Tom Tat Li Thuyet Va Phuong Phap Giai Toan 12

TM TT L THUYT V PHNG PHP GII TON 12
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2
MC LC

Chng I: NG DNG O HM
1. S ng bin - nghch bin ca hm s ............................................. 4
2. Cc tr ca hm s ..................................................................................................... 6
3. GTNN - GTLN ca hm s ............................................................................ 12
4. Ti m cn ............................................................................................................................. 13
5. Kho st hm s ........................................................................................................ 14
6. Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s, th ....................... 17
Chng II: HM S M, LY THA, LGARIT
1. M, ly tha v lgarit ...................................................................................... 29
2. Phng trnh m ....................................................................................................... 33
3. Phng trnh l gar i t ............................................................................................. 35
4. Bt phng trnh m, lgarit ....................................................................36
Chng III: NGUYN HM - T CH PHN
1. Nguyn hm .................................................................................................................... 37
2. Tch phn ........................................................................................................................... 41
3. ng dng hnh hc ca tch phn ....................................................... 45
Chng IV: S PHC .............................................................................................................. 47
Chng V: TH TCH KHI A DIN, KHI TRN
XOAY .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Chng VI: PHNG PHP TA TRONG KHNG
GI AN
1. H ta trong khng gian ......................................................................... 51
2. Phng trnh mt cu .........................................................................................55
3. Phng trnh mt phng .................................................................................60
4. Phng trnh ng thng .......................................................................... 66
5. V tr tng i ........................................................................................................... 73
6. Khong cch v gc................................................................................................ 75
7. Tm mt s im c bit .............................................................................. 77
3
Chng VII: MT S KIN THC B SUNG
1. Tam t hc bc hai, PT, BPT bc hai ...................................................79
2. Xt du biu thc ................................................................................................... 84
3. Gi i hn v cc v ti v cc ca hm s .................................. 89
4. o hm .............................................................................................................................. 92
5. Cng t hc lng gic v phng trnh l ng gic ........... 95
PH LC: Kinh nghim lm bi thi mn Ton .................................... 102

Trn con ng thnh cng khng c du chn
ca k li bing.
4

Bi 1: S NG BIN NGHCH BIN CA HM S

* nh ngha:
-
( )
y f x = ng bin trn K
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
x ,x K : x x f x f x e < <
-
( )
y f x = nghch bin trn K
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
x ,x K : x x f x f x e < >
* Dng ton:
Bi ton 1: Tm cc khong n iu ca hm s
1. Tm min xc nh.
2. Tm o hm, tm cc im ti hn.
3. Xt du o hm
4. Kt lun:
a) Nu
( )
0 > f ' x vi mi
( )
e x a; b th hm s
( )
f x ng
bin trn khong
( )
a; b
b) Nu
( )
0 < f ' x vi mi
( )
e x a; b th hm s
( )
f x nghch
bin trn khong
( )
a; b
- Ch :
( )
0 = f ' x ch ti mt s hu hn im trn khong
( )
a; b th hm s cng ng bin (nghch bin) trn khong .
Bi ton 2: Dng tnh n iu chng minh bt ng thc
chng minh
( ) ( ) ( )
> e f x g x , x a; b ta qua cc bc sau:
1. Bin i:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 > e > e f x g x , x a,b f x g x , x a,b
2. t
( ) ( ) ( )
= h x f x g x
NG DNG O HM
5
3. Tnh
( )
h' x v lp bng bin thin ca
( )
h x . T suy ra kt qu.
Bi ton 3: Tm iu kin hm s
( )
= y f x lun lun tng (hoc
lun lun gim) trn min xc nh
- Cc hm s
( )
3 2
0 = + + + = y ax bx cx d a v

( )
2
0
+ +
= =
+
ax bx c
y a
Ax B
lun lun tng (hoc lun lun gim)
trn min xc nh ca n khi v ch khi 0 > y' (hoc 0 s y' )
e x D . Nu a c cha tham s th xt thm trng hp a=0
(i vi hm bc 3)
0
0
>

A s
y'
a
(hoc
0
0
<

A s
y'
a
)
- Hm s
+
=
+
ax b
y
cx d
lun lun tng (hoc lun lun gim) trn
min xc nh ca n khi v ch khi 0 > y' (hoc 0 < y' )
e x D

6
Bi 2: CC TR CA HM S

Bi ton 1: p dng quy tc 1 tm cc tr ca hm s
1. Tm min xc nh
2. Tm
( )
f ' x
3. Tm cc im ti
( )
0 = f ' x hoc
( )
f ' x khng xc nh (gi
chung l im ti hn).
4. Sp xp cc im theo th t tng dn v lp bng xt du
o hm.
5. Nu kt lun v cc tr.
Bng tm tt:
C
-
+
x
o b a
f(x)
f'(x)
x

CT
+
-
x
o b
a
f(x)
f'(x)
x

Bi ton 2: p dng quy tc 2 tm cc tr ca hm s
1. Tnh
( )
f ' x . Gii phng trnh
( )
0 = f ' x .
Gi
( )
1 2 =
i
x i , ,... l cc nghim ca phng trnh.
2. Tnh
( )
f " x v
( )
i
f " x
3. Da vo du ca
( )
i
f " x suy ra kt lun v cc tr ca im
i
x theo nh l sau:
nh l:
7
Gi s hm s
( )
= y f x c o hm cp hai trn khong
( )
a; b
cha im
o
x v
( )
0 =
o
f ' x . Khi :
a) Nu
( )
0 >
o
f " x th
o
x l im cc tiu.
b) Nu
( )
0 <
o
f " x th
o
x l im cc i.
Bi ton 3: Tm iu kin ca m hm s t cc tr ti mt im
cho trc.
p dng nh l Fec-ma:
Gi s
( )
= y f x c o hm ti im =
o
x x .
Khi nu
( )
= y f x t cc tr ti im =
o
x x th
( )
0 =
o
f ' x .
- Ch : Nu
( )
0 =
o
f ' x th cha chc hm s t cc tr ti im
=
o
x x . Do khi tm c m th phi th li.
Bi ton 4: Tm iu kin hm s c cc i v cc tiu
Cc hm s
2
3 2
+ +
= + + + =
+
ax bx c
y ax bx cx d vay
Ax B
c mt cc i
v mt cc tiu khi v ch khi phng trnh 0 = y' c hai nghim phn
bit (khi hin nhin y i du hai ln khi qua cc nghim). Nu hm
hu t th phi khc nghim mu.
Bi ton 5: Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cc tr
1. Cho hm s
( )
2
+ +
=
+
ax bx c
y C
Ax B

- Nu (C) c hai im cc tr
- Th phng trnh ng thng qua hai im cc tr l
( )
( )
2
+ +
=
+
ax bx c '
y
Ax B '
hay
2
= +
a b
y x
A A

2. Cho hm s
( )
3 2
= + + + y ax bx cx d C
- Nu (C) c hai im cc tr v chia y cho y ta c
( )
= + o +| y y' .A x x
8
- Th phng trnh ng thng qua hai im cc tr l
= o +| y x
Bi ton 6: iu kin hm s t cc tr ti
0
x :
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
y' x
y" x
(hoc
( )
0
0
0
oi daukhi qua
y' x
y' x
)
Bi ton 7: iu kin hm s t cc i ti
0
x :
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
<
y' x
y" x
(hoc
( )
0
0
0
oi daut+sang khi qua
y' x
y' x
)
Bi ton 8: iu kin hm s t cc tiu ti
0
x :
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
>
y' x
y" x
(hoc
( )
0
0
0
oi daut sang khi qua
y' x
y' x
)
Bi ton 9: iu kin hm s t C,CT ti
1 2
x , x tha
1 2
+ = Ax Bx C :
1 2
1 2
1 2
0 A >
+ =
+ =
y'
Ax Bx C
b
x x
a
c
x x
a
vi
1 2
x , x l nghim ca 0 = y'
Bi ton 10: iu kin hm bc 3 c C,CT v hai gi tr cc tr
cng du:
- iu kin hm bc 3 c C,CT l
0
0
A >
y'
a

9
- Gi
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
A x ; y , B x ; y l hai im cc tr. Ta c
( ) ( )
1 2
0 > y x .y x (trng hp tri du th ngc li)
Ch : Hm s vit thnh:
( )
= + + y P x .y' mx n (ly hm s chia
cho o hm)
( )
( )
1 1
2 2
= +

= +
y x mx n
y x mx n

Bi ton 11: iu kin hm s bc 3 c C,CT nm v hai pha i
vi trc tung: iu kin ycbt c tha mn l 0 = y' c hai nghim
tri du. Khi 0 = <
c
P
a

Bi ton 12: Cch tnh nhanh gi tr cc tr ca hm hu t
2
+ +
=
+
ax bx c
y
mx n

- Tm cc im cc tr ca hm s (nghim ca phng trnh
y=0)
-
2
cctr
aohamcuaTS
aohamcuaMS
+
= =
ax b
y
m
ri thay x cc tr vo phn
s ny ta c
cctr
y tng ng, v cch tnh trn ch p dng cho
hm hu t
Bi ton 13: Tm m hm trng phng
4 2
= + + y ax bx c c 3 im
cc tr lp thnh mt tam gic u:
- TX: D=R
- Tnh
( )
3 2
4 2 2 2 = + = + y' ax bx x ax b ,
( )
2 2
0
0
0
0 1 2 0
2
=
=

=

= = + =
x
x
y'
b
x a ( ) ax b
a

10
- Ycbt tng ng phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit
khc 0. Khi 0
2
>
b
a

Bi ton 14: iu kin hm s
( )( )
= y f x C t cc tr bng |ti
= o x l
( ) ( )
( )
( )
0
0
o | e
o =
o =
; C
y'
y' '

Bi ton 15: Hm trng phng c 3 im cc tr lp thnh mt tam
gic. Tnh din tch tam gic :
- Tnh y' , tm 3 im ti hn, suy ra 3 im cc tr A, B, C.
- Tnh din tch tam giac ABC theo cng thc:
1
2
= S | xy' x' y | vi
( )
( )
,
,
AB x; y
AC x' ; y'

Bi ton 16: Tm m hm trng phng c 3 im cc tr lp thnh
mt tam gic u:
- TX: D=R
- Tnh
3
2
0
4 2 0
2 0
=
= + =

+ =
x
y' ax bx; y'
ax b
( )
2
0
0 1
2
=

= =
x
b
x a ( )
a

- iu kin ycbt c tha l phng trnh (1) c hai nghim
phn bit khc 0. Khi :
( )
0
2
>
b
*
a

11
- Vi iu kin (*), gii phng trnh
( )
( )
( )
0
0
2
2
= =
= = =
= =
x y c A
b
y' x y ? B
a
b
x y ? C
a
. Tm c 3 im cc tr
A, B, C. Do tam gic ABC u nn
2 2
2 2
AB AC
AB BC
, t tm
c m v ch nhn nhng m tha iu kin (*).

12
Bi 3: GI TR NH NHT GI TR LN NHT
CA HM S
* nh ngha:
-
( )
( )
0 0
K
f x m, x K
min y m
x K : m f x
> e
=

- e =

-
( )
( )
0 0
K
f x M, x K
max y M
x K : M f x
s e
=

- e =

* Dng ton:
Bi ton 1: Tm GTNN, GTLN ca hm s trn mt khong
tm GTNN v GTLN ca hm s
( )
= y f x trn khng
( )
a; b ta lp
bng bin thin ca hm s trn khong
( )
a; b ri da vo m kt
lun.
Bi ton 2: Tm GTNN, GTLN ca hm s lin tc trn mt on
(

a; b
Cch 1: C th lp bng bin thin ri da vo m kt lun.
Cch 2: Qua 3 bc:
1. Tm cc im
1 2 n
x , x ,..., x trn (

a; b m ti
( )
0 = f ' x hoc
( )
f ' x khng xc nh.
2. Tnh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 n
f a , f b , f x , f x ,..., f x .
3. Tm s ln nht M v nh nht m trong cc s trn. Khi :
( ) ( )
( (

= =
a; b a; b
M max f x ,m mi n f x
Bi ton 3: Tm m phng trnh
( )
= f x mc nghim trn D:
- Xt hm s
( )
= y f x trn D, tm maxy, miny hoc tm tp gi
tr ca y t kt lun c m.
13
Bi 4: TIM CN
1. Cch tm tim cn:
- Nu
0
= )
x x
l i m y ( ) th ng thng
0
= x x l tim cn ng.
- Nu
0
=
x
l i m y y th ng thng
0
= y y l tim cn ngang.
- Nu hm s vit thnh
Sod
thng
Mauso
= + + y ax b (chia a thc)
m 0
Sod
Mauso
=
x
l i m th ng thng = + y ax b l tim cn xin.
* ng thng = + y ax b gi l TCX ca hm s
( )
( )
( )
x
x
f x
a l i m
y f x x
b l i m f ( x) ax

2. Cc ng tim cn ca th hm s
+
=
+
ax b
y
cx d
l :
TC
TCN
d
: x
c
a
: y
c

3. Cho M thuc (C). Tnh tch cc khong cch t 1 im trn (C) n
2 tim cn:
- Gi
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
e M x ; f x C . Tm TC, TCX (hoc TCN)
- d=d
(M,TC)
.d
(M,TCN)
l mt hng s.
14
Bi 5: KHO ST HM S

1. S kho st:
1. Tp xc nh: = R D
2. S bin thin:
a) Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s:
- Tm o hm
- Tm cc im m ti o hm bng 0 hoc khng xc nh.
- Xt du o hm, suy ra chiu bin thin ca hm s.
b) Tm cc tr.
c) Tm cc gii hn v tm tim cn (nu c)
d) Lp bng bin thin.
* Ch : Kt lun v tnh ng bin, nghch bin phi trc BBT
3. Da vo bng bin thin v cc yu t xc nh trn v
th.
- Ch :
- v th chnh xc nn tnh thm ta ca mt s im,
c bit cn tm ta cc giao im ca th vi cc trc ta
.
- Cn lu cc tnh cht i xng trc, i xng tm.
2. Cc dng th:
1. Hm s bc ba:
( )
3 2
0 = + + + = y ax bx cx d a

