HD Su Dung Phan Men SAS Bang Tieng Viet

PGS. TS.
L QUANG HNG
NG DNG SAS
PHN TCH S LIU TH NGHIM
2009
Li m u
SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems) p dng ngn ng lp trnh phn tch s liu. Ring
SAS/STAT bao gm trn 60 phng thc phn tch s liu p dng cho phn tch phng sai,
hi qui, phn tch tng hp, v phn tch a bin.
D liu lp trnh trn word x l thng k ca SAS ngn gn, khong 9 hng vi 24
t, c thit k trc v s liu c chuyn trc tip t file word, excel, l dng lu tr s
liu thng k ph bin nht. Ngoi ra c th s dng s liu lu tr t file text, file ca SAS
phn tch thng k. Cch sp xp bng s liu excel theo ct hay hng, m ha bng s hay tn
ging cy trng, tn phng php, x l nhiu ch tiu rt thun tin trong file mu word.
Sau khi lp trnh y s liu to file mu (sample), x l bng lnh RUN vi thi
gian rt nhanh, ch mt vi giy cho tt c cc cch x l 1 ln nh: phn tch phng sai, xp
nhm cc nghim thc ca cc yu t, tnh ma trn tng tc cc yu t, v th Kt qu
phn tch c gii thch rt r rng v so snh cc nghim thc v xp nhm (grouping) theo k
t A, B cho yu t c hai nghim thc v A, B, C, D, E cho yu t c nhiu nghim thc. Cc
gi tr xc sut cho cc yu t n v t hp u th hin r trong bng ANOVA.
Quyn sch ny trnh by mt s phng php x l s liu th nghim thng dng trong
ngnh nng sinh hc lin quan n khoa hc cy trng, cn c trn cc bi tp mu bao gm cc
phng thc x l ANOVA, tng quan, hi qui thc hin cho th nghim ph bin nht. Cc
bi tp mu thng k v cc lnh vc khc nh y hc, ha hc, x hi, c hc c th tham
kho trong chng trnh ca phn mm SAS (phn Help > Using this windows > Sample SAS
Programs and Applications). Ngoi ra SAS c th x l s liu vi nhiu lnh, bt u t thanh
cng c vi lnh Solutions > Analysis > Analyst > Open vi file Excel, file SAS> Statistics >
ANOVA.
Rt mong c s gp quyn sch c s dng thun tin hn.
Cc gp xin gi v: PGS.TS L Quang Hng
Khoa Nng hc, i hc Nng Lm TP HCM. Lin h E-mail: lqlqhung@yahoo.com
Trn trng,
Tc gi
Update: 29-7-09, 86 tr.
Mc lc
Chng 1
PHNG PHP PHN TCH PHNG SAI (ANOVA), XP NHM (GROUPING)
NGHIM THC V SO SNH TNG TC (INTERACTION)
1.1. Mc tiu
1.2. Ngun s liu theo di th nghim
2
3
3
1.3. To file word mu (sample)

1.4. X l s liu vi SAS
1.5. Gii thch kt qu
1.6. Trnh by kt qu
1.7. Phng thc to file mu cho th nghim hai yu t
1.8. ngha cc t v chuyn i gi tr
1.9. c s (plot size) v lp li (replications)
Chng 2
TH NGHIM B TR HON TON NGU NHIN
(Completely Randomized Design, CRD)
2.1. Th nghim hon ton ngu nhin mt yu t
2.2. Th nghim hon ton ngu nhin hai yu t
Chng 3
TH NGHIM KHI Y NGU NHIN
(Randomized Complete Block Design, RCBD)
4
6
8
9
10
17
18
3.1. Khi y hon ton ngu nhin mt yu t

3.2. Kiu vung la tinh
3.3. Khi y ngu nhin hai yu t
3.4. Th nghim l ph
3.5. Th nghim l sc
3.6. Th nghim ba yu t
3.7. Cc lnh (SAS Code) x l s liu tnh phng sai (ANOVA) thng dng
24
26
28
34
47
51
59
Chng 4
TNH GI TR TRUNG BNH, T-TEST, CHI- BNH PHNG
TNG QUAN V HI QUI
4.1. Tnh gi tr trung bnh
4.2. T- test
4.3. Chi-bnh phng
4.4. Ma trn tng quan
4.5. Hi qui tuyn tnh n bin
4.6. Hi qui tuyn tnh a bin
4.7. Hi qui a bin bc hai
4.8. Ti u ha v xc nh im
4.9. th hnh li chiu mt phng ba chiu
Ti liu tham kho
64
66
67
68
71
72
75
77
80
86
18
22
Chng 1
PHNG PHP PHN TCH PHNG SAI (ANOVA), XP NHM (GROUPING)
NGHIM THC V SO SNH TNG TC (INTERACTION)
1.1.
Mc tiu:
3
Mc tiu ca phn tch ANOVA (ANalysis Of VAriance) l xc nh cc nghim thc c

ngha khi gi tr tnh F nh hn mc xc sut (probability) p < 0,05 hay p < 0,01 l mc thng
dng trong nng nghip, sinh hc. Sau cc nghim thc c xp nhm (grouping, SAS,
2004; homogeneous grouping: nhm tng ng (NRCS, 2007) vi cc k t A, B cho hai
nghim thc v A, B, C, D, E cho nhiu nghim thc l so snh sai khc v chn c
nghim thc ph hp ca th nghim. i vi th nghim nhiu yu t, cn c so snh tng tc
(interaction) ca cc yu t. Cc mu bi tp c to ra t file excel v word d s dng v
lu s liu dng .doc, .xls, .sas.
Ngun s liu theo di th nghim:
S liu c thu thp, x l v lu t file excel ty theo kiu b tr th nghim. Th d so snh
nng sut (kg/ 20 m2) nm ging ci ngt ln lt l G22, Z15, X31, K14, D25, c th ghi bng
s nghim thc l 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5; hoc ghi tn ging; c b tr th nghim kiu khi y hon
ton ngu nhin (Randomized Complete Block Design) bn khi (I, II, III, IV). Nm nghim
thc th nghim c ghi bng tn ging trong file excel, khi ghi trc, nghim thc ghi sau.
S th nghim
Chiu bin thin
1.2.
Hng dc cao
I
II
9.00
7.00
10.28
14.94
11.86
14.59
8.00
14.63
11.99
6.00
III 3
IV
8.23
11.77
15.15
7.00
13.81
14.90
9.12
7.40
15.00
8.00
thp
Cch ghi s liu lu trong file excel

khoi
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
nthuc
G22
Z15
X31
K14
D25
G22
Z15
X31
K14
D25
G22
Z15
X31
K14
D25
G22
Z15
X31
K14
D25
nsuat
9.00
10.28
7.00
11.86
14.94
8.00
14.59
6.00
11.99
14.63
7.00
15.15
8.23
11.77
13.81
9.12
15.00
7.40
8.00
14.90
phn tch kt qu, cn thc hin:

- To file mu word
4
X l vi chng trnh thng k SAS

Ghi li bng ANOVA, nu khc bit ca nghim thc mc p < 0,05 hay p < 0,01 th
chn xp nhm cho ph hp. Ghi k t vo cc tr trung bnh ca nghim thc xp
nhm. Nu p > 0,05 cc nghim thc khng khc nhau (ns, non- significant).
Ghi LSD (khc bit c ngha nh nht), xc sut p v CV%.
To file word mu (sample): file mu l file thng dng x l bng chng trnh
SAS vi cc lnh (command) ANOVA v xp nhm. File word mu c s dng v
x l cho nhiu file v nhiu ch tiu c th mt ln trong SAS. C th s dng file
excel to file mu. File word mu gm ba phn: (1) nhp lnh khai bin, (2) nhp
s liu t excel (hoc trc tip, t cc file khc) v (3) nhp lnh x l ANOVA v
xp nhm.
Th nghim kiu khi y ngu nhin n yu t, theo di nng sut ca nm ging ci ngt
(kg/ 20 m2), trng trn bn khi. Tng s l 4 x 5 = 20 .
1.3.
Cc lnh x l nh sau:
- DATA: tn file, ghi t mt n nhiu ch nh DATA; hay DATA CAI NGOT;
- INPUT: chn k hiu cho input, ch ghi mt k t hay mt t, ti a l tm k t. Nu nhiu t
cn c gch ni di, hoc xc nh di length$10 (mi k t). Nu dng bng hng ngang c
cc bin ni tip, ghi:
INPUT T Y@@;
Datalines; (thay cho cards;)
* Cch 1: K (Khi), T (nghim thc), Y (nng sut), c cch mt khong hoc du $ nh

INPUT K T Y; hay INPUT K $ T $ Y;
* Cch 2: ghi thng mt t cho mt bin s: INPUT KHOI NTHUC NSUAT;
- CARDS; lnh nhp s, kt thc bng du ;

- S liu excel vi cc s ghi du theo h ngn ng Anh M: 0.5 thay v 0,5 (ting Vit th
chng trnh khng x l c).
- PROC: PROCEDURE, cch x l, nh ANOVA, GLM, REG, SRREG (hi qui),
PROC ANOVA;
ring PROC GLM; c s dng kt hp tnh ANOVA v so snh tng tc cc yu t.
- CLASS: xp loi cc bin dng phn tch, gm c khi (K) v nghim thc (T),
CLASS K T;
- MODEL: m hnh phn tch nng sut (Y) = khi (K) v nghim thc (T)
MODEL Y = K T;
- MEANS: lit k cc gi tr trung bnh nghim thc (T) MEANS T;

- LSD ALPHA = 0.01: xp nhm cc gi tr trung bnh nghim thc mc alpha = 0.01. C th
chn DUNCAN khi trn nm gi tr trung bnh nghim thc. Alpha chn mc alpha = 0.05 hay
alpha = 0.01. Nu ghi LSD; mc nh xp nhm mc p = 0.05. Nu mun chn c hai, ghi
ng thi: MEANS T / LSD ALPHA = 0.05;
MEANS T / LSD ALPHA = 0.01;
SAS x l c hai, khi xem trung bnh cc nghim thc bng xp nhm v chn mc c
ngha p<0,05 hay p<0,01.
- TITLE: ta khng cn ghi, nu ghi c th ghi nhiu ch, c du nu r ch tiu theo
di nh TITLE NANG SUAT;
- RUN; lnh x l (RUN, SUBMIT thanh cng c).
RUN;
5
Lu : sau mi lnh, kt thc bng du ;

Trnh t nhp s liu c s dng k t n gin v gii thch nh sau:
DATA;
INPUT K $ T $ Y;
CARDS;
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
G22
Z15
X31
K14
D25
G22
Z15
X31
K14
D25
G22
Z15
X31
K14
D25
G22
Z15
X31
K14
D25
(DATA: tn d liu, ghi thm tn v kt thc bng du ;)

(INPUT: nhp bin v c k t $ cch khong v du;)
(CARDS: lnh nhp s liu, kt thc bng du;)
(Copy v paste ch c phn s t file excel trn)
9.00
10.28
7.00
11.86
14.94
8.00
14.59
6.00
11.99
14.63
7.00
15.15
8.23
11.77
13.81
9.12
15.00
7.40
8.00
14.90
;
PROC ANOVA;
CLASS K T;
MODEL Y = K T;
MEANS T / LSD ALPHA=0.01;
TITLE NANG SUAT;
RUN;
(du ; cho bit ghi xong s liu)

(X l ANOVA)
(Xp loi cc bin dng x l)
(M hnh bin ph thuc bng ANOVA)
(Xp hng cc trung bnh theo alpha)
(t tn ca ch tiu theo di)
(Lnh x l)
Tm li cc lnh (command, code) phn tch thng k cho cch 1 nh sau:

DATA;
INPUT K $ T $ Y;
CARDS;
S liu t bng excel
;
PROC ANOVA;
CLASS K T;
MODEL Y = K T;
TITLE NANG SUAT;
RUN;
Input cch 2 nh sau:
DATA;
INPUT KHOI NTHUC NSUAT;
CARDS;
;
PROC ANOVA;
CLASS KHOI NTHUC;
MODEL NSUAT = KHOI NTHUC;
MEANS NTHUC / LSD ALPHA=0.05;
TITLE NANG SUAT;
RUN;
* Ghi ch v xp hng cc nghim thc:

- Th nghim t hai n nm nghim thc chn so snh Fishers LSD test, ghi:
MEANS NTHUC / LSD; kt qu xp nhm mc nh vi APHA = 0.05; Least Significant
Difference (sai bit nh nht c ngha). Xp nhm mc khc bit p = 0,01 nu ghi ALPHA =
0.01.
- Th nghim t su nghim thc tr ln chn Duncan test, ghi:
MEANS NTHUC / DUNCAN; kt qu xp nhm mc nh vi APHA = 0.05 (Trnh Cng
Thnh, 2003). Trc nghim a on Duncan (Duncans Multiple Range Test) xp nhm mc
khc bit p = 0,01 nu ghi ALPHA = 0.01. Duncans Multiple Range Test xp nhm ton th
nghim khi trn bn nghim thc.
1.4. X l s liu vi SAS
- M chng trnh (ex: SAS v.8, v.9), giao din c cc phn cho x l thng k nh
Program editor, Log, Ouput thanh bar pha di cng. Chn (click) phn Program
editor.
Hnh 1.1. Giao din ca SAS version 8

-
Copy file word mu v patse vo phn Program editor.

C th m trc tip dng file lu t .sas hoc word .txt.
Hnh 1.2. Program Editor chuyn s liu t file word mu
File word mu phn tch ANOVA, khi y ngu nhin, nm nghim thc, bn khi.
K hiu: K (Khi), T (nghim thc), Y (nng sut ci ngt kg/ 20 m2). Trnh t x l:
- Chuyn file mu (copy v paste) t DATA n RUN; vo Program Editor.
DATA;
INPUT K $ T $ Y;
CARDS;
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
G22
Z15
X31
K14
D25
G22
Z15
X31
K14
D25
G22
Z15
X31
K14
D25
G22
Z15
X31
K14
D25
9.00
10.28
7.00
11.86
14.94
8.00
14.59
6.00
11.99
14.63
7.00
15.15
8.23
11.77
13.81
9.12
15.00
7.40
8.00
14.90
;
PROC ANOVA;
CLASS K T;
MODEL Y = K T;
TITLE NANG SUAT THUC THU;
RUN;
Lu : C th dng mu ny x l nhiu ch tiu, ch cn

thay mc alpha=0.05 hay alpha=0.01 sau khi xem kt qu bng
ANOVA, v ta (title) khi nhp s cho cc ch tiu khc.
Click vo hnh
thanh cng c (task bar) x l s liu
(RunSubmit).
Xem kt qu trong Ouput: lu bng Select all Copy, paste vo word, hoc save
.sas.
Thi gian x l cpu time = 0.02 seconds.
NANG SUAT THUC THU
Class Level Information
Class
Levels Values
K
The ANOVA Procedure
1234
5 D25 G22 K14 X31 Z15

Number of observations 20
NANG SUAT THUC THU
Dependent Variable: Y
The ANOVA Procedure
Source
DF
Sum of
Squares
Model
170.8494350
24.4070621
32.9776200
2.7481350
Error
12
Corrected Total
Source
K
T
0.838208
3
4
Pr > F
0.0006
15.16212
1.657750
10.93350
Anova SS
Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
203.8270550
Coeff Var
DF
F Value
8.88
19
R-Square
Mean Square
Root MSE
0.9092550
169.9401800
Y Mean
0.3030850
42.4850450
0.11 0.9524
15.46 0.0001
NANG SUAT THUC THU

The ANOVA Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the experimentwise error rate.
Alpha
0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom
12
Error Mean Square
2.748135
Critical Value of t
3.05454
Least Significant Difference 3.5806
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
t Grouping
Mean
N T
A
A
B A
B
B C
14.570
D25
13.755
Z15
10.905
K14
D
D
C
C
D
8.280
7.158
G22
X31
1. 5. Gii thch kt qu: Xem bng ANOVA

