong pht trin TMT Thay i trong h thng phn phi v quy trnh nghip v Phn phi ri rc: Hng ha v dch v c phn phi n ngi tiu dng theo dng thc ri rc c v thi gian, s lng, chng loi, a im, cch thc .v.v., do vy cn c h thng lp k hoch v thc hin phn phi tt ti u chi ph v thi gian, ng thi p ng s hi lng ca khch hng. Tch hp h thng x l mua hng trn mng vi cc h thng truyn thng

Qun l chui cung cp trong TMT (E-Commerce Supply Chain) Chui cung cp l khi nim ch dng hng ha vt l t khi cn l nguyn vt liu th cho n tay ngi tiu dng. Cc hot ng chnh ca chui cung cp bao gm: Lp k hoch nhu cu Lp k hoch cung cp p ng nhu cu

Hnh 5.3 Chui cung cp Khi nim qun l chui cung cp ch s tch hp cc qu trnh nghip v chnh trong chui cung cp, nhm mc ch p ng nhu cu ca khch hng qua vic s dng cc ti nguyn mt cch hiu qu nht, chng hn ti u knh phn phi, qun l tn kho, nhn lc .v.v.
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TMT v Internet lm thay i chui cung cp truyn thng. Chui cung cp trong TMT em li mt s u im sau: Tng doanh thu, gim chi ph: Bt i cc hot ng tiu tn thi gian v nhn lc trong qu trnh tip nhn t hng v phn phi. Gia tng s hi lng ca khch hng: Cho php khch hng d dng xem xt la chn, ng thi khc hng c th xem thng tin phn phi, tnh trng n t hng qua mng. Gim tn kho trong chui cung cp

Hnh 5.4 Chui cung cp TMT ng dng ca TMT Bn l v bn bun: Bn l qua mng: Bn hng trc tip t nh cung cp n khch hng qua cc h thng in t (thng l web) Gian hng in t: Mt Web site duy nht cha nhiu gian hng vi cc loi hng ha v dch v khc nhau Bn bun (B2B)
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Marketing: Phn on th trng Qun l quan h khch hng

u t v ti chnh Giao dch chng khon trc tuyn Ngn hng trc tuyn

H tng cng ngh TMT H tng cng ngh cho TMT nh trong hnh v:

Hnh 5.5 H tng cng ngh cho TMT Phn cng: Phn cng ca h thng TMT thng thng l cc my ch web, h thng thit b ph v cho kt ni mng .v.v. Sc mnh ca h thng phn cng ny c xc nh da trn 2 yu t chnh: Phn mm s c dng chy trn my ch

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S lng cc giao dch TMT cn x l

Phn mm h thng: Thng l cc h iu hnh cho my ch. Khi la chn h iu hnh lu cc vn v hiu nng v tnh bo mt ca h thng. Phn mm my ch: L cc phn mm dng thc hin chc nng Web server, pht trin h thng Web .v.v Phn mm TMT: Cc phn mm thc hin chc nng TMT nh qun l danh mc hng ha, xy dng/la chn cu hnh, phm mm gi hng, thanh ton .v.v

Hnh 5.6 Gi hng TMT H thng mng: Hu ht cc h thng TMT hot ng trn Internet. Bn cnh , TMT cng c th c thc hin trn cc mng nh Extranet, VPN .v.v. Khi la chn h thng mng cho TMT cn cn nhc mt s vn nh chi ph, tnh tin cy, an ton .v.v Thanh ton trong TMT

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Vic thanh ton trong TMT c th c thc hin qua mt s phng php: Th tn dng, th thanh ton .v.v Tin in t (Electronic Cash): L loi tin c trao i mt cch in t, thng thng qua cc h thng mng my tnh, mng Internet .v.v.\ V in t: Mt dng phng tin c m ha lu tr thng tin th tn dng v cc thng tin ti chnh khc dng thc hin cc giao dch in t m khng cn phi g li thng tin trong thi im thc hin giao dch.

trin khai cc phng php thanh ton in t an ton, cn c cc k thut v cc h thng h tr an ton mng/an ton bo mt thng tin: M ha, ch k s/chng ch s Cc giao thc an ton mng IPSecurity, SSL (Secure Socket Layer), SET (Secure Electronic Transaction)

Cc mi e da s pht trin ca TMT Cc rc ri php l, tranh chp trong giao dch TMT Vn nh cp ti sn tr tu Gian ln trong TMT: La o u gi trc tuyn, spam, gian ln u t (chng khon) .v.v Xm phm thng tin c nhn ngi tiu dng: Tit l h s trc tin, thit lp clickstream (ghi li thng tin click ca ngi dng theo di hnh vi).

Mt s lu v vic bo v thng tin c nhn trn Internet: Hn ch vic cung cp thng tin c nhn ty trn Internet Trc khi ng k vo mt web site, kim tra chnh sch thng tin c nhn ca web site Thn trng khi gi email, a tin ln cc nhm trao i cng cng, hoc trong chat room cng cng Cp nht trnh duyt web thng xuyn

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5.2 H thng x l giao dch

Hnh 5.7 So snh h thng x l giao dch v cc loi h thng thng tin khc Mc ch ca cc h thng x l giao dch X l cc d liu c to ra bi cc giao dch X l cc d liu c to ra cho cc giao dch Duy tr mc ton vn v chnh xc cao To ra cc ti liu v bo co kp thi Tng hiu qu lao ng Gip ci tin cc dch v Gip xy dng v duy trnh khch hng trung thnh Gip t c v duy tr li th cnh tranh

Cc phng php x l giao dch X l theo l (batch processing): Phng php x l trong cc giao dch nghip v c tch ly trong mt khong thi gian v sau c x l 1 ln cho c l. X l trc tuyn (Online transaction processing - OLTP): Phng php x l trong mi giao dch c x l ngay lp tc v cc d liu lin quan c cp nhp kp thi.

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Hnh 5.8 X l theo l v x l trc tuyn

Hnh 5.9 Hot ng ca h thng x l giao dch

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Hnh 5.10 Tch hp cc h thng x l giao dch ca doanh nghip Cc hot ng trong x l giao dch Thu thp d liu Chnh sa d liu Sa li d liu X l d liu Lu tr To ti liu v bo co d liu

Cc vn trong qun l v iu khin: Lp k hoch khi phc hot ng nghip v D phng ri ro khi h thng khng thnh cng

Kim sot x l giao dch: H thng c p ng yu cu nghip v


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Quy trnh nghip v c c p dng ng n?

Hnh 5.11 Cc hot ng x l giao dch H thng x l n t hng (Order Processing) Order entry: Tip nhn n t hng. Thu thp d liu cn thit x l n t hng ca khch hng Sales configuration: Kim tra v ln cu hnh sn phNm/dch v. m bo cc sn phNm v dch v yu cu c p ng yu cu ca khch hng, v c th lm vic tt vi nhau. Shipment planning: Lp k hoch vn chuyn. Xc nh n hng no s c bt u vn chuyn v t a im no. Shipment execution: Thc hin vn chuyn. Phi hp cc dng ra ca tt c sn phNm, vi mc tiu phn phi cc sn phNm n khch hng ng thi gian. Inventory control: iu khin kho. Cp nht thng tin kho phn nh chnh xc s lng sn phNm mi loi hin ang cn. Invoice and billing: X l ha n. To cc ha n khch hng da trn thng tin t h thng x l thc hin vn chuyn.
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Customer resource management: Qun l quan h khch hng. Routing and scheduling: Xc nh tuyn v lp lch. Xc nh cc tuyn v thi gian ti u vn chuyn sn phNm t im ny ti im khc.