15

th nhn im un lm tm i xng.
2. Hm s trng phng:
( )
4 2
0 = + + = y ax bx c a

16
th nhn trc Oy lm trc i xng.
3. th hm s
( )
0 0
+
= = =
+
ax b
y c ; ad bc
cx d

th nhn giao im hai tim cn lm tm i xng.
* Ch :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
M x ; y C : y f x y f x e = =
17
Bi 6: MT S BI TON
LIN QUAN N HM S V TH
Bi ton 1: S tng giao ca cc th (bng phng trnh honh
giao im)
Cho hai ng cong
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
= = C : y f x , C : y g x .
xt s tng giao gia
( ) ( )
1 2
C , C ta lp phng trnh honh
giao im
( ) ( )
= f x g x (1)
1.
( )
1
C khng c im chung vi
( )
2
C pt (1) v nghim.
2.
( )
1
C ct
( )
2
C ti n im phn bit pt (1) c n nghim phn
bit. ng thi nghim ca pt (1) l honh giao im ca
( )
1
C v
( )
2
C .
Ch :
- Nu phng trnh honh giao im c dng
2
0 + + = Ax Bx C .Ta bin lun theo A v A. Tc l:
- Nu A=0. Ta c kt lun c th v giao im ca (C
1
) v (C
2
).
- Nu A=0. Tnh A
+ 0 A < : khng c giao im.
+ 0 A = : C 1 giao im.
+ 0 A > : c hai giao im.
- Nu phng trnh honh giao im c dng
3 2
0 + + + = ax bx cx d . a phng trnh ny v dng:
( )( )
2
0 o + + = x Ax Bx C (Chia Horner, 0 = a )
( )
2
0 1
= o

+ + =
x
Ax Bx C

Bin lun theo phng trnh (1) ta suy ra c s giao im.
Bi ton 2: Da vo th bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh
( )
0 = F x,m (1)
1. Bin i
( )
0 = F x,m v dng
( ) ( )
= f x g m .
18
2. S nghim ca phng trnh (1) l s giao im ca th hm
s
( )
= y f x v ng thng
( )
= y g m
3. Da vo th bin lun cc trng hp.
- Ch :
( )
= y g m l ng thng song song vi trc Ox v ct
trc Oy ti im c tung bng
( )
g m
x
y
O
y=g(m)
y=f(x)
g(m)
1

Bi ton 3: Phng trnh tip tuyn iu kin tip xc
- Dng 1: Phng trnh tip tuyn ti im thuc th:
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C):
( )
= y f x ti im
( ) ( )
e
o o
M x ; y C l:
( )( )
0 0 0
= y y f ' x x x
Trong : +
( )
0 0
M x ; y gi l tip im.
+
( )
0
= k f ' x l h s gc ca tip tuyn.
- Dng 2: Phng trnh tip tuyn bit h s gc k:
- Nu tip tuyn song song vi ng thng = + y ax b th = k a
- Nu tip tuyn vung gc ng thng = + y ax b th
1
= k
a

- Tip tuyn hp vi chiu dng ca trc honh mt gc oth
= o k tan
1. Gii phng trnh
( )
= f ' x k tm
0
x l honh tip im.
2. Tnh
( )
0 0
= y f x .
19
3. Phng trnh tip tuyn l
( )
0 0
= + y k x x y
- Dng 3: Tip tuyn i qua im
( )
A A
A x ; y
1. Gi k l h s gc ca tip tuyn (d). Khi phng trnh ca
(d) c dng
( )
= +
A A
y k x x y .
2. (d) tip xc vi (C) thi v ch khi h
( )
( ) ( )
= +
A A
f ' x k
f x k x x y
c
nghim (h c n nghim th c n phng trnh tip tuyn)
3. Gii h tm c honh tip im l
0
x v h s gc k.
4. Thay vo phng trnh ca (d) ta c tip tuyn cn tm.
- Dng 4: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn (d) bit tip tuyn to vi
ng thng ( A): y=ax+b mt gc bng ( 0 90 < s ):
1. Gi , o | ln lt l gc hp bi tip tuyn (d), ng thng ( A)
vi chiu dng trc honh. Gi k l h s gc ca tip tuyn, khi
ta c: = o | suy ra:
( )
1
1 1
tan tan k a
tan tan tan ( )
tan tan ak
o |
= o| = o | = =
+ o | +

2. Gii phng trnh (1) tm c h s gc k ca tip tuyn.
3. Lm tng t nh dng 2 ta c c phng trnh tip tuyn.
Bi ton 4: iu kin hm bc 3 ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit:
- Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v trc honh l:
( )( )
3 2 2
0 0 + + + = o + + = ax bx cx d x Ax Bx C (chia
Horner)
( )
2
0 1
= o

+ + =
x
Ax Bx C
(t
( )
2
= + + g x Ax Bx C )
- iu kin ycbt c tha l (1) phi c 2 nghim phn bit
khc o. Khi
( )
( )
1
0
0
A >
o =
g

20
Bi ton 5: iu kin hm trng phng
4 2
= + + y ax bx c ct Ox
ti 4 im phn bit:
* Lp phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v Ox:
2
4 2
2
0
0
0 1
= >
+ + =

+ + =
t x
ax bx c
at bt c ( )

* iu kin ycbt c tha l (1) phi c hai nghim dng phn
bit. Khi
0
0
0
A >
>
>
P
S

Bi ton 6: iu kin hm trng phng ct Ox ti 4 im phn
bit lp thnh CSC:
* Lp phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v Ox:
2
4 2
2
0
0
0 1
= >
+ + =

+ + =
t x
ax bx c
at bt c ( )

* iu kin ycbt c tha l (1) phi c hai nghim dng phn
bit. Khi
0
0
0
A >
>
>
P
S
(*)
* Vi iu kin (*) c tha ta c 4 im c honh lp thnh CSC
nn (1) phi c hai nghim dng phn bit tha
2 1
9 = t t (2).
Theo nh l Vit
1 2
1 2
3
4
+ =
b
t t ( )
a
c
t .t ( )
a

* T (2), (3), (4) ta gii ra tham s, ch nhn tham s khi m tha iu
kin (*).
Bi ton 7: Tm m d: = y mct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao
cho AB=l:
21
* Lp phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v d. Bin i phng
trnh ny v dng
2
0 + + = Ax Bx C (1)
* iu kin d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit l
( )
1
0
0
=
A >
( )
A
*
* Gi
( ) ( )
1 2
A x ; m , B x ; m l hai giao im ca (C) v d;
1 2
x , x l
nghim ca (1). Ta c:

( )
2
2 1 1 2 2 1
2 A A
= = = = = =
'
AB x x | x x | | x x | l
| a | | a |
. T tm
c m, ch nhn nhng m tha iu kin (*).
choAB c di ngn nht:
trnh ny v dng
2
0 + + = Ax Bx C (1)
1
0
0
=
A >
( )
A
(*)
* Gi
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
x , x l
nghim ca (1). Ta c
( )
2
2 1 1 2 2 1
2 A A
= = = = =
'
AB x x | x x | | x x |
| a | | a |
. T tm
iu kin ca m AB nh nht, ch nhn m tha (*).
cho OA OB vi O l gc ta :
trnh ny v dng
2
0 + + = Ax Bx C (1)
1
0
0
=
A >
( )
A
(*)
22
* Gi
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
x , x l
nghim ca (1). Ta c OA OB nn ta c 0 =
, ,
OA.OB . T y tm
c m, ch nhn nhng m tha (*).
Bi ton 10: Tm m d: = + y ax b ct (C) ti hai im phn bit
trn cng mt nhnh ca (C):
trnh ny v dng
2
0 + + = Ax Bx C (1).
* iu kin ycbt c tha l
( )
( )
1
0
0
0
A >
o >
A
A.g
vi ol nghim ca mu
s.
Bi ton 11: Tm m d: = + y ax b ct (C) ti hai im phn bit
trn cng hai nhnh khc nhau ca (C)
trnh ny v dng
2
0 + + = Ax Bx C (1).
* iu kin ycbt c tha l
( )
( )
1
0
0
0
A >
o <
A
A.g
vi ol nghim ca mu
s.
Bi ton 12: Tm nhng im trn (C):
( )
= y f x m ti tip tuyn
vung gc vi ng thng = + y ax b .
* Gi
( ) ( )
0 0 0
e M x ; y C . H s gc ca tip tuyn ti
0
M l
( )
0
f ' x .
Gii phng trnh
( )
0
1 = f ' x .a . T y tm c
0
x v c c
0
M .
Bi ton 13: CMR mi tip tuyn ca (C):
( )
= y f x u khng qua
giao im hai tim cn:
23
* Ta giao im I hai tim cn l nghim ca h phng trnh:
Ti emcanng
Ti emcanxi en(hay TCN)

* Lp phng trnh tip tuyn qua I, kt qu l khng c tip tuyn. T
ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 14: Cho
( )
e M C , tip tuyn ti M ct hai tim cn ca (C)
ti A, B, gi I l giao im hai tim cn. CMR M l trung im ca
AB. Tnh din tch tam gic IAB:
* Gi
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
e M x ; f x C . Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M l
( )( ) ( )( )
0 0 0 0 0 0
= = + y y f ' x x x y f ' x x x y .
* Tm giao im ca tip tuyn vi TC l A
* Tm giao im ca tip tuyn vi TCX l B.
* Tm giao im I ca hai tim cn.
* Kim tra cng thc M l trung im AB, t ta c iu phi chng
minh.
* Tnh vect
, ,
I A, I B . T tnh din tch tam gic IAB (kt qu l mt
hng s.
Bi ton 15: CMR tip tuyn ti im un l tip tuyn c h s gc
nh nht (hoc ln nht):
* Tm h s gc ca tip tuyn ti im un
( )
0 0
I x ; y l
( )
0
f ' x .
* Gi h s gc ca tip tuyn bt k l
( )
f ' x . Ta chng minh
( ) ( )
0
> f ' x f ' x (trong trng hp ln nht ta lm ngc li).
Bi ton 16:Tm nhng im trn ng thng A:
0
= y y m t
c th k c 2, 3 tip tuyn n (C):
* Gi
( ) ( )
0
e A M a; y . Vit phng trnh d qua M v c h s gc k l:
( ) ( )
0 0
= = + y y k x a y k x a y .
24
* iu kin d l tip tuyn ca (C)
( ) ( )
( )
0
1
= +
f x k x a y
( )
f ' x k
.
Mun t M v c 2,3 tip tuyn th (1) c 2,3 nghim.
Bi ton 17: CMR mi tip tuyn ca (C) to vi hai tim cn 1 tam
gic c din tch khng i:
* Gi
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
e M x ; f x C . Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M l
( )( ) ( )( )
0 0 0 0 0 0
= = + y y f ' x x x y f ' x x x y .
* Tm giao im ca tip tuyn vi TC l A
* Tm giao im ca tip tuyn vi TCX l B.
* Tm giao im I ca hai tim cn.
* Kim tra cng thc M l trung im AB, t ta c iu phi chng
minh.
* Tnh vect
, ,
I A, I B . T tnh din tch tam gic IAB (kt qu l mt
hng s.
Bi ton 18:Tm trn (C) nhng im c ta l cc s nguyn:
* Hm s vit thnh
Sod
Thng+
Mauso
= y (chia a thc)
* Do x, y nguyn nn Mu s = c ca S d.
Bi ton 19: Tm nhng im trn (C) cch u hai trc ta :
* Nhng im trn (C) cch u hai trc ta l nghim ca h
phng trnh
( )
y f x
y x
hoc
( )
y f x
y x

Bi ton 20: Tm nhng im trn (C) i xng nhau qua gc ta :
* Gi
( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
A x ; y , B x ; y l hai im i xng nhau qua gc ta
.
* Thay ta A, B vo phng trnh ca hm s ta c h phng
trnh. Gii h ny ta c ta im cn tm.
Bi ton 21: Tm nhng im trn th hm nht bin sao cho tng
khong cch t n hai tim cn t GTNN:
25
* Gi
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
e M x ; f x C . Tm TC, TCN.
* Tnh 2
M,TC M,TCN M,TC M,TCN ( ( ( (

= + > = d d d d .d A. Vy
mind=A. Khi
TC ,TCN ( (

=
M , M
d d . T tm c M
Bi ton 22: Tm nhng im trn (C) i xng qua d: = + y ax b
* Gi A d . Vy phng trnh
1
A = + : y x m
a
. Tm ta giao
im I ca d v A
* Lp phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v A. Bin i phng
trnh ny v dng
2
0 + + = Ax Bx C (1).
* Gi
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
A x ; y , B x ; y l hai giao im ca Av (C). ta c I l
trung im AB. Vy
1 2
2 + =
I
x x x . T y tm c m. Thay vo (1)
tm A v B.
Bi ton 23: Tm nhng im trn (C) m khong cch t n Ox
bng k ln khong cch t n Oy:
* Gi
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
e M x ; f x C . Tnh
( (

M ,Ox M ,Oy
d , d
* Gii phng trnh:
( (

=
M ,OX M ,Oy
d k.d
Bi ton 24: CMR th (C) nhn im
( )
0 0
I x ; y lm tm i xng:
* Bng php tnh tin theo vect
,
OI vi
( )
0 0
I x ; y , h trc Oxy thnh
h trc IXY. Ta c cng thc i trc:
0 0
0 0
= = +

= = +

X x x x X x
Y y y y Y y
(1)
* Thay (1) vo hm cho ta c
( )
= Y F X . Kim chng
( )
F X l
hm l.
Bi ton 25: CMR th (C) nhn ng thng
0
= x x lm trc i
xng:
26
* Bng php tnh tin theo vect
,
OI vi
( )
0
0 I x ; , h trc Oxy thnh h
trc IXY. Ta c cng thc i trc:
0 0
0
= = +

= =

X x x x X x
Y y y Y
(1)
* Thay (1) vo hm cho ta c
( )
= Y F X . Kim chng
( )
F X l
hm chn.
Bi ton 26: Tm tp hp im (qu tch)
* Tm ta im
( )
M x; y theo mt tham s
( )
( )
x g m
y h m

* Kh m t h trn ta c phng trnh
( )
0 = F x; y .
* Gii hn: da vo iu kin tn ti im M hay iu kin khi kh m
tm iu kin ca x hoc y.
Kt lun: tp hp im M l ng (L) c phng trnh
( )
0 = F x; y tha iu kin bc 3.
Bi ton 27: Tm im c nh m h
( )
m
C lun i qua:
* Bin i phng trnh
( )
= y f x,m v dng 0 + = Am B (hay
2
0 + + = Am Bm C (n m)).
* Ta im c nh l nghim ca h phng trnh
0
0
0
0
0
=
=

=

=
A
A
(hay B )
B
C

Bi ton 28: S tng giao gia 2 th m trong tham s m c
bc 1 (tc l trong biu thc khng cha m
2
, m
3
)
Gi s bi ton tm giao im ca ng cong qui v tm nghim ca
phng trnh
( ) ( )
= f x g x (1)
Trong (1) khng nhm c nghim v tham s m trong (1)
c dng bc nht (tc l trong (1) khng cha
2 3
m ,m ,... ), khi :
27
* Bin i (1) v dng
( )
= F x m (2), y F(x) c th l hm phn
thc.
* Lp bng bin thin ca hm s
( )
= y F x
* Da vo bng bin thin ta bin lun s nghim ca (2), v t suy
ra kt lun i vi (1).
Nhn xt: Phng php ny cng c bit c ch cho bi ton tm m
nghim ca phng trnh, h phng trnh,... tha iu kin cho trc
no v mt s bi ton khc v tm m.