The ANOVA Procedure
Sum of
Source
DF
Squares
Mean Square F Value
Model
7
170.8494350
24.4070621
8.88
Error
12
32.9776200
2.7481350
Corrected Total
19
203.8270550
Source
K
T
Pr > F
0.0006
R-Square
0.838208
Coeff Var
Root MSE
Y Mean
15.16212
1.657750
10.93350
DF
Anova SS
Mean Square F Value Pr > F
3
0.9092550
0.3030850
0.11 0.9524
4
169.9401800
42.4850450
15.46 0.0001
- Nghim thc T c F Value 15,46 vi Pr > F l <0,0001, cc nghim thc khc bit rt c ngha
mc p < 0,01.
- Xem xp nhm t grouping (t- test) mc p = 0,01 v cc nghim thc c xp bn nhm
theo k t l A, B, C, D; cc trung bnh cng k t khng khc bit c ngha (Means with the
same letter are not significantly different).
- Lu : xem Coeff Var = 15,16212 (h s bin thin CV% trong bng ANOVA) v Least
Significant Difference = 3,5806 (t Tests (LSD) for NSUAT).
1.6. Trnh by kt qu:
Bng 1.1. Nng sut thc thu ca nm ging ci ngt.
Ging
Nng sut (kg/ 20m2 )
G22
8,280 cd
Z15
13,755 ab
X31
7,158 d
K14
10,905 bc
D25
14,570 a
LSD
3,5806
CV%
15,16
P
0,01
Ghi ch: Cc trung bnh cng k t khng khc bit c ngha mc xc sut p< 0,01.
Gii thch: xp nhm theo k t c th chia nhm khc bit trung bnh cc nghim thc theo th
t t cao n thp bn nhm l A , B, C v D. Nng sut cao nht l ging D25, tip theo l
ging X15, thp nht l ging X31.
1.7. Phng thc to file mu cho th nghim hai yu t
Th nghim kho st nng sut u (kg/) vi hai lng phn ln (P1 = khng bn ln, P2 = 25
kg/ha) v ba khong cch hng (S1 = 45 cm, S2 = 90 cm, S3 = 135 cm). K hiu K (khi I, II,
III), P (ln), S (khong cch hng), Y (nng sut/), phng theo bi tp trang 86 (Petersen,
1994).
S th nghim
I
S2 P1
60
S1 P1
65
S3 P2
66
S3 P1
59
S1 P2
56
10
S2 P2
62
II
III
S1 P2
45
S1 P1
55
S3 P1
55
S3 P1
51
S3 P2
57
S1 P2
43
S1 P1
58
S2 P1
54
S2 P2
50
S2 P2
45
S2 P1
59
S3 P2
50
Nhp s liu vi k hiu: K (khi), S (khong cch hng), P (lng phn ln), SP (yu t tng
tc khong cch hng v lng phn ln, nu khng c tng tc khng cn ghi ct ny v
khng xp nhm). So snh tng tc theo Dunnett test, xp nhm Duncan su gi tr trung bnh
nghim thc (tt c l 2 x 3 = 6 gi tr trung bnh nghim thc).
Trnh t phn tch: a. To file mu x l ANOVA v xp nhm nghim thc S v P.
b. Tnh xc sut p so snh tng tc hai yu t S*P theo Dunnett test.
c. Ghi kt qu phn tch vo bng.
1.7. 1. To file mu tnh tng tc, khng xp nhm cc nghim thc trung bnh ca S
v P.
Kt qu s cho bng phn tch phng sai, tnh tng tc S*P theo Dunnett test.
DATA;
INPUT K S P Y;
CARDS;
1
1
1
65
1
1
2
56
1
2
1
60
1
2
2
62
1
3
1
59
1
3
2
66
2
1
1
58
2
1
2
45
2
2
1
59
2
2
2
50
2
3
1
55
2
3
2
57
3
1
1
55
3
1
2
43
3
2
1
54
3
2
2
45
3
3
1
51
3
3
2
50
;
PROC GLM;
CLASS K S P;
MODEL Y = K S P S*P;
MEAN S P / LSD ALPHA=0.01;
MEAN S*P / DUNCAN ALPHA=0.01;
LSMEANS S*P / PDIFF ADJUST=DUNNETT;
TITLE 2 YEU TO;
RUN;
1.7. 2. To file mu tnh tng tc, xp nhm cc nghim thc trung bnh ca S v P.
11
Ghi thm ct SP (yu t tng tc khong cch hng v lng phn ln xp nhm khi tng
tc S*P c ngha). Kt qu s cho bng phn tch phng sai, tnh tng tc S*P theo Dunnett
test, xp nhm cc trung bnh nghim thc ca cc yu t nh sau:
DATA;
INPUT K $ S $ P $ SP $ Y;
CARDS;
1
1
1 S1P1
65
1
1
2 S1P2
56
1
2
1 S2P1
60
1
2
2 S2P2
62
1
3
1 S3P1
59
1
3
2 S3P2
66
2
1
1 S1P1
58
2
1
2 S1P2
45
2
2
1 S2P1
59
2
2
2 S2P2
50
2
3
1 S3P1
55
2
3
2 S3P2
57
3
1
1 S1P1
55
3
1
2 S1P2
43
3
2
1 S2P1
54
3
2
2 S2P2
45
3
3
1 S3P1
51
3
3
2 S3P2
50
;
PROC GLM;
CLASS K S P;
MODEL Y = K S P S*P;
MEAN S P / LSD ALPHA=0.01;
MEAN S*P / DUNCAN ALPHA=0.01;
LSMEANS S*P / PDIFF ADJUST=DUNNETT;
TITLE 2 YEU TO;
RUN;
PROC GLM;
CLASS K SP;
MODEL Y = K SP;
MEAN SP / DUNCAN ALPHA=0.01;
RUN;
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
Class
Levels Values
K
3 123
S
123
12
Number of observations
18
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
Source
DF
Sum of
Squares
Model
684.6666667
Mean Square
97.8095238
F Value
14.53
12
Pr > F
0.0002
Error
10
67.3333333
Corrected Total
17
R-Square
Source
752.0000000
Coeff Var
0.910461
Root MSE
4.717940
DF
6.7333333
2.594867
Y Mean
55.00000
Type I SS
Mean Square
F Value
Pr > F
K
S
P
S*P
2
2
1
2
417.3333333
21.3333333
98.0000000
148.0000000
208.6666667
10.6666667
98.0000000
74.0000000
30.99 <.0001
1.58 0.2526
14.55 0.0034
10.99 0.0030
Source
K
S
P
S*P
DF
Type III SS
2
417.3333333
2
21.3333333
1
98.0000000
2
148.0000000
Mean Square
208.6666667
10.6666667
98.0000000
74.0000000
F Value Pr > F
30.99 <.0001
1.58 0.2526
14.55 0.0034
10.99 0.0030
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha
0.01
10
Error Mean Square
6.733333
Critical Value of t
3.16927
t Grouping
A
A
A
A
A
Mean
56.333
55.000
53.667
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha
0.01
10
Error Mean Square
6.733333
Critical Value of t
3.16927
t Grouping
Mean
57.333
52.667
2 YEU TO
13
The GLM Procedure

Level of
Level of
S
P
N
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
--------------Y-------------Mean
Std Dev
3
3
3
3
3
3
59.3333333
48.0000000
57.6666667
52.3333333
55.0000000
57.6666667
5.13160144
7.00000000
3.21455025
8.73689495
4.00000000
8.02080628
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
Least Squares Means
Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons: Dunnett
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
H0:LSMean=
Control
Y LSMEAN
Pr > |t|
59.3333333
48.0000000
57.6666667
52.3333333
55.0000000
57.6666667
0.0013
0.8899
0.0301
0.2208
0.8899
Gii thch: s dng mc xc sut p-value so snh tng tc theo Dunnett test (Adjustment for
Multiple Comparisons: Dunnett), khi p < 0,05 th cc gi tr trung bnh bnh phng c nh
hng c lp khc nhau, nu p > 0,05 th cc gi tr ny nh hng nh nhau.
Phng php so snh Dunnett test cho thy: cc tng tc S1P1, S2P1, S3P1 v S3P2 c nh
hng nh nhau n nng sut (p t 0,2208 n 0,8899). Tng tc nh hng c lp l S1P2
(p = 0,0013) v S2P2 (p = 0,0301).
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
Class
Levels
Values
123
SP
S1P1 S1P2 S2P1 S2P2 S3P1 S3P2
18
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
Source
DF
Sum of
Squares
Model
684.6666667
97.8095238
67.3333333
6.7333333
Error
10
Corrected Total
17
R-Square
Source
K
SP
2
5
Root MSE
4.717940
DF
F Value
14.53
Pr > F
0.0002
752.0000000
Coeff Var
0.910461
Mean Square
2.594867
Y Mean
55.00000
Type I SS
Mean Square
417.3333333
267.3333333
208.6666667
53.4666667
F Value
Pr > F
30.99 <.0001
7.94 0.0029
14
Source
DF
K
SP
2
5
Type III SS
Mean Square
417.3333333
267.3333333
208.6666667
53.4666667
F Value
Pr > F
30.99 <.0001
7.94 0.0029
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
Duncan's Multiple Range Test for Y
Alpha
0.01
10
Error Mean Square
6.733333
Number of Means
2
Critical Range
6.714
3
6.997
4
7.175
5
6
7.298
7.387

Duncan Grouping
Mean
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B A
B
B
59.333
S1P1
57.667
S3P2
57.667
S2P1
55.000
S3P1
52.333
48.000
3
3
SP
S2P2
S1P2
Bng 1.2. Nng sut u (kg/) do nh hng khong cch hng v lng ln
Yu t ln
Yu t khong cch hng

S1 = 45 cm S2 = 90 cm S3 = 135 cm
59,33 a
57,67 a
55,00 a
48,00 b
52,33 ab
57,67 a
53,67 A
55,00 A
56,33 A
Trung bnh yu t ln
P1= 0 kg/ha
57,33 A
P2 = 25kg/ha
52,67 B
Trung bnh yu t
khong cch hng
* Cc trung bnh cng k t khng khc bit c ngha thng k mc xc sut vi yu t P: p < 0,01,
tng tc S*P : p<0,01; CV = 4,7%.
Gii thch kt qu:

- Kt qu t bng phng sai v xp nhm yu t khong cch hng khng khc bit (F =1,58
vi p = 0,2526), yu t ln c khc bit c ngha (F = 14,55 vi p = 0,0034). Xp nhm Duncan
cc gi tr trung bnh tng tc ln v khong cch hng cho thy c hai nhm theo k t l A v
B trong nng sut cao nht 59,33 kg/.
- C tng tc ca khong cch hng v ln S*P n nng sut (F = 10,99 vi p = 0,003). Nng
sut chu tc ng ca ln v khc bit c ngha hai lng ln.
- So snh gi tr xc sut p cc nghim thc trung bnh tng tc theo Dunnett cho thy tng
tc khong cch hng vi bn ln cho nng sut cao nht l 59,33 kg/ ca tng tc S1P1
(khong cch hng 45 cm v khng bn ln) c nh hng ging nh S2P1(khong cch hng
90 cm v khng bn ln) c p = 0,8899, ging nh S3P1 (khong cch hng 135 cm v khng
bn ln) vi p = 0,2208 v khong cch 135 cm vi lng ln 25 kg/ha (S3P2 vi p = 0,8899).
15
Tng tc nh hng c lp l bn ln vi khong cch hng 45 cm (S1P2 vi p = 0,0013) v

90 cm (S2P2 vi p = 0,0301).
Ghi ch: phn tch tng tc cc gi tr da trn s trung bnh bnh phng nh nht:
- Khc bit means v lsmeans:
S trung bnh (means) = tng s cc gi tr / s gi tr (theo s hc).
S trung bnh bnh phng nh nht (lsmeans) = tng s cc gi tr kt hp tuyn tnh
/ s gi tr, c dng so snh tng tc A*B, A*B*C.
Nu s gi tr y trong b tr th nghim nhiu yu t, s trung bnh bng vi s
trung bnh bnh phng nh nht.
Nu thiu mt s gi tr, s trung bnh khc vi s trung bnh bnh phng nh nht.
Xem s liu bng sau:
S trung bnh s l:
S trung bnh bnh phng nh nht:
Nhng thiu 1 s nh bng sau:
S trung bnh = (4 + 6 + 2 + ....+ 4 + 2 + 3)/8 = 3,625.

Tri li, s trung bnh bnh phng nh nht = (4 + 4 + 3)/3 = 3,667.
-
Nu quan tm n so snh nhiu gi tr c lp v khng quan tm n nhiu tng tc,

s dng t test lp li vi LSD.
Nu quan tm n so snh tt c cc gi tr tng cp, p dng Tukey test hoc so snh tt
c gi tr vi mt gi tr i chng th s dng Dunnett test c tng tc r nht (SAS,
2004).
- So snh gi tr p iu chnh gii thch tng tc ca A*B, cn c trn gi thit cn bn l

H0: LSMean(i) = LSMean(j) gi l gi thit null, c ngha l cc tr s ging nhau. Khi so snh
nhiu tr s vi nhau, gi tr p iu chnh (adjusted p-value) l gi tr mc sai s chung nh nht
(FWE, Familywise Error Rate) bc b gi thit trn (Westfall, 2008).
Gii thch so snh nhiu gi tr:
16
Khi so snh, nu khng bc b gi thit null H0: cc tr s ging nhau.

Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) s dng so snh t test cho nhiu gi tr trung bnh
vi trn bn gi tr. LSD p dng cho hai bin rt d dng v khng cn dng DMRT.
1.8. ngha cc t v chuyn i gi tr

- SD (Standard deviation, lch chun): mc bin ng ca dy A so vi dy B, mc d hai
gi tr trung bnh ca hai dy bng nhau.
- CV (Coefficience of variance, h s bin thin): so snh mc bin ng ca nhiu mu.
- SE (Standard error, sai s chun): sai s ca tng cc gi tr.
- Chia t: chia nh thnh t khi c s liu thu thp ln. p dng cng thc K = 5log n.
Ex: c 50 cy, K = 5log 50 = 8,49; chn tm t. Khong cch t C = (Xmax-Xmin)/K
T mt: 3- 4,4 ; t hai: 4,5-5,9 ; t ba: 6 -7,4 (Phm Ch Thnh, 1976).
Chuyn i gi tr (transformation) rt cn so snh khc bit cc gi tr trung bnh, v khng
chuyn gi tr, thng k khng khc bit vi LSD ln, nhng chuyn i gi tr th thng k c
khc bit c ngha v LSD nh (Clewer, 2001).
- S liu l n v s x t 1 n 35, chuyn sang yi = ln (xi), (Clewer, 2001).
- S liu l n v s c x = 0,02 cng 1 vo cc tr s v i sang yi = log (xi+1), lu phi c
gi tr gi nh ln hn 1 mi tnh log c. V c s 0 nn cn gi nh (assumption) tnh
s hp l (Phm Ch Thnh, 1976 v Clewer, 2001).
Trng lng kh ca la c (red rice) trong th nghim ba nghim thc t 0,08 n 32 g/m2,
c i s liu sang log (x+1) trc khi thng k so snh LSD (Catala, 1993).
- s liu l % vi tr s x t 0 - 30 (sau khi cng thm 0,5 hoc 1 cho cc gi tr (Phm Ch
Thnh, 1976) v t 70 - 100, c th chuyn yi = % (Clewer, 2001).
Chuyn i s liu sang (x + 0,5) i vi ch s bnh t 1,05 n 2,98 theo th nghim ca Taa
v ctv (2002).
- s liu l % vi tr s x t 40 - 70% khng cn chuyn i v kt qu thng k khng khc gia
s nguyn v s liu chuyn i.
- s liu l % vi tr s x t 1 n 100, chuyn sang gc (angular) yi = arcsin%, thng gp
trong vic tnh t l ny mm, t l ra r vi tc ng ca cht iu ha sinh trng, t l nm
bnh.
Th nghim kho st t l ny mm ca ht Echinacea purpurea t 4 n 82% c chuyn sang
gc arcsin% (Qu v ctv, 2005).
Lu chuyn i trong excel:
- chuyn log: yi = LN(x)
- chuyn t l %: i p = 99 0.99SQRT(0.99) = x1ASIN(x1) = x2DEGREES(x2) = gi
tr ARCSIN% = yi
1.9. c s (plot size) v lp li (replications)
17
- c s cho cy nh: 20-40 cy, c ph: 4 cy, cy n qu nh: 10-20 cy, rau: 20-30 m 2, thuc
BVTV: 10 m2. Th nghim sn xut: 100 m2. Sai s (e) cho 1 m2 = 19,6%, 10 m2 = 7,5%, 20 m2 =
2,9%, 50 m2 = 1,3% (Phm Ch Thnh, 1976).
- Lp li (n): bn ln l ph hp, ti thiu l ba ln, cn xc nh n = ((V%)/(e%))2. Th nghim
nm loi t cho nng sut ci c sai s chun (SE) ca tr s trung bnh vi ba ln lp li l
2,83; bn ln lp li l 2,45 v nm ln lp li l 2,20 (Petersen, 1994).
Chng 2
PHN TCH PHNG SAI TH NGHIM B TR
HON TON NGU NHIN
(Completely Randomized Design, CRD)
2.1. Th nghim hon ton ngu nhin mt yu t
p dng trong iu kin ng nht v mi trng, dc, nh sng, ph nhiu ca t, b tr
trong phng th nghim.
Tin li ca phng php ny l cc nghim thc c s ln lp li khc nhau, nhng hn ch l t
chnh xc khi n v th nghim trong nghim thc khng ng nht. khc phc iu ny,
cn tng nhiu s ln lp li v kch thc phi ln, do tn km hn (Clewer, 2001).
Th nghim dng vi khun nh hng hm lng m trn c xa trc tho.
Th nghim gm su nghim thc tim chng 6 nhm dng vi khun nh hng n hm
lng m (mg N) ca ging c xa trc tho (red clover), nm ln lp li. Nm nghim thc
u cho nm dng vi khun Rhizobium trifolii ring bit kt hp vi hn hp nm dng vi khun
Rhizobium meliloti. Nghim thc compos = hn hp nm dng vi khun Rhizobium trifolii vi
hn hp nm dng vi khun Rhizobium meliloti (phng theo bi tp 2, phng php so snh
nhiu cch xp hng, xp s theo hng ngang vi cch nhp s liu l datalines, SAS, 1999).
Tng t, xp s liu theo hng dc cho kt qu x l nh nhau.
data;
input T $ N @@;
datalines;
3DOK1
19.4
3DOK1
3DOK5
17.7
3DOK5
3DOK4
17
3DOK4
3DOK7
20.7
3DOK7
3DOK13
14.3
3DOK13
COMPOS
17.3 COMPOS
;
proc anova;
class T;
model N = T;
means T / tukey;
means t / duncan waller;
means t / lsd;
title vi khuan;
run;
32.6
24.8
19.4
21
14.4
19.4
3DOK1
3DOK5
3DOK4
3DOK7
3DOK13
COMPOS
27
27.9
9.1
20.5
11.8
19.1
vi khuan
18
3DOK1
3DOK5
3DOK4
3DOK7
3DOK13
COMPOS
32.1
25.2
11.9
18.8
11.6
16.9
3DOK1
3DOK5
3DOK4
3DOK7
3DOK13
COMPOS
33
24.3
15.8
18.6
14.2
20.8
The ANOVA Procedure

Class
Levels
Values
3DOK1 3DOK13 3DOK4 3DOK5 3DOK7 COMPOS
30
vi khuan
The ANOVA Procedure
Dependent Variable: N
Source
DF
Model
5
24
Error
Corrected Total
Mean Square
F Value
847.046667
169.409333
14.37
282.928000
11.788667
29
R-Square
Source
5
Root MSE
17.26515
DF
Pr > F
<.0001
1129.974667
Coeff Var
0.749616
Sum of
Squares
3.433463
Anova SS
847.0466667
N Mean
19.88667
Mean Square
169.4093333
F Value
14.37
Pr > F
<.0001
vi khuan
The ANOVA Procedure
Tukey's Studentized Range (HSD) Test for N
NOTE: This test controls the Type I experimentwise error rate, but it generally has a higher Type
II error rate than REGWQ.
Alpha
0.05
24
Error Mean Square
11.78867
Critical Value of Studentized Range 4.37265
Minimum Significant Difference
6.7142
Tukey Grouping
A
A
B A
B
B C
B C
B C
C
C
C
C
Mean
28.820
3DOK1
23.980
3DOK5
19.920
3DOK7
18.700
COMPOS
14.640
3DOK4
13.260
3DOK13
vi khuan
The ANOVA Procedure
Waller-Duncan K-ratio t Test for N
NOTE: This test minimizes the Bayes risk under additive loss and certain other assumptions.
19
Kratio
100
24
Error Mean Square
11.78867
F Value
14.37
Critical Value of t
1.91873
Minimum Significant Difference 4.1665
Waller Grouping
A
B
B
C B
C
C D
D
E D
E
E
Mean
28.820
3DOK1
23.980
3DOK5
19.920
3DOK7
18.700
COMPOS
14.640
3DOK4
13.260
3DOK13
vi khuan
The ANOVA Procedure
Duncan's Multiple Range Test for N
Alpha
0.05
24
Error Mean Square
11.78867
Number of Means
2
Critical Range
4.482
3
4.707
4
4.852
5
6
4.954
5.031