Hnh 5.12 H thng x l n t hng H thng mua hng (Purchasing System) Inventory control: iu khin kho Purchase order processing: X l n mua hng Receiving: Nhn hng Account payable: Thanh ton

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Hnh 5.13 H thng mua hng H thng k ton (Accounting) Budget: Qun l ngn sch Account receivable: Ti khon phi thu Payroll: H thng lng Asset management: Qun l ti sn General ledger : H thng k ton chung

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Hnh 5.14 H thng k ton 5.3 H thng hoch nh ti nguyn doanh nghip H thng hoch nh ti nguyn doanh nghip (EPR - Enterprise Resource Planning) l h thng phn mm nhm mc ch qun l tt c thng tin v cc chc nng ca mt t chc hoc doanh nghip. Trc khi ERP ra i, cc h thng phn mm c pht trin ring r cho tng lnh vc nghip v. Mc d mt h thng tch hp nh ERP mang li nhiu u im, nhng do phc tp ln, vic trin khai ERP cho mt t chc khng phi lc no cng thnh cng. u im ca ERP Loi b cc h thng ring r thiu linh hot v tn km Ci tin h tng cng ngh Ci tin quy trnh nghip v Tng kh nng truy cp thng tin phc v qu trnh ra quyt nh

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Nhc im ca ERP Tn km v ti nguyn v thi gian To nn nhng thay i su sc Vn tch hp vi cc h thng khc Ri ro khi s dng sn phNm ca mt nh cung cp

Hnh 5.15 Trin khai h thng ERP

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CHNG 6

H THNG THNG TIN QUN L V H H TR QUYT NNH

Ni dung chnh ca chng : Cc k nng gii quyt vn v k nng ra quyt nh l yu t chnh pht trin cc h thng thng tin qun l v cc h h tr quyt nh c hiu qu. Cc h thng thng tin qun l phi c kh nng cung cp ng thng tin cho ng ngi cn thit theo ng dng thc v ti ng thi im. Phn ny s xem xt v ng dng ca cc h thng thng tin qun l, u vo, u ra ca h thng. M t mt s h thng c th trong cc lnh vc nghip v ca t chc. H h tr quyt nh cng l cc h thng tr gip nhng c s dng trong trng hp vn cn x l l vn khng c cu trc. Phn ny s ch ra c im ca h h tr quyt nh v cc thnh phn ca n. Xem xt v mt s h h tr quyt nh c bit nh h h tr quyt nh nhm hay h h tr quyt nh cho Lnh o.

6.1 Ra quyt nh v gii quyt vn Ra quyt nh (Decision making): L hot ng m tt c cc t chc u phi thc hin trong qu trnh hot ng. Ra quyt nh bao gm 3 giai on : Nm bt vn : Cc vn hoc c hi tim tng c nhn din v c nh ngha Phc ha : Cc gii php khc nhau cho vn c phc tho La chn : La chn gii php thc hin

Gii quyt vn (Problem solving): L hot ng bao trm c vic ra quyt nh. Sau khi gii php c la chn trong qu trnh ra quyt nh, thm hai giai on na l thc thi v gim st c thc hin trong qu trnh gii quyt vn . Thc thi : Gii php c a vo thc hin Gim st : Ngi ra quyt nh nh gi gii php c thc thi

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Hnh 6.1 Mi lin quan gia Decision making v Problem solving Cc quyt nh c th lp trnh c v khng lp trnh c Cc quyt nh c th lp trnh c (programmed) l cc quyt nh c to ra bng cch s dng cc lut hoc cc phng php nh lng v qua c th tin hc ha c bng cc h thng thng tin truyn thng. Ngc li, cc quyt nh khng lp trnh c (nonprogammed) l cc quyt nh trong cc tnh hung c bit, ngoi l v khng nh lng c. Trong trng hp ny, cc lut v cc mi quan h l khng xc nh c. Cc phng php tip cn trong gii quyt vn M hnh ti u: Tm gii php tt nht, thng l gii php gip cho t chc t c mc tiu mt cch tt nht M hnh tha mn: Tm mt gii php tt - khng nht thit phi l tt nht - cho vn M hnh cm tnh: Thng p dng cc quy trnh tm gii php tt trong khong no

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Hnh 6.2 Phn mm h tr tm gii php tt nht (Chc nng Solver ca Excel) 6.2 H thng thng tin qun l H thng thng tin qun l (Management Information Systems - MIS) l cc h thng nhm cung cp cho cc nh qun l v nhng ngi ra quyt nh cc thng tin cn thit nhm tr gip cho h trong qu trnh thc hin cc mc tiu ca t chc. Cc h thng MIS c th h tr cc hot ng ra quyt nh mi cp v cng c th gip cho t chc c c li th cnh tranh. u vo ca cc h thng MIS Cc ngun bn trong: D liu t cc h thng x l giao dch (TPS), h thng ERP, v cc CSDL khc Kho d liu D liu t cc lnh vc nghip v khc trong t chc

Cc ngun bn ngoi:

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D liu t khch hng, nh cung cp, i th cnh tranh, v.v. Cc d liu ny khng c thu thp bi cc h thng x l giao dch D liu t cc ngun khc nh Internet, Extranet .v.v

Hnh 6.3 Ngun ca thng tin qun l u ra ca cc h thng MIS Bao gm cc loi bo co: Schedule report: c to ra theo nh k, theo lch, chng hn bo co ngy, tun, thng .v.v Key-indicator report: Bo co tng kt cc hot ng v kt qu chnh ca ngy hm trc Demand report: Bo co cung cp cc thng tin nht nh theo yu cu no Exception report: c to ra t ng khi gp tnh hung c bit hoc theo yu cu qun l Drill-down report: Cung cp d liu chi tit v hot ng

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Hnh 6.4 Cc bo co ca h thng MIS c im ca cc h thng MIS Cung cp cc bo co c nh dng cng v chuNn Cung cp cc bo co dng hard-copy v soft-copy S dng cc d liu cc b c lu trong h thng my tnh Cho php ngi dng pht trin cc bo co theo yu cu

Cc h thng thng tin qun l theo lnh vc chc nng Hu ht cc t chc u c m hnh hot ng theo cc lnh vc chc nng. Cc h thng MIS c th c phn chia theo lnh vc chc nng cung cp cc bo co cho tng b
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phn chc nng ring r.