Bi ton 29: Cc php bin i th:
* T th hm s
( )( )
y f x C = suy ra th hm s
( ) ( )
y f x C' =
1. V (C)
2. Gi nguyn phn th (C) nm pha trn trc honh; ly i xng
ca phn th (C) nm pha di trc honh qua trc honh.
3. Xa phn th nm pha di trc honh, th cn li chnh l
(C)
x
y
1

th hm s
( )
y f x = (phn nt lin, nt t l phn c xa)
* T th hm s
( ) ( )
y f x C = suy ra th hm s
( )
y f x =
1. V (C)
28
2. Xa phn th (C) nm pha bn tri trc Oy v cha li phn th
nm bn phi.
3. Ly i xng phn th ca (C) bn phi trc Oy qua Oy, ta c
c th (C).
x
y
1

th hm s
( )
y f x = (phn nt lin, nt t l phn c xa)
29

M, LY THA V LGARIT
1. Ly tha, cn bc n:
a) nh ngha:
*
( )
. ....... , *
tha so
n
n
a a a a a n = e e R N
_
*
0
1
1;
n
n
a a
a
= =
b) Tnh cht:
Vi , *; , a b m n e e R Z ta c:
*
m n m n
a a a
+
= *
m
m n
n
a
a
a
=
*
( )
n
n n
ab a b = *
n
n
n
a a
b b
| |
=
|
\ .

*
( )
n
m mn
a a =
* Nu: 0 a b < < th: , 0
n n
a b n < >
, 0
n n
a b n > <
* Nu 1 a > v m n > th:
m n
a a >
* Nu 0 1 a < < v m n > th:
m n
a a <
c) Cc tnh cht ca cn bc n:
Gi s cc biu thc di y u c ngha. Khi :
* .
n n n
a b ab = *
n
n
n
a a
b
b
=
*
( )
m
m n
n
a a = *
,
| |,
khi nl e
khi nchan
n n
a
a
a

*
n m mn
a a =
* Ly tha vi s m hu t:
m
m n
n
a a =
HM S M, LY THA, LGARIT
30
2. Lgarit:
a)nh ngha: log
c
a
b c b a = =
( )
0 1, 0 a b < = >
b) Tnh cht:
Cho a,b>0, 1 a = . Cc tnh cht sau c suy trc tip t nh
ngha:
* log 1 0
a
= * log 1
a
a =
*
log
a
b
a b = *
( )
log
k
a
a k k = eR
c) So snh logarit:
Cho a,b,c>0, 1 c = . Ta c:

*log log
* 1 log log
* 0 1 log log
Neu th:
Neu th:
c c
c c
c c
a b a b
c a b a b
c a b a b
= =
> < <
< < < >

d) Cc quy tc tnh logarit:
- Logarit ca mt tch:
Cho
1 2
, , 0, 1. a x x a > = Ta c:
( )
1 2 1 2
log log log
a a a
x x x x = +
- Logarit ca mt thng:
Cho
1 2
, , 0, 1. a x x a > = Ta c:
1
1 2
2
log log log
a a a
x
x x
x
=
- Logarit ca mt ly tha:

Cho , 0, 1 a b a > = . Ta c:
( )
log log
k
a a
b k b k = eR
i c s:
log
log
log
c
a
c
b
b
a
=
c bit:
( )
( )
( )
1
*log 1
log
1
*log .log 0
*log log .log 0 1
k
a
b
a
a
a a c
b b
a
b b k
k
b c b c
= =
= =
= < =

31
- Logarit thp phn:
- Logarit c s 10 gi l logarit thp phn
-
10
log a thng c vit l lga hoc loga
- Logarit t nhin:
- Logarit c s e gi l logarit t nhin.
( )
2, 71828... e ~
- log
e
a thng c vit l lna
Bng o hm ca hm s ly tha, hm s m v hm s logarit:

Hm c bn Hm hp
1/
( )
/
1
. x x
o o
= o
2/
/
2
1 1
x x
| |
=
|
\ .

3/
( )
/
1
2
x
x
=
( )
/
1
. ' u u u
o o
= o
/
2
1 ' u
u u
| |
=
|
\ .

( )
/
'
2
u
u
u
=
4/
( )
/
x x
e e =
5/
( )
/
.ln
x x
a a a =
( )
/
'.
u u
e u e =
( )
/
' ln
u u
a u a a =
6/
( )
/ 1
ln x
x
=
7/
( )
/
1
ln x
x
=
8/
( )
/ 1
log
ln
a
x
x a
=
9/
( )
/
1
log
ln
a
x
x a
=
( )
/ '
ln
u
u
u
=
( )
/
'
ln
u
u
u
=
( )
/ '
log
ln
a
u
u
u a
=
( )
/
'
log
ln
a
u
u
u a
=

32
PHNG TRNH M
1. Phng php a v cng c s:

Vi 0 1 > = a ,a . Ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
= =
f x g x
a a f x g x
2. Phng php t n ph:
Dng 1:

2
3 2
0
0
+ + =
+ + + =
x x
x x x
A.a B.a C
A.a B.a C.a D
.............................................

t
( )
0 = >
x
a t t
Dng 2:

( )
2 2
2
0
0
+ + =
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
x
x x
x x
A.a B ab C.b
a a
A B C
b b

t:
( )
0
| |
= >
|
\ .
x
a
t t
b

Dng 3: 0 + + =
x x
A.a B.b C vi 1 =
x x
a .b
t:
( )
0 = >
x
a t t . Khi :
1
=
x
b
t

3. Phng php logarit ha: Vi 0 0 1 > < = M , a . Ta c:

( )
( )
= =
f x
a
a M f x l og M
4. Phng php dng tnh n iu:
D on nghim v chng minh nghim l duy nht.
Gi s
( )
= y f x v
( )
= y g x l hai hm s lin tc:
- Cho
( )
= y f x tng v
( )
= y g x gim. Khi phng trnh
( ) ( )
= f x g x nu c nghim th nghim l duy nht.
33
- Cho
( )
= y f x l hm tng (hoc gim). Khi phng trnh
( )
= f x k nu c nghim th nghim l duy nht.
- =
x
y a tng nu 1 > a v gim nu 0 1 < < a

34
PHNG TRNH LOGARIT

1. Phng php a v cng c s:
Vi 0 1 < = a . Ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0 hoac
=

> >
a a
f x g x
l og f x l og g x
f x g x

Ch :
( ) ( )
= =
M
a
l og f x M f x a (khng cn t iu kin ca
f(x))
2. Phng php t n ph:
Dng 1:
( )
2
0 0 1 + + = > =
a a
A.l og x B.l og x C a ,a
t: =
a
l og x t
Dng 2:
( )
0 0 1 + + = > =
a x
A.l og x B.l og a C a ,a
t: =
a
l og x t .Khi
( )
1
0 1 = > =
x
l og a x , x
t

3. Phng php m ha:

( ) ( )
= =
M
a
l og f x M f x a
4. Phng php dng tnh n iu:
D on nghim v chng minh nghim l duy nht.
- Vi 0 1 < < a th hm s =
a
y l og x lm hm gim
- Vi 1 > a th hm s =
a
y l og x lm hm tng

35
BT PHNG TRNH M, LGARIT

Khi gii bt phng trnh m v bt phng trnh lgarit th cn ch :
1. iu cn xc nh ca bt phng trnh.
2. C s ca ly tha hoc c s ca logarit, nu c s ln hn 1
th hm s ng bin, c s ln hn 0 v nh hn 1 th hm s
nghch bin.
-
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 > s s
f x g x
a : a a f x g x
-
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 1 < < s >
f x g x
a : a a f x g x
-
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
0
<
> <

>
a a
f x g x
a : l og f x l og g x
f x

-
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
0 1
0
>
< < <

>
a a
f x g x
a : l og f x l og g x
g x

Trong qu trnh gii bt phng trnh c th dng phng php t
n ph, logarit ha hoc m ha. Nu c n mu s th quy ng
nhng khng c b mu.
36

NGUYN HM

1. nh ngha:
Hm s
( )
F x c gi l nguyn hm ca hm s
( )
f x trn khong
( )
a; b nu vi mi x thuc
( )
a; b , ta c:
( ) ( )
= F ' x f x
2. nh l:
Nu
( )
F x l mt nguyn hm ca hm s
( )
f x trn khong
( )
a; b th:
a) Vi mi hng s C,
( )
+ F x C cng l mt nguyn hm ca hm
s
( )
f x trn khong .
b) Ngc li, mi nguyn hm ca hm s
( )
f x trn khong
( )
a; b u c th vit di dng
( )
+ F x C vi C l mt hng
s.
Ngi ta k hiu h tt c cc nguyn hm ca hm s
( )
f x l
( )
}
f x dx . Nh vy:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + =
}
f x dx F x C F ' x f x
3. Cc tnh cht ca nguyn hm:
*
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + =
}
f x dx F x C F ' x f x
*
( )
( )
( )
=
}
/
f x dx f x v
( ) ( ) ( )
= +
}
/
f x dx f x C
*
( ) ( ) ( )
0 = =
} }
af x dx a f x dx a
*
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
=

} } }
f x g x f x dx g x dx
NGUYN HM T CH PHN
37
4. Bng cc nguyn hm:

Nguyn hm cc hm s s cp
thng gp
Nguyn hm ca cc hm s hp
(di y
( )
= t t x )
* = +
}
dx x C
*
( )
1
1
1
o+
o
= + o =
o +
}
x
x dx C
*
( )
0 = + =
}
dx
l n x C x
x

*
2
1
= +
}
dx
C
x x

* = +
}
x x
e dx e C
*
( )
0 1 = + < =
}
x
x
a
a dx C a
l n a

* = +
}
cos xdx si n x C
* = +
}
si n xdx cosx C
*
2
= +
}
dx
tan x C
cos x

*
2
= +
}
dx
cot x C
si n x

* = +
}
dt t C
*
( )
1
1
1
o+
o
= + o =
o +
}
t
t dt C
*
( )
0 = + =
}
dt
l n t C t
t

*
2
1
= +
}
dt
C
t t

* = +
}
t t
e dt e C
*
( )
0 1 = + < =
}
t
t
a
a dt C a
l n a

* = +
}
costdt si nt C
* = +
}
si ntdt cost C
*
2
= +
}
dt
tant C
cos t

*
2
= +
}
dt
cot t C
si n t

*
( )
( )
( )
1
1
o+
o
+
+ = +
o+
}
ax b
ax b dx C
a

*
1
= + +
+
}
dx
l n ax b C
ax b a

*
( )
( )
2
1
= +
+
+
}
dx
C
a ax b
ax b

*
( )
( )
( )
1
1
o+
o
+
+ = +
o +
}
at b
at b dt C
a

*
1
= + +
+
}
dt
l n at b C
at b a

*
( )
( )
2
1
= +
+
+
}
dt
C
a at b
at b

38
*
1
+ +
= +
}
ax b ax b
e dx e C
a

*
( ) ( )
1
+ = + +
}
cos ax b dx sin ax b C
a

*
( ) ( )
1
+ = + +
}
sin ax b dx cos ax b C
a

*
1
+ +
= +
}
at b at b
e dt e C
a

*
( ) ( )
1
+ = + +
}
cos at b dt si n at b C
a

*
( ) ( )
1
+ = + +
}
sin at b dt cos at b C
a

5. Cc phng php tm nguyn hm
- i bin:
Nu
( ) ( )
= +
}
f t dt F t C v
( )
= t x c o hm lin tc th:
( ) ( ) ( )
( (
= +

}
f x . ' x dx F x C
Ch :
-
( ) ( )
= = t x dt ' x dx
-
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= = g t x g' t dt ' x dx
Nguyn hm tng phn:
Nu hai hm s
( )
u x v
( )
v x c o hm lin tc trn mt khong hay
mt on no , th trn khong hay on :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=
} }
u x v' x dx u x v x u' x v x dx

Hay: =
} }
udv uv vdu
Ch :
* t:
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
=
=

= = = +

}
du f ' x dx
u f x
dv g x dx v g x dx G x C

Ta thng chn
( )
0 = = C v G x
- Cc dng c bn: Cho
( )
P x l mt a thc.
39
- Dng 1:
( ) ( )
+
}
P x si n ax b dx . t:
( )
( )
= +
u P x
dv si n ax b dx

- Dng 2:
( ) ( )
+
}
P x cos ax b dx . t:
( )
( )
= +
u P x
dv cos ax b dx

- Dng 3:
( )
+
}
ax b
P x e dx . Dt:
( )
+
ax b
u P x
dv e

- Dng 4:
( ) ( )
+
}
P x l n ax b dx . t:
( )
( )
= +
u l n ax b
dv P x dx

- Dng 5:
( )
+
+
}
ax b
e si n a' x b' dx hoc
( )
+
+
}
ax b
e cos a' x b' dx .
Dng nguyn hm tng phn hai ln vi
+
=
ax b
u e
Nguyn hm ca hm s hu t: ta c th dng cc php bin i
lng gic, thm-bt, a nguyn hm cn tm v dng n
gin, d tm
- Nguyn hm hm phn thc hu t dng
( )
( )
P x
Q x
.
- Nu bc ca P(x) ln hn hoc bng bc ca Q(x) th chia a thc
phn tch thnh tng, hiu cc nguyn hm n gin hn tnh.
- Nu bc ca P(x) nh hn bc ca Q(x) v Q(x)=0 c nghim th
dng phng php h s bt nh nh sau:
+
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
= = +
+ + + +
P x P x
A B
ax b mx n Q x ax b mx n
. Quy ng mu
v cui cng, ng nht h s vi P(x) ta tm c A,B.
40
+
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
2 2
= = + +
+ +
+ + +
P x P x
A B C
ax b mx n Q x
ax b mx n mx n
. Quy
ng mu v cui cng, ng nht h s vi P(x) ta tm c A,B,C.
T bin i c bi ton cho v dng n gin hn tnh.
* Ch : Trong qu trnh gii ton cn ch n cng thc
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
f x g x f x g x
h x h x h x
+
= + a bi ton v dng n gin hn.
41
TCH PHN
1. nh ngha:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= =
}
b
b
a
a
f x dx F x F b F a
2. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn:
1.
( )
0 =
}
a
a
f x dx
2.
( ) ( )
=
} }
b a
a b
f x dx f x dx
3.
( ) ( ) ( )
= e
} }
R
b b
a a
kf x dx k f x dx k
4.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
=