Duncan Grouping
A
B
B
C B
C
C D
D
E D
E
E
Mean
28.820
3DOK1
23.980
3DOK5
19.920
3DOK7
18.700
COMPOS
14.640
3DOK4
13.260
3DOK13
vi khuan
The ANOVA Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for N
Alpha
0.05
24
Error Mean Square
11.78867
Critical Value of t
2.06390
20
t Grouping
A
B
B
C B
C
C D
D
E D
E
E
Mean
28.820
3DOK1
23.980
3DOK5
19.920
3DOK7
18.700
COMPOS
14.640
3DOK4
13.260
3DOK13
Gii thch: s khc bit thay i khi so snh cc nghim thc vi cc so snh gi tr trung bnh
nh sau:
Tukey's Studentized Range (HSD) Test for Nitrogen Minimum Significant Difference 6,7142
Waller-Duncan K-ratio t Test for Nitrogen
Minimum Significant Difference 4,1665
t Tests (LSD) for Nitrogen
Least Significant Difference
4,4818
Duncan grouping c gi tr so snh cp 2 trung bnh vi critical range l 4,482, nhng tng dn
khi c nhiu so snh cc nghim thc.
Gii thch: tng t do ca th nghim l 6 - 1 = 5, F tnh ca th nghim l 14,37 vi p <
0,0001. Hm lng m thay i v c khc bit thng k c chn mc p< 0,05 do tc ng
ca su dng vi khun. Xp nhm theo Tukey test khc vi cc cch khc. Xp nhm theo
Waller, Duncan v t test LSD nh nhau, xp nhm cc trung bnh chia thnh nm nhm theo k
t t cao n thp l A, B, C, D, v E. Xp nhm theo Duncan test cho thy hm lng m tch
ly do 3DOK1 cao nht, khc bit c ngha vi cc dng vi khun khc, thp nht l 3DOK13.
Hin c trn 20 gi tr so snh khc bit cc nghim thc (Kuehl, 2000; Clewer, 2001), nhng
ph bin l cc cch trn. Xp nhm theo Duncan test c dng ph bin hin nay.
2.2. Th nghim hon ton ngu nhin hai yu t khng cn i

Bi tp th nghim hai yu t khng cn i (Unbalanced 2-by-2 Factorial, SAS, 1999), yu t A
v B c thit k theo s nh sau:
A
1
2
1 12 20
B
14 18
2 11 7
9
data;
input A $ B $ Y @@;
datalines;
A1 B1 12 A1 B1
A2 B1 20 A2 B1
;
proc glm;
14
18
A1
A2
B2
B2
11
17
A1
B2
21
class A B;
model Y=A B A*B;
means A/lsd;
title 2 YEU TO KHONG CAN DOI;
run;
2 YEU TO KHONG CAN DOI
The GLM Procedure
Class
Levels
Values
A1 A2
B1 B2

The GLM Procedure
Source
DF
Sum of
Squares
Model
91.71428571
Error
Source
A
B
A*B
Source
A
B
A*B
1
1
1
DF
1
1
1
0.0253
2.00000000
Root MSE
9.801480
DF
15.29
Pr > F
97.71428571
Coeff Var
0.938596
F Value
30.57142857
6.00000000
Corrected Total
R-Square
Mean Square
1.414214
Y Mean
14.42857
Type I SS
Mean Square
80.04761905
11.26666667
0.40000000
80.04761905
11.26666667
0.40000000
Type III SS
Mean Square
67.60000000
10.00000000
0.40000000
67.60000000
10.00000000
0.40000000
F Value
Pr > F
40.02 0.0080
5.63 0.0982
0.20 0.6850
F Value
Pr > F
33.80 0.0101
5.00 0.1114
0.20 0.6850

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha
0.05
3
Error Mean Square
2
Critical Value of t
3.18245
Harmonic Mean of Cell Sizes 3.428571
NOTE: Cell sizes are not equal.
22

t Grouping
Mean
18.333
A2
11.500
A1
Gii thch:
- Tng t do ca th nghim l n - 1 = 7 - 1 = 6. F test ton th nghim l 15,29 vi xc sut p
= 0,0253, chng t c khc bit trong 4 trung bnh nghim thc.
- Th nghim cn i cc th nghim thng c bng c lng Type I SS v Type III SS (SS
= Sum of Squares, tng bnh phng) bng nhau, nhng trong th nghim khng cn i ny, s
dng Type III SS l ph hp.
- So snh khc bit mc = 0,05 cho thy khng c tng tc A*B (p = 0,6850), chng t nh
hng ca yu t A khng l thuc vo yu t B v ngc li. Cn tnh khc bit tng yu t,
trong yu t B khng khc bit (p = 0,1114), yu t A c khc bit (p = 0,0101) mc p <
0,05.
Chng 3
PHN TCH PHNG SAI TH NGHIM
KHI Y NGU NHIN
(Randomized Complete Block Design, RCBD)
3.1. Khi y hon ton ngu nhin mt yu t
y l kiu b tr ph bin nht trong nghin cu nng nghip. p dng cho vic so snh cc
ging, loi phn bn trong iu kin t ai, ngoi cnh tng i t ng nht. Thng c chiu
bin thin ca hng dc hoc hng nh sng, ph t, pH, cn iu chnh ph hp v
kch thc, chiu di . Kiu RCBD gim sai s th nghim, nhng chu nh hng ca khi.
Th nghim so snh nng sut ti (kg/ 36m2) ca 6 ging u H Lan trong 4 khi, s
dng k t thay tn ging (Barnard, 1994).
B tr th nghim theo khi y hon ton ngu nhin, bn ln lp li, su nghim thc. Tng
s = 4x6 = 24 (k = khi; t = nghim thc, tn ging; y = nng sut). S th nghim nh
sau:
Hng dc cao
I
II
III
IV
f
e
c
e
d
f
d
d
c
c
e
c
e
b
a
a
b
a
b
f
a
d
f
b
Thp
data;
input k $ t $ y;
cards;
1 f
9
1 d
14.6
1 c
18.3
1 e
14.1
1 b
21.9
1 a
22.4
23
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
e
f
c
b
a
d
c
d
e
a
b
f
e
d
c
a
f
b
14.2
14.1
17.4
25.6
23.9
19.2
12.7
15.8
11.5
21.1
23.7
6.4
12.1
16.1
15.9
19.6
12.3
18.3
;
proc anova;
class k t;
model y = k t;
means t /duncan alpha=0.01;
title 'Thi nghiem 1 yeu to RCBD';
run;
Thi nghiem 1 yeu to RCBD
The ANOVA Procedure
Class
Levels
Values
1234
abcdef
24

The ANOVA Procedure
Dependent Variable: y
Source
DF
Sum of
Squares
Model
497.3300000
62.1662500
56.7950000
3.7863333
Error
15
Corrected Total
23
R-Square
Source
k
t
3
5
Root MSE
11.66927
DF
F Value
16.42
Pr > F
<.0001
554.1250000
Coeff Var
0.897505
Mean Square
1.945850
Anova SS
52.8950000
444.4350000
y Mean
16.67500
Mean Square
17.6316667
88.8870000
F Value
Pr > F
4.66 0.0171
23.48 <.0001
24

The ANOVA Procedure
Duncan's Multiple Range Test for y
Alpha
0.01
15
Error Mean Square
3.786333
Number of Means
2
Critical Range
4.054
3
4.229
4
4.342
5
6
4.424
4.485

Duncan Grouping
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
C B
C
C
Mean
22.375
21.750
16.425
16.075
12.975
10.450
4
4
e
f
Gii thch: kt qu cho thy cc nghim thc khc bit rt c ngha mc p < 0,01, xp nhm
theo k t chia lm ba nhm l A, B v C v khng khc bit trong cng nhm vi nhau.
Nghim thc b cho nng sut cao nht, khng khc bit vi nghim thc a v thp nht l
nghim thc f.
3.2. Kiu vung la tinh (Latin square)
p dng khi c bin thin hai chiu ca cc nghim thc v cn c kho st theo hai hng,
thng l b tr theo hng v ct. Bi tp: th nghim kho st tng gim chiu cao la m theo
tiu chun do my gt trn su l. Th t (I, II, III, IV, V, VI) trn cc khu vc A, B, C, D, E,
F (Barnard, 1994). Chiu cao chi so snh vi chiu cao thc s (cm).
Khu vc
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
f
b
c
d
e
a
b
f
e
c
a
d
a
d
f
b
c
e
d
a
b
e
f
c
c
e
d
a
b
f
e
c
a
f
d
b
D liu c sp xp nh sau: hng (H), ct (C), nghim thc (T) v chiu cao (Y).
DATA;
INPUT H C T
CARDS;
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
$ Y;
f
b
a
d
c
3.5
4.2
6.7
6.6
4.1
25
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
e
b
f
d
a
e
c
c
e
f
b
d
a
d
c
b
e
a
f
e
a
c
f
b
d
a
d
e
c
f
b
3.8
8.9
1.9
5.8
4.5
2.4
5.8
9.6
3.7
-2.7
3.7
6
7
10.5
10.2
4.6
3.7
5.1
3.8
3.1
7.2
4
-3.3
3.5
5
5.9
7.6
-0.7
3
4
8.6
;
PROC ANOVA;
CLASS H C T;
MODEL Y = H C T;
MEANS T / DUNCAN ALPHA=0.01;
TITLE CHIEU CAO LUA MI;
RUN;
CHIEU CAO LUA MI
The ANOVA Procedure
Class
Levels
Values
123456
123456
abcdef
36
CHIEU CAO LUA MI

The ANOVA Procedure
Sum of
26
Source
DF
Squares
Model
15
263.0641667
Error
20
Corrected Total
R-Square
Source
H
C
T
0.798065
5
5
5
Mean Square
17.5376111
66.5633333
Pr > F
5.27
0.0004
3.3281667
35
329.6275000
Coeff Var
Root MSE
DF
F Value
Y Mean
38.33961
1.824326
4.758333
Anova SS
Mean Square F Value
28.5991667
78.8691667
155.5958333
5.7198333
15.7738333
31.1191667
Pr > F
1.72 0.1763
4.74 0.0051
9.35 0.0001
CHIEU CAO LUA MI

The ANOVA Procedure
Alpha
0.01
20
Error Mean Square
3.328167
Number of Means
2
Critical Range
2.997
3
3.126
4
3.211
5
6
3.273
3.321

Duncan Grouping
Mean
A
A
A
A
A
A
B A
B
B C
C
C
6.917
6.117
6.067
5.583
2.667
1.200
Gii thch:
Kt qu xp nhm cho thy c ba nhm theo k t l A , B v C. Chiu cao gt la thay i do
th t , cc nghim thc khc bit rt c ngha mc p<0,01; cao nht l nghim thc d, thp
nht l nghim thc f.
3.3. Khi y ngu nhin hai yu t c tng tc (interaction)
Kiu th nghim cn bn ny thc hin tm tc ng ng thi ca hai yu t cn kho st.
Th nghim hai yu t, yu t A c ba nghim thc, yu t B c nm nghim thc
Th nghim b tr trn ba khi y ngu nhin, kho st nng sut ci du Y (kg/) do nh
hng ba nng cht iu ha sinh trng (S1, S2, S3) v nm lng m (D1, D2, D3, D4,
D5), s liu trch dn t trang 168 ca Clewer (2001).
C hai bc: (1) x l ANOVA bng PROC GLM (General Linear Model), xp nhm cc
nghim thc ca yu t S, D. So snh tng tc LSMEAN bng: LSMEANS S*D/PDIFF
ADJUST=DUNNETT; (2) tnh khc bit tng tc ca yu t S*D da trn so snh gi tr xc sut
iu chnh (adjust p-values) ca PDIFF ADJUST=DUNNETT.
File mu x l ANOVA v xp nhm cc nghim thc ca yu t S v D m ha bng s.
* Lu s dng du $ cch cc bin s. M ha bng ch vi khi (K), nng cht iu
ha sinh trng (S) v lng m (D), nng sut ci du Y (kg/).
27
DATA;
INPUT K $ S $ D $ SD $ Y;
CARDS;
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
4
1
1
5
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
3
1
2
4
1
2
5
1
3
1
1
3
2
1
3
3
1
3
4
1
3
5
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
4
2
1
5
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
4
2
2
5
2
3
1
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
4
2
3
5
3
1
1
3
1
2
3
1
3
3
1
4
3
1
5
3
2
1
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
4
3
2
5
3
3
1
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
5
6.47
S1D1
S1D2
S1D3
S1D4
S1D5
S2D1
S2D2
S2D3
S2D4
S2D5
S3D1
S3D2
S3D3
S3D4
S3D5
S1D1
S1D2
S1D3
S1D4
S1D5
S2D1
S2D2
S2D3
S2D4
S2D5
S3D1
S3D2
S3D3
S3D4
S3D5
S1D1
S1D2
S1D3
S1D4
S1D5
S2D1
S2D2
S2D3
S2D4
S2D5
S3D1
S3D2
S3D3
S3D4
S3D5
0.9
1.2
1.3
1.8
1.1
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.6
1.9
0.9
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
0.9
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.4
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.3
1.6
1
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.1
1
1.2
1.4
2.1
1.2
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.5
0.7
1
1.4
1.4
1.3
<.0001
Source
K
S
D
DF
2
2
4
Type III SS
0.06400000
0.16933333
2.49022222
;
PROC GLM;
CLASS K S D;
MODEL Y = K S D S*D;
MEAN S/LSD;
MEAN D/LSD ALPHA=0.01;
MEAN S*D/ DUNCAN ALPHA=0.01;
LSMEANS S*D / PDIFF ADJUST=DUNNETT
ALPHA=0.01;
RUN;
PROC GLM;
CLASS K SD;
MODEL Y = K SD;
MEAN SD / DUNCAN ALPHA=0.01;
RUN;
The SAS System
The GLM Procedure
Class
Levels Values
K
123
123
12345
Number of observations 45
The SAS System
The GLM Procedure
Sum of
Source
DF
Squares
Mean Square
Value Pr > F
Model
11.91 <.0001
Error
16
3.73866667
28
0.54933333
Corrected Total
44
R-Square
Mean
1.260000
K
1.63 0.2138
S
4.32 0.0232
D
31.73 <.0001
S*D
Mean Square
F Value
0.03200000
0.08466667
0.62255556
1.63 0.2138
4.32 0.0232
31.73 <.0001
28
Pr > F
DF
0.01961905
Root MSE
11.11651
Source
Value Pr > F
0.23366667
4.28800000
Coeff Var
0.871891
Type I SS
0.140068
Mean Square
0.06400000
0.03200000
0.16933333
0.08466667
2.49022222
0.62255556
1.01511111
0.12688889
S*D
1.01511111
0.12688889
6.47
<.0001
The SAS System

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha
0.05
28
Error Mean Square
0.019619
Critical Value of t
2.04841
t Grouping
Mean
N S
A
1.34667
15 1
B
B
B
1.22000
15
1.21333
15
The SAS System

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha
0.01
28
Error Mean Square
0.019619
Critical Value of t
2.76326
t Grouping
Mean
N D
A
1.56667
9 4
B
B
B
1.36667
1.35556
1.13333
0.87778
9 1
The SAS System
The GLM Procedure
Least Squares Means
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
H0:LSMean=
Control
Y LSMEAN
Pr > |t|
0.93333333
1.23333333
1.40000000
1.93333333
1.23333333
0.83333333
0.96666667
1.30000000
1.33333333
1.66666667
0.86666667
1.20000000
1.36666667
1.43333333
1.20000000
0.1146
0.0037
<.0001
0.1146
0.9844
1.0000
0.0321
0.0161
<.0001
0.9996
0.2017
0.0078
0.0017
0.2017
The SAS System

The GLM Procedure
29
Class
Levels Values
3 123
SD
15 S1D1 S1D2 S1D3 S1D4 S1D5 S2D1 S2D2 S2D3 S2D4 S2D5 S3D1 S3D2 S3D3 S3D4 S3D5
45
The SAS System

The GLM Procedure
Source
DF
Model
16
Error
44
R-Square
2
14
Source
DF
K
SD
2
14
<.0001
0.01961905
Root MSE
11.11651
DF
11.91
Pr > F
4.28800000
Coeff Var
0.871891
F Value
0.23366667
0.54933333
Corrected Total
Source
Mean Square
3.73866667
28
K
SD
Sum of
Squares
Y Mean
0.140068
1.260000
Type I SS
Mean Square
F Value
Pr > F
0.06400000
3.67466667
0.03200000
0.26247619
1.63 0.2138
13.38 <.0001
Type III SS
Mean Square
F Value
0.06400000
3.67466667
0.03200000
0.26247619
1.63 0.2138
13.38 <.0001
Pr > F
The SAS System

The GLM Procedure
Alpha
0.01
28
Error Mean Square
0.019619
Number of Means
2
Critical Range
.3160
3
.3296
4
.3387
5
6
7
.3453
.3505
Number of Means
9
Critical Range
.3611
10
.3636
11
.3658
12
.3678
8
.3547
13
14
15
.3695
.3710
.3723

Duncan Grouping
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
1.9333
Mean
3
SD
S1D4
1.6667
S2D5
1.4333
S3D4
1.4000
S1D3
1.3667
S3D3
1.3333
S2D4
.3582
30
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
F C
F C
F C
F
F G
F G
F G
F G
F G
G
G
1.3000
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
S2D3
1.2333
S1D5
1.2333
S1D2
1.2000
S3D5
1.2000
S3D2
0.9667
S2D2
0.9333
S1D1
0.8667
S3D1
0.8333
S2D1
Bng 3.1. nh hng ca nng cht iu ha sinh trng v m n nng sut ci du

(kg/)
Nng cht
iu ha
sinh trng (S)
S1
S2
S3
Trung bnh
lng m (D)
Lng m (D)
D1
0,93
0,83
0,87
0,88
efg
g
fg
D
D2
1,23
0,97
1,20
1,13
cde
defg
cdef
C
D3
1,40
1,30
1,37
1,36
bc
dc
bc
B
D4
1,93
1,33
1,43
1,57
a
bc
bc
A
D5
1,23
1,67
1,20
1,37
cde
ab
cdef
B
Trung bnh nng

cht iu ha
sinh trng (S)
1,35 A
1,22 B
1,21 B
* Cc trung bnh cng k t khng khc bit c ngha thng k mc xc sut vi nng cht iu
ha sinh trng: p<0,05; lng m: p<0,01; tng tc nng cht iu ha sinh trng v lng
m: p<0,01; CV = 11,12%.
Gii thch:
- Kt qu xp nhm c th chia cc gi tr trung bnh t cao n thp ca yu t tng tc SD
lm by nhm theo k t A, B, G; trong gi tr trung bnh cao nht l 1,93 kg/ ca tng
tc S1D4, thp nht l 0,83 kg/ ca tng tc S2D1.
- Tng tc ca hai yu t nng cht iu ha sinh trng v lng m S*D (F = 6,47 vi
p < 0,0001) nh hng rt c ngha n nng sut ci du. Bng so snh gi tr xc sut p cc
trung bnh tng tc Dunnett cho thy tng tc cht iu ha sinh trng v lng m nh
hng c lp ln nht n nng sut ci du l tng tc S1D4 (p < 0,0001), tip theo l S2D5
(p < 0,0001), S3D4 (p = 0,0017), v cc tng tc S1D3, S3D3, S2D4 v S2D3. Cc tng tc
c nh hng nh nhau ( p > 0,05) v nng sut thp l tng tc S3D2, S3D5, S1D2, S1D5,
S3D1, S1D1, S2D1, S2D2.
3.4. Th nghim l ph (Split plot) c tng tc (interaction)
Th nghim kt hp cc nghim thc thnh nhm trong mt yu t l chnh gi l kiu th
nghim l ph (split plot design). Ty cch chn yu t no l chnh hay ph, nhng p dng
ph bin nht vi yu t A thng l l chnh (main plot factor) hay l l ln (large plots) nh
cy t, ti nc; l ph B (subplot factor) hay l l nh (small plots) nh phn bn, ging
(Clewer, 2001). Yu t B c xp theo l ph c xem nh l yu t kho st so vi cc
gi tr trung bnh trong nh hng ca tng tc khi vi yu t A (K*A), tnh tng tc ca
31
tt c cc l. Tng tc ca l ph c so snh vi sai s th nghim residual (SAS, 1999).