Hnh 6.5 H thng MIS phn chia theo chc nng H thng thng tin qun l ti chnh Financial MIS l h thng c chc nng cung cp cc thng tin ti chnh cho ngi qun l v nhng ngi dng lin quan khc. Mt s chc nng v bo co ca h thng MIS bao gm: H thng qun l chi ph, li nhun Kim sot

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S dng v qun l tin t

Hnh 6.6 H thng thng tin qun l ti chnh H thng thng tin qun l sn xut Manufacturing MIS l h thng c chc nng gim st v iu khin cc dng hng ha, sn phNm, v dch v trong t chc. Bao gm cc chc nng: Thit k sn phNm: CAD System - Computer Aided Design Lp v qun l lch sn xut, qun l kho: EOQ - Economic Order Quantity, MRP Material Requirement Planning, JIT - Just In Time v.v. Qun l quy trnh: CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing, CIM - Computer Integrated Manufacturing, FMS - Flexible Manufacturing System .v.v Qun l v kim nh cht lng

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Hnh 6.7 H thng thng tin qun l sn xut H thng thng tin qun l marketing Cc h thng marketing MIS h tr cc hot ng ca ngi qun l trong cc vn pht trin sn phNm, phn phi, nh gi sn phNm, tnh hiu qu ca cc chng trnh qung co, khuyn mi .v.v. Bao gm cc h thng con: Nghin cu th trng Pht trin sn phNm Qung co v khuyn mi nh gi sn phNm Phn tch bn hng

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Hnh 6.8 H thng thng tin qun l marketing H thng thng tin qun l nhn s Human resource MIS h tr cc hot ng lin quan n cc nhn vin hin ti v tng lai ca t chc. Cc h thng con bao gm: Lp k hoch nhn s Tuyn dng v la chn nhn s o to v pht trin k nng Phn b nhn s Qun l lng thng K hoch ct gim nhn s

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Hnh 6.9 H thng thng tin qun l nhn s Cc h thng thng tin qun l khc H thng thng tin qun l k ton (Accounting MIS) cung cp cc thng tin tng hp v ti khon phi tr, ti khon phi thu, bng lng v.v. H thng thng tin a l (GIS - Geographic IS) c kh nng kt hp, lu tr, x l, hin th cc thng tin a l. 6.3 H h tr quyt nh H h tr quyt nh (DSS - Decision Support Systems) nhm tr gip cho ngi qun l trong vic ra quyt nh v gii quyt vn . H h tr quyt nh ch trng vo vic nng cao hiu qu ca vic ra quyt nh, k c trong cc vn khng c cu trc hoc cu trc khng cht. c im ca h h tr quyt nh Cung cp s truy cp nhanh chng ti thng tin iu khin cc khi lng thng tin ln t cc ngun khc nhau
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Cung cp cc bo co linh hot Cho php hot ng theo c 2 dng thc vn bn v ha H tr phn tch su theo nhiu mc C kh nng thc hin cc phn tch phc tp, tinh xo, v thc hin cc php so snh H tr cc phng php tm kim ti u, tt, v cm tnh H tr phn tch what-if: Thc hin cc thay i gi nh trn d liu u vo v quan st s nh hng n kt qu u ra H tr phn tch goal-seek: Xc nh d liu u vo cn thit cho mt kt qu cho trc M phng: Kh nng ti hin cc c im ca h thng tht

Hnh 6.10 Chc nng Goal Seek ca Excel - Ngi dng a vo kt qu (ch), Excel s xc nh d liu u vo cn thit c kt qu Kh nng ca h h tr quyt nh H tr cc giai on trong qu trnh gii quyt vn
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H tr cc tn sut ra quyt nh khc nhau H tr cc vn vi nhiu loi cu trc khc nhau H tr cc cp ra quyt nh khc nhau

Hnh 6.11 Cc cp v tn sut ra quyt nh So snh h h tr quyt nh v h thng thng tin qun l

Cc thnh phn ca h h tr quyt nh H h tr quyt nh bao gm cc thnh phn sau:

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Database: C s d liu Model base: C s m hnh, cho php ngi ra quyt nh c th truy cp ti cc m hnh khc nhau v h tr h trong vic ra quyt nh Hp thoi ngi qun l: Giao din ngi dng cho php ngi ra quyt nh c th d dng truy cp v thao tc trn DSS ng thi c th s dng cc thut ng nghip v chung. Kt ni ti Internet, intetranet v cc h thng mng khc

Hnh 6.12 Cc thnh phn ca h h tr quyt nh H qun tr CSDL: Cho php ngi qun l v ngi ra quyt nh c th thc hin cc hot ng phn tch nh tnh trn d liu c lu trong CSDL, kho d liu .v.v H qun tr m hnh: Phn mm kt hp vic s dng cc m hnh khc nhau trong DSS

H h tr quyt nh nhm H h tr quyt nh nhm (GSS - Group Support System) bao gm hu ht cc thnh phn ca DSS, cng vi phn mm cung cp tnh nng h tr vic ra quyt nh theo nhm. H thng ny cn gi l h thng lm vic cng tc da trn my tnh.
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Hnh 6.13 H h tr quyt nh nhm Phn mm GSS: Thng c gi l cc phn mm lm vic nhm hoc phn mm nhm. H tr vic gia nhp nhm lm vic, giao tip, qun l .v.v Mt s phn mm dng desktop: Virtual Office, Lotus Notes, Microsoft NetMeeting, IBM Work Place .v.v Mt s h thng Web-based: WebEx, Genesys Meeting Center .v.v Phn mm GSS c tch hp vo h thng phn mm DSS sn c

Mt s phng n thay th GSS: Decision room Local area decision network Teleconferencing
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Wide area decision network

Hnh 6.14 Decision room H h tr quyt nh cho Lnh o H h tr quyt nh cho Lnh o (ESS - Executive Support System) l mt loi h thng h tr quyt nh c bit, c s dng h tr cc nh qun l cp Lnh o. H thng ny cn gi l EIS (Executive Information System). c im ca ESS: Chi tit ti tng c nhn ngi qun l D s dng Kh nng phn tch su theo nhiu mc H tr d liu t bn ngoi C th h tr trong tnh hung khng chc chn

Kh nng ca ESS: H tr vic nh ngha tm nhn ton cc


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H tr cho vic lp k hoch chin lc: Xc nh cc mc tiu lu di thng qua vic phn tch tnh hnh hin ti ca t chc v d on nh hng trong tng lai H tr vn v t chc v nhn s chin lc H tr qun l khng hong

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CHNG 7

CC H THNG THNG TIN NGHIP V C BIT

Ni dung chnh ca chng : Cc h tr tu nhn to (AI - Artificial Intelligent) hnh thnh mt tp hp rng v a dng cc h thng c th m phng li vic ra quyt nh ca con ngi i vi mt s loi nht nh cc vn c nh ngha r rng. Phn ny s nh ngha thut ng tr tu nhn to v nu ra cc mc ch ca vic pht trin cc h tr tu nhn to, ng thi nu ra cc c im ca hnh vi mang tnh tr tu v so snh cc h thng tr tu t nhin v tr tu nhn to theo cc c im ny. Phn ny cng s ch ra cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng tr tu nhn to v cc v d in hnh v cc h thng con ny. H chuyn gia (Expert System) c th lm cho mt ngi s dng thng thng c kh nng nh mt chuyn gia. Tuy nhin, p ng c yu cu thc s th cc h chuyn gia phi c pht trin v duy tr mt cch ht sc cNn thn. Phn ny s lit k cc thnh phn v c im c bn ca h chuyn gia, cc bc pht trin mt h chuyn gia v cc li ch gn vi vic s dng h chuyn gia. Cc h thc ti o c kh nng ti hin giao din gia cn ngi v h thng cng ngh bng cch a ra cc phng php mi trong truyn t thng tin. Phn ny s xem xt cc khi nim v h thc ti o v a ra mt s v d in hnh.