} } }
b b b
a a a
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx
5.
( ) ( ) ( )
= +
} } }
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx
6.
( )
0 > f x trn on (

a; b
( )
0 >
}
b
a
f x dx
7.
( ) ( )
> f x g x trn on (

a; b
( ) ( )
>
} }
b b
a a
f x dx g x dx
8.
( )
s s m f x M trn on (

a; b
( ) ( ) ( )
s s
}
b
a
m b a f x dx M b a
3. Cc phng php tnh tch phn
- Phng php tch phn tng phn:
42
Nu
( )
= u u x v
( )
= v v x l hai hm s c o hm lin tc trn on
(

a; b th =
} }
b b
a a
b
udv uv vdu
a

Ch : Phng php t u, dv cng ging nh nguyn hm tng phn.
- Phng php i bin loi 1:
Tnh tch phn c dng:
( ) ( )
(
=

}
b
a
I g x x dx
t:
( )
= x t . Khi :
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
(
= =

} }
b
b
a a
I g x ' x dx g t dt
Ch :
-
( ) ( )
= = t t dt ' x dx
-
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= = g t x g' t dt ' x dx
- Phng php i bin loi 2:
Tnh
( )
=
}
b
a
I f x dx
t:
( )
= x t . Vi l hm s c o hm lin tc tr6n on
( o |

; trong :
( ) ( )
= o = | a , b .
Khi :
( ) ( ) ( )
|
o
(
= =

} }
b
a
I f x dx f t ' t dt
Cc dng c bn (vi k>0)
a) Dng 1:
2
1
}
b
a
x dx . t:
2 2
( t t
= e
(

x si n t ,t ;
M rng:
2 2
}
b
a
k x dx . t:
2 2
( t t
= e
(

x k si nt ,t ;
43
b) Dng 2:
2
1
}
b
a
dx
x
. t:
2 2
( t t
= e
(

x si n t ,t ;
M rng:
2 2
}
b
a
dx
k x
. t:
2 2
( t t
= e
(

x k si nt ,t ;
c) Dng 3:
2
1 +
}
b
a
dx
x
. t:
2 2
| | t t
= e
|
\ .
x tan t ,t ;
M rng:
-
2 2
+
}
b
a
dx
x k
. t:
2 2
| | t t
= e
|
\ .
x k tant ,t ;
-
( )
2
2
+ +
}
b
a
dx
ax b k
. t:
2 2
| | t t
+ = e
|
\ .
ax b k tant ,t ;
-
( )
( )
2 2
+
}
b
a
f ' x
dx
f x k
. t:
( )
2 2
| | t t
= e
|
\ .
f x k tan t ,t ;
(Cc phng php tnh tch phn hon ton ging nh cc
phng php tm nguyn hm)
44
NG DNG HNH HC CA TCH PHN

1. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi 1 ng cong v trc
honh:
Cho hm s
( )
= y f x (C)
lin tc trn on (

a; b . Din
tch hnh phng gii hn bi (C),
trc honh v hai ng thng
= = x a, x b c tnh bi cng
thc:

( )
=
}
b
a
S f x dx

2. Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi hai ng cong:
Cho hai hm s
( )
= y f x
(C) v
( )
= y g x (C) lin tc trn
on (

a; b . Din tch hnh
phng gii hn bi (C), (C) v
hai ng thng = = x a, x b ,
c tnh bi cng thc:
( ) ( )
=
}
b
a
S f x g x dx

Ch :
- Trong trng hp cha cho cn a,b th phi gii phng trnh
honh giao im tm cn. Nghim nh nht l cn di a,
nghim ln nht l cn trn b.
- tch tch phn c cha du gi tr tuyt i c 2 cch:
45
+ Cch 1: Xt du biu thc di du tch phn b du gi tr
tuyt i theo tnh cht
0
0
neu
neu
>
=

<
A, A
A
A, A

- Cch 2: Nu
( )
f x khng i du trn
( )
a; b (tc l
( )
0 = f x khng c nghin thuc
( )
a; b ) th ta c
( ) ( )
=
} }
b b
a a
f x dx f x dx . Cch th 2 ny gip gii ton
nhanh hn.
3. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay trc Ox:
Cho hm s
( )
= y f x (C) lin tc trn on (

a; b . Nu hnh phng
gii hn bi cc ng (C), x=a, x=b, trc Ox quay quanh trc Ox th
th tch V ca vt th trn xoay sinh ra c tnh theo cng thc:
2
= t
}
b
a
V y dx
Hay:
( )
2
= t
}
b
a
V f x dx

4. Th tch vt th trn xoay trc Oy:
Cho hm s
( )
= x g x (C) lin tc trn on (

c; d . Nu hnh phng
gii hn bi cc ng (C), y=c, y=d, trc Oy quay quanh trc Oy th
th tch V ca vt th trn xoay sinh ra c tnh theo cng thc:
2
= t
}
d
c
V x dy
Hay:
( )
2
= t
}
d
c
V g y dy

46

1. S i:
2
1 = i
2. nh ngha:
- S phc z l biu thc c dng:
2
1 = + e = R z a bi , a,b ,i
- a gi l phn thc.
- b gi l phn o.
- i gi l n v o.
- Tp hp s phc k hiu l C. Vy c R C
3. S phc bng nhau:

Cho hai s phc = + = + z a bi , z' a' b' i ,
=
=

=
a a'
z z'
b b'

4. Biu din hnh hc ca s phc:
- Cho s phc = + z a bi , im
( )
M a; b trong mt phng ta Oxy
gi l im biu din cho s phc z

- Gi s s phc = + z a bi c biu din bi im
( )
M a; b .
di ca vect
,
OM gi l mun ca s phc z, k hiu: z . Vy:
2 2
= = +
,
z OM a b
5. S phc lin hp:
- S phc = z a bi gi l s phc lin hp ca s phc = + z a bi
- Ta c: = = z z; z z
6. Cng, tr, nhn hai s phc:
S PHC
47
Cho hai s phc = + = + z a bi ; z' a' b' i . Ta c;

( ) ( )
+ = + + + z z' a a' b b' i

( ) ( )
= + z z' a a' b b' i

( ) ( )
= + + z.z' aa' bb' a' b ba' i
7. S phc nghch o, chia hai s phc:
- S phc nghch o ca s phc = + z a bi l mt s phc, k hiu l:
1
2 2 2
1 1
= = =
+
z
z z
z z a b

- Chia hai s phc:
2
=
z z.z'
z'
z'
(nhn t v mu cho z' )
8. Phng trnh bc hai h s thc trn tp C:
Cho phng trnh
( )
2
0 0 + + = = eR ax bx c a ; a,b,c . Gi
2
4 A = b ac :
+ Nu 0 A > phng trnh c hai nghim thc:
2
A
=
b
x
a

+ Nu 0 A = phng trnh c mt nghim thc:
2
=
b
x
a

+ Nu 0 A < phng trnh c hai nghim phc:
2 2
A
=
b
x i
a a

48

I. Th tch khi a din:
1. Th tch khi lp phng cnh a:
3
= V a (vtt)
2. Th tch khi hp ch nht c ba kch thc a,b,c l = V a.b.c
(vtt)
3. Th tch khi lng tr c din tch y l B, chiu cao l h l;
= V B.h (vtt)
4. Th tch ca khi chp c din tch y B, chiu cao h l:
1
3
= V Bh
(vtt)
5. Th tch khi chp ct c din tch hai y l B v B, chiu cao h
l:
( )
1
3
= + + V B B' BB' h (vtt)
6. Mt s tnh cht:
- T s th tch ca hai khi a din ng dng bng lp phng t
s ng dng
- Cho khi chp S.ABC. Trn cc on thng SA, SB, SC ln lt
ly 3 im A, B, C khc vi S. Khi :
=
S. A' B' C'
S. ABC
V
SA' SB' SC'
. .
V SA SB SC

II. Th tch khi trn xoay:
1. Mt nn trn xoay:
Cho hnh nn N c chiu cao l h, ng sinh l , bn knh y R
- Din tch xung quanh ca hnh nn: = t
xq
S Rl (vdt)
- Din tch ton phn:
2
ay
= + = t + t
tp xq
S S S Rl R
TH TCH KHI A DIN, KHI
TRN XOAY
49
- Th tch khi nn:
2
1
3
= t V R h (vtt)

2. Mt tr trn xoay:
Cho hnh tr T c chiu cao h v bn knh y R.
- Din tch xung quanh hnh tr: 2 = t
xq
S Rh (vdt)
- Th tch khi tr:
2
= t V R h (vtt)
3. Mt cu:
- Din tch mt cu (S) bn knh R l:
2
4 = t S R (vdt)
- Th tch khi cu (S) bn knh R l:
3
4
3
= t V R (vtt)
50

H TA TRONG KHNG GIAN

1. H trc ta trong khng gian:
O
k
j
i
x
y
z
z
x
y
M(x;y;z)
H

2. Ta ca im v ca vect:
-
( )
= + +
, , , ,
M x; y; z OM xi y j zk
-
( )
= = + +
, , , , ,
u x; y; z u xi y j zk
* Tnh cht: Cho
( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3
= =
, ,
a a ; a ; a ; b b ; b ; b
-
1 1
2 2
3 3
=
= =
, ,
a b
a b a b
a b

-
( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
=
, ,
a b a b ; a b ; a b
PHNG PHP TA
TRONG KHNG GI AN
51
-
( )
1 2 3
=
,
ka ka ; ka ; ka
3. Lin h gia ta vect v ta hai im mt:
Cho ba im
( ) ( ) ( )
A A A B B C C C C
A x ; y ; z , B x ; y ; z ,C x ; y ; z . Khi :
-
( )
=
,
B A B A B A
AB x x ; y y ; z z
- Chia on thng theo t s k: M chia AB theo t s k
=
, ,
MA k MB
Khi :
1
1
1

=
A B
M
A B
M
A B
M
x kx
x
k
y ky
y
k
z kz
z
k

- Cng thc tnh ta trung im on thng:
M l trung im ca on thng AB
2
2
2
+
=
+
=
A B
M
A B
M
A B
M
x x
x
y y
y
z z
z

- Cng thc tnh ta trng tm tam gic:
G l trng tm tam gic ABC
3
3
3
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=
A B C
G
A B C
G
A B C
G
x x x
x
y y y
y
z z z
z

- Khong cch gia hai im:
52
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
= + +
B A B A B A
AB x x y y z z
4. Biu thc ta ca tch v hng:
Cho
( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3
= =
, ,
a a ; a ; a ; b b ; b ; b .
-
1 1 2 2 3 3
= + +
, ,
a.b a b a b a b
-
2
2 2 2
1 2 3
= + +
,
a a a a
-
2 2 2
1 2 3
= + +
,
a a a a
-
1 1 2 2 3 3
0 = + +
, , , ,
a b a.b a b a b a b
5. Gc gia hai vect:
( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
+ +
= =
+ + + +
, ,
, ,
, ,
a b a b a b
a.b
cos a,b
a . b a a a b b b

6. Tch c hng ca hai vect v ng dng:
a) nh ngha:
2 3 3 1 1 2
2 3 3 1 1 2
| |
(
=
|
|
\ .
, ,
a a a a a a
a,b ; ;
b b b b b b

Ch : =
a b
ad bc
c d

b) Tnh cht:
- Nu
(
=

, , ,
c a,b th:
, ,
, ,
c a
c b

-
, ,
a,b cng phng 0
(
=

, , ,
a,b
-
, , ,
a,b,c ng phng 0
(
=

, , ,
a,b .c
-
( )
(
=

, , , , , ,
a,b a . b si n a,b
c) Din tch tam gic:
53
Cho tam gic ABC c din tch l S. Khi :
1
2
(
=

, ,
S AB, AC (vdt)
d) Th tch khi hp:
Cho khi hp ABCD.ABCD c th tch V. Khi :
(
=

, , ,
V AB, AD .AA' (vtt)
e) Th tch khi t din:
Cho khi t din ABCD c th tch V. Khi :
1
6
(
=

, , ,
V AB, AC .AD (vtt)
54
PHNG TRNH MT CU

1. Phng trnh chnh tc:
Phng trnh mt cu tm
( )
I a; b; c bn knh R:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
+ + = x a y b z c R
2. Phng trnh tng qut:
Trong khng gian Oxyz, phng trnh :
2 2 2
2 2 2 0 + + + = x y z ax by cz d vi
2 2 2
0 + + > a b c d
l phng trnh mt cu tm
( )
I a; b; c , bn knh
2 2 2
= + + R a b c d
Ch : Nu phng trnh cho di dng
2 2 2
2 2 2 0 + + + + + + = x y z ax by cz d vi
2 2 2
0 + + > a b c d
th mt cu c tm
( )
I a; b; c , bn knh
2 2 2
= + + R a b c d
3. V tr tng i gia mt cu (S) v mt phng
( )
o :
* Nu
( )
(
o

>
I ,
d R: mt phng v mt cu khng c im chung
* Nu
( )
(
o

=
I ,
d R: mt phng
( )
o tip xc mt cu (S), khi
( )
o gi
l tip din ca mt cu (S).
iu kin mt phng
( )
o tip xc mt cu l
( )
(
o

=
I ;
d R
* Nu
( )
(
o

<
I ,
d R : mt phng ct mt cu theo 1 ng trn c phng
trnh
( )
( )
ptmc S
ptmp
(C). (C) gi l ng trn giao tuyn trong khng
gian.
55
4. Cch xc nh tm ca ng trn giao tuyn c phng trnh
( )
( )
ptmc S
ptmp
trong khng gian:

* Gi H l tm ng trn (C). Lp
phng trnh IH (IH qua I v nhn
o
,
n lm
VTPT)
* Ta H l nghim ca h
( )
pt
ptmp
I H