Phi c test gi thit: TEST H = A E = K*A; (gi thit null, khng khc nhau).
S th nghim chung nh sau:
Khi I
D2
D1
D3
D1
Khi II
D2
D3
D1
Khi III
D3
D2
V2
V1
V1
V4
V2
V4
V1
V4
V3
V3
V4
V3
V1
V3
V1
V3
V3
V1
V1
V2
V4
V3
V1
V2
V2
V1
V2
V4
V3
V2
V2
V4
V3
V4
V2
V4
Th nghim kho st nng sut c kg/ (Y) do yu t chu k xn c v ging c, xc sut thng
k c chn trc l p = 0,05 (NCRS 2007, trang 52).
Tn chu k xn c v ging c th s dng m ha bng s v nguyn tn ging.
Bi tp s dng m ha bng s nh sau:
Yu t D l chnh: ba nghim thc v chu k xn c l D1: 30 ngy, D2: 45 ngy, D3: 60 ngy
Yu t V l ph: bn ging l V1: Jackson, ging V2: Highlander, ging V3: San Macros, ging
V4: Medina.
Yu t DV: yu t tng tc ca hai yu t D v V.
B tr th nghim trn ba khi y , ngu nhin (K: 1, 2, 3).
Data;
Input K $ D $ V $ DV $ Y;
cards;
1
1
1
1
1
2
D1V1
D1V2
6789
6578
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
D1V3
D1V4
D1V1
D1V2
D1V3
D1V4
D1V1
D1V2
D1V3
D1V4
D2V1
D2V2
D2V3
D2V4
D2V1
6589
6534
6743
6789
6700
6500
6721
7000
6345
6512
8812
9500
7816
6956
8745
32
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
D2V2
D2V3
D2V4
D2V1
D2V2
D2V3
D2V4
D3V1
D3V2
D3V3
D3V4
D3V1
D3V2
D3V3
D3V4
D3V1
D3V2
D3V3
D3V4
9654
8721
6956
8867
9595
9800
7934
11345
11999
10456
10009
11099
11678
10678
10999
11567
11890
10367
11345
;
proc glm;
class K D V;
model Y = K D K*D V D*V;
test h=D e=K*D;
means D V D*V/lsd alpha=0.05;
lsmeans D*V/pdiff=control adjust=dunnett;
titleSPLIT PLOT P 52 statistix;

run;
proc glm;
class K DV;
model Y = K DV;
means DV/Duncan alpha=0.05;
run;
SPLIT PLOT P 52 statistix

The GLM Procedure
Class
Levels
Values
123
123
1234

The GLM Procedure
Source
DF
Model
17
Error
36
Sum of
Squares
133707792.4
18
Corrected Total
R-Square
Mean Square
2461661.2
35
F Value
7865164.3
57.51
136759.0
136169453.6
Coeff Var
Root MSE
Y Mean
33
Pr > F
<.0001
0.981922
4.205193
Source
DF
K
D
K*D
V
D*V
2
2
4
3
6
Source
Type I SS
2
2
4
3
6
8794.111
Mean Square
875333.4
120440064.9
627156.8
7223245.1
4541992.2
DF
K
D
K*D
V
D*V
369.8093
F Value
Pr > F
437666.7
3.20 0.0647
60220032.4
440.34 <.0001
156789.2
1.15 0.3667
2407748.4
17.61 <.0001
756998.7
5.54 0.0021
Type III SS
Mean Square
875333.4
120440064.9
627156.8
7223245.1
4541992.2
F Value
Pr > F
437666.7
3.20 0.0647
60220032.4
440.34 <.0001
156789.2
1.15 0.3667
2407748.4
17.61 <.0001
756998.7
5.54 0.0021
Tests of Hypotheses Using the Type III MS for K*D as an Error Term
Source
DF
Type III SS
Mean Square
F Value
Pr > F
120440064.9
60220032.4
384.08
<.0001

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha
0.05
18
Error Mean Square
136759
Critical Value of t
2.10092
t Grouping
Mean
N
12
11119.3
8613.0
12
6650.0
12

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha
0.05
18
Error Mean Square
136759
Critical Value of t
2.10092
t Grouping
Mean
9409.2
B
B
8965.3
34
8608.0
8193.9

The GLM Procedure
Level of
Level of
D
V
N
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
--------------Y-------------Mean
Std Dev
6751.0000
6789.0000
6544.6667
6515.3333
8808.0000
9583.0000
8779.0000
7282.0000
11337.0000
11855.6667
10500.3333
10784.3333
34.698703
211.000000
181.604882
17.243356
61.098281
77.698134
993.270859
564.648563
234.102542
163.230920
160.169702
693.386857

The GLM Procedure
Least Squares Means
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
H0:LSMean=
Control
Y LSMEAN
Pr > |t|
6751.0000
6789.0000
6544.6667
6515.3333
8808.0000
9583.0000
8779.0000
7282.0000
11337.0000
11855.6667
10500.3333
10784.3333
1.0000
0.9936
0.9836
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
0.4654
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001

The GLM Procedure
Class
Levels
DV
12
Values
123
D1V1 D1V2 D1V3 D1V4 D2V1 D2V2 D2V3 D2V4 D3V1 D3V2 D3V3 D3V4
36

The GLM Procedure
Source
DF
Model
13
Error
22
Sum of
Squares
133080635.6
3088817.9
Mean Square
F Value
10236972.0
72.91
140400.8
35
Pr > F
<.0001
Corrected Total
35
R-Square
Coeff Var
0.977316
Source
136169453.6
4.260817
DF
K
DV
2
11
Source
DF
K
DV
Root MSE
2
11
Y Mean
374.7010
Type I SS
8794.111
Mean Square
F Value
Pr > F
875333.4
437666.7
3.12 0.0643
132205302.2
12018663.8
85.60 <.0001
Type III SS
Mean Square
F Value
Pr > F
875333.4
437666.7
3.12 0.0643
132205302.2
12018663.8
85.60 <.0001

The GLM Procedure
Alpha
0.05
22
Error Mean Square
140400.8
Number of Means
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Critical Range 634.5 666.2 686.5 700.8 711.3 719.5 725.9 731.0 735.2 738.6 741.4
Duncan Grouping
A
A
B A
B
B C
C
C
11855.7
Mean
3
N
D3V2
11337.0
D3V1
10784.3
D3V4
10500.3
D3V3
9583.0
D2V2
E
E
E
8808.0
D2V1
8779.0
D2V3
7282.0
D2V4
F
F
G F
G F
G F
G
G
G
G
DV
6789.0
D1V2
6751.0
D1V1
6544.7
D1V3
6515.3
D1V4
Gii thch:
36
- Kt qu xp nhm tng tc cc nghim thc ca yu t DV c th chia lm by nhm: A, B,

C, ... G (NCRS, 2007) trong nng sut cao nht 60 ngy xn c l V2 (Highlander), tip
theo l V1(Jackson), thp nht l 30 ngy xn c vi ging V3 (San Macros) v V4 (Medina).
- Khng c tng tc gia khi v chu k xn c (F = 1,15 vi p = 0,3367)
- Tng tc ca D*V rt c ngha (F = 5,54 vi p = 0,0021).
- Cn c vo bng so snh xc sut p cc trung bnh tng tc Dunnett, tng tc chu k xn c
D1(30 ngy) vi 4 ging c c nh hng nh nhau v c p > 0,05 cng nh tng tc D2V4
(chu k xn c 45 ngy,ging Medina).
Tng tc chu k xn c D2 (45 ngy) vi cc ging Jackson, Highlander v San Macros nh
hng c lp cng nh chu k xn c D3 (chu k xn c 60 ngy) tng tc vi bn ging c
u c p < 0,0001 v trong nng sut cao nht l tng tc D3V2 (chu k xn c 60 ngy,
ging Highlander) vi nng sut 11855,7 (kg/).
Trnh by kt qu nh sau:
Bng 3.2. nh hng ca chu k xn c v ging n nng sut c (kg/)
Ging (V)
Chu k xn c (D)
V1
V2
V3
V4
Trung bnh
(Jackson) (Highlander) (San Macros) (Medina) chu k xn c
D1 (30 ngy)
6751,0 fg
6789,0 fg
6544,7 g
6515,3 g
6650,0 C
D2 (45 ngy)
8808,0 e 9583,0 d
8779,0 e
7282,0 f
8613,0 B
D3 (60 ngy)
11337,0 ab
11855,7 a
10500,3 c
10784,3 bc 11119,3 A
Trung bnh ging
8965,3 B 9409,2 A
8608,0 B
8193,9 C
Cc trung bnh cng k t khng khc bit c ngha thng k mc xc sut vi p < 0,05 cho yu t D,
yu t V, tng tc D*V; CV = 4,21%
Bi tp s dng tn ging v chu k xn c (NCRS 2007, trang 52), so snh tng

tc LSMEANS vi Tukey test.
Chu k xn c: 30da = 30 ngy, Jackson = ging c

Lu : GIONG$15. v XENCOGIONG$20. l ghi di tn nghim thc khi c s k t trn 8.
Kt qu ging nh phn m ha bng s, c rt gn cho cc phn xp nhm, so snh tng
tc Tukey test nh sau:
DATA;
INPUT KHOI
Cards;
1
30da
1
30da
1
30da
1
30da
2
30da
2
30da
2
30da
2
30da
3
30da
3
30da
3
30da
XENCO $ GIONG$15. NSUAT XENCOGIONG$20.;

Jackson
Highlander
San Macros
Medina
Jackson
Highlander
San Macros
Medina
Jackson
Highlander
San Macros
6789
6578
6589
6534
6743
6789
6700
6500
6721
7000
6345
30da Jackson
30da Highlander
30da San Macros
30da Medina
30da Jackson
30da Highlander
30da San Macros
30da Medina
30da Jackson
30da Highlander
30da San Macros
37
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
30da
45da
45da
45da
45da
45da
45da
45da
45da
45da
45da
45da
45da
60da
60da
60da
60da
60da
60da
60da
60da
60da
60da
60da
60da
Medina
Jackson
Highlander
San Macros
Medina
Jackson
Highlander
San Macros
Medina
Jackson
Highlander
San Macros
Medina
Jackson
Highlander
San Macros
Medina
Jackson
Highlander
San Macros
Medina
Jackson
Highlander
San Macros
Medina
6512
8812
9500
7816
6956
8745
9654
8721
6956
8867
9595
9800
7934
11345
11999
10456
10009
11099
11678
10678
10999
11567
11890
10367
11345
30da Medina
45da Jackson
45da Highlander
45da San Macros
45da Medina
45da Jackson
45da Highlander
45da San Macros
45da Medina
45da Jackson
45da Highlander
45da San Macros
45da Medina
60da Jackson
60da Highlander
60da San Macros
60da Medina
60da Jackson
60da Highlander
60da San Macros
60da Medina
60da Jackson
60da Highlander
60da San Macros
60da Medina
;
proc glm;
class KHOI XENCO GIONG;
model NSUAT = KHOI XENCO KHOI*XENCO GIONG XENCO*GIONG;
test h=XENCO e=KHOI*XENCO;
means XENCO GIONG XENCO*GIONG/lsd alpha=0.05;
lsmeans XENCO*GIONG /pdiff adjust=tukey;
run;
proc GLM;
class KHOI XENCOGIONG;
model NSUAT = KHOI XENCOGIONG;
means XENCOGIONG /Duncan alpha=0.05;
run;
The GLM Procedure
Class
KHOI
Levels
3
Values
123
XENCO
30da 45da 60da
GIONG
Highlander Jackson Medina San Macros
36

The GLM Procedure
38
Dependent Variable: NSUAT

Source
DF
Model
17
Error
Sum of
Squares
133707792.4
18
7865164.3
2461661.2
Corrected Total
35
R-Square
Mean Square
DF
KHOI
XENCO
KHOI*XENCO
GIONG
XENCO*GIONG
Source
DF
KHOI
XENCO
KHOI*XENCO
GIONG
XENCO*GIONG
57.51
<.0001
136759.0
Root MSE
4.205193
Source
Pr > F
136169453.6
Coeff Var
0.981922
F Value
369.8093
Type I SS
NSUAT Mean
8794.111
Mean Square
F Value
Pr > F
875333.4
437666.7
3.20 0.0647
120440064.9
60220032.4
440.34 <.0001
4
627156.8
156789.2
1.15 0.3667
3
7223245.1
2407748.4
17.61 <.0001
6
4541992.2
756998.7
5.54 0.0021
2
Type III SS
Mean Square
F Value
Pr > F
875333.4
437666.7
3.20 0.0647
120440064.9
60220032.4
440.34 <.0001
4
627156.8
156789.2
1.15 0.3667
3
7223245.1
2407748.4
17.61 <.0001
6
4541992.2
756998.7
5.54 0.0021
2
Tests of Hypotheses Using the Type III MS for KHOI*XENCO as an Error Term
Source
DF
XENCO
Type III SS
Mean Square
120440064.9
F Value
60220032.4
Pr > F
384.08
<.0001

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for NSUAT
Alpha
0.05
18
Error Mean Square
136759
Critical Value of t
2.10092
t Grouping
Mean
N
12
XENCO
11119.3
60da
8613.0
12
45da
6650.0
12
30da

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for NSUAT
39
Alpha
0.05
18
Error Mean Square
136759
Critical Value of t
2.10092
t Grouping
Mean
GIONG
9409.2
Highlander
B
B
B
8965.3
Jackson
8608.0
San Macros
8193.9
Medina

The GLM Procedure
Level of
XENCO
Level of
GIONG
30da
30da
30da
30da
45da
45da
45da
45da
60da
60da
60da
60da
Highlander
Jackson
Medina
San Macros
Highlander
Jackson
Medina
San Macros
Highlander
Jackson
Medina
San Macros
------------NSUAT-----------Mean
Std Dev
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
6789.0000
6751.0000
6515.3333
6544.6667
9583.0000
8808.0000
7282.0000
8779.0000
11855.6667
11337.0000
10784.3333
10500.3333
211.000000
34.698703
17.243356
181.604882
77.698134
61.098281
564.648563
993.270859
163.230920
234.102542
693.386857
160.169702

The GLM Procedure
Least Squares Means
Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons: Tukey
XENCO
30da
30da
30da
30da
45da
45da
45da
45da
60da
60da
60da
60da
LSMEAN
NSUAT LSMEAN
GIONG
Highlander
6789.0000
Jackson
6751.0000
Medina
6515.3333
San Macros
6544.6667
Highlander
9583.0000
Jackson
8808.0000
Medina
7282.0000
San Macros
8779.0000
Highlander
11855.6667
Jackson
11337.0000
Medina
10784.3333
San Macros
10500.3333
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Least Squares Means for effect XENCO*GIONG

Pr > |t| for H0: LSMean(i)=LSMean(j)
i/j
1
1
2
1.0000
2
1.0000
3
0.9981
0.9995
5
0.9993
0.9999
6
<.0001
<.0001
40
0.0001
0.0001
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0.9981
0.9993
<.0001
0.0001
0.8755
0.0002
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
0.9995
0.9999
<.0001
0.0001
0.8196
0.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
1.0000
<.0001
<.0001
0.3764
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
1.0000
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
0.4280
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
0.3624
<.0001
0.3162
<.0001
0.0008
0.0304
0.1749
<.0001
<.0001
0.3624
0.0034
1.0000
<.0001
<.0001
0.0002
0.0011

i/j
7
1
2
3
4
5
0.8755
0.8196
0.3764
0.4280
<.0001
8
0.0002
0.0001
<.0001
<.0001
0.3162
10
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
11
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
0.0008
12
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
0.0304
41
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
0.1749

The GLM Procedure
Least Squares Means
Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons: Tukey
i/j
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0.0034
0.0042
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
10
11
12
1.0000
<.0001
<.0001
0.0002
0.0011
0.0042
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
<.0001
0.0001
0.0009
<.0001
0.8389
0.0700
0.0109
<.0001
0.8389
0.7834
0.2690
0.0001
0.0700
0.7834
0.9974
0.0009
0.0109
0.2690
0.9974