7.1 Tr tu nhn to Khi nim Tr tu nhn to (AI - Artificial Intelligence) l kh nng ca my tnh c th m phng li cc chc nng ca b no con ngi. Cc h tr tu nhn to (AI systems) tp hp cc thnh phn nh con ngi, quy trnh, phn cng/phn mm, d liu, tri thc v.v. cn thit pht trin cc h thng my tnh c th m phng li tr tu con ngi. Cc c im t nhin ca tr tu Kh nng hc t kinh nghim v p dng cc kin thc thu c t kinh nghim X l cc tnh hung phc tp Gii quyt vn k c khi khng c thng tin quan trng
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Xc nh c ci g l quan trng Phn ng nhanh v chuNn i vi cc tnh hung mi Hiu c cc hnh nh trc quan Lm vic vi cc k hiu C kh nng sng to v tng tng S dng cm tnh

Bng di cho thy s so snh gia tr tu t nhin v tr tu nhn to theo cc c im trn.

Nh bng so snh ch ra, tr tu t nhin hn tr tu nhn to cc c im mang tnh cm gic, kinh nghim, nhng li km cc tnh nng lin qua n tnh ton v tc x l. M hnh tru tng ca tr tu nhn to bao gm mt s h thng con, nh biu din trong hnh 7.1 H chuyn gia (expert system): H thng lu gi cc tri thc v c kh nng suy din da trn tri thc, tng t nh chuyn gia tht

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Hnh 7.1 M hnh tru tng ca tr tu nhn to Robotics: Cc h thng c hc/my tnh c th thc hin cc cng vic cn n chnh xc cao hoc cc cng vic khng hp dn hoc nguy him i vi con ngi. Ngy nay, robot l cc thnh phn rt quan trng trong cc h thng sn xut t ng hoc h thng qun s. Trong tng lai, robot s c cc ng dng rng ri hn trong cc lnh vc khc. Vision systems: Cc h thng cho php cc my tnh c th thu thp, lu tr, x l hnh nh trc quan. Cc h thng ny thng c gn vi robot cho php chng c kh nng nhn. H thng x l ngn ng t nhin (nature language processing): Cc h thng cho php my tnh hiu v phn ng li cc lnh c a ra di dng ngn ng t nhin, chng hn ting Anh. H hc my (learning system): H thng c kh nng cho php my tnh thay i hnh vi hoc thay i cch phn ng vi tnh hung da trn cc phn hi nhn c. H hc my cn c cc phn hi trn kt qu ca hnh ng hoc quyt nh c thc hin. Cc phn hi ny s c dng thay i cch h thng s thc hin trong tng lai. Mng n ron (neural network): H thng my tnh c kh nng m phng chc nng ca b no con ngi.

Mt s ng dng khc ca tr tu nhn to:


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Thut ton gen (genetic algorithm): Mt phng php tip cn gii quyt cc vn ln, phc tp, trong mt s cc thao tc hoc cc m hnh c lin quan thay i v tin ha cho n khi t c m hnh tt nht. Tc t thng minh (intelligent agent): Chng trnh phn mm v mt c s tri thc dng thc hin mt tc v c th cho ngi dng hoc phn mm khc.

7.2 H chuyn gia c im ca h chuyn gia C th gii thch qu trnh suy din hoc cc kt lun a ra C th th hin cc hnh vi thng minh C th suy ra kt lun t cc mi quan h phc tp C th h tr cc tri thc theo kinh nghim C th gii quyt cc trng hp khng chc chn

Hn ch ca h chuyn gia Cha c s dng hoc c kim chng rng ri Kh s dng Gii hn trong cc vn kh hn Khng th sn sng lm vic vi cc tri thc hn hp C th c li khi x l Khng th t tinh ch tri thc Kh bo tr Pht sinh cc vn lin quan n o c v pht lut

Khi no s dng h chuyn gia Trnh phi tr chi ph cao cho chuyn gia thc Thu thp v gi gn cc tri thc chuyn gia qu bu

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Kin thc chuyn gia phn tn Khi cn gii quyt cc vn m cc k thut lp trnh truyn thng khng gii quyt c Khi cn pht trin cc h thng c tnh kin nh hn con ngi Pht trin gii php nhanh hn so vi con ngi Cn o to kin thc chuyn gia cho nhiu ngi

Cc thnh phn ca h chuyn gia

Hnh 7.2 Cc thnh phn ca h chuyn gia C s tri thc (knowledge base): Cha tt c cc thng tin, d liu, cc lut, tnh hung, cc mi quan h c lin quan c s dng bi h chuyn gia. Cc tri thc ny c tp hp li t cc chuyn gia thc, s dng logic m (fuzzy logic), cc lut, v cc tnh hung.

Hnh 7.3 Tri thc


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My suy din (inference engine): Thnh phn c nhim v tm kim thng tin v cc mi quan h t c s tri thc, cung cp cu tr li, d on, hoc cc khuyn ngh theo cc tng t nh cc chuyn gia thc. My suy din c th s dng phng php suy din tin hoc suy din li. o Suy din tin (forward chaining): Hnh thc suy din ny bt u vi cc d liu (s kin) sn c v s dng cc lut suy din rt ra cc thng tin mi. Qu trnh din ra cho n khi t c mc ch. o Suy din li (backward chaining): Khc vi suy din tin, suy din li bt u vi cc kt lun gi nh (gi thuyt), sau suy din ngc t cc kt lun trong cc lut kim tra xem cc d liu (s kin) hin ti c h tr kt lut khng. Kiu suy din ny cn c gi l hng ch (goal-driven) trong khi suy din tin l hng d liu (data-driven).

Cng c gii thch (explanation facility): Thnh phn cho php ngi s dng hiu c ti sao h chuyn gia c th rt ra kt qu hoc kt lun tng ng. Cng c thu nhn tri thc: Cung cp phng tin thch hp v hiu qu thu nhn v lu tr tt c cc thnh phn ca c s tri thc. Cng c ny ng vai tr nh mt giao din tng tc gia chuyn gia thc v c s tri thc.

Hnh 7.5 Cng c thu nhn tri thc Giao din ngi dng: Giao din c bit dng thit k, xy dng, cp nht, v s dng h chuyn gia. Mc ch chnh ca giao din ny l lm cho vic pht trin v s dng h chuyn gia c d dng hn cho ngi dng v ngi ra quyt nh.

Cc bc trong qu trnh pht trin h chuyn gia Xc nh yu cu Xc nh chuyn gia Xy dng cc thnh phn h chuyn gia

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Thc thi Duy tr v cp nht

Hnh 7.6 Pht trin h chuyn gia Cc nhn t tham gia pht trin v s dng h chuyn gia

Hnh 7.7 Nhn t tham gia pht trin v s dng h chuyn gia Chuyn gia trong lnh vc nghip v (domain expert): Cc chuyn gia hoc nhm chuyn gia c kin thc chuyn mn cao cn c thu thp vo c s tri thc ca h chuyn gia.

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K s tri thc (knowledge engineer): Ngi c chuyn mn trong vic thit k, xy dng, thc thi, bo tr cc h chuyn gia. Ngi s dng: Cc c nhn hoc nhm ngi s dng hoc c li ch t vic s dng h chuyn gia.