4. Cch tnh bn knh ng trn trong khng gian c phng trnh
( )
( )
ptmc S
ptmp

p dng
( ) ( )
2 2 2
o
(
= =
(

I ,
r R I H R d , vi I l tm mt cu.
5. Mt cu qua 4 im A,B,C,D khng ng phng (ngoi tip t din
ABCD):
- Gi phng mt cu (S) cn tm c phng trnh l:
2 2 2
2 2 2 0 + + + = x y z ax by cz d (1)
- Do
( )
e A, B,C, D S nn thay ta ca A,B,C,D vo phng
trnh (1) ta c h 4 phng trnh 4 n a,b,c,d.
- Gii h tm c a,b,c,d t c c phng trnh mt cu (S)
cn tm.
6. Vit phng trnh mt cu tip xc mt phng o:
Do mt cu (S) tip xc mt phng onn
( )
(
o

=
I ,
R d vi I l tm ca
mt cu.
7. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) tip xc ng thng d:
56
Do mt cu (S) tip xc ng thng d nn
( )
(

=
I , d
R d vi I l tm ca
mt cu.
8. Vit phng trnh mt phng ocha ng thng d v tip xc
mt cu (S):
* Gi ol mt phng cha d. Lp phng trnh mt phng odi dng
chm mt phng.
* Do otip xc mt cu (S) nn
( )
(
o

=
I ,
R d . T y chn v tm .
9. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) qua A, B, C v c tm nm trn mt
phng o
* Gi
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 0 + + + = S : x y z ax by cz d
* Thay ta im A, B, C vo phng trnh trn v tm
( )
I a; b; c vo
phng trnh ori gii h tm c a,b,c,d.
10. Vit phng trnh mt phng otip xc mt cu (S) ti H:
Mt phng otip xc mt cu (S) ti H l mt phng i qua H v c
vect php tuyn l
,
I H (I l tm mt cu)
11. Lp phng trnh tip din ca mt cu (S) bit n song song
1 2
d ,d :
* Tm VTCP ca
1
d l
1
,
u , VTCP ca
2
d l
2
,
u . Tnh
( )
1 2
(
= =

, , ,
n u ,u A, B,C
* Gi
( )
o l mt phng song song
1 2
d ,d nn c VTPT l
( )
1 2
(
= =

, , ,
n u ,u A; B; C v c phng trnh l 0 + + + = Ax By Cz m
* iu kin
( )
o l tip din ca (S) l
( )
(
o

=
I ,
d R. T iu kin ny
tm m v c c phng trnh tip din (I l tm mt cu (S))
12. Tm ta tip im H ca mt cu (S) v mt phng o:
* Gi H l tip im. Lp phng trnh IH (H qua I v nhn
( )
o
,
n lm
VTPT)
57
* Ta ca H l nghim ca h
( )
pt
ptmp
I H

13. Tm ta tip im H ca mt cu (S) v ng thng d:
* Gi
( )
o l mt phng qua I v vung gc vi d. Lp phng trnh mt
phng
( )
o (
( )
o qua I v nhn
,
d
u lm VTPT)
* Ta tip im H ca mt cu (S) v ng thng d l nghim ca
h
( )
( )
ptmp
ptt
d

14. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) tm I v ct d ti 2 im A, B sao
cho AB=L:
p dng
( )
2
2
2
| |
(
= +
|

\ .
L
R d I ,(d)
15. Vit phng trnh mt phng
( )
o qua M (M nm trong mt cu
(S)) v ct mt cu (S) theo mt ng trn c bn knh nh nht:
* Ta c
2 2
= r R I H , r nh nht IH ln nht. Mt khc
s I H I M , nn IH ln nht khi IH=IM, khi H M , do
( )
o I M .
* Vy mt phng
( )
o cn tm cnh l mt phng qua M v nhn
,
I M lm
VTPT.
16. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) i xng vi mt cu (S) qua mt
phng
( )
o :
* Tm I i xng vi tm I ca mt cu (S) qua mt phng
( )
o
* Mt cu (S) c tm I v bn knh R=R (R l bn knh ca mt cu
(S)). T lp c phng trnh (S).
17. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) i xng vi mt cu (S) qua
ng thng A:
* Tm I i xng vi tm I ca mt cu (S) qua ng thng A.
58
* Mt cu (S) c tm I v bn knh R=R (R l bn knh ca mt cu
(S)). T lp c phng trnh (S).
18. Tm im trn mt cu (S) sao cho khong cch t n mt
phng
( )
o t GTLN (GTNN):
* Tm tm I ca mt cu (S).
* Lp phng trnh ng thng d qua I v vung gc
( )
o di dng
tham s (d qua I v c VTCP l
( )
o
,
n )
* Ta giao im ca d v (S) l nghim ca h
( )
( )
ptt
ptmc
d
S
(tm c
M v N)
* Tnh
( ) ( )
( (
o o

M , N ,
d ,d . So snh hai khong cch trn, s ln l GTLN,
s nh l GTNN. T chn M, N thch hp.
59
PHNG TRNH MT PHNG

1. Vect php tuyn ca mt phng:
,
n l VTPT ca mt
phng
( )
o gi ca
,
n vung gc vi mt
phng
n

2. Phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng:
- Mt phng
( )
o i qua
( )
0 0 0
M x ; y ; z v nhn
( )
=
,
n A; B; C th
phng trnh mp
( )
o l:
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0
0 + + = A x x B y y C z z
- Mi phng trnh dng
( )
2 2 2
0 0 + + + = + + = Ax By Cz D A B C u l phng trnh
ca mt mt phng xc nh, v
( )
=
,
n A; B; C l mt VTPT ca
mt phng .
- Mt phng
( )
o ct cc trc Ox,Oy,Oz theo cc giao im
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0 0 0 A a; ; , B ; b; ,C ; ; c th phng trnh ca mt
phng
( )
o l: 1 + + =
x y z
a b c
(phng trnh theo on chn.
Cc dng ton vit phng trnh mt phng:
Dng 1:
( )
o mp l mt phng trung trc on thng AB
60
M
A
B

Phng php:
- Tm ta trung im M ca AB
- Tm ta vect
,
AB
-
( )
o l mt phng qua M v c
VTPT l
,
AB
Dng 2:
( )
o mp l mt phng i qua 3 im A, B, C
n =[AB,AC]
A
C
B

Phng php:
- Tm:
, ,
AB, AC
- Tm:
(
=

, , ,
n AB, AC
-
( )
o mp l mt phng qua A v c
VTPT l
,
n
Dng 3:
( )
o mp l mt phng qua A v cha ng thng (d)
u
d
n
A
B

Phng php:
- Chn B thuc (d)
-
( )
o mp l mt phng qua A v
c VTPT l
(
=

, , ,
d
n AB,u
Dng 4:
( )
o mp qua im
( )
0 0 0
M x ; y ; z v song song mt phng
( )
0 | + + + = : Ax By Cz D

n =(A;B;C)
M

Phng php:
-
( )
=
,
n A; B; C l VTPT ca
( )
| mp
- Do
( ) ( )
o | / / nn
,
n cng l
VTPT ca
( )
o mp
61
-
( )
o mp l mt phng qua M v
c VTPT l
,
n

Dng 5:
( )
o mp qua hai im M,N v vung gc mt phng
( )
0 | + + + = : Ax By Cz D

n
M
N

Phng php:
- Tm
,
MN ;
( )
|
=
,
n A; B; C l
VTPT ca
( )
| .
- Tm
|
(
=

, , ,
n MN ,n .
-
( )
c VTPT l
,
n
Dng 6:
( )
o mp cha ng thng (d) v vung gc
( )
0 | + + + = : Ax By Cz D

d
u
n
R
R
M
Phng php:
- Chn
( )
e M d
- Tm
,
u l VTCP ca (d),
,
u l VTCP
ca (d),
|
,
n l VTPT ca
( )
|
- Tm
|
(
=

, , ,
n u, n .
-
( )
o mp l mt phng qua M v c
VTPT l
,
n
Dng 7:
( )
o mp i qua M v vung gc hai mt phng (P), (Q) cho
trc
62
n
Q
n
P
()
(Q)
(P)
M

Phng php:
- Tm:
,
P
n l VTPT ca (P);
,
Q
n l
VTPT ca (Q).
- Tm
(
=

, , ,
P Q
n n ,n .
-
( )
nhn
,
n lm VTPT.
Dng 8:
( )
o mp tip xc vi mt cu (S) tm I ti im
( )
e M S
I
M

Phng php:
- Tm tm I ca mt cu (S).
- Tm
,
I M
-
( )
o mp l mt phng i qua M
v c VTPT l
,
I M

Dng 9:
( )
o mp i qua M v vung gc ng thng (d) cho trc
a
()
M

Phng php:
- Tm
,
a l VTCP ca ng
thng (d).
- Do
( )
o mp song song vi (d)
nn
,
a cng l VTPT ca
( )
o mp .
63
Dng 10:
( )
o mp qua M v song song vi hai ng thng
( ) ( )
1 2
d , d
cho trc
a
2
a
1
d
2
d
1
()
M

Phng php:
- Tm:
1
,
a l VTCP ca
( )
1
d ;
2
,
a l VTCP ca
( )
2
d
- Tm
1 2
(
=

, , ,
n a ,a
-
( )
c VTPT l
,
n
Dng 11:
( )
o mp l mt phng cha ng thng
( )
1
d v song song
ng thng
( )
2
d
a
2
a
1
d
2
d
1
()
M

Phng php:
- Chn im M thuc
( )
1
d
-
( )
o l mt phng qua M v c
VTPT l
1 2
(
=

, , ,
n a ,a

Dng 12:
( )
o mp cha hai ng thng ct nhau
( ) ( )
1 2
d , d

a
2
a
1
d
2
d
1
()
M

Phng php:
- Chn im M thuc
( )
1
d
hoc
( )
2
d .
- VTPT ca
( )
o l
1 2
(
=

, , ,
n a ,a

Dng 13:
( )
o mp cha hai ng thng
( ) ( )
1 2
d / / d
Phng php:
64
u
1
d
2
d
1
A
B

- Chn
( )
1
e A d ,
( )
2
e B d
-
( )
o mp l mt phng qua 3
im A v c VTPT l
1
(
=

, , ,
n AB,u

Dng 14:
( )
o mp cha giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P) v (Q),
ng thi vung gc mt phng (R)

n
R
R
M
N

Phng php:
- Chn M,N thuc
( ) ( )
P Q
(bng cch cho x=0, x=1,v
thay vo h
( )
( )
ptmp P
ptmp Q
tm y,z)
-
( )
o mp l mt phng qua M,N
v vung gc (R) (dng 4)

Dng 15: Vit phng trnh mt phng
( )
o qua
( )
0 0 0
M x ; y ; z , song
song d v vung gc mt phng
( )
| :
Khi mt phng
( )
o :
( )
0 0 0
|
(
=
, , ,
d
qua M x ; y ; z
VTPT n u , n

Dng 16: Vit phng trnh mt phng theo on chn: ct Ox ti
( )
0 0 A a; ; , ct Oy ti
( )
0 0 B ; b; , ct Oz ti
( )
0 0 C ; ; c :
Khi phng trnh mt phng (ABC) l 1 + + =
x y z
a b c

65
PHNG TRNH NG THNG

1. Vect ch phng ca ng thng:
Vect
,
a gi l vect ch phng (VTCP) ca ng thng (d) gi
ca
,
a song song hoc trng (d).
2. Cc dng phng trnh ng thng:
Cho im
( )
0 0 0
M x ; y ; z v vect
( )
=
,
u a; b; c
- ng thng (d) qua M v nhn
,
u lm VTCP c phng trnh
tham s l
( )
0
0
0
= +
= + e
= +
R
x x at
y y bt t
z z ct

- ng thng (d) qua M v nhn
,
u lm VTCP c phng trnh
chnh tc l
( )
0 0 0
0

= = =
x x y y z z
a,b,c
a b c

3. Cc dng ton vit phng trnh ng thng:
Dng 1: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua 2 im AB
Phng php:
- Tm
,
AB
- (d) l ng thng qua A v c VTCP l
,
AB
Dng 2: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua A v song song
ng thng
( )
A
Phng php:
- Tm vect
,
u l VTCP ca
( )
A
,
u .
Dng 3: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua A v vung gc mt
phng
( )
o
Phng php:
66
- Tm
,
n l VTPT ca mt phng
( )
o .
,
n
Dng 4:Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l giao tuyn ca 2 mt
phng (P) v (Q)
Phng php:
- Tm
,
P
n l VTPT ca mp(P),
,
Q
n l VTPT ca mp(Q).
- Tm
(
=

, , ,
P Q
u n ,n
- Chn im M thuc giao tuyn bng cch cho 1 n bng 0 thay
vo pt (P) v mp(Q) gii h tm c 2 n cn li.
- (d) l ng thng qua M v nhn
,
u lm VTCP
Dng 5: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua A v song song 2 mt
phng (P) v (Q) (hoc song song vi giao tuyn ca hai mt phng
(P) v (Q))
Phng php:
- Tm
,
P
n l VTPT ca mp(P),
,
Q
n l VTPT ca mp(Q)
- Tm
(
=

, , ,
P Q
u n ,n
,
u
Dng 6: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l hnh chiu ca ng
thng
( )
A ln mt phng (P)
Phng php
- Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha (d) v vung gc mt
phng (P) (xem dng 5 ca phng trnh mt phng)
- Chn
( ) ( )
e N P Q bng cch cho 1 n bng 0, thay vo pt (P)
v pt (Q), gii h tm c 2 n cn li.
- Tm
(
=

, , ,
P Q
u n ,n
- (d) l ng thng qua N v c VTCP l
,
u
67
Dng 7:Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l ng cao k t A ca
tam gic ABC
Phng php:
- Tm
(
=

, , , , ,
AC, BC,n AC, BC
- Tm
(
=

, , ,
u n , BC
,
u
Dng 8: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l ng trung trc ca
cnh BC ca tam gic ABC
Phng php:
- Tm
(
=

, , , , ,
AC, BC,n AC, BC
- Tm
(
=

, , ,
u n, BC
- Tm M l trung im ca BC
- (d) l ng thng qua M v c VTCP l
,
u
Dng 9: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) l ng vung gc
chung ca 2 ng thng cho nhau
( ) ( )
1 2
d , d
Phng php:
- Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha
( )
2
d v song song
( )
1
d (dng 11 phng trnh mt phng)
- Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha
( )
1
d v vung gc mt
phng (P) (dng 6 phng trnh mt phng)
- Tm giao im M ca ng thng
( )
2
d v mt phng (Q).
- (d) l ng thng qua M v vung gc vi mt phng (P) (dng
3 phng trnh ng thng)
Cch khc:
- Chuyn phng trnh
1 2
d ,d di dng tham s.
- Gi
1
M d e di dng cha tham s
1
t v
2
N d e di dng
cha tham s
2
t . Tnh vect MN
,
.
68
- Do
1
2
MN u
MN u
, ,
, ,
. T y tm c
1 2
t ,t v c M,N
- ng vung gc chung qua M v nhn MN
,
lm VTCP.
Dng 10: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua A v ct hai ng
thng d
1
, d
2
cho trc:
d
2
d
1
d
M
N
A

C1:
* Chuyn d
1
,d
2
v phng trnh tham s
* Gi
1 2
M d ,N d e e (ta M,N cha
1 2
t ,t ). Tnh AM, AN
, ,
.
* Do AM
,
cng phng AN
,
nn t k
cng phng tm c
1 2
t ,t v c c M,N.
* ng thng cn tm qua A v c VTCP
AM
,

Cch khc:
* Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A v
cha
( )
1
d (xem dng 3 ca phng trnh
mt phng)
* Tm giao im M ca mt phng (P) v
( )
2
d
*
( )
d l ng thng qua 2 im A,M
(dng 1)

Dng 11: Vit phng trnh ng hng (d) qua A, vung gc v ct
ng thng A:
69
u
A
M

* Tm VTCP ca Al u
A
,

* Gi M eA (ta M cha tham s t).
Tnh AM
,

* AM u
A
, ,
. T y tm t v c M.
ng thng cn tm qua M v nhn
AM
,
lm VTCP

H
A

Cch khc:
* Gi
( )
o l mt phng qua A v vung
gc A. Lp phng trnh mt phng
( )
o (qua A v nhn
A
u
,
lm VTPT)
* Ta giao im H ca mt phng
( )
o v A l nghim ca h
( )
( )
ptmp
pt
o
.
.* ng thng cn tm qua A v nhn
AH
,
lm VTCP.