The GLM Procedure
Class
Levels Values
KHOI
3 123
XENCOGIONG
12 30da Highlander 30da Jackson 30da Medina 30da San Macros 45da Highlander
45da Jackson 45da Medina 45da San Macros 60da Highlander 60da Jackson 60da
Medina 60da San Macros
36
The GLM Procedure

Source
DF
Model
13
Error
Sum of
Squares
133080635.6
22
3088817.9
Corrected Total
35
R-Square
Mean Square
DF
KHOI
XENCOGIONG
Source
DF
72.91
<.0001
140400.8
Root MSE
4.260817
Source
10236972.0
Pr > F
136169453.6
Coeff Var
0.977316
F Value
Type I SS
374.7010
NSUAT Mean
8794.111
Mean Square
F Value
875333.4
437666.7
3.12
11
132205302.2
12018663.8
Type III SS
Mean Square
0.0643
85.60
F Value
42
Pr > F
Pr > F
<.0001
KHOI
XENCOGIONG
875333.4
437666.7
3.12
11
132205302.2
12018663.8
0.0643
85.60
<.0001

The GLM Procedure
Duncan's Multiple Range Test for NSUAT
Alpha
0.05
22
Error Mean Square
140400.8
Number of Means
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Critical Range 634.5 666.2 686.5 700.8 711.3 719.5 725.9 731.0 735.2 738.6 741.4
Duncan Grouping
A
A
B A
B
B C
C
C
11855.7
Mean
3
XENCOGIONG
60da Highlander
11337.0
60da Jackson
10784.3
60da Medina
10500.3
60da San Macros
9583.0
45da Highlander
E
E
E
8808.0
45da Jackson
8779.0
45da San Macros
7282.0
45da Medina
F
F
G F
G F
G F
G
G
G
G
6789.0
30da Highlander
6751.0
30da Jackson
6544.7
30da San Macros
6515.3
30da Medina
Kt qu cho thy s dng tn bng ch cho thy xp nhm Duncan grouping (nhm tng ng,
homogeneous groups (NRCS, 2007) ca yu t chu k xn c v ging, tng tc chu k xn
c*ging ghi r tn ging (Jackson) v xn c (30 ngy).
So snh tng tc ma trn Least Squares Means for effect chu k xn c*ging ca so snh a
tng tc Tukey test (Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons: Tukey) v cho thy kt qu ging
nh so snh Dunnett test: tng tc chu k xn c 30 ngy vi ging Highlander, Jackson,
Medina, San Macros v chu k xn c 45 ngy v ging Medina nh hng tng tc nh nhau
n nng sut c, cn li cc tng tc khc u nh hng c lp n nng sut c (xc sut
ca tng tc p > 0,05 l c nh hng nh nhau; p < 0,05 l c nh hng c lp (SAS, 2004).
C nhiu phng php so snh tng tc a bin nh Bon, Dunnett, Tukey, Sidak Tuy nhin
trong x l thng k, ch chn mt cch so snh tng tc lsmeans chu k xn c*ging l c,
nh Dunnett test.
43
3.5. Th nghim l sc (strip plot)

Th nghim b tr c mt yu t gm mt dy cc c s trong mt khi theo mt hng trong
khi, v yu t th hai cng gm mt dy cc c theo mt hng khc trong khi.
Nh vy c mt yu t theo hng dc (vertical) v yu t th hai theo hng ngang
(horizontal). Cc c s trong khi c b tr ngu nhin. Strip plot vi b tr c bit cn gi
l split-block design. Th nghim p dng cho c s ln v lin tc, v c s nh kh thc
hin.
Cn trc nghim gi thit nh hng ca khi vi yu t A, nh hng ca khi vi yu t B.
test h=A e=KHOI*A;
test h=B e=KHOI*B;
Bi tp: th nghim b tr khi (KHOI) RCBD tnh nng sut la mch Y (kg/ c s) lm
thc n gia sc, bn phn kali (K) c ba nghim thc : K1 = 0 kg/ha, K2 = 25 kg/ha v K3 = 50
kg/ha. Phn ln (P) c hai nghim thc: P1 = 25 kg/ha, P2 = 50 kg/ha. Bn K chy dc ht ba .
Trn cc bn K, bn P chy dc theo gc thng (phng theo Petersen, 1994).
S th nghim nh sau:
P1
P2
K3 K1
56
32
67
54
Khi 1
K2
49
58
data;
input KHOI $ K $ P $ Y;
cards;
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
3
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
3
1
2
3
2
3
1
1
3
1
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
3
3
1
3
3
2
;
proc glm;
P2
P1
K1
K3
38
62
52
72
Khi 2
32
54
49
58
56
67
38
52
50
64
62
72
44
54
54
63
51
68
44
K2
50
64
P2
P1
K2
K1
54
44
63
54
Khi 3
K3
51
68
class KHOI K P;
model Y = KHOI K KHOI*K P KHOI*P K*P;
test h=K e=KHOI*K;
test h=P e=KHOI*P;
means K P K*P/lsd alpha=0.01;
lsmeans K/pdiff adjust=dunnett alpha=0.01;
titleSTRIP PLOT P 142;

run;
STRIP PLOT P 142

The GLM Procedure

Class
Levels
KHOI
Values
123
123
12
18
STRIP PLOT P 142

The GLM Procedure
Sum of
Squares
Source
DF
Model
13
1776.888889
Error
56.888889
Corrected Total
17
R-Square
Source
KHOI
K
KHOI*K
P
KHOI*P
K*P
Source
K
Type I SS
3.771236
54.88889
Mean Square
Type III SS
Mean Square
45.7777778
22.8888889
885.7777778
442.8888889
4
78.2222222
19.5555556
1
747.5555556
747.5555556
2
3.1111111
1.5555556
2
16.4444444
8.2222222
2
0.0209
Y Mean
DF
9.61
Pr > F
14.222222
45.7777778
22.8888889
885.7777778
442.8888889
4
78.2222222
19.5555556
1
747.5555556
747.5555556
2
3.1111111
1.5555556
2
16.4444444
8.2222222
2
Source
KHOI
K
KHOI*K
P
KHOI*P
K*P
136.683761
Root MSE
6.870673
DF
F Value
1833.777778
Coeff Var
0.968977
Mean Square
F Value
Pr > F
1.61 0.3070
31.14 0.0036
1.38 0.3826
52.56 0.0019
0.11 0.8990
0.58 0.6018
F Value
Pr > F
1.61 0.3070
31.14 0.0036
1.38 0.3826
52.56 0.0019
0.11 0.8990
0.58 0.6018
Tests of Hypotheses Using the Type III MS for KHOI*K as an Error Term
DF
Type III SS
2
885.7777778
442.8888889
22.65
0.0066
Tests of Hypotheses Using the Type III MS for KHOI*P as an Error Term
Source
P
DF
1
Type III SS
Mean Square
F Value
Pr > F
747.5555556
747.5555556
480.57
0.0021
45
STRIP PLOT P 142

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha
0.01
4
Error Mean Square
14.22222
Critical Value of t
4.60409
t Grouping
Mean
N K
A
A
A
62.667
56.333
45.667
STRIP PLOT P 142

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha
0.01
4
Error Mean Square
14.22222
Critical Value of t
4.60409
t Grouping
Mean
61.333
48.444
STRIP PLOT P 142

The GLM Procedure
Level of
Level of
K
P
N
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
--------------Y-------------Mean
Std Dev
38.0000000
53.3333333
51.0000000
61.6666667
56.3333333
69.0000000
6.00000000
1.15470054
2.64575131
3.21455025
5.50757055
2.64575131
STRIP PLOT P 142

The GLM Procedure
Least Squares Means
H0:LSMean=
Control
K
Y LSMEAN
Pr > |t|
1
2
3
45.6666667
56.3333333
62.6666667
0.0138
0.0025
Bng 3.3. nh hng ca phn K v P n nng sut la mch (kg/)

46
Phn P
P1 (25 kg/ha)
P2 (50 kg/ha)
Trung bnh phn K
K1
(0 kg/ha)
38,00
53,33
45,67 B
Phn K
K2
(25 kg/ha)
51,00
61,67
56,33 A
K3
(50 kg/ha)
56,33
69,00
62,67 A
Trung bnh
phn P
48,44 B
61,33 A
Cc trung bnh cng k t khng khc bit c ngha thng k mc xc sut vi p < 0,01; CV=6,87%.
Gii thch: v khng c tng tc K v P, cn gii thch tng tc trong yu t K v P.

- Xp nhm yu t lng ln (P) vi hai trung bnh theo k t c hai nhm l A v B. Xp nhm
yu t lng K vi ba trung bnh theo k t c hai nhm l A v B.
- Khng c nh hng khi n yu t lng K (F = 1,38 vi p = 0,3826) v lng P(F = 0,11
vi p = 0,899). Lng phn K v P khng c nh hng tng tc n nng sut (F = 0,58 vi p
= 0,6018).
- So snh tng tc cc trung bnh yu t lng K theo gi tr xc sut p cc trung bnh nghim
thc cho thy K1 (0 kg/ha) nh hng c lp vi K2 (25 kg/ha) (p = 0,0138) v K3 (p =
0,0025), trong nghim thc K3(50 kg/ha) nh hng tng tc ln nht n nng sut la
mch (62,67 kg/ha).
- Nghim thc lng ln P2 (50 kg/ha) cho nng sut 61,33 kg/ha, khc bit c ngha vi P1(25
kg/ha).
3.6. Th nghim ba yu t (3 factors=23)
Th nghim thc hin so snh tng tc ng thi nhiu yu t nh ging, lng phn bn,
ho cht phun, khong cch gieo trng gim chi ph v thi gian kho st, nhng cn din tch
ln. Th nghim ba yu t l th nghim cn bn kho st tng tc ca ba yu t.
Bi tp so snh cc gi tr trung bnh v tng tc ba yu t (phng theo Clewer, 2001).
Th nghim gm bn khi (KH), hai lng m N (N1= khng bn m, N2 = bn m), hai
ging la m V (V1, V2), hai lng phn K (K1 = khng bn K, K2 = bn K) nh hng nng
sut (Y, tn/ha).
S b tr th nghim vi T1 = N1V1K1, ....T8 = N2V2K2 nh sau:
Khi N1V1K1 N2V1K2 N1V2K1 N2V2K1
Khi T1 T6 T3 T7
1
1
N1V1K2 N2V1K1 N2V2K2 N1V2K2
T2 T5 T8 T4
2
Khi T5 T2 T6 T3
2
T1 T7 T4 T8

3
Khi T4 T8 T5 T3
3
T6 T1 T7 T2

4
Khi T7 T5 T6 T8
4
T2 T1 T3 T4
Tm nghim thc c th b tr nh sau:

T1: N1 V1 K1, khng bn phn cho ging V1
47
T2: N1 V1 K2, bn phn K cho ging V1

T3: N1 V2 K1, khng bn phn cho ging V2
T4: N1 V2 K2, bn phn K cho ging V2
T5: N2 V1 K1, bn phn N cho ging V1
T6: N2 V1 K2, bn phn K v N cho ging V1
T7: N2 V2 K1, bn phn N cho ging V2
T8: N2 V2 K2, bn phn K v N cho ging V2
* Lu : Kt qu x l bng phn tch phng sai yu t NVK vi tm gi tr trung bnh t T1
n T8 (yu t N = 2 x yu t V = 2 x yu t K = 2 c tm trung bnh tng tc) xp nhm, s
c t do (df) v tng bnh phng (SS, Sum of Squares) bng tng df v SS ca yu t N, yu
t V, yu t K, tng tc N*V, N*K, V*K v N*V*K cng li (Clewer, 2001).
DATA;
input KH N V K NVK $ Y;
CARDS;
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
2
1
3
2
1
3
2
2
3
2
2
4
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
2
4
1
2
4
2
1
4
2
1
4
2
2
4
2
2
;
PROC GLM;
CLASS KH N V K;
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
N1V1K1
N1V1K2
N1V2K1
N1V2K2
N2V1K1
N2V1K2
N2V2K1
N2V2K2
N1V1K1
N1V1K2
N1V2K1
N1V2K2
N2V1K1
N2V1K2
N2V2K1
N2V2K2
N1V1K1
N1V1K2
N1V2K1
N1V2K2
N2V1K1
N2V1K2
N2V2K1
N2V2K2
N1V1K1
N1V1K2
N1V2K1
N1V2K2
N2V1K1
N2V1K2
N2V2K1
N2V2K2
4
4.5
5.2
6.4
4.8
5.8
5.3
7
3.9
4.9
5.4
8
5.2
5
6.1
7.4
5
4.3
4.4
7.8
5.2
6.6
7.6
7.8
4.3
5.1
4.2
7.4
5.6
5.8
6.6
7.4
48
MODEL Y = KH N|V|K;
MEANS N|V|K / LSD ALPHA=0.01;
LSMEANS V*K / PDIFF=CONTROL ADJUST=DUNNETT;
LSMEANS N*V*K / PDIFF=CONTROL ADJUST=DUNNETT;
TITLE NANG SUAT LUA MI;
RUN;
PROC GLM;
CLASS KH NVK;
MODEL Y = KH NVK;
MEANS NVK / DUNCAN ALPHA=0.05;
RUN;
(Ghi: N|V|K tng ng vi N V K N*V N*K V*K N*V*K)
- X l thng k ANOVA trc, sau xp nhm v tnh tng tc khi cc bin s v tng tc
c ngha vi p < 0,05. Sau khi xem kt qu xp nhm cc trung bnh ca nghim thc N,V, K,
tnh tng tc LSMEANS ca V*K v N*V*K.
NANG SUAT LUA MI
The GLM Procedure
Class
Levels
KH
Values
1234
12
12
12
32
NANG SUAT LUA MI

The GLM Procedure
Source
DF
Model
10
Error
0.871920
Source
6.34250000
31
R-Square
Mean Square
43.17750000
21
Corrected Total
Source
KH
N
V
N*V
K
N*K
V*K
N*V*K
Sum of
Squares
4.31775000
Pr > F
14.30
<.0001
0.30202381
49.52000000
Coeff Var
9.557686
Root MSE
0.549567
DF
Type I SS
3
2.05750000
1
6.48000000
1
18.00000000
1
0.08000000
1
10.58000000
1
0.98000000
1
3.38000000
1
1.62000000
DF
F Value
Type III SS
Y Mean
5.750000
Mean Square F Value

0.68583333
2.27
6.48000000
21.46
18.00000000
59.60
0.08000000
0.26
10.58000000
35.03
0.98000000
3.24
3.38000000
11.19
1.62000000
5.36
Mean Square
F Value
49
Pr > F
0.1099
0.0001
<.0001
0.6122
<.0001
0.0860
0.0031
0.0308
Pr > F
KH
N
V
N*V
K
N*K
V*K
N*V*K
3
2.05750000
0.68583333
2.27
1
6.48000000
6.48000000
21.46
1
18.00000000
18.00000000
59.60
1
0.08000000
0.08000000
0.26
1
10.58000000
10.58000000
35.03
1
0.98000000
0.98000000
3.24
1
3.38000000
3.38000000
11.19
1
1.62000000
1.62000000
5.36
0.1099
0.0001
<.0001
0.6122
<.0001
0.0860
0.0031
0.0308
NANG SUAT LUA MI

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha
0.01
21
Error Mean Square
0.302024
Critical Value of t
2.83136
t Grouping
Mean
6.2000
16
5.3000
16
NANG SUAT LUA MI

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha
0.01
21
Error Mean Square
0.302024
Critical Value of t
2.83136
t Grouping
Mean
6.5000
16
5.0000
16
NANG SUAT LUA MI

The GLM Procedure
Level of
Level of
N
V
N
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
8
8
8
8
--------------Y-------------Mean
Std Dev
4.50000000
6.10000000
5.50000000
6.90000000
0.45669621
1.51563282
0.57569833
0.85356396
NANG SUAT LUA MI

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
50
Alpha
0.01
21
Error Mean Square
0.302024
Critical Value of t
2.83136
t Grouping
Mean
6.3250
16
5.1750
16
NANG SUAT LUA MI

The GLM Procedure
Level of
Level of
N
K
N
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
8
8
8
8
--------------Y-------------Mean
Std Dev
4.55000000
6.05000000
5.80000000
6.60000000
Level of
Level of
V
K
N
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
8
8
8
8
Level of
Level of
N
V
K
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
0.57071384
1.53529895
0.92427578
0.97979590
--------------Y-------------Mean
Std Dev
4.75000000
5.25000000
5.60000000
7.40000000
Level of
N
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0.61875451
0.76531973
1.13010745
0.51269596
--------------Y-------------Mean
Std Dev
4.30000000
4.70000000
4.80000000
7.40000000
5.20000000
5.80000000
6.40000000
7.40000000
0.49665548
0.36514837
0.58878406
0.71180522
0.32659863
0.65319726
0.96263527
0.32659863
NANG SUAT LUA MI

The GLM Procedure
Least Squares Means
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
H0:LSMean=
Control
Y LSMEAN
Pr > |t|
4.75000000
5.25000000
5.60000000
7.40000000
0.1956
0.0148
<.0001
NANG SUAT LUA MI

The GLM Procedure
Least Squares Means
H0:LSMean=
51
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Control
Y LSMEAN
Pr > |t|
4.30000000
4.70000000
4.80000000
7.40000000
5.20000000
5.80000000
6.40000000
7.40000000
0.8364
0.6705
<.0001
0.1428
0.0053
0.0001
<.0001
NANG SUAT LUA MI

The GLM Procedure
Class
KH
Levels
4
NVK
Values
1234
N1V1K1 N1V1K2 N1V2K1 N1V2K2 N2V1K1 N2V1K2 N2V2K1 N2V2K2

32
NANG SUAT LUA MI

The GLM Procedure
Source
DF
Model
10
Error
21
KH
NVK
Source
KH
NVK
3
7
3
7
Y Mean
0.549567
Type I SS
Type III SS
5.750000
Mean Square
2.05750000
41.12000000
DF
<.0001
0.30202381
Root MSE
9.557686
DF
14.30
Pr > F
49.52000000
Coeff Var
0.871920
F Value
4.31775000
6.34250000
31
R-Square
Mean Square
43.17750000
Corrected Total
Source
Sum of
Squares
0.68583333
5.87428571
Mean Square
2.05750000
41.12000000
0.68583333
5.87428571
F Value
Pr > F
2.27 0.1099
19.45 <.0001
F Value
Pr > F
2.27 0.1099
19.45 <.0001
NANG SUAT LUA MI