Cc cng c v k thut pht trin h chuyn gia S dng cc ngn ng lp trnh truyn thng S dng cc ngn ng lp trnh chuyn dng S dng phn mm expert system shell

Hnh 7.8 Cc cng c v ngn ng pht trin h chuyn gia Mt s ng dng ca h chuyn gia Phn tch cho vay tn dng Phn tch chng khon/c phiu Pht hin la o/gi mo D tho ngn sch

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Thu thp v qun l thng tin ng dng tr chi Pht hin virus ng dng trong y t v chNn on bnh Sa cha, bo dng nh gi nng lc nhn s T vn, tr gip thng tin

7.3 H thc ti o H thc ti o l cc h thng cho php ngi dng chuyn ng v phn ng trong mt mi trng m phng bng my tnh. i vi cc h thc ti o chm m (immersive), ngi dng s hon ton chm m trong mt th gi ba chiu, nhn to, c to ra hon ton bi my tnh. Cc thit b c s dng lm giao din gia ngi dng v h thng trong h thc ti o bao gm: Mn hnh hin th gn trn u: Head-Mounted Display (HMD) Mn hnh hin th a hng hai knh: Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM) Phng o CAVE (Cave Automatic Virtual Environtment) Giao din xc gic (Haptic)

Hnh 7.9 CAVE system


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Cc dng h thc ti o H thc ti o chm m H thng dn hng bng chut thng qua 1 mi trng 3 chiu trn mn hnh H thng chiu hnh nh ni H thng hin th hnh nh ni t mn hnh thng qua h thng knh ni

Cc ng dng ca h thc ti o Dng trong y t v iu tr bnh o to, hng dn Bt ng sn v du lch Gii tr

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CHNG 8

PHT TRIN H THNG


Ni dung chnh ca chng : pht trin h thng thng tin mt cch hiu qu cn c s phi hp v n lc ca nhiu bn nh nh u t, ngi s dng, ngi qun l, chuyn gia phn tch h thng, cc chuyn gia pht trin h thng, cc b phn h tr, .v.v v phi c lp k hoch cNn thn. Phn ny s ch ra nhng nhn t chnh tham gia trong qu trnh pht trin h thng cng vi vai tr ca h. Khi nim lp k hoch pht trin h thng s c xem xt cng vi mt s nguyn nhn in hnh cho quyt nh trin khai h thng. Vic pht trin h thng thng s dng cc cng c v phng php la chn, trin khai, v gim st d n, bao gm cc phng php truyn thng, phng php to mu, phng php pht trin nhanh, cc cng c h tr ca my tnh (CASE tools), pht trin hng i tng .v.v. Phn ny s xem cc cc c im chnh cng nh cc u/nhc im ca cc phng php nu trn, ng thi ch ra mt s nh hng ti vic thnh cng hoc tht bi ca mt d n. Phn ny cng trnh by v vic s dng cc cng c CASE v phng php pht trin hng i tng. Pht trin h thng bt u bng cc hot ng kho st v phn tch h thng. Phn ny s ch ra mc tiu ca cc hot ng kho st v phn tch, v cc cng c v k thut c s dng trong cc giai on ny. Giai on thit k h thng (thit k h thng mi hoc chnh sa h thng c) cn lun lun hng ti vic gip cho t chc t c cc mc ch ca mnh. Phn ny s trnh by v mc ch ca vic thit k, cc giai on thit k logic v thit k vt l. Phn ny cng s phn tch cc m hnh thit k v cc lc s c s dng trong thit k hng i tng. Mt s vn v thit k giao din, iu khin, bo mt h thng cng c xem xt. Thc thi h thng m bo thng tin c phn phi cho ng ngi s dng theo dng thc chuNn v ng thi gian. Phn ny s trnh by mc ch ca giai on thc thi h thng v cc hot ng gn vi gian on ny. Cc u nhc im ca vic pht trin phn mm so vi vic mua phn mm xy dng sn s c xem xt. Phn ny cng s trnh by v cc cng c pht trin phn mm c s dng trong giai on thc thi, bao gm cc cng c pht trin phn mm hng i tng. Giai on bo tr v xt xt li h thng s em li nhiu li ch trong qu trnh s dng h thng, tuy nhin s tiu tn thm nhiu ti nguyn. Phn ny s trnh by v tm quan trng ca vic bo tr, xem xt li h thng v cc hot ng lin quan.

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8.1 Tng quan v pht trin h thng Cc nhn t tham gia pht trin h thng Vic pht trin h thng cn c s tham gia ca mt nhm cc nhn t lin quan. Nhm pht trin ny c trch nhim xc nh mc tiu ca h thng v pht trin, trin khai mt h thng p ng cc mc tiu .

Hnh 8.1 Nhm pht trin h thng Nhm pht trin h thng thng bao gm: System stakeholder: Nh u t, nhng ngi c nh hng v nhn c li ch t vic pht trin h thng Ngi s dng: Ngi dng s s dng v vn hnh h thng Cc nh cung cp Chuyn gia k thut: Chuyn gia v cc h thng k thut (phn cng hoc phn mm) Lp trnh vin phn mm: Nhng ngi trc tip xy dng h thng Ngi qun l

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Chuyn gia phn tch h thng: L ngi ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin h thng v thng l ngi duy nht c ci nhn tng th v h thng v lin quan n hu ht cc thnh phn khc ca nhm pht trin.

Khi ng vic pht trin h thng Vic pht trin h thng bt u khi mt ngi hoc mt nhm ngi c kh nng tin hnh nhng thay i ca t chc nhn thy nhu cu cn c mt h thng mi hoc cn phi ci tin h thng c. Nhu cu cho vic pht trin h thng c th c khi xng t tt c cc cp ca t chc v c th c lp k hoch hoc cha c k hoch.

Hnh 8.2 Mt s l do in hnh cho vic khi xng d n pht trin h thng Mt s l do in hnh cho vic khi xng mt d n pht trin h thng bao gm: Cc vn ca h thng hin ti Mong mun khai thc cc c hi mi, chng hn trin khai h thng TMT S gia tng cnh tranh
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Mong mun c s s dng thng tin hiu qu hn S pht trin ca t chc S thay i v c cu v hot ng ca t chc, chng hn st nhp S thay i ca th trng hoc mi trng kinh doanh bn ngoi Cc quy nh v lut l mi

Lp k hoch pht trin h thng Lp k hoch pht trin h thng l vic chuyn i cc mc ch chin lc ca t chc thnh cc nguyn nhn khi xng vic pht trin h thng.

Hnh 8.3 Cc bc trong lp k hoch pht trin h thng


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Vic gn kt mc ch chin lc ca t chc vi mc ch ca h thng thng tin c tnh cht rt quan trng cho bt k n lc pht trin h thng no. Tuy nhin, vic xc nh xem hai mc ch ny c tng ng vi nhau hay khng l vic lm khng d dng. Xc nh mc tiu ca vic pht trin h thng Mc tiu v hiu nng: Cht lng/ chnh xc ca sn phNm Cht lng nh dng ca sn phNm Tc to ra sn phNm S cn bng ca h thng

Mc tiu v chi ph: Chi ph pht trin h thng Chi ph c bit Chi ph u t c nh Chi ph vn hnh thng xuyn

Pht trin cc h thng thng tin da trn Web S pht trin ca Internet cho php cc t chc m rng h thng thng tin ca h vt qua phm vi thng thng ca t chc v kt ni ti nhng khch hng, nh cung cp, i tc bn ngoi. Nhng h thng ng dng nghip v trin khai trn Web phi c nhng c im sau: Tin cy v n nh Cn c tch hp vi h tng hin c Vic trin khai v bo tr phi c thc hin nhanh v d dng

8.2 Vng i pht trin h thng Qu trnh pht trin h thng cn c gi l vng i pht trin h thng (SDLC System Development Life Cycle). Vng i pht trin h thng c th c chia lm nhiu

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giai on, v bt k mt li h thng no c pht hin giai on cng mun th chi ph khc phc cng ln.