Dng 12: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) nm trong mt phng
( )
o v ct 2 ng thng d
1
,d
2
:

d
2
d
1
A
B

* Tm giao im A ca
1
d v mp
( )
o :
Gii h:
( )
( )
1
pt d
ptmp

* Tm giao im B ca
2
d v mp
( )
o :
Gii h:
( )
( )
2
pt d
ptmp

* ng thng d chnh l ng thng qua
A v nhn AB
,
lm VVTCP.

70
Dng 13: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) song song Av ct 2
ng thng
1 2
d ,d :
u
d
d
2
d
1
M
N

* Chuyn phng trnh
1 2
d ,d di dng
tham s cha
1 2
t ,t .
* Gi
1 2
M d ,N d e e (ta M, N cha
1 2
t ,t ). Tnh MN
,

* MN
,
cng phng u
A
,
, t y tm
1 2
t ,t
v c M,N.
* ng thng cn tm qua M v nhn u
A
,

lm VTCP
Dng 14: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua giao im ca
( )
o
v A, nm trong
( )
o v vung gc A:

[n
,u ]
n
A

* Tm giao im A ca
( )
o v A: gii h
( )
( )
ptmp
ptdt
o

* Dng thng d qua A v c VTCP l
u n ,u
o A
(
=

, , ,

Dng 15: Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua M vung gc d
1
v
ct d
2
:
d
u
d
1
d
1
d
2
M
N

* Chuyn phng trnh d
2
v dng tham
s. Gi N thuc d
2
(ta N cha tham
s t). Tnh vect MN
,

* Do
1
d
MN u
, ,
, t phng trnh ny ta
tm c tham s t, t tm c N.
ng thng d qua M v c VTCP l
MN
,

Dng 16: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) vung gc mt phng
( )
o v ct 2 ng thng d
1
, d
2
:
71

d
d
2
d
1
M
N

* Chuyn phng trnh d
1
, d
2
v dng
tham s.
* Gi M thuc d
1
di dng cha tham s
t
1
, N thuc d
2
di dng cha tham s t
2
.
Tnh vect MN
,
.
* Do MN
,
cng phng n
o
,
, t tm
c tham s
1 2
t ,t ta tm c M,N
* ng thng cn tm qua M v nhn
MN
,
lm VTCP
Dng 17: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua M v vung gc hai
ng thng
1 2
d ,d :
Khi (d) l ng thng qua M v c VTCP l
1 2
d d
u u ,u
(
=

, , ,

Dng 18: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua M song song mt
phng
( )
o v vung gc ng thng
( )
A :
u
n
M

* ng thng (d):
Qua M
VTCPu n ,u
o A
(
=
, , ,

Dng 19: Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua M song song mt
phng
( )
o v ct ng thng A:
n
N
M

* Chuyn phng trnh Athnh phng
trnh tham s.
* Gi N thuc A (ta N cha tham
s t). Tnh MN
,

* Do MN u
o
, ,
nn t y tm c t, t
c N.
* ng thng d cn tm qua M v nhn
vect MN
,
lm VTCP

72

V TR TNG I

1. CM
( )
o ct
( )
| : Ta chng minh A: B : C A' : B' : C' =
2. CM
( ) ( )
o | : Ta chng minh
A B C D
A' B' C' D'
= = =
3. CM
( )
o //
( )
| : Ta chng minh
A B C D
A' B' C' D'
= = =
4. CM d,d' ng phng: Ta chng minh 0 u,u' .MM'
(
=

, , ,
vi
M d,M' d' e e
5. CM d,d' ct nhau: 0 u,u' .MM'
(
=

, , ,
v a : b : c a' : b' : c' =
6. CM d // d: Ta chng minh
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0 0 0
a : b : c a' : b' : c' x' x : y' y : z' z = =
7. CM dd: Ta chng minh
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0 0 0
a : b : c a' : b' : c' x' x : y' y : z' z = =
8. CM d v d cho nhau: ta chng minh 0 u,u' .MM'
(
=

, , ,
vi
M d,M' d' e e
9. CM d ct
( )
o : Ta chng minh: 0 aA bB cC + + =
10. CM d//
( )
o : Ta chng minh
( )
0 0
0 aA bB cC
M d M
+ + =
e e o

11. CM d c
( )
o : Ta chng minh
( )
0 0
0 aA bB cC
M d M
+ + =
e e o

Ch :
* CM
( ) ( )
' o o ta chng minh 0 AA' BB' CC' + + =
* CM d d' ta chng minh 0 u.u' =
, ,

* CM
( )
d o ta chng minh a : b : c A: B : C = .
73
* Chng minh
( ) ( )
A A A B B C
A x ; y ; z ,B x ; y ; z nm v 2 pha i vi
( )
0 : Ax By Cz D o + + + = , ta chng minh:
( )( )
0
A A A B B B
Ax By Cz D Ax By Cz D + + + + + + <
74
KHONG CCH V GC

1. Khong cch t im M n mt phng
( )
0 + + + = P : Ax By Cz D
( )
2 2 2
(

+ + +
=
+ +
M M M
M , P
A.x B.y C.z D
d
A b C

2. Khong cch gia hai mt phng song song (P)//(Q):
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( (

= e
P , Q A, Q
d d , A P
3. Khong cch gia ng thng (d) v mt phng (P), vi (d)//(P):
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( (

= e
d , P A, P
d d , A d
4. Khong cch t im A n ng thng (d): (khng c cng thc
tnh trong chng trnh chun, nhng c th tnh theo cc bc sau
y)
- Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A v vung gc ng thng
(d).
- Tm giao im H ca (d) v (P)
- Khi
( )
(

=
A, d
d AH
5. Khong cch gia hai ng thng song song
( )
1
d //
( )
2
d :
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 2 2
1 ( (

= e
d ; d A, d
d d , A d
6. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau
( ) ( )
1 2
d , d :
- Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha
( )
2
d v song song
( )
1
d .
- Tm M thuc
( )
1
d .
- Khi
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
( (

=
d , d M , P
d d
7. Gc gia hai mp (P): A
1
x+B
1
y+C
1
z+D
1
= 0
v mp(Q): A
2
x+B
2
y+C
2
z+D
2
= 0
75
th
2
1 2
n
1
os =
, ,
, ,
.n
c
n . n
=
2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1
A + +
+ + + +
A B B C C
A B C . A B C

Vi
= ( ) ( mp(Q),mp( P)
8. Gc gia ng thng (d):
0
0
0
= +
= +
= +
x x at
y y bt
z z ct
v mt phng (P):
Ax+By+Cz+D = 0 l

n
P
si n =
, ,
, ,
d
.u
n . u
P
d
=
2 2 2 2 2 2
a A + +
+ + + +
bB cC
A B C . b c a

vi
= (( D ), mp( P) )
9. Gc gia hai ng thng (D
1
) :
1
1
1
0
0
0
= +
= +
= +
x x a t
y y b t
z z c t
v (D
2
):
0 2
0 2
0 2
= +
= +
= +
/ /
/ /
/ /
x x a t
y y b t
z z c t

th
2
1 2
1
os =
, ,
, ,
.
c
.
u u
u u
=
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
+ +
+ + + +
a a b b c c
a b c a b c
vi
1 2
= ( ( D ), ( D ) )

76
TM MT S IM C BIT
1. Tm giao im M ca ng thng (d):
0
0
0
= +
= +
= +
x x at
y y bt
z z ct
v mt phng
(P): 0 + + + = Ax By Cz D
Phng php:
-
( )
e M d nn
( )
0 0 0
+ + + M x at ; y bt ; z ct (1)
-
( )
e M P nn ta M phi tha mn phng trnh ca (P). Thay ta
ca M vo phng trnh (P) gii tm c t.
- Thay t va tm vo (1) ta tm c ta ca M.
2. Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M ln mt phng (P):
(P)
M
H

Phng php:
- Vit phng trnh ng thng (d)
qua M v vung gc vi mt phng
(P).
- Tm giao im H ca ng thng
(d) v mt phng (P).
- H chnh l hnh chiu cn tm.
3. Tm M i xng im M qua mt phng (P):
(P)
M'
M
H

Phng php:
- Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M
ln mt phng (P)
- M i xng vi M qua mp(P)
H l trung im ca MM.
- p dng cng thc trung im ta
tm c ta M

4. Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M ln ng thng (d):
77
d
(P)
M
H

Phng php:
- Vit phng trnh mt phng (P)
qua M v vung gc ng thng
(d).
- Tm giao im H ca ng thng
(d) v mt phng (P).
- H l hnh chiu cn tm

Cch khc:
- Chuyn phng trnh ca (d) v
dng tham s, suy ra VTCP u
,
.
- H thuc (d) nn ta H cha t.
Tnh MH
,
.
- Do MH u
, ,
nn t y tm c t
v c H.
5. Tm im M i xng vi M qua ng thng (d)
d
(P)
M'
M
H

Phng php:
- Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M
ln ng thng (d).
- M i xng m qua (d) H l
trung im MM.
- p dng cng thc trung im ta
tm c ta im M.
6. Tm chn ng cao H k t A ca t din ABCD
A
B
C
D

Phng php:
- Gi
( )
H x; y; z
- Ta ca H l nghim ca h
phng trnh:
0
0
0
(
=
, ,
, ,
, , ,
AH .BC
AH .BD
BC, BD .BH

78
MT S KIN THC B SUNG

CH 1: TAM THC BC HAI, PHNG TRNH,
BT PHNG TRNH BC 2
I. Tam thc bc hai:
1. N: Tam thc bc hai l biu thc c dng:
2
ax bx c + + , trong x
l bin s; a, b, c l cc s thc 0 a = .
Ch : + Ta thng t
( )
2
f x ax bx c = + + .
+ Nu 0 b = th ta c tam thc bc hai dng
( )
2
f x ax c = +
+ Nu 0 c = th ta c tam thc bc hai dng
( )
2
f x ax bx = +
2. nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai: Cho tam thc bc hai
( ) ( )
2
0 f x ax bx c a = + + = . Gi
2
4 b ac A = . Khi :
- Nu 0 A < th
( )
. 0 a f x > , x R e (tc l
( )
f x cng du vi
a).
Bng xt du:
a>0
x

+
f(x)
+

a<0
x

+
f(x)
-

- Nu 0 A = th
( )
. 0, a f x x R > e (tc l
( )
f x cng du vi a
vi mi
2
b
x
a
= ,
( )
0
2
b
f x x
a
= = )
Bng xt du:
a>0
X

2
b
a

+
f(x)
+ 0 +

79
a<0
x

2
b
a

+
f(x)
- 0 -

- Nu 0 A > th
( )
f x c hai ngim phn bit
( )
1 2 1 2
, x x x x < v:
+
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
. 0, ; ; a f x x x x > e +
+
( ) ( )
1 2
. 0, ; a f x x x x < e .
Bng xt du:
a>0
x

1
x

2
x

+
f(x) + 0
-
0 +
a<0
X

1
x

2
x

+
f(x) - 0
+
0 -
II. Phng trnh bc hai:
1. N: Phng trnh bc hai l mnh cha bin c dng
( )
2
0 0 ax bx c a + + = = . Trong x l n s; a,b,c l cc s thc
bit.
2. Cch gii:
Gi
2
4 b ac A = . Khi :
- Nu 0 A < : phng trnh v nghim.
- Nu 0 A = : phng trnh c nghip kp
1 2
2
b
x x
a
= =
- Nu 0 A > : phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
,
2 2
b b
x x
a a
A + A
= = .
* Ch :
- Nu h s b ca phng trnh l s chn, ta c cng thc
nghim thu gn nh sau:
Gi
( )
2
' ' b ac A = (trong '
2
b
b = ). Khi :
80
+ Nu ' 0 A < : phng trnh v nghim.
+ Nu ' 0 A = : phng trnh c nghip kp
1 2
' b
x x
a
= =
+ Nu 0 A > : phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
' ' ' '
,
b b
x x
a a
A + A
= = .
- Nu hai h s a v c c du tri ngc nhau th phng trnh
bc hai lun c hai nghim phn bit.
- Nu h s b=0, phng trnh c dng:
2
0 ax c + =
2
c
x
a
=
+ Nu a, c tri du nhau th phng trnh c hai nghim
l
1,2
c
x
a
=
+ Nu a, c cng du nhau th phng trnh v nghim.
- Nu h s c=0, phng trnh c dng
( )
1
2
2
0
0 0
x
ax bx x ax b
b
x
a
=
+ = + =