The GLM Procedure
Alpha
0.05
21
Error Mean Square
0.302024
Number of Means
2
Critical Range
.8081
3
.8484
4
.8741
5
6
7
.8921
.9054
8
.9156

Duncan Grouping
Mean
NVK
52
.9236
A
A
A
B
B
C B
C
C D
D
E D
E D
E D
E
E
7.4000
N1V2K2
7.4000
N2V2K2
6.4000
N2V2K1
5.8000
N2V1K2
5.2000
N2V1K1
4.8000
N1V2K1
4.7000
N1V1K2
4.3000
N1V1K1
Cch trnh by vi b tr th nghim nhiu yu t, cn gii thch cn c vo so snh tng tc

LSmeans Multiple Comparison Dunnett (hoc Tukey) phn trn v trnh by kt qu nh sau:
Bng 3.4. Nng sut la m (tn/ha) nh hng bi bn N v K
Ging la (V)
V1
V2
N1 (khng N) N2 (bn N) N1 (khng N) N2 (bn N) Trung bnh K
K1(khng K)
4,3 e
5,2 cd
4,8 de
6,4 b
5,18 B
K2 (bn K)
4,7 de
5,8 bc
7,4 a
7,4 a
6,33 A
Trung bnh N
5,3 B
6,2 A
Trung bnh V
V1
V2
5,0 B
6,5 A
Ghi ch: cc tr c cng k t khng khc bit c ngha mc xc sut vi yu t N: p<0,01,
yu t V: p<0,01, yu t K: p<0,01; tng tc V*K: p<0,01, tng tc N*V*K: p<0,05;
CV = 9,56%.
Gii thch: - Xp nhm cc gi tr trung bnh nghim thc tng tc ca yu t NVK mc p <
0,05 chia lm nm nhm l A, B , C, D v E, trong cho thy nng sut la t cao nht
l 7,4 tn/ha v thp nht l 4,3 tn/ha.
- Tng tc N*V*K c ngha (F = 5,36 vi p = 0,0308), tng tc V*K rt c ngha
(F = 11,19 vi p = 0,0031). Khng c tng tc N*K (F = 3,24 vi p = 0,086) v N*V (F = 0,26
vi p = 0,6122). Khng c nh hng ca khi (F = 2,27 vi p = 0,1099).
- Tng tc N*V*K vi so snh gi tr p cc trung bnh tng tc theo Dunnett cho
thy tng tc N1V1K1 (c nng sut thp nht l 4,3 tn/ha) nh hng nh nhau vi cc
tng tc N1V1K2 (p = 0,8364), N1V2K1 (p = 0,6705) v N2V1K1 (p = 0,1428).
- Tng tc c nh hng nng sut cao v c lp l N2V2K2 (ging V2 bn N v
K) vi nng sut 7,4 tn/ha (p < 0,001), N1V2K2 (ging V2 bn K) nng sut 7,4 tn/ha (p <
0,001) v N2V2K1 (ging V2 bn N) nng sut 6,4 tn/ha (p = 0,001).
- Tng tc V*K vi so snh gi tr p cc trung bnh theo Dunnett vi V1K1 (ging
V1 khng bn K) c nng sut thp nht l 4,75 kg/ha, nh hng ging nh tng tc V1K2
(ging V1 khng bn K) nng sut 5,25 tn/ha (p = 0,1956). Tng tc c nh hng r nht v
c lp n nng sut cao nht (7,4 tn/ha) l tng tc V2K2 (ging V2 bn K) vi p < 0,001
v V2K1 (V2 khng bn K) nng sut 5,6 tn/ha (p = 0,0148).
Trong mt s trng hp, bng tng tc ca tm trung bnh nghim thc ca th nghim
ba yu t c trnh by theo biu nh sau (theo Clewer, 2001)
53
8
Nng sut (tn/ha)
7
6
5
K1
K2
3
2
1
0
N1
N2
N1
Ging V1
N2
Ging V2
Biu 3.1. Nng sut hai ging la m do nh hng ca lng m (N) v kali (K)
3.7. Cc lnh (SAS Code) x l s liu tnh phng sai (ANOVA) thng dng
y l phn lit k mt s cch x l tnh phng sai thng dng, vi k t v ch
d s dng. Tuy nhin SAS c th dng tn di hn v ty th nghim c th thay i rt
linh ng cc ch ny, ngay c tn cc nghim thc c nhp vo trong hng, c th sa
i ty .
- Ghi ch k t v ch cho d lp trnh, khng cng nhc v SAS hiu v x l c cc t.
Ghi bin s phn Input v x
Gii thch ni dung
l Proc
A,B,C,...
Yu t th nghim: yu t A, yu t C
A*B, A*B*C
Tng tc gia hai yu t A v B, ba yu t A vi B v C
Y
Ch tiu theo di nh nng sut, chiu cao cy
T
Nghim thc p dng cho th nghim mt yu t
K
Khi
Rep
Lp li nu khng b tr theo khi
Hang, Cot
Hng v ct (kiu vung La tin)
Ddiem
a im, ni thc hin th nghim
-
Phn tch phng sai c th p dng cch x l nh PROC ANOVA, nhng khi mun so
snh cc l thiu hoc so snh tng tc cc yu t, thng s dng PROC GLM, hoc
PROC MIXED. Cc lnh y nhp bin, nhp s liu, x l ANOVA, xp hng cc
trung bnh ca kiu RCBD v tnh tng tc nh sau (bng s liu c rt gn):
RCBD mt yu t, so snh cc trung bnh
RCBD l ph, so snh tng tc cc trung bnh
data;
input K
cards;
1
2
3
...
;
Data;
Input K $ D
cards;
1 1 1
1 1 2
1 1 3
1 1 4
...
$ T $ Y;
A
B
C
9
14.6
18.3
54
$ V $ DV $ Y;
D1V1
D1V2
D1V3
D1V4
6789
6578
6589
6534
proc anova;
class K T;
model Y = K T;
means T /duncan alpha=0.01;
title 'Thi nghiem 1 yeu to RCBD';
run;
;
proc glm;
class K D V;
model Y = K D K*V V D*V;
test h=D e=K*V;
means D V D*V/lsd alpha=0.05;
lsmeans D*V/pdiff=control
adjust=dunnett;
run;
proc glm;
class K DV;
model Y = K DV;
means DV/Duncan alpha=0.05;
run;
Ghi ch:
- Phn lnh nhp s liu phi c trc khi nhp s liu nh:
data;
input K $ T $ Y;
cards;
- Chuyn s liu t file excel vo.
- Ty theo kt qu ca bng phn tch ANOVA, cc cch xp nhm means vi LSD,
Duncan, alpha = 0,05 hay 0,01 v so snh tng tc nh lsmeans D*V/pdiff=control
adjust=dunnett; c b sung vo phn lnh x l, trc hng run;
Cc cch x l ANOVA (phng theo Schabenberger, 2000) nh sau :
3.7. 1. Kiu hon ton ngu nhin: Completely Randomized Design (CRD)
CRD khng ly mu
proc anova;
class T;
model Y = T;
means T;
run;
CRD hai yu t
proc glm;
class A B;
model Y=A B A*B;
means A B A*B;
run;
CRD c ly mu
proc glm;
class Rep T;
model Y = Rep(T) T;
test h=T e=Rep(T);
means T;
run;
CRD ba yu t c tng tc cc yu t
proc glm;
class A B C;
model Y = A B C A*B A*C B*C A*B*C;
means A B C A*B A*C B*C A*B*C;
run;
hoc s dng thanh ng A | B | C;
= A B C A*B A*C A*B*C;
proc glm;
class A B C;
model Y = A | B | C;
means A | B55
| C;
run;
3.7. 2. Khi y hon ton ngu nhin: Randomized Complete Block Designs
(RCBD) vi nh hng khi c nh
GLM
proc glm;
class K T;
model Y = K T;
means T;
run;
MIXED
proc mixed;
class K T;
model Y = K T;
means T;
run;
RCBD kho st nh hng ca khi ngu nhin

GLM
MIXED
proc mixed;
class K T;
model Y = K T;
lsmeans T / pdiff stderr;
random K;
run;
proc glm;
class K T;
model Y = K T;
lsmeans T / pdiff stderr;
run;
Ghi ch: stderr (standard error), sai s chun;
pdiff: khc bit xc sut p.
Cc th nghim b tr nhiu a im (Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, 2000)

proc glm;
class ddiem K T;
model Y = ddiem ddiem(K) T T*ddiem ;
test h = ddiem e = ddiem(K);
means T;
run;
Cc th nghim b tr vi nhiu thi gian
proc glm;
class tgian K T;
model Y = tgian tgian(K) T T* tgian ;
test h = tgian e = tgian(K);
means T;
run;
Khi khng y vi khi c nh: Incomplete Block Designs (IBD)
56
proc glm;
class K T;
model Y = K T;
lsmeans T/ pdiff stderr;
run;
Kiu vung La tin: Latin Square Designs
proc glm;
class Hang Cot T;
model Y = Hang Cot T;
means T;
run;
Kiu l ph c khi c nh, l chnh A, Split-Plot Designs (SPD)
GLM
MIXED
proc mixed;
class K A B;
model Y = K A K*A B
ddfm=satterth;
random K*A;
means A B A*B;
run;
proc glm;
class K A B;
model Y = K A K*A B A*B;
test h=A e=K*A;
means A B A*B;
run;
A*B/
Ghi ch: MODEL ca MIXED tnh t do (degrees of freedom) theo phng php
Satterthwaite.
Kiu l sc c nh ln lp li, Split-Block (Strip-Plot) (SBD)
GLM
proc glm;
class K A
model y =
test
test
means A B
run;
MIXED
proc mixed;
class K A B;
model y = K A B A*B
/ddfm=satterth ;
random K*A K*B;
means A B A*B;
run;
B;
K A K*A B K*B A*B;
h = A e=K*A;
h = B e=K*B;
A*B;
Kiu khi y ngu nhin RCBD ba yu t c tng tc cc yu t

proc glm;
class K A B C;
model Y = K A B C A*B A*C B*C A*B*C;
means A B C A*B A*C A*B*C;
run;
hoc s dng thanh ng
A | B | C; = A B C A*B A*C A*B*C;
proc glm;
57
class K A B C;
model Y = K A | B | C;
means A | B | C;
run;
Kiu khi y ngu nhin RCBD 3 yu t b tr l ph (three way factorial
one split,khng phi split plit plot), l chnh A*B, l ph C.
proc glm;
class K A B C;
model Y = K A B A*B K*A*B C A*C B*C A*B*C;
test h= a e= K*A*B;
test h= b e= Ki*A*B;
test h=a*b e= K*A*B;
run;
Kiu khi y ngu nhin RCBD ba yu t b tr l ph (three way

factorial one split,khng phi split plit plot),l chnh A, l ph
B*C.
proc glm;
class K A B C;
model y = K A K*A B A*B C A*C B*C A*B*C;
test h=A e=K*A;
run;
Kiu l ph ca l ph: Split-Split-Plot Design (SSPD)
GLM
proc glm;
class K A B C;
model y = K A K*A
B A*B K*A*B
C A*C B*C
A*B*C;
test h=A
e=K*A;
test h=B
e=K*A*B;
test h=A*B e=K*A*B;
run;
MIXED
proc mixed;
class K A B C;
model y = K A
B A*B
C A*C B*C A*B*C ;
random K*A K*A*B;
run;
Kiu Strip Split Plot (Barnard, 1994)

(ghi ch: soil: loi t, fert: phn bn, ca: calcium: vi)
58
proc anova;
class rep soil fert ca;
model y = rep fert fert*rep ca ca*fert rep*fert*ca soil rep*soil fert*soil rep*fert*soil
soil*ca soil*fert*ca;
test h=fert e=rep*fert;
test h=ca fert*ca e=rep*fert*ca;
test h=soil e=rep*soil;
test h=fert*soil e=rep*fert*soil;
means fert ca soil ca*fert;
run;
59
Chng 4
TNH GI TR TRUNG BNH, T-TEST, CHI-BNH PHNG
TNG QUAN V HI QUI
4.1. Tnh gi tr trung bnh v lch chun
Bi tp ch : thng k m t tnh gi tr trung bnh (MEAN) v lch chun (SD, STD,
standard deviation) ca th nghim khi y ngu nhin, ba khi ca 13 ging c k hiu l
4405, 4366... Kho st ba ch tiu l t l ny mm % (TLNMAM), im cng lc (vigor,
CLUC) v im kh nng sn xut ht (SXHAT). Lu : K l khi, gi tr ny ch ghi theo khi,
khng dng phn tch m t (phng theo bi tp thng k m t, NRCS, 2007).
data A;
input K GIONG $ TLNMAM CLUC SXHAT;
cards;
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4405
4366
4356
4414
2275
4386
4432
4361
4365
4456
4430
4376
1261
4405
4366
4356
4414
2275
4386
4432
4361
4365
4456
4430
4376
1261
4405
4366
4356
4414
2275
4386
4432
4361
4365
4456
4430
4376
39
100
90
100
56
100
98
100
75
100
88
100
100
56
98
100
100
89
98
89
100
85
95
90
100
100
65
90
100
100
85
93
88
100
88
100
93
100
6
7
6
5
7
7
5
5
7
4
6
5
6
5
7
5
6
4
7
8
4
5
5
6
9
7
6
5
4
8
7
6
4
4
8
8
5
5
6
6
5
5
5
6
6
4
5
5
6
6
7
6
5
7
6
4
6
8
5
7
3
5
4
6
4
5
6
4
5
3
5
6
7
4
7
8
64
3
;
1261
98
proc sort;
by GIONG;
proc means data=A noprint;
var TLNMAM CLUC SXHAT;
by GIONG;
output out=newA;
proc print data=newA;
run;
The SAS System
Obs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
GIONG
1261
1261
1261
1261
1261
2275
2275
2275
2275
2275
4356
4356
4356
4356
4356
4361
4361
4361
4361
4361
4365
4365
4365
4365
4365
4366
4366
4366
4366
4366
4376
4376
4376
4376
4376
4386
4386
4386
4386
4386
4405
4405
4405
4405
4405
4414
4414
4414
4414
4414
4430
4430
4430
4430
4430
4432
4432
_TYPE_
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
_FREQ_
N
MIN
MAX
MEAN
STD
N
MIN
MAX
MEAN
STD
N
MIN
MAX
MEAN
STD
N
MIN
MAX
MEAN
STD
N
MIN
MAX
MEAN
STD
N
MIN
MAX
MEAN
STD
N
MIN
MAX
MEAN
STD
N
MIN
MAX
MEAN
STD
N
MIN
MAX
MEAN
STD
N
MIN
MAX
MEAN
STD
N
MIN
MAX
MEAN
STD
N
MIN
_STAT_
TLNMAM
CLUC
SXHAT
3.000 3.00000 3.00000

98.000 6.00000 6.00000
100.000 7.00000 9.00000
99.333 6.33333 7.33333
1.155 0.57735 1.52753
3.000 3.00000 3.00000
56.000 4.00000 4.00000
89.000 7.00000 5.00000
76.667 6.00000 4.66667
18.009 1.73205 0.57735
3.000 3.00000 3.00000
90.000 4.00000 5.00000
100.000 6.00000 7.00000
96.667 5.00000 6.00000
5.774 1.00000 1.00000
3.000 3.00000 3.00000
100.000 4.00000 4.00000
100.000 5.00000 6.00000
100.000 4.33333 5.00000
0.000 0.57735 1.00000
3.000 3.00000 3.00000
75.000 5.00000 5.00000
88.000 8.00000 7.00000
82.667 6.66667 6.33333
6.807 1.52753 1.15470
3.000 3.00000 3.00000
90.000 5.00000 5.00000
100.000 7.00000 6.00000
96.000 6.33333 5.33333
5.292 1.15470 0.57735
3.000 3.00000 3.00000
100.000 5.00000 4.00000
100.000 9.00000 8.00000
100.000 6.33333 6.00000
0.000 2.30940 2.00000
3.000 3.00000 3.00000
93.000 6.00000 3.00000
100.000 7.00000 6.00000
97.000 6.66667 5.00000
3.606 0.57735 1.73205
3.000 3.00000 3.00000
39.000 5.00000 4.00000
65.000 6.00000 6.00000
53.333 5.66667 5.33333
13.204 0.57735 1.15470
3.000 3.00000 3.00000
100.000 5.00000 4.00000
100.000 8.00000 6.00000
100.000 6.33333 5.00000
0.000 1.52753 1.00000
3.000 3.00000 3.00000
88.000 5.00000 5.00000
93.000 6.00000 7.00000
90.333 5.66667 6.00000
2.517 0.57735 1.00000
3.000 3.00000 3.00000
88.000 4.00000 5.00000
65
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
4432
4432
4432
4456
4456
4456
4456
4456
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
MAX
MEAN
STD
N
MIN
MAX
MEAN
STD
98.000 8.00000 8.00000