Hnh 8.4 Chi ph sa li trong qu trnh pht trin h thng Cc phng php pht trin h thng thng dng bao gm: Phng php truyn thng Phng php to mu Phng php pht trin nhanh Phng php pht trin ngi dng cui

Phng php truyn thng Phng php pht trin truyn thng, cn gi l m hnh thc nc (waterfall model) lm mt phng php pht trin tun t, trong , tin trnh thc hin c xem nh dng chy u u t trn xung (nh thc nc) thng qua cc giai on pht trin. M hnh ny c ngun gc t cc m hnh trong lnh vc sn xut v xy dng, theo , bt k thay i no xy ra sau khi thc hin u c chi ph rt cao, thm ch khng th thay i. Do vy, yu cu ca m hnh l phi thc hin chnh xc cc bc trc ri mi chuyn sang giai on tip theo. Chnh c im ny lm cho phng php truyn thng tr nn khng thc t i vi nhng d n phc tp, trong , rt kh mt giai on thc s hon thin trc khi chuyn sang giai on k tip. M hnh truyn thng chia qu trnh pht trin ra lm 5 giai on, nh hnh 8.5
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Hnh 8.5 M hnh truyn thng Kho st h thng: Cc vn ca h thng cng vi cc c hi mi c nhn din v xem xt cng vi mc tiu nghip v ca t chc. Phn tch h thng: Nghin cu h thng hin ti cng vi quy trnh nghip v ch ra im mnh, im yu, v cc c hi ci tin h thng. Thit k h thng: Ch ra h thng s lm nh th no nhng g n phi lm c c gii php cho vn . Thc thi h thng: To ra (hoc mua) cc thnh phn h thng nh c chi tit ha trong giai on thit k, tch hp cc thnh phn, a h thng mi vo hot ng. Bo tr v xem xt li h thng: m bo h thng vn hnh tt, v tin hnh cc chnh sa cn thit n c th tip tc p ng cc yu cu nghip v.

Phng php pht trin truyn thng c cc u nhc im sau:

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Phng php to mu To mu (prototyping) l mt phng php pht trin lp trong qu trnh pht trin h thng, theo mt vi nguyn mu c to ra th nghim trc khi i n nguyn mu cui cng chnh l h thng cn pht trin.

Hnh 8.6 Phng php to mu u nhc im ca phng php to mu c lit k nh bng sau:

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Phng php pht trin nhanh RAD (Rapid Application Development) l phng php s dng cc k thut v cng c cng nh cc phng php lun c thit k Ny nhanh qu trnh pht trin h thng. RAD s dng k thut pht trin chung (JAD - Joint Application Development) cho vic thu thp d liu v phn tch yu cu, trong yu cu s tham gia nhiu v thng xuyn ca ngi dng v cc nhn vin nghip v h thng. Phng php ny c cc u nhc im nh sau:

Phng php pht trin ngi dng cui L cc d n pht trin h thng thng tin c thc hin bi chnh ngi s dng v ngi qun l nghip v. Cc h thng c ngi dng cui pht trin ny thng l cc h thng b tr cho h thng thng tin chnh. Cc nhn t nh hng n s thnh cng ca vic pht trin h thng Cp thay i: Ci tin mang tnh thng xuyn hoc thay i mnh m v quy trnh nghip v Cht lng v tiu chuNn

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Hnh 8.7 Cp thay i c th nh hng n s thnh cng ca d n Kh nng ca n v pht trin: C th kim chng theo m hnh CMM (Capability Maturity Model)

Hnh 8.8 M hnh nh gi kh nng CMM Kh nng qun l d n v s dng cc cng c qun l d n (xy dng v qun l project schedule, project milestone, project deadline, critical path .v.v) Vic s dng cc cng c pht trin phn mm c s tr gip ca my tnh (CASE Computer Aided Software Engineering): Cc cng c cho php thc hin t ng nhiu tc v trong qu trnh pht trin h thng

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Hnh 8.9 Biu Gantt trong qun l d n Pht trin h thng theo m hnh hng i tng L phng php kt hp gia phng php lun vng i pht trin h thng vi m hnh v k thut lp trnh hng i tng. Qu trnh pht trin phn mm hng i tng thng bao gm: Ch ra cc vn cng nh c hi tim tng ca t chc ph hp vi phng php tip cn hng i tng nh ngha cc kiu ngi dng h thng Thit k h thng Lp trnh xy dng cc module nh gi bi ngi s dng Bo tr v chnh sa nh k
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8.3 Kho st h thng Giai on kho st h thng s cn lm r cc vn sau: Vn c bn m h thng mi hoc h thng c ci tin s gii quyt l g? C hi mi m mt h thng mi hoc h thng c ci tin s em li l g? Nhng vn no (phn cng, phn mm, CSDL, quy trnh, con ngi .v.v) s c ci tin trong h thng hin ti hoc cn thit trong h thng mi? Chi ph tim tng cho vic pht trin h thng? Cc ri ro tim tng?

Nhn chung, cng vic ca nhm kho st h thng bao gm: Phn tch tnh kh thi ca d n Xy dng mc tiu ca vic pht trin h thng La chn phng php pht trin h thng Lp bo co kho st h thng

Hnh 8.10 Nhm kho st h thng Tnh kh thi ca d n c xem xt trn cc kha cnh: K thut, cng ngh Tnh kinh t

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Cc vn lin quan n lut php, quy nh Vn tc nghip, vn hnh h thng Lch trnh d n

Hnh 8.11 Phn tch kh thi Kho st hng i tng Ch ra c cc i tng chnh ca h thng Thit lp lc i tng thng qua biu use-case

Hnh 8.12 Biu Use-Case Bo co kho st h thng Bo co kho st h thng tng hp kt qu ca hot ng kho st v phn tch kh thi. Kt lun ca bo co a ra khuyn ngh cho bc tip theo:
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Tip tc chuyn sang bc phn tch Chnh sa d n trn mt s kha cnh no Dng d n

Hnh 8.13 Mu bo co kho st h thng 8.4 Phn tch h thng Cc bc trong qu trnh thc hin phn tch h thng Tp hp cc nhn t cn thit cho qu trnh phn tch Thu thp d liu v cc yu cu cn thit Phn tch d liu v yu cu Xy dng cc bo co v h thng hin ti, yu cu ca h thng mi

Vic thu thp d liu thc hin qua 2 bc: Xc nh ngun d liu: C th l cc ngun d liu t ni b t chc (bn trong) nh t ngi dng, ngi qun l, t cc ti liu ni b, hoc t bn ngoi nh khch hng, nh cung cp, i tc, cc c quan qun l .v.v Tin hnh thu thp thng tin

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Hnh 8.14 Ngun d liu Phn tch d liu bao gm cc hot ng sau: M hnh ha d liu M hnh ha hot ng Xy dng biu lung ng dng

Hnh 8.15 Biu lung ng dng Biu li Cng c CASE

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Hnh 8.16 Biu li Phn tch yu cu c thc hin qua cc bin php: Phng vn trc tip nhng nhn t lin quan (ngi dng, ngi qun l .v.v) Xc nh nhn t thnh cng cp thit (CFS - Critical Success Factors): L nhng nhn t cn thit d n c th t c mc tiu Nghin cu k hoch pht trin h thng (IS plan) Nghin cu cu trc v thng tin trong cc bo co h thng

Hnh 8.17 IS plan Phn tch h thng theo phng php hng i tng Ch ra cc vn v c hi tim tng Xc nh cc nhn t chnh v tin hnh thu thp d liu Tin hnh phn tch h thng hin ti theo phng php hng i tng thay v cc biu d liu v biu lung thng thng.