=

3. nh l Vit:
* Nu phng trnh bc hai
2
0 ax bx c + + = c hai nghim phn
bit
1 2
, x x th tng v tch ca hai nghim l:
1 2
1 2
b
S x x
a
c
P x x
a
= + =
= =

- Hai s thc c tng bng S v tch bng P th hai s thc l
nghim ca phng trnh
2
0 x Sx P + = .
* Ch :
- Nu tam thc bc hai
( )
2
f x ax bx c = + + c hai nghim
1 2
, x x
th c th vit li thnh
( ) ( )( )
1 2
f x a x x x x = .
81
- Nu phng trnh bc hai
2
0 ax bx c + + = c h s a,b,c tha
0 a b c + + = th phng trnh c hai nghim l:
1 2
1,
c
x x
a
= =
- Nu phng trnh bc hai
2
0 ax bx c + + = c h s a,b,c tha
0 a b c + = th phng trnh c hai nghim l:
1 2
1,
c
x x
a
= =
4*. Xc nh du cc nghim s ca phng trnh bc 2:
2
0 ax bx c + + = :
- Phng trnh c hai nghim tri du 0 ac <
- Phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit cng du
0
0
c
a
A >

>

- Phng trnh c hai nghim cng dng
0
0
0
b
a
c
a
A >
>
>

- Phng trnh c hai nghim cng m
0
0
0
b
a
c
a
A >
<
>

III. Bt phng trnh bc hai:
1. N: Bt phng trnh bc hai l mnh cha bin thuc 1 trong 4
dng sau:
2 2 2 2
0; 0; 0; 0 ax bx c ax bx c ax bx c ax bx c + + > + + < + + > + + s ,
trong x l n s; a,b,c l cc s thc bit.
2. Cch gii:
- Xt du tam thc bc hai v tri (da vo nh l v du ca
tam thc bc hai lp bng xt du)
82
- Da vo bng xt du chn cc khong cha x m lm cho
v tri tha mn du ca bt phng trnh (nu bt phng trnh cho >0
th ly phn du +, <0 th ly phn du , cn nu c du = th
ly lun nghim ca tam thc)
* Ch : Nguyn tc chung gii cc bt phng trnh l:
- Chuyn tt c v bn tri ca du bt ng thc, cn v
phi phi l s 0. Nu c n s mu s th khi quy ng khng c
b mu.
- Phi xt du biu thc v tri.
- Da vo bng xt du chn tp nghim cho ph hp
vi chiu bt phng trnh.

83

CH 2: XT DU BIU THC

Xt du biu thc l mt bi ton trung gian gii nhiu bi
ton, c bit l gii cc bi ton bt phng trnh, h bt phng
trnh. Ngoi phng php hc chng trnh i s 10, ta c th s
dng phng php gii nhanh c trnh by sau y rt ngn thi
gian lm bi. V y l bi ton trung gian nn cch gii s khng c
trnh by trong bi ton, do ta khng cn quan tm n cch chng
minh phng php xt du ny (nhng c th dng kin thc v gii
hn chng minh d dng)
I. PHNG PHP:
1. Khi nim nghim bi ca phng trnh: S thc
0
x c gi l
mt nghim bi k ca phng trnh
( )
0 f x = nu nh nghim
0
x c
lp li k ln.
V d:
VD1. Phng trnh
( )( )
2
2
1
1 0
1 6 5 0 1
6 5 0
5
x
x
x x x x
x x
x
=

+ = =

+ =
. Khi s 1 gi l
mt nghim bi 2 ca phng trnh (cn gi l nghim kp)
VD2. Phng trnh
( ) ( )
3
2
1
1 4 3 0 1
3
x
x x x x
x
=
+ + = =
. Trong
s 1 l nghim bi 3 ca phng trnh, v
( ) ( )( )( )
3
1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1
x
x x x x x
x
=
= = =

2. Xt du biu thc
( )
f x l mt a thc c dng:
( )
1
1 1 0
...
n n
n n
P x a x a x a x a
= + + + +
( )
0
n
a = (cc s hng ca
( )
P x
c sp xp theo th t gim dn theo s m ca x)
84
- Tm cc nghim ca
( )
P x , gi s cc nghim l
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x v
1 2
...
n
x x x < < < (xp theo th t t nh n ln, nghim
bi ch vit 1 ln)
- Lp bng xt du:
+ L bng gm 2 dng v 2 ct,
+ in cc gi tr ca x l cc nghim ca
( )
P x va tm
c trn v cc k hiu , + vo bng theo th t t nh
n ln.
+ in du ca
( )
P x vo bng theo quy tc:
* Trong khong cui cng bn phi ca
n
x (nghim
ln nht) th
( )
P x cng du vi h s ca x mang m cao nht trong
biu thc
( )
P x (tc l cng du vi
n
a )
* Xen k du ca
( )
P x v bn tri khi i qua cc
nghim ca
( )
P x nu nghim l nghim bi l, v gi nguyn du
khi i qua nghim bi chn ca
( )
P x .
Bng xt du:
0
n
a > , gi s
( )
P x c nghim bi chn l
1 n
x

x

1
x

2 n
x

1 n
x

n
x

+
( )
P x
0
+
0
-
0
-
0
+

0
n
a < , gi s
( )
P x c nghim bi chn l
1 n
x

x

1
x

2 n
x

1 n
x

n
x

+
( )
P x
0
-
0
+
0
+
0
-

3. Xt du biu thc dng tch ca cc a thc:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
1 1
1 0 1 0
. ... ...
n n m m
n n m m
P x f x g x a x a x a b x b x b

= = + + + + + +
- Tm nghim ca cc a thc
( ) ( )
, f x g x , gi s cc nghim
l
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x v
1 2
...
n
x x x < < < (xp theo th t t nh n ln,
nghim bi ch vit 1 ln)
85
- Lp bng xt du nh trn v in du ca
( )
P x theo nguyn
tc:
+ Trong khong cui cng bn phi ca
n
x (nghim ln
nht) th
( )
P x cng du vi tch ca h s ca x c m cao nht trong
mi a thc
( ) ( )
, f x g x (tc l cng du vi tch .
n m
a b )
+ Xen k du v bn tri khi x i qua nghim ca
( )
P x nu l nghim bi l, v gi nguyn du nu x i qua nghim bi
chn ca
( )
P x
4. Xt du ca biu thc dng hu t: (c bin s mu s)
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
1 1
1 0 1 0
1
1 0
... ...
.
...
n n m m
n n m m
k k
k k
a x a x a b x b x b
f x g x
P x
h x c x c x c

+ + + + + +
= =
+ + +

(trong
( ) ( ) ( )
, , f x g x h x l cc a thc theo bin s x, c xp theo
th t gim dn s m ca x)
- Tm nghim ca cc a thc
( ) ( ) ( )
, , f x g x h x , gi s cc
nghim l
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x v
1 2
...
n
x x x < < < (xp theo th t t nh n
ln, nghim bi ch vit 1 ln v tnh lun nghim ca
( )
h x )
- Lp bng xt du nh trn, nu l nghim mu th hng du
ca
( )
P x l du ||. in du theo nguyn tc:
+ Trong khong cui cng bn phi ca
n
x (nghim ln
nht) th
( )
P x cng du vi tch ca h s ca x c m cao nht trong
mi a thc
( ) ( ) ( )
, , f x g x h x (tc l cng du vi tch . .
n m k
a b c )
+ Xen k du v bn tri khi x i qua nghim ca
( )
P x nu l nghim bi l, v gi nguyn du nu x i qua nghim bi
chn ca
( )
P x (tnh lun c nghim ca
( )
h x )
Bng xt du:
. . 0
n m k
a b c > , gi s c nghim bi chn l
1 n
x

,
( )
P x khng xc
nh ti
n
x (tc
n
x l nghim ca mu)
86
x

1
x

2 n
x

1 n
x

n
x

+
( )
P x
0
+
0
-
0
- ||
+

. . 0
n m k
a b c < , gi s c nghim bi chn l
1 n
x

,
( )
P x khng xc
nh ti
n
x (tc
n
x l nghim ca mu)

x

1
x

2 n
x

1 n
x

n
x

+
( )
P x
0
-
0
+
0
+ ||
-

II. CC V D:
Lp bng xt du cc biu thc sau:
a.
( )
3
8 f x x = b.
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 6 5 f x x x x x = + +
c.
( ) ( )
( )
3 2
2 2 3 2 f x x x x x = + d.
( )
( )( )
2
2 2
2 3 1
4 5 6
x x
f x
x x x
+
=
+

Gii:
a. Ta c
( ) ( )
( )
3 2
8 0 2 2 4 0 2 f x x x x x x = = + + = =
Bng xt du: (h s ca
3
x l 1>0)

x
2
+
( )
f x

-
0
+

b.
( )
( )( )
2
2 2
2
1
3 2 0 2
3 2 6 5 0
1
6 5 0
5
x
x x x
f x x x x x
x
x x
x
=
+ = =
= + + =

=
+ =

(x=1 l nghim bi 2)
Bng xt du:
(Tch cc h s ca x c m cao nht ca hai tam thc l 1.1>0)

x
1 2 5
+
( )
f x + 0 + 0 - 0 +
87
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
3 2
3 2
2
2 0
. 2 2 3 2 0
2 3 2
2
2
1 2 0 1
x
c f x x x x x
x x x
x
x
x x x x
=
= + =

+

+ = =

Bng xt du: (Tch cc h s ca x c m cao nht l -1.1<0)

x
1 2
+
( )
f x - 0 + 0 -
d.
( )
( )( )
2
2 2
2 3 1
4 5 6
x x
f x
x x x
+
=
+

Ta c:

2
1
*2 3 1 0
1
2
x
x x
x
=
+ =

=

2
2
* 4 0
2
x
x
x
=
=

=

2
2
* 5 6 0
3
x
x x
x
=
+ =

=

Bng xt du: (x=2 l nghim bi 2,
( )
f x khng xc nh ti
x=-2;2;3, tch cc h s ca x m cao nht l 2.1.1>0)
x
-2 1/2 1 2 3
+
( )
f x

+
||
-
0
+
0
-
||
-
||
+

88
CH 3: GII HN V CC V GII HN TI V CC
CA HM S

1. Mt vi qui tc tm gii hn v cc:
Cc gii hn sau y c xt khi
( )
0 0 0
, , , x x x x x x x x
+
+
Qui tc nhn
( )
lim f x
( )
limg x L =
( ) ( )
lim f x g x
0 L >
0 L <
)

Qui tc chia

( )
lim f x
( )
limg x L =
( )
( )
lim
f x
g x

L 0

( )
lim f x L =
( )
limg x Du ca
( )
g x
( )
( )
lim
f x
g x

0 L > 0
+ +
0 L > 0

0 L < 0
+

0 L < 0

+

2. Mt s gii hn c bn:
a)
0
0
lim
x x
x x
= ;
0
0
lim
x x
x x
+
= ;
0
0
lim
x x
x x
=
b)
0
0
lim
x x
c x
= ;
0
0
lim
x x
c x
+
=
0
0
lim
x x
c x
=
c) lim
x
x
= d) lim
x
c c
= e) lim 0
x
c
x
=
f) lim
x
x
+
= +;
3
lim
x
x
=
g) lim
k
x
x
+
= +;
2
lim
k
x
x
= +;
( )
2 1
lim
k
x
x k
+ +
= eN
89
3. Mt s lu khi tm gii hn:
a) Phng php xc nh du ca
( )
g x khi tm gii hn dng
( )
( )
0
lim
x x
f x
g x
:
Khi tnh gii hn ca hm s c dng
( )
( )
f x
y
g x
= khi
0
x x
vi
0
x l nghim ca a thc
( )
f x th ta cn xc nh
( )
f x dn ti 0
+
hay
0
. C th lm nh sau:
- Lp bng xt du ca
( )
f x (lm ngoi nhp), gi s ta c
bng sau:
x

0
x
+
( )
f x
+ 0 -
- Xc nh du ca
( )
f x :
+
( )
0 0
x x x x
+
> th du ca
( )
f x l du pha bn
phi s 0 nm di
0
x (theo bng trn l du - do
( )
0 f x

)
+
( )
0 0
x x x x
< th du ca
( )
f x l du pha bn
phi s 0 nm di
0
x (theo bng trn l du + do
( )
0 f x
+
)
b) Phng php tm nhanh gii hn dng
( )
( )
1
1 1 0
1
1 1 0
...
lim lim
...
m m
m m
n n
x x
n n
f x
a x a x a x a
g x b x b x b x b
+ + + +
=
+ + + +
(trong
( ) ( )
, f x g x l
cc a thc c bc ln lt l m v n):
- Nu m n < : th
( )
( )
lim 0
x
f x
g x
=
- Nu m n = : th
( )
( )
lim
m
x
n
f x
a
g x b
=
90
- Nu m n > : th
( )
( )
lim
x
f x
g x
= hoc
( )
( )
lim
x
f x
g x
= ) ty
theo bi ton (xc nh du da vo qui tc mc 1).
91
CH 4: O HM
1. nh ngha:
o hm hm s
( )
y f x = ti im
0
x k hiu l
( )
0
' f x v
c nh ngha
( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0
0 0
' lim lim
x x
f x x f x
y
f x
x x
A A
+ A
A
= =
A A

S
0
x x x A = c gi l s gia ca bin s ti im
0
x ; s
( ) ( )
0 0
y f x x f x A = + A gi l s gia ca hm s ng vi s gia x A ti
im
0
x .
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn nh ngha theo cng thc sau:

( )
( ) ( )
0
0
0
0
' lim
x x
f x f x
f x
x x
.
2. ngha hnh hc ca o hm:
- o hm ca hm s
( )
y f x = ti im
0
x l h s gc ca
tip tuyn ca th hm s ti im
( )
0 0 0
; M x y .
- Nu hm s
( )
y f x = c o hm ti im
0
x th tip tuyn
ca th hm s ti im
( )
0 0 0
; M x y c phng trnh l:
( )( )
0 0 0
' y y f x x x =
3. o hm ca hm s trn mt khong:
Hm s f gi l c o hm trn khong I nu n c o hm
( )
' f x ti mi im x I e .
4. Quy tc tnh o hm:
* Cc cng thc:
1)
( )
1
'
n n
x nx

=
( )
, 1 n n e > N
2)
( )
' 0 c = (c l hng s)
3)
( )
' 1 x = ;
2
1 1
'
x x
| |
=
|
\ .