91.667 5.66667 6.33333
5.508 2.08167 1.52753
3.000 3.00000 3.00000
95.000 4.00000 3.00000
100.000 8.00000 5.00000
98.333 5.66667 4.00000
2.887 2.08167 1.00000
Gii thch: N l s ln lp li, MAX v MIN l gi tr cao nht v thp nht. MEAN l gi tr
trung bnh, STD l standard deviation: lch chun. Kt qu i vi ging c 4456 c gi tr t
l ny mm trung bnh l 98,33 vi STD l 2,89; im cng lc trung bnh l 5,67 v STD l
2,08; im kh nng sn xut ht l 4 vi STD l 1.
4.2. T test: so snh khc bit trung bnh hai mu
p dng trong trng hp iu tra chn mu hai l i chng v tc ng k thut nh phun
thuc tng n hoa, u qu, bn phn v khng bn, xt thuc dit c v khng xt thuc. So
snh hai gi tr trung bnh ca hai bin, cng cn c trn xc sut p. Nu p > 0,05 th hai bin s
khng khc nhau c ngha. p dng cho chn mu c s im chn bng nhau. Nu b tr cc
theo di v tr ging nhau ca hai nhm mu, gi l bt cp (paired comparison), nu b tr cc
theo di v tr khc nhau ca hai mu, gi l khng bt cp (unpaired comparison).
Th nghim s dng cht iu ha sinh trng Z cho ging ci du (B) v ging i chng (A)
khng x l, kt qu nng sut (tn/ha) nh sau (phng theo Clewer, 2001):
data;
input S A B;
diff=B-A;
cards;
1 3.5
4.
2
6
4.
3
0
4.
4
3
4.
5
0
4.
6
6
7 5.0
8 3.9
9 3.5
1 4.
0
8
5.5
4.1
4.5
6.1
4.6
5.3
5.4
3.9
4.4
6.1
;
proc means mean stderr t prt;
var diff;
title 'SO SANH T TEST';
run;
66
SO SANH T TEST
The MEANS Procedure
Analysis Variable : diff
Mean
Std Error t Value Pr > |t|
0.7700000
0.2431506
3.17
0.0114
Gii thch:
Gi tr Pr > |t| = 0,0114 cho thy ging ci du B c s dng cht iu ho sinh trng Z c khc
bit nng sut vi ging A khng x l mc p < 0,05.
4.3. Chi-bnh phng (Chi-square) so snh tnh c lp ca hai yu t
Trc nghim tnh c lp cn c vo vn t ra l gi thit H0 l cc bin php p dng u
c nh hng nh nhau. S dng xc sut ca Chi-bnh phng tnh, nu p < 0,05 l bc b
gi thit trn, k thut p dng c nh hng, nu p > 0,05 th chp nhn gi thit trn, k thut
p dng nh nhau. Thng p dng cho vic p dng cc bin php k thut xc nh nh
hng n sinh trng ca cy, cy bnh hay khng bnh.
iu tra sau phun thuc nh hng sinh trng cy vi hai yu t l: (1) phun thuc v khng
phun, (2) cy tt v cy bnh. S lng cy c m trong tng s 1000 cy. Gi thit H0 l
chp nhn phun thuc v cy bnh khng nh hng nhau.
data Dieutra;
input Xitthuoc $ Struong $ Soluong @@;
datalines;
phun
benh
10
phun
tot
190
khong
benh
96
khong
tot
704
;
proc freq data=Dieutra order=data;
weight Soluong;
tables Xitthuoc*Struong / chisq expected cellchi2 norow nocol;
output out=ChiSqData pchi lrchi n nmiss;
title 'Chi-Square Tests Xitthuoc';
run;
Chi-Square Tests Xitthuoc

The FREQ Procedure
Table of Xitthuoc by Struong
Xitthuoc
Struong
Frequency
Expected
Cell Chi-Square
67
Percent
benh tot
Total
phun
10 190 200
21.2 178.8
5.917 0.7016
1.00 19.00 20.00
khong
96 704 800
84.8 715.2
1.4792 0.1754
9.60 70.40 80.00
Total
106
894
1000
10.60 89.40 100.00
Statistics for Table of Xitthuoc by Struong
Statistic
DF
Value
Prob
Chi-Square
1
8.2732 0.0040
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1
9.6535 0.0019
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square
1
7.5510 0.0060
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square
1
8.2649 0.0040
Phi Coefficient
-0.0910
Contingency Coefficient
0.0906
Cramer's V
-0.0910
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F)

10
Left-sided Pr <= F
0.0017
Right-sided Pr >= F
0.9994
Table Probability (P)
Two-sided Pr <= P
0.0011
0.0030
Sample Size = 1000
Gii thch:
Kt qu cho thy gi tr ca Chi-Square l 8,273 vi p = 0,004 < 0,05 c ngha l bc b gi
thit trn, xt thuc hn ch cy bnh.
4.4. Ma trn tng quan (correlation matrix)
Xc nh ma trn tng quan hai chiu cc bin s ng nht p dng i vi nng sut cy l
tm yu t no nh hng ln nht n nng sut cy, t xut bin php ci thin nng sut
hp l. S dng gi tr h s tng quan r v xc sut p. Nu r > 0,7 l tng quan cht, nu p <
0,05 th kt lun c khc bit gia hai bin s. Nu p > 0,05 th hai bin s khng khc nhau c
ngha.
Kho st tng quan nng sut cy c ph (kg/cy), k hiu l NSUATCAY vi t l ht trn
(%) (HATTRON), t l nhn/qu (%) (NHANQUA), cp ht R1 (%) l t l ht c gi li trn
sng ry 6,3 mm, v trng lng 100 qu (g) (TL100QUA). Tng quan ny c kho st t
th nghim bn phn m kt hp thch cao.
DATA;
INPUT NSUATCAY HATTRON NHANQUA R1 TL100QUA;
CARDS;
1.83
22.8
15.6
40.8
103.7
1.82
18.0
16.2
41.3
112.6
68
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.90
1.93
1.85
1.96
2.08
2.01
21.1
20.9
14.9
12.8
12.8
11.9
12.4
11.9
11.5
12.5
15.7
15.5
16.6
16.9
17.1
17
17.2
17.2
17.4
17.0
42.4
41.2
43.7
44.9
42.4
69.6
43.9
70.7
80.4
70.4
106.6
105.9
112.5
124.4
118.6
134.2
118.6
128.7
142.3
134.6
;
PROC CORR OUTP=P;
RUN;
PROC PRINT DATA=P;
RUN;
The SAS System
The CORR Procedure
5 Variables:
NSUATCAY HATTRON NHANQUA R1
TL100QUA
Simple Statistics
Variable
NSUATCAY
HATTRON
NHANQUA
R1
TL100QUA
Mean
Std Dev
Sum
Minimum
Maximum
12
1.89417
0.08469
22.73000
1.82000
2.08000
12
15.29167
4.21048
183.50000
11.50000
22.80000
12
1.66167
0.06873
19.94000
1.55000
1.74000
12
52.64167
15.15205
631.70000
40.80000
80.40000
12
120.22500
12.66894
1443
103.70000
142.30000
Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 12
Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0
NSUATCAY
NSUATCAY
HATTRON
HATTRON
NHANQUA
1.00000
-0.66965
0.0172
0.0118
-0.66965
0.0172
0.93389
<.0001
0.90831
1.00000
-0.98192
-0.63167
<.0001
0.0276
0.0004
-0.85691
-0.63167
0.0276
0.69682
<.0001
TL100QUA
0.93389
<.0001
NHANQUA
0.69682
-0.98192
0.0118
<.0001
R1
R1
1.00000
0.0274
0.63218
0.0274
0.63218
0.0005
0.84715
1.00000
0.90515
<.0001
TL100QUA
0.90831
-0.85691
0.84715
0.90515
<.0001
0.0004
0.0005
<.0001
1.00000
The SAS System

Obs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
_TYPE_
MEAN
STD
N
CORR
CORR
CORR
CORR
CORR
_NAME_
NSUATCAY
HATTRON
NHANQUA
R1
TL100QUA
1.8942
15.2917
1.6617
52.6417
120.225
0.0847
4.2105
0.0687
15.1520
12.669
12.0000
12.0000
12.0000
12.0000
12.000
NSUATCAY
1.0000
-0.6697
0.6968
0.9339
0.908
HATTRON
-0.6697
1.0000
-0.9819
-0.6317
-0.857
NHANQUA
0.6968
-0.9819
1.0000
0.6322
0.847
R1
0.9339
-0.6317
0.6322
1.0000
0.905
TL100QUA
0.9083
-0.8569
0.8472
0.9052
1.000
Pearson Correlation Coefficients l h s tng quan, thng gi l r. H s tng quan r cht

khi t 0,7 tr ln. Prob > |r| l xc xut c ngha ca h s r.
69
Trnh by tng quan ca nng sut vi cc ch tiu nh sau (phng theo trnh by ca Filippi,
1997):
Bng 4.1. Tng quan ca nng sut cy (kg/cy) v cc ch tiu theo di
NSUATCAY
NSUATCAY
HATTRON
HATTRON
NHANQUA
1.00000
-0.66965
0.0172
0.0118
-0.66965
0.0172
0.93389
<.0001
0.90831
1.00000
-0.98192
-0.63167
<.0001
0.0276
0.0004
-0.85691
-0.63167
0.0276
0.69682
<.0001
TL100QUA
0.93389
<.0001
NHANQUA
0.69682
-0.98192
0.0118
<.0001
R1
R1
1.00000
0.0274
0.63218
0.0274
0.63218
0.0005
0.84715
1.00000
0.90515
<.0001
TL100QUA
0.90831
-0.85691
0.84715
0.90515
<.0001
0.0004
0.0005
<.0001
1.00000
Ch thch: hng trn l h s tng quan r (Pearson Correlation Coefficients), s mu quan st

= 12, hng di l xc sut p.
Gii thch: nng sut cy c tng quan vi cc ch tiu: cp ht R1 vi h s tng quan r =
0,93389 v trng lng 100 qu vi h s tng quan r = 0,90831 (xc sut u l p < 0,0001).
Nng sut cy tng quan nghch vi t l ht trn, khi t l ht trn thp th nng sut cao, vi
h s tng quan r = - 0,66965.
4.5. Hi qui tuyn tnh n bin (simple regression)
Xc nh phng trnh y = ax + b ca hai ch tiu th hin vi phng trnh hi qui c ngha.
Kho st phng trnh hi qui ca trng lng kh X (g) v din tch l Y (cm2) ca cy c thc
n gia sc do bn phn nh sau (Clewer, 2001):
DATA A;
INPUT TLKHO DTLA;
CARDS;
0.29
0.43
0.21
0.53
0.27
0.33
0.47
0.40
0.48
0.30
0.37
0.30
144
180
60
226
105
111
217
221
218
137
153
105
;
PROC REG DATA=A;
MODEL DTLA = TLKHO;
RUN;
70
PLOT R.*P.;
RUN;
The SAS System
The REG Procedure
Model: MODEL1
Dependent Variable: DTLA
Analysis of Variance
Source
DF
Model
Error
Corrected Total
1
10
Sum of
Squares
Mean
Square
29416
4805.16144
11
34221
F Value
29416
61.22
480.51614
Pr > F
<.0001
Root MSE
21.92068 R-Square
0.8596
Dependent Mean
156.41667 Adj R-Sq
0.8455
Coeff Var
14.01429
Parameter Estimates
Variable
Parameter
Standard
DF
Estimate
Error
Intercept
TLKHO
1
1
-36.49953
528.53751
t Value
25.45564
67.55225
Pr > |t|
-1.43
7.82
0.1821
<.0001
Gii thch: phng trnh hi qui c ngha mc p < 0,01, gi tr X ca phng trnh c xc
sut p < 0,01 nn chp nhn l rt c ngha, phng trnh c ghi nh sau:
Din tch l = 528,54 Trng lng kh 36,50.
D T L A
- 3 6 . 5
+ 5 T2 L8 K. H
5 O
4
5 0
N
1 2
R s q
0 . 8 5 9 6
4 0
A d j R s q
0 . 8 4 5 5
3 0
R MS E
2 1 . 9 2 1
2 0
1 0
- 1 0
- 2 0
- 3 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
1 4 0
1 6 0
P r e d i c t e d
1 8 0
2 0 0
2 2 0
2 4 0
2 6 0
V a l u e
Hnh 4.1. Phng trnh tng quan v sai s ca din tch l v trng lng kh c.
4.6. Hi qui tuyn tnh a bin (multiple regression)
Th nghim tnh hi qui nng sut vi cp ht R1 v trng lng 100 qu c ph.
Xc nh phng trnh hi qui a bin y = ax1 + bx2 + cx3 tm ra cc bin s x no c p <
0,05 l chp nhn c nh hng n y. Trc ht xc nh phng trnh hi qui v xem xc sut
71
p ca tng bin, sau chn cc bin c gi tr p < 0,05 xc nh phng trnh hi qui a
bin c ngha.
T kt qu ma trn tng quan ca nng sut c ph (kg/cy) tng quan rt cht vi cp ht R1
v trng lng 100 qu l tng quan n. tnh hi qui tuyn tnh a bin, lp bng tnh
sau y xc nh tng quan a bin v hai bin s ny c nh hng n nng sut c ngha
hay khng.
data HOIQUI;
input NSUATCAY R1 TL100QUA;
cards;
1.83
40.8
103.7
1.82
41.3
112.6
1.82
42.4
106.6
1.83
41.2
105.9
1.84
43.7
112.5
1.86
44.9
124.4
1.9
42.4
118.6
1.93
69.6
134.2
1.85
43.9
118.6
1.96
70.7
128.7
2.08
80.4
142.3
2.01
70.4
134.6
;
proc reg data=HOIQUI;
model NSUATCAY=R1 TL100QUA;
run;
The SAS System
The REG Procedure
Model: MODEL1
Dependent Variable: NSUATCAY
Source
DF
Model
Error
Corrected Total
2
9
Sum of
Squares
Mean
Square
0.07054
0.03527
0.00835
0.00092820
11
0.07889
F Value
Pr > F
38.00
<.0001
Root MSE
0.03047 R-Square
0.8941
Dependent Mean
1.89417 Adj R-Sq
0.8706
Coeff Var
1.60844
Parameter Estimates
Variable
Parameter
Standard
DF
Estimate
Error
t Value
Pr > |t|
Intercept
1
1.43207
0.14105
10.15
<.0001
R1
1
0.00346
0.00143
2.42
0.0384
TL100QUA
1
0.00233
0.00171
1.37
0.2050
Gii thch: t kt qu c tnh ca hi qui a bin cho thy ch c cp ht R1 l c xc sut c

ngha vi nng sut (p = 0,0384) cn trng lng 100 qu khng c ngha (p = 0,205). Kt
lun phng trnh hi qui nng sut vi cp ht R1 c ngha mc p < 0,05 v cn lp phng
72
trnh tng quan n bin cho hai ch tiu ny. Phng trnh hi qui ca nng sut cy v cp
ht R1 nh sau:
data HOIQUI;
input NSUATCAY R1;
cards;
1.83
40.8
1.82
41.3
1.82
42.4
1.83
41.2
1.84
43.7
1.86
44.9
1.9
42.4
1.93
69.6
1.85
43.9
1.96
70.7
2.08
80.4
2.01
70.4
;
proc reg data=HOIQUI;
model NSUATCAY=R1;
run;
PLOT R.*P.;
RUN;
The SAS System
The REG Procedure
Model: MODEL1
Dependent Variable: NSUATCAY
Source
DF
Model
Error
Corrected Total
1
10
Sum of
Squares
Mean
Square
0.06881
0.06881
0.01009
0.00101
11
0.07889
F Value
Pr > F
68.22
<.0001
Root MSE
0.03176 R-Square
0.8721
Dependent Mean
1.89417 Adj R-Sq
0.8594
Coeff Var
1.67668
Parameter Estimates
Variable
Parameter
Standard
DF
Estimate
Error
Intercept
1
R1
1
1.61939
0.03451
0.00522
0.00063197
t Value
46.93
8.26
Pr > |t|
<.0001
<.0001
Gii thch:
Phng trnh hi qui nng sut v cp ht R1 c vit l:
Nng sut cy = 0,0052 R1 + 1,6194 vi R2 = 0,8721
73
N S U A T C A Y
1 . 6 1 9 4
+R0 1. 0 0 5 2
0 . 0 6
N
1 2
R s q
0 . 8 7 2 1
0 . 0 4
A d j R s q
0 . 8 5 9 4
R MS E
0 . 0 3 1 8
0 . 0 2
0 . 0 0
- 0 . 0 2
- 0 . 0 4
- 0 . 0 6
1 . 8 2 5 1 . 8 5 0 1 . 8 7 5 1 . 9 0 0 1 . 9 2 5 1 . 9 5 0 1 . 9 7 5 2 . 0 0 0 2 . 0 2 5 2 . 0 5 0
P r e d i c t e d
V a l u e
Hnh 4.2. Phng trnh tng quan v sai s ca nng sut v cp ht R1 c ph.
4.7. Hi qui a bin bc hai
i vi mt s th nghim, cn xc nh phng trnh hi qui ca quan h nng sut v cc
nghim thc nh phn bn thng c gii hn khi tng lng phn bn cao, lc nng sut
gim khi lng phn bn cao, ng biu din khng phi l tuyn tnh m l ng cong thuc
phng trnh bc hai.
Th nghim v lng phn m N (lbs/acre) n nng sut c (tn/ha) biu th bng ng biu
din ca phng trnh bc hai y = ax2 + bx + c (NRCS, 2007). Phng trnh hi qui c xc
nh nh sau:
data HOIQUI;
input N NSUATCO;
cards;
0 2.30545
120
3.5875
240
4.862
360
4.899
480
5.179
0
2.8665
120
3.544
240
4.042
360
5.479
480
5.3125
0
2.3125
120
3.207
240
4.5475
360
4.6585
480
4.5945
;
proc rsreg data=HOIQUI;
model NSUATCO=N/lackfit;
run;
74
The RSREG Procedure

Coding Coefficients for the Independent Variables
Factor
Subtracted off
Divided by
240.000000
240.000000
Response Surface for Variable NSUATCO

Response Mean
4.093130
Root MSE
0.342317
R-Square
0.9111
Coefficient of Variation
8.3632
Type I Sum
DF
of Squares
Regression
Linear
Quadratic
Crossproduct
Total Model
DF
Lack of Fit
Pure Error
Total Error
2
10
12
Pr > F
13.201793
0.8345
112.66 <.0001
1.212814
0.0767
10.35 0.0074
0
0
0.0000
.
.
2
14.414607
0.9111
61.51 <.0001
Sum of
Squares
Mean Square
0.122413
1.283757
1.406171
Standard
Estimate
DF
F Value
Residual
Parameter
R-Square
0.061207
0.128376
0.117181
Error
F Value
0.48
Pr > F
0.6342
Parameter
Estimate
from Coded
t Value Pr > |t|
Data
Intercept
1
2.426528
0.186001
13.05
<.0001
4.432992
N
1
0.011192
0.001836
6.10
<.0001
1.326740
N*N
1 -0.000011801
0.000003668
-3.22
0.0074
-0.679724
Sum of
Squares
14.414607
7.207303
61.51 <.0001
06:19 Wednesday, June 16, 1993 7
The RSREG Procedure
Canonical Analysis of Response Surface Based on Coded Data
Factor
N
DF
2
Factor
N
Critical Value
Coded
Uncoded
0.975941
474.225722
Predicted value at stationary point: 5.080402