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Hnh 8.18 Phn tch hng i tng Bo co phn tch h thng Bo co cn nu ra c nhng vn sau: im yu, im mnh ca h thng hin ti theo gc nh u t Yu cu ca nh u t/ngi s dng i vi h thng mi (cn gi l yu cu chc nng) Yu cu ca t chc cho h thng mi M t vic h thng mi s lm g gii quyt cc vn

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8.5 Thit k h thng Mc ch ca giai on thit k h thng nhm tr li cu hi: H thng s lm nh th no nhng g n phi lm gii quyt vn ? Thit k h thng bao gm 2 hot ng: Thit k logic: Thit k theo yu cu v mt chc nng ca h thng Thit k vt l: c t c im ca cc thnh phn cn thit ca h thng a thit k logic vo hot ng

Thit k logic bao gm: Thit k u ra Thit k u vo Thit k x l Thit k d liu (file, database) Thit k truyn thng Thit k quy trnh Thit k an ninh v iu khin Thit k v s dng, ngi dng

Thit k vt l bao gm: c t phn cng c t phn mm c t CSDL c t truyn thng c t ngi dng c t quy trnh v iu khin

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Thit k hng i tng Thit k cc i tng v lp i tng chnh trong h thng mi Chui cc s kin phi xy ra h thng c th thc hin chc nng ng n (gi l kch bn - scenario) Kch bn c th c biu din di dng biu , gi l biu tun t

Hnh 8.19 Biu tun t H s mi thu (RFP - Request for Proposal) Mt ti liu quan trng c to ra trong qu trnh pht trin h thng, nu ra cc yu cu chi tit v ti nguyn, dng xc nh nh cung cp no s c la chn pht trin h thng (thng qua cc cuc u thu hoc xt thu la chn). nh gi v la chn mt gii php thit k nh gi s b nh gi cui cng (quyt nh)

Cc k thut nh gi nh gi tp th
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Phn tch chi ph/li ch nh gi qua cc test nh gi theo im

Hnh 8.20 V d v nh gi theo im Bo co thit k Nu cc kt qu chnh ca thit k h thng Phn nh cc quyt nh thc hin trong giai on ny v chuNn b cho giai on thc thi

Hnh 8.21 Mu bo co thit k

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8.6 Thc thi h thng Giai on thc thi h thng s hin thc ha thit k chn v a h thng vo s dng. Cc bc trong giai on ny c lit k nh hnh 8.22.

Hnh 8.22 Thc thi Trang b phn cng Phn cng c th c cung cp lun bi nh cung cp dch v h thng thng tin. Bao gm cc la chn: Mua phn cng Thu ngn hn

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Thu di hn

Trang b phn mm Thu khon n v ngoi T xy dng

ChuNn b v ngi dng ChuNn b v mt nhn s cho vn hnh v s dng h thng o to ngi s dng

ChuNn b v nhn s qun l v vn hnh h thng Ngi qun l h thng thng tin Phn tch h thng/lp trnh Nhn vin nhp liu

ChuNn b v h tng trin khai h thng H tng vt l Cc vn in/c

ChuNn b v d liu Chuyn i d liu cho ph hp vi h thng mi

Ci t h thng Ci t phn cng Ci t phn mm

Kim th Unit testing: Kim th theo module hoc tng chng trnh n l System testing: Kim th ton b h thng Volume testing: Kim th v mt nng lc h thng
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Integration testing: Kim th cc h thng lin quan vi nhau Acceptance testing: Thc hin bt k test no c yu cu bi ngi s dng

Chuyn giao a h thng mi vo s dng Chuyn giao trc tip Chuyn giao theo giai on Chuyn giao th nghim Chuyn giao song song

Hnh 8.23 Chuyn giao h thng

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8.7 Bo tr v nh gi li Bo tr h thng l hot ng kim tra, thay i, nng cp h thng, lm cho h thng p ng tt hn yu cu ca ngi dng v ca t chc. Mt s l do in hnh ca vic bo tr h thng Thay i trong quy trnh nghip v Yu cu t pha nh u t, ngi dng, ngi qun l Do li chng trnh Cc vn v phn cng v k thut S thay i v cu trc ca t chc Thay i v quy inh, lut l t c quan qun l Thay i v phn cng, phn mm h thng

Cc hnh thc bo tr Cp nht nh k S dng cc bn v li (patch) Nng cp theo phin bn

Nhn chung chi ph bo tr ph thuc vo tui ca h thng v cht lng ca thit k.

Hnh 8.24 Chi ph bo tr v tui ca h thng


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nh gi li h thng Qu trnh nh gi li h thng l hot ng phn tch h thng m bo rng h thng ang hot ng nh mong mun. Thng thng, nh gi c th cn so snh hiu nng v li ch thc t h thng mang li so vi thit k ban u. Vic nh gi li h thng c th xut pht t mt vn no ca h thng (eventdriven review) hoc theo nh k (time-driven review). Cc vn cn c xem xt trong qu trnh nh gi li h thng bao gm : Nhim v, chc nng ca h thng Mc tiu ca t chc Phn cng/phn mm CDSL Nhn s Qun l, iu khin h thng o to Chi ph phc tp Tnh tin cy Tnh hiu qu Thi gian p ng Ti liu h thng

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CHNG 9

CC VN C NHN V X HI CA H THNG THNG TIN

Bn cnh cc vn k thut, c rt nhiu vn x hi v cc nhn gn vi vic s dng cc h thng thng tin. i vi c nhn ngi dng khi s dng cc h thng thng tin phi cn phi trnh lng ph v cc li my tnh, trnh vi phm s ring t, tun th cc lut l v thu thp v qun l d liu khch hng. Ngi s dng h thng cng nh nhng ngi dng khc cng cn phi ht sc quan tm ti cc vn v ti phm my tnh, la o, xm phm tnh ring t c nhn, c bit trong mi trng mng v Internet. Ni dung chnh ca chng : Cc chnh sch v quy trnh cn c thit lp trnh lng ph v li my tnh. Phn ny s nu ra mt s v d in hnh v lng ph v li trong mi trng h thng thng tin cng vi nguyn nhn v cc gii php cho vn ny. Ti phm my tnh l vn ngy cng nghim trng v c chiu hng gia tng, cn c s quan tm hn na ca cc cp qun l. Phn ny s trnh by v cc dng ti phm my tnh cng vi nhng nh hng ca chng, ng thi ch ra cc bin php c th ngn chn ti phm my tnh. Cc trang thit b v iu kin lm vic phi c thit k trnh cc nh hng xu n sc khe ngi dng. Phn ny s ni v cc nh hng quan trng ca my tnh n mi trng lm vic, cc hot ng cn c thc hin m bo sc khe v an ton cho ngi s dng.