4)
( )
( )
1
' 0
2
x x
x
= >
92
5) Gi s
( ) ( )
, u u x v v x = = l cc hm s c o hm ti im
x thuc khong xc nh, ta c:

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
' ' '
' ' '
. ' ' '
' '
'
. ' . '
1 '
' 0
u v u v
u v u v
u v u v uv
u u v uv
v v
k u k u
v
v v x
v v
+ = +
=
= +
| |
=
|
\ .
=
| |
= = =
|
\ .

6) o hm ca hm hp: Nu hm s
( )
u g x = c o hm ti
x l '
x
u v hm s
( )
y f u = c o hm ti u l '
u
y th hm hp
( ) ( )
y f g x = c o hm ti x l: ' ' . '
x u x
y y u =
7) o hm ca hm s lng gic:
Bng tm tt:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
sin ' cos
cos ' sin
1
tan '
cos
1
cot '
sin
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=

( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
sin ' '.cos
cos ' '.sin
'
tan '
cos
'
cot '
sin
u u u
u u u
u
u
u
u
u
u
=
=
=
=

8) Mt s cng thc khc:

( )
( )
2
2
2
2
'
2
'
ax b ad bc
y y
cx d
cx d
b c
amx anx
m n
ax bx c
y y
mx n
mx n
+
= =
+
+
+ +
+ +
= =
+
+

93

( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
' ' ' ' ' '
'
' ' '
' ' '
a b a c b c
x x
a b a c b c
ax bx c
y y
a x b x c
a x b x c
+ +
+ +
= =
+ +
+ +

5. o hm cp 2:
Cho hm s
( )
y f x = c o hm l
( )
' f x , khi o hm
cp hai ca hm s k hiu l
( ) ( )
" ' ' y f x =

94
CH 5:CNG THC LNG GIC V
PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
I. Cng thc lc gic:
1. T s lng gic ca mt s gc cn nh:

Gc
0
0
30
0
45
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
135
0
150
0
180
0
0
6

2
3

3
4

5
6

sin 0
1
2

2
2

3
2

1
3
2

2
2

1
2
0
cos 1
3
2

2
2

1
2
0
1
2

2
2

3
2
1
tan 0
1
3

1
3 ||
3

1
1
3

0
cot
||
3

1
1
3

0
1
3

1 3 ||
* Cng thc lng gic c bn:
2 2
sin cos 1 x x + = tan .cot 1 x x =
2
2
1
1 tan
cos
x
x
= +
2
2
1
1 cot
sin
x
x
= +
sin
tan
cos
x
x
x
=
cos
cot
sin
x
x
x
=
2. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng:

1
cos .cos [cos( ) cos( )]
2
1
sin .sin [cos( ) cos( )]
2
1
sin .cos [sin( ) sin( )]
2
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
= + +
= +
= + +

95

3. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch:

cos cos 2cos .cos
2 2
cos cos 2sin .sin
2 2
sin sin 2sin .cos
2 2
sin sin 2cos .sin
2 2
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
+
+ =
+
=
+
+ =
+
=

4.Cng thc nhn i:

2 2 2 2
2
cos 2 cos sin 2cos 1 1 2sin
sin 2 2sin cos
2tan
tan 2 ( , , )
1 tan 2 2 2
a a a a a
a a a
a
a a k a k k
a
= = =
=
= = + = + e

5. Cng thc nhn ba:

3
3
sin3 3sin 4sin
cos3 4cos 3cos
a a a
a a a
=
=

6. Cng thc h bc:
96

2
2
2
3
3
cos 2 1
cos
2
1 cos 2
sin
2
1 cos 2
tan
1 cos 2
3sin sin3
sin
4
3cos cos3
cos
4
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a a
a
a a
a
+
=
=
+
=
+
=

7. Cng thc cng:

sin( ) sin cos cos sin
sin( ) sin cos cos sin
cos( ) cos cos sin sin
cos( ) cos cos sin sin
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
+ = +
=
+ =
= +

Ngoi ra ta cng c cng thc sau vi mt s iu kin:

tan tan
tan( ) (*)
1 tan . tan
tan tan
tan( ) (**)
1 tan . tan
a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
=
+
+
+ =

(*) c iu kin:
, ,
2 2 2
a k b k a b k

= + = + = +

(**) c iu kin: , ,
2 2 2
a k b k a b k

= + = + + = +

8. Cng thc tnh tana, cosa, sina theo tan
2
a
t = :
97

2
2
2
2
2
sin
1
1
cos
1
2
tan ,
1 2
t
a
t
t
a
t
t
a a k
t
=
+
=
+
= = +

9. Cng thc lin h gia 2 gc b nhau, ph nhau, i nhau v hn
km nhau 1 gc hoc
2
:
9.1. Hai gc b nhau:

sin( ) sin
cos( ) cos
tan( ) tan
cot( ) cot
a a
a a
a a
a a
=
=
=
=

9.2. Hai gc ph nhau:

sin( ) cos
2
cos( ) sin
2
tan( ) cot
2
cot( ) tan
2
a a
a a
a a
a a
=
=
=
=

9.3. Hai gc i nhau:

sin( ) sin
cos( ) cos
tan( ) tan
cot( ) cot
a a
a a
a a
a a
=
=
=
=

98
9.4 Hai gc hn km nhau
2
:

sin( ) cos
2
cos( ) sin
2
tan( ) tan
2
cot( ) cot
2
a a
a a
a a
a a
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =

9.5 Hai gc hn km nhau :

sin( ) sin
cos( ) cos
tan( ) tan
cot( ) cot
a a
a a
a a
a a
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =

9.6. Mt s cng thc c bit:

sin cos 2 sin( ) 2 cos
4 4
sin cos 2 sin( ) 2 cos
4 4
cos sin 2 cos
4
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
| |
+ = + =
|
\ .
| |
= = +
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .

III. Phng trnh lng gic:
1. Phng trnh c bn:
99

( )
2
2
2
2
si n si n
cos cos
tan tan
cot cot
u v k
* u v
u v k
* u v u v k
* u v u v k u k
* u v u v k u k
= + t
=

= t + t
= = + t
t
| |
= = + t = + t
|
\ .
= = + t = t

2. Phng trnh ng cp i vi sinx v cosx:
Cc phng trnh lng gic
* asin
2
x + bsinx.cosx + c.cos
2
x +d= 0 (1)
*
3 2 2 3
0 asin x bsin xcos x csinxcos x dcos x msinx ncos x + + + + + = (2)
* asin
4
x + bsin
3
x.cosx + csin
2
x.cos
2
x + dsinx.cos
3
x + ecos
4
x = 0 (3)
gi l phng trnh ng cp bc 2, 3, 4 i vi sinx v cosx.
- Kim tra cosx=0 c l nghim khng?
- Vi cosx 0, chia hai v ca phng trnh (1), (2), (3) theo th t
cho cos
2
x, cos
3
x, cos
4
x a phng trnh cho v phng trnh mi
vi n t=tanx v ta d dng gii cc phng trnh ny.

3. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sinx v cosx:
* sinx + bcosx + c = 0 (1), a
2
+ b
2
0 phng trnh (1) c nghim
a
2
+ b
2
- c
2
0
C ba cch gii loi phng trnh ny :
Cch 1: Gi s a 0

(1) sin cos 0
b c
x x
a a
+ + =
(2)
Cch 2: t : tan
b
a
=
(2) sin tan cos 0
c
x x
a
+ + = sin( ) cos
c
x
a
+ =
Ta d dng gii phng trnh ny.
- t :
100

tan
2
x
t =

2
2 2
2 1
(1) 0
1 1
t t
a b c
t t
+ + =
+ +

Gii phng trnh bc hai i vi t, d dng gii c phng trnh (1).
Cch 3: Do
2 2
0 a b + = , chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
2 2
a b + :

2 2 2 2 2 2
(1) sin cos
a b c
x x
a b a b a b
+ =
+ + +

t :

2 2
2 2
sin
cos
a
a b
b
a b

2 2
(1) sin( )
c
x
a b
+ =
+
(y l phng trnh c bn).
Ch : Ta lun c :

2 2
| sin sin | a x b x a b + s +
Du "=" xy ra khi v ch khi sin(x + a) = 1.
4. Phng trnh i xng i vi sinx v cosx:
a(sinx + cosx) + bsinxcosx = c (1) (a, b, c l hng s)
Gii phng trnh (1) bng cch t :
sinx + cosx = t , | | 2 t s
a (1) v phng trnh

2
2 ( 2 ) 0 bt at b c + + = . Gii phng trnh (2) vi | | 2 t s .
5. Phng trnh lng gic s dng nhiu n php bin i lng
gic:
y l dng ton ch yu trong cc k thi H-C, cch gii ch
yu l s dng cc php bin i lng gic thng dng a phng
trnh v mt trong cc dng trn hoc dng phng trnh tch m mi
tha s l mt phng trnh c bn gii gii.
101
Trong qu trnh bin i cn ch trnh s dng hai php bin
i tri ngc nhau, v ch quan st rt ngn thi gian v cc bc
gii, mun th cn nm tht vng cc cng thc lng gic, nht l
nhng cng thc c bit thng hay dng.
102
PH LC

Mt s gi c th v cch hc mn ton chun b cho cc k thi
TNPT v tuyn sinh vo cc trng H
- Sau khi nghe ging trn lp cn c li ngay v thc hin cc bi tp
n gin hiu bi v ghi nh cc cng thc, tnh cht cn thit.
Khng phi ch c hiu m phi ch ng lm cc bi tp p dng ti
khi thnh thc. Ln hc th hai l lm cc bi tp kh hn, hy c gng
suy ngh tm ra cch gii v ch nn c cc hng dn khi lm
ht cch nhng khng t gii c. Ln hc th ba l h thng li bi
v lm b sung cc bi tp m trc ta cha gii c.
- Sau khi hc xong mt chng (gm nhiu bi), nn thu xp thi gi
lm cc bi tp mang tnh tng hp kin thc ca ton chng. y l
c hi tt tp luyn cch huy ng kin thc lin quan cn thit
gii cc bi tp tng t nh cc cu hi trong thi sau ny, ng thi
cng l dp pht hin nhng thiu st trong kin thc cng nhng sai
lm m ta hay mc phi. Vic gii ngay bi tp ca tng bi vi luyn
gii cc ton tng hp c nhng khc bit rt ln nn cc em cn
phi tp luyn tch ly kinh nghim.
- Cn c trc bi s nghe ging trn lp. Vic lm ny rt cn thit v
nh ta bit mt s khi nim, mt s nh ngha ng thi bit
c phn no kh trong bi tp trung ch , nh d dng nm
vng ni dung bi ging ngay ti lp.
- Thi H mn ton ngoi ni dung ch yu trong chng trnh lp 12
cn c cc cu hi lin quan n cc vn hc trong chng trnh
lp 10, lp 11 nh bt ng thc, phng trnh, bt phng trnh, h
phng trnh v cc bi ton v lng gic. Do th sinh cn c k
hoch n tp mt cch h thng cc kin thc nu trn.
Theo ti, cch hc hp l vo cc ngy cn thi l gim cng
, ch yu l c li, xem li v h thng cc ni dung c hc.
Cn ch vo cc sai lm m mnh hay mc phi, cn xem k cc cng
103
thc m ta nh khng chc chn. Cn m bo c sc kho tt nht
trc khi d thi. Cn tp thc dy sm vo bui sng (t thc dy s
sng khoi v c trng thi tm l tt hn b gi dy).
Khi nhn c thi cn c tht k phn nh u l cc
cu hi quen thuc v d thc hin (u tin gii trc), cn cc cu hi
kh s gii quyt sau. Th t cc cu hi c gii l theo kh nng gii
quyt ca th sinh, khng nn b l thuc vo th t trong bi. C th
nh gi mt cu hi no l d v lm vo giy thi nhng khi lm
mi thy kh th nn dt khot chuyn qua cu khc gii c d dng,
sau cn thi gian th quay li gii tip cu kh y. Trong khi thi
khng nn lm qu vi v cu d ( ri c sai st ng tic) v ng
sm chu thua cu kh. Hy tn dng thi gian thi d li cc cu lm
mt cch cn thn v tp trung cao tm ra cch gii cc cu kh
cn li.
(TS Nguyn Cam, khoa Ton - Tin H S phm TP.HCM)

lm bi thi H t im cao
Thc hin nguyn l 3
Nguyn l ny c c ng v theo th t: "ng - - p".
ng chin lc lm bi: Thc hin theo chin thut: "Ht nc
vc n xng", tc l cu quen thuc hoc d lm trc, cu kh lm
sau. Nu cu kh th b qua, khng lm ra hoc lm sai th nguy c
trt H khng ln (bn ch thua rt t ngi lm c cu kh), nhng
nu cu d m khng gii c, lm sai, lm khng n ni n chn
th bn rt d trt (v bn s thua hng vn ngi lm c cu d).
ng p s: Nu bi lm c p s ng, b cc n th gio vin chm
ln 1 c th cho im ti a v nh k hiu d thng nht im vi
gio vin chm ln 2. Nu p s sai th thng gio vin s tm im
sai gn nht chm cho nhanh. V vy ng p s l rt quan trng,
thm ch c nhiu ngi lp lun cha chnh xc nhng vn c im
ti a. ng chng trnh SGK: Lm ng p s nhng bn phi dng
kin thc hc trong chng trnh SGK. ng thi gian: C nhiu TS
khng bit phn b thi gian, trnh by qu cn thn dn n c cu
104
gii xong trn giy nhp nhng ht thi gian vit vo bi thi. Cng
c nhiu TS lm bi nhanh nhng khng xem li bi k nn b mt im
ng tic.
cc cu hi: TS cn iu tit thi gian lm ht cc cu
hi theo trnh t t d n kh, trnh tn qu nhiu thi gian cho mt
cu hi khng cn gi suy ngh cu khc. Trnh by y : Do
thang im chi tit n 0,25 nn nhng bi c lp lun y s d t
im ti a.
Tm li gii p: Khi gp mt bi ton, bn cn u tin cch gii
c bn x l nhanh m khng nn loay hoay mt thi gian tm cch
gii p. Tuy nhin mt s bi ton ng cp li cn n li gii thng
minh, ngn gn. Trnh by p: Mc d trong mn Ton yu t p b
xem nh hn rt nhiu so vi yu t ng, nhng nu 2 bi thi c ni
dung tng t nhau th bi trnh by p d c im cao hn t 0,5
n 1 im.
(Trn Phng Ging vin mn Ton, Trung tm H tr pht trin ti
nng, Lin hip Cc hi khoa hc - k thut Vit Nam)

Tom Tat Li Thuyet Va Phuong Phap Giai Toan 12

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