Eigenvectors
Eigenvalues
N
-0.679724
1.000000
Stationary point is a maximum.
Gii thch:
- Gi tr xc sut ca N l p < 0,0001 v N*N l p = 0,0074, do hai gi tr ny rt c ngha
trong phng trnh hi qui bc hai.
75
- Phng trnh c vit l: Nng sut c (tn/ha) = - 0,0000118N2 + 0,0112N + 2,4265 vi h

s tng quan a bin l R2 = 0,9111.
- Xc nh im ti a nng sut c lng m:
Nng sut c Y t ti a khi X = - (1/2 2) = - 0,01192/(2(- 0,0000118)) = 474,2 lbs N/acre.
- Tng t theo kt qu x l, yu t m N c Critical Value Uncoded l 474,2 v y l im
ti a cho nng sut c ti u.
4.8. Ti u ha v xc nh im (simple optimum)
p ng mt phng: Saddle-Surface Response Using Ridge Analysis
Bi tp tnh hiu sut % Mercaptobenzothiazole do nh hng ca thi gian v nhit .
ng ng mc xc nh im ti u.
ngun: t Myers, Response Surface Methodology 1976 (SAS,2004).
data d;
input Thgian Nhietdo MBT;
label Thgian = "Thoi gian phan ung(gio)"
Nhietdo = "Nhiet do (do C)"
MBT = "Hieu suat (%)Mercaptobenzothiazole";
datalines;
4.0
250
83.8
20.0
250
81.7
12.0
250
82.4
12.0
250
82.9
12.0
220
84.7
12.0
280
57.9
12.0
250
81.2
6.3
229
81.3
6.3
271
83.1
17.7
229
85.3
17.7
271
72.7
4.0
250
82.0
;
proc sort;
by Thgian Nhietdo;
run;
proc rsreg;
model MBT=Thgian Nhietdo / lackfit;
ridge max;
run;
/* Plot contours of predicted response */
data b;
set d;
flag=1;
MBT=.;
do Thgian=0 to 20 by 1;
do Nhietdo=220 to 280 by 5;
output;
end;
end;
data c;
set d b;
run;
76
proc rsreg data=c out=e noprint;

model MBT=Thgian Nhietdo / predict;
id flag;
run;
data f;
set e;
if flag=1;
data annote;
length function color style $8 text $8;
retain hsys ysys xsys '2' size 1 function 'label'
color 'black' style 'swissl' position '5';
x=255; y=10 ; text='80.3'; output;
x=245; y=11 ; text='82.9'; output;
x=227; y= 7 ; text='80.3'; output;
x=235; y= 8 ; text='82.9'; output;
x=235; y=14.5; text='85.5'; output;
x=230; y=18 ; text='88.1'; output;
x=250; y= 3 ; text='85.5'; output;
run;
axis1 label=(angle=90) minor=none;
axis2 order=(220 to 280 by 20) minor=none;
proc gcontour data=f annotate=annote;
plot Thgian*Nhietdo=MBT
/ nlevels=12 vaxis=axis1 haxis=axis2 nolegend;
run;
The SAS System
The RSREG Procedure
Coding Coefficients for the Independent Variables
Factor
Subtracted off
Thgian
Nhietdo
Divided by
12.000000
250.000000
8.000000
30.000000
Response Surface for Variable MBT: Hieu suat (%%)Mercaptobenzothiazole

Response Mean
79.916667
Root MSE
4.615964
R-Square
0.8003
Coefficient of Variation
5.7760
Type I Sum
DF
of Squares
Regression
Linear
Quadratic
Crossproduct
Total Model
R-Square
F Value
Pr > F
313.585803
0.4899
7.36 0.0243
146.768144
0.2293
3.44 0.1009
1
51.840000
0.0810
2.43 0.1698
5
512.193947
0.8003
4.81 0.0410
Residual
DF
Lack of Fit
Pure Error
Total Error
3
3
6
Sum of
Squares
124.696053
3.146667
127.842720
Standard
Mean Square
F Value
Pr > F
41.565351
1.048889
21.307120
39.63
0.0065
Parameter
Estimate
from Coded
77
Parameter
DF
Estimate
Error
t Value
Pr > |t|
Data
Intercept
1
-545.867976
277.145373
-1.97
0.0964
82.173110
Thgian
1
6.872863
5.004928
1.37
0.2188
-1.014287
Nhietdo
1
4.989743
2.165839
2.30
0.0608
-8.676768
Thgian*Thgian
1
0.021631
0.056784
0.38
0.7164
1.384394
Nhietdo*Thgian
1
-0.030075
0.019281
-1.56
0.1698
-7.218045
Nhietdo*Nhietdo
1
-0.009836
0.004304
-2.29
0.0623
-8.852519
The SAS System

The RSREG Procedure
Factor
DF
Thgian
Nhietdo
Sum of
Squares
3
3
Mean Square
61.290957
461.250925
20.430319
153.750308
F Value
Pr > F
Label
0.96 0.4704 Thoi gian phan ung(gio)

7.22 0.0205 Nhiet do (do C)
The SAS System

The RSREG Procedure
Canonical Analysis of Response Surface Based on Coded Data
Factor
Critical Value
Coded
Uncoded
Thgian
Nhietdo
-0.441758
-0.309976
Label
8.465935 Thoi gian phan ung(gio)

240.700718 Nhiet do (do C)
Predicted value at stationary point: 83.741940
Eigenvalues
Eigenvectors
Thgian
2.528816
-9.996940
0.953223
0.302267
Nhietdo
-0.302267
0.953223
Stationary point is a saddle point.

The SAS System
The RSREG Procedure
Estimated Ridge of Maximum Response for Variable MBT: Hieu suat (%%)Mercaptobenzothiazole
Coded
Radius
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Estimated
Response
82.173110
82.952909
83.558260
84.037098
84.470454
84.914099
85.390012
85.906767
86.468277
87.076587
Standard
Error
2.665023
2.648671
2.602270
2.533296
2.457836
2.404616
2.410981
2.516619
2.752355
3.130961
Uncoded Factor Values

Thgian
Nhietdo
12.000000
11.964493
12.142790
12.704153
13.517555
14.370977
15.212247
16.037822
16.850813
17.654321
250.000000
247.002956
244.023941
241.396084
239.435227
237.919138
236.624811
235.449230
234.344204
233.284652
78
1.0
87.732874
3.648568
18.450682
232.256238
2 0
1 5
1 0
0
2 2 0
2 4 0
2 6 0
N h i e t
d o
( d o
2 8 0
C )
Hnh 4.3. Hiu sut % Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) do nh hng ca thi gian phn ng v nhit
theo mt phng ng mc.
4.9. th hnh li chiu mt phng ba chiu: ca nh hng nhit ( C) v nng

cht xc tc (g) n nng sut sinh khi (g) ca vi khun (bi tp rt gn t
TSPLINE, SAS, 1999).
data VIKHUAN;
input nhiet nongdo nsuat @@;
datalines;
60
6.8389
64
7.3874
68
7.6236
72
7.5902
76
7.3299
60
0.002
7.1584
64
0.002
7.7366
68
0.002
7.9968
72
60
0.004
7.4337
64
0.004
8.0436
68
0.004
8.3297
72
0.002
7.9817
76
0.002
7.7339
0.004
8.3348
76
0.004
60
0.006
7.6658
64
0.006
8.3092
68
0.006
8.6232
8.1016
72
0.006
8.6504
76
0.006
60
0.008
7.8556
64
0.008
8.5345
68
0.008
8.4337
8.8783
72
0.008
8.9296
76
0.008
60
0.01
8.004
64
0.01
8.7204
68
0.01
8.7313
9.0959
72
0.01
9.1733
76
0.01
8.9953
60
0.012
8.1121
64
0.012
8.8678
68
60
0.014
8.1807
64
0.014
8.9778
68
0.012
9.277
72
0.012
9.3824
76
0.012
9.2267
0.014
9.4226
72
0.014
9.5579
76
0.014
60
0.016
8.2109
64
0.016
9.0512
9.4265
68
0.016
9.5336
72
0.016
9.7008
76
0.016
60
0.018
8.2035
64
0.018
9.5955
9.089
68
0.018
9.6109
72
0.018
9.8119
76
0.018
60
0.02
8.1595
64
9.7347
0.02
9.0922
68
0.02
9.6555
72
0.02
9.8923
76
0.02
9.8451
60
0.022
8.08
60
0.024
7.9657
64
0.022
9.0617
68
0.022
9.6684
72
0.022
9.9428
76
0.022
9.9277
64
0.024
8.9985
68
0.024
9.6505
72
0.024
9.9646
76
0.024
60
0.026
9.9834
7.8178
64
0.026
8.9035
68
0.026
9.6028
72
0.026
9.9584
76
0.026
10.0131
60
60
0.028
7.6371
64
0.028
8.7777
68
0.028
9.5262
72
0.028
9.9253
76
0.028
10.0178
0.03
7.4245
64
0.03
8.622
68
0.03
9.4217
72
0.03
9.8662
76
0.03
9.9984
60
0.032
7.1812
64
0.032
8.4375
68
0.032
9.2902
72
0.032
9.7821
76
0.032
9.956
60
0.034
6.9079
64
0.034
8.2249
68
0.034
9.1327
72
0.034
9.6739
76
0.034
9.8914
60
0.036
6.6057
64
0.036
7.9854
68
0.036
8.9501
72
0.036
9.5426
76
0.036
9.8057
79
60
0.038
6.2755
64
0.038
7.7198
68
0.038
8.7434
72
0.038
9.3891
76
0.038
9.6997
60
0.04
5.9183
64
0.04
7.4291
68
0.04
8.5135
72
0.04
9.2144
76
0.04
9.5744
60
0.042
5.5349
64
0.042
7.1142
68
0.042
8.2615
72
0.042
9.0194
76
0.042
9.4308
60
0.044
5.1265
64
0.044
6.7762
68
0.044
7.9882
72
0.044
8.8051
76
0.044
9.2699
60
0.046
4.6939
64
0.046
6.4159
68
0.046
7.6946
72
0.046
8.5725
76
0.046
9.0925
60
0.048
4.238
64
0.048
6.0344
68
0.048
7.3816
72
0.048
8.3225
76
0.048
8.8997
60
0.05
3.7599
64
0.05
5.6325
68
0.05
7.0503
72
0.05
8.056
76
0.05
8.6923
60
0.052
3.2604
64
0.052
5.2112
68
0.052
6.7015
72
0.052
7.774
76
0.052
8.4714
60
0.054
2.7406
64
0.054
4.7716
68
0.054
6.3362
72
0.054
7.4774
76
0.054
8.2379
60
0.056
2.2014
64
0.056
4.3144
68
0.056
5.9554
72
0.056
7.1673
76
0.056
7.9927
60
0.058
1.6438
64
0.058
3.8407
68
0.058
5.5601
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82
0.054
8.7582
86
0.054
8.7538
90
0.054
8.5183
94
0.054
8.0943
98
0.054
7.5247
82
0.056
8.5998
86
0.056
8.6461
90
0.056
8.4556
94
0.056
8.071
98
0.056
7.535
82
0.058
8.4336
86
0.058
8.5326
90
0.058
8.389
94
0.058
8.0457
98
0.058
7.5452
82
0.06
8.2606
86
0.06
8.4141
90
0.06
8.3195
94
0.06
8.0193
98
0.06
7.5564
82
0.062
8.0817
86
0.062
8.2918
90
0.062
8.2479
94
0.062
7.9929
98
0.062
7.5694
82
0.064
7.8978
86
0.064
8.1664
90
0.064
8.1754
94
0.064
7.9674
98
0.064
7.5853
82
0.066
7.71
86
0.066
8.039
90
0.066
8.1027
94
0.066
7.9438
98
0.066
7.605
82
0.068
7.5192
86
0.068
7.9106
90
0.068
8.0309
94
0.068
7.9229
98
0.068
7.6294
82
0.07
7.3263
86
0.07
7.782
90
0.07
7.9609
94
0.07
7.9058
98
0.07
7.6595
82
0.072
7.1323
86
0.072
7.6542
90
0.072
7.8937
94
0.072
7.8934
98
0.072
7.6962
82
0.074
6.9382
86
0.074
7.5282
90
0.074
7.8301
94
0.074
7.8867
98
0.074
7.7406
82
0.076
6.7448
86
0.076
7.405
90
0.076
7.7713
94
0.076
7.8866
98
0.076
7.7935
82
0.078
6.5532
86
0.078
7.2854
90
0.078
7.7181
94
0.078
7.894
98
0.078
7.8559
82
0.08
6.3643
86
0.08
7.1705
90
0.08
7.6715
94
0.08
7.91
98
0.08
7.9288
;
%let nlevels=8;
%let colors='black vibg cyan green lime gold orange red';
proc means data= VIKHUAN noprint min max;
var nhiet nongdo nsuat;
output out=range
min=nhietmin nongdomin nsuatmin
max=nhietmax nongdomax nsuatmax;
run;
data _null_;
set range;
call symput('nhietmin', nhietmin);
call symput('nhietmax', nhietmax);
call symput('nongdomin', nongdomin);
call symput('nongdomax', nongdomax);
call symput('nsuatmin', nsuatmin);
call symput('nsuatmax', nsuatmax);
call symput('floor', int(nsuatmin-4));
call symput('ceil', int(nsuatmax+2));
82
call symput('step', (nsuatmax- nsuatmin)/&nlevels);

run;
proc sort data= VIKHUAN;
by nhiet nongdo;
run;
data plane1 surf1;
length function color $ 8;
retain xsys ysys zsys '2';
drop nongdo nhiet nsuat ncol;
set VIKHUAN;
by nhiet;
x=nhiet; y=nongdo; z=&floor;
if first.nhiet then function='move';
else
do;
function='draw';
ncol=min(&nlevels,int(1+(nsuat-&nsuatmin)/&step));
color=scan(&colors,ncol);
end;
output plane1;
z=nsuat; output surf1;
run;
proc sort data= VIKHUAN;
by nongdo nhiet;
run;
data plane2 surf2;
drop nongdo nhiet nsuat ncol;
set VIKHUAN;
by nongdo;
x=nhiet; y=nongdo; z=&floor;
if first.nongdo then function='move';
else
do;
function='draw';
ncol=min(&nlevels,int(1+(nsuat-&nsuatmin)/&step));
color=scan(&colors,ncol);
end;
output plane2;
z=nsuat; output surf2;
run;
data legend;
drop legend ncol;
do legend=&nsuatmin to (&nsuatmax-&step) by &step;
x=&nhietmin; y=&nongdomax; z=legend;
function='poly'; style='solid';
ncol=min(&nlevels, int(1+(legend+(&step/2)-&nsuatmin)/&step));
color=scan(&colors,ncol); output;
z=legend+&step;
function='polycont'; output;
x=&nhietmin+(&nhietmax-&nhietmin)*.05; output;
z=legend; output;
end;
run;
data annoall;
set surf1 surf2 plane1 plane2 legend;
run;
83
data plotdata;
nhiet=&nhietmin; nongdo=&nongdomin; nsuat=&floor; output;
nhiet=&nhietmax; nongdo=&nongdomax; output;
run;
proc g3d data=plotdata;
scatter nongdo*nhiet=nsuat/rotate=40 xticknum=5 yticknum=5 zticknum=5
shape='point' zmin=&floor zmax=&ceil annotate=annoall;
label nongdo='Chat xuc tac(g)'
nhiet
='Nhiet do (do C)'
nsuat
='Nang suat sinh khoi(g)';
run;
quit;
N a n g
s u a t
s i n h
k h o i ( g )
1 2
- 4
0 . 0 8
0 . 0 6
C h a t
x u c
1 0 0
9 0
0 . 0 4
t a c (0 g. )0 2
7 0
8 0
N h i e t
d o
( d o
C )
0 . 0 06 0
Hnh 4.4. Tng quan ba chiu v mt phng nng sut sinh khi ca vi khun vi nng cht xc
tc v nhit .
Ti liu tham kho

Ting Anh
Barnard, J., 1994. Computer Analysis of Standard Experimental Designs (with GENSTAT,
MINITAB, S, and SAS). New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 115 pp.
84
Catala, M., 1993. Red Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Control In Rice Fields With The Puddling
Technique. Cahiers Options Mditerranennes, vol. 15, no. 4, 143-146.
Clewer, A. G. and D. H. Scarisbrick, 2001. Practical Statistics and Experimental Design for
Plant and Crop Science. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 331 pp.
Filippi, M. C. and A. S. Prabhu, 1997. Integrated Effect of Host Plant Resistance and Fungicidal
Seed Treatment on Rice Blast Control in Brazil. Plant Disease, April 1997, 351.
Gomez, K. A. and A. A. Gomez , 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, 2nd ed.
Wiley, New York, 590-601.
Hasanuzzaman, M., 2008. Data analysis with MSTAT-C. AGRO 516 Lecture Sheet# 09. 4 pp.
Kuehl, R. O., 2000. Design of Experiments: Statistical Principles of Research Design and
Analysis. 2nd ed. 666 pp.
MSTAT Development Team, 1993. MSTATC, Computer Program for the Design, Management
and Analysis of Agromomic Research Experiment. Michigan State University, 152 pp.
NRCS (Natural Resource Conservation Service, USDA), 2007. Statistix 8 User Guide for the
Plant Materials Program, version 2.0, 80 pp.
Petersen, R.G., 1994. Agricultural Field Experiment. Marcel Dekker, Inc. USA, 409 pp.
Qu, L., X. Wang, Y. Chen, and R. Scalzo, 2005. Commercial Seed Lots Exhibit Reduced Seed
Dormancy in Comparison to Wild Seed Lots of Echinacea purpurea. Hort Science. October;
40(6): 18431845.
SAS. 2004. SAS/STAT Users Guide 9.1, 5123 pp.
SAS Institute, 1999. SAS version 8. Cary, NC, USA.
Schabenberger, O., 2000. SAS Code for Some Advanced Experimental Designs. UCLA
Academic Technological Services.
Statistix 9, 2008. Statistical software.
Taa, A.; Tanner and A. T. P. Bennie, 2002. Effects of Stubble Management, Tillage and
Cropping Sequence on the Severity of Take-all and Eyespot Diseases of Wheat. African Crop
Science Journal, Vol. 10. No. 1, 67-79.
Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center , 2000. A Field Guide to Experimental Designs.
Washington State University.
Westfall, P. H., 2008. A Course in Multiple Comparisons and Multiple Tests. Texas Tech
University.
Ting Vit