9.1 Vn lng ph v li my tnh Lng ph my tnh Lng ph c hiu l vic s dng cc ti nguyn v thit b my tnh mt cch khng thch hp. Nguyn nhn ca li my tnh ch yu nm vic qun l ti nguyn v qun l h thng mt cch khng ng n, bao gm : Loi b cc phn mm hoc cc h thng my tnh c trong khi chng vn cn gi tr s dng Xy dng v duy tr cc h thng phc tp m cha bao gi s dng ht ton b tnh nng ca h thng

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S dng thi gian v cng ngh ca t chc cho cng vic c nhn S dng th rc/thng tin rc

Li my tnh Li my tnh l nhng sai st, hng hc hoc cc vn khc lm cho kt qu ca h thng my tnh khng cn chnh xc hoc khng c tc dng. Li my tnh ch yu do ngi s dng khng tun th ng quy trnh, hoc c th gy ra bi li chng trnh t khi pht trin, hay thm ch do ngi dng nhp d liu sai. hn ch c cc vn lng ph v li my tnh, cn thit lp cc chnh sch v quy trnh lin quan n vic trang b, s dng, v loi b cc h thng phn mm v thit b. Cn ch ra c cc li my tnh thng dng v o to cho ngi s dng. To v duy tr cc ti liu v s dng v bo tr h thng, ng thi m bo vic ph chuNn cc h thng trc khi chng c thc thi v a vo s dng. Cc chnh sch v quy trnh sau khi c thit lp v a vo thc thi cn c gim st v nh gi li c nhng iu chnh cn thit. 9.2 Ti phm my tnh Mt s c im ca ti phm my tnh Ti phm my tnh thng kh pht hin Mc thit hi c th rt ln Ti phm my tnh thng c v sch v khng bo lc S cc v vi phm an ninh my tnh gia tng rt nhanh Ti phm my tnh l loi ti phm mang tnh ton cu

My tnh nh l cng c thc hin phm ti Thng thng, ti phm my tnh cn hai kh nng c th thc hin cc cuc tn cng my tnh : Bit cch c th xm nhp vo mt h thng my tnh Bit cch thao tc vi h thng c th to ra kt qu mong mun

Mt hnh thc phm ti in hnh :

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Social Engineering : Hnh thc phm ti ch vic gy ra nhng hnh ng lm cho ngi dng tit l cc thng tin b mt ca mnh. Dumpster diving : L hnh ng m mm trong cc thng rc d liu v thng tin ly cc thng tin ngi s dng b i v dng vo vic phm ti. Identity theft : K mo danh ly c thng tin nh danh ca nn nhn v s dng la o ngi khc

My tnh l i tng tn cng Mt s dng thc tn cng : Truy cp v s dng tri php : Hacker, cracker, virus, worm, malware .v.v Ph hy hoc thay i d liu Ly cp thit b hoc thng tin : Ly cp thng tin b mt, mt khNu truy cp .v.v Vi phm bn quyn phn mm hoc thng tin : Sao chp phn mm, pht tn phn mm .v.v Cc hnh thc la o khc lin quan n my tnh

Ngn chn ti phm my tnh : Vic ngn chn ti phm my tnh cn c s n lc ca nhiu bn : Ngi s dng Cc doanh nghip : S dng cc bin php bo v thng tin, chng thc, chng xm nhp, kim sot hot ng h thng my tnh .v.v Cc c quan qun l : Thnh lp cc t chc tuyn truyn, gim st, phn ng trc cc hnh ng tn cng

Ngn chn ti phm trn Internet : Xy dng v p dng cc chnh sch an ninh v s dng Internet hiu qu S dng cc h thng firewall vi kh nng gim st mng Trin khai h thng pht hin xm nhp, gim st v theo di cnh bo Gim st vic s dng Internet ca ngi dng
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Vn xm phm tnh ring t Lin quan n vic thu thp v s dng thng tin Thng tin ca ngi dng c thu thp, lu tr, s dng, chia s bi nhiu t chc, dn n ny sinh vn qun l. i vi cc t chc/doanh nghip, ngi lao ng mong mun bo v thng tin ring t trong khi doanh nghip mun qun l cc thng tin ny (mt khNu h thng, thng tin trao i .v.v)

S cng bng trong vic s dng thng tin Ngi s dng nn bit nhng thng tin g v h c lu tr trong CSDL Ngi s dng nn c quyn thay i, chnh sa thng tin ca h c lu tr Ngi s dng nn c thng bo khi thng tin ca h c s dng vi mc ch khc so vi ban u Thng tin ca ngi dng khi c s dng vi mc ch khc cn c s ng ca h trc khi chng c s dng

bo v tnh ring t, ngi s dng cn lu : Ch ng v thn trng trong vic chia s thng tin v bo v cc thng tin ring t Lu v cc thng tin c nhn c lu tr trong cc CSDL ca cc t chc khc Khi tham gia cc h thng cng cng (TMT, trao i thng tin .v.v), m bo an ton cho cc thng tin quan trng nh s th tn dng, mt khNu, thng tin c nhn .v.v

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i vi cc t chc, doanh nghip : m bo s cng bng trong vic s dng thng tin c nhn ca ngi dng v khch hng (knowledge, control, notice, consent) Theo di vic truy cp thng tin (ai truy cp, thi im no) Gn cho mi khch hng mt m nhn din duy nht trong CSDL

9.3 Mi trng lm vic v vn sc khe Vic ng dng rng ri cc h thng thng tin da trn my tnh lm thay i mi trng v tnh cht cng vic. Cc cng vic th cng gim i, trong khi cc cng vic lin quan n k nng cng ngh tng ln. Cc h thng thng tin da trn my tnh em li nhng li ch v nng sut, tnh hiu qu trong cng vic nhng cng lm xut hin nhng vn mt tri khc. Vn v sc khe S dng my tnh qu nhiu c th dn n hiu ng stress Repetitive stress injury (RSI) : Mt hi chng v c v thn kinh gy ra bi vic phi thc hin nhiu cng vic lp i lp li v c hc nh g bn phm hoc ngi 1 v tr lin tc. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) : Hi chng h thn kinh gia b nn ti phn c tay dng my tnh nhiu v khng ng cch. B nh hng bi cht kh thot ra t my tnh v cc thit b c lp t khng ng cch Gia tng tai tn giao thng do s dng cc thit b in t/my tnh trong khi iu khin xe

Mt s gii php : S dng cc bi tp gii ta stress v thn kinh v c bp Ergonomic : Mn khoa hc nghin cu v vic thit k my tnh, vt dng .v.v m bo an ton, tin dng, thoi mi cho ngi s dng.

Vn o c trong s dng cc h thng thng tin Lut php khng c hng dn y v vn o c trong s dng my tnh

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Nhiu t chc a ra cc lut v o c v nguyn tc ng x cho cc thnh vin ca mnh

ACM (American Computing Machinery), mt t chc my tnh lu i nht th gii, a ra nguyn tc ng x v o c my tnh nh sau : Ngi s dng my tnh cn c ng gp cho x hi v con ngi Khng lm hi ngi khc Trung thc v tht th Cng bng v khng c hnh ng phn bit i x Tn trng quyn s hu bao gm bn quyn v quyn sng ch Tn trng cc ti sn tr tu Tn trng tnh ring t ca ngi khc Tn trng tnh b mt

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] George Reynolds, Ralph Stair: Fundamentals of Information Systems, 4th Edition. Thomson Course Technology, 2006. [2] Nguyn Vn Ba: Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin. NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni, 2006

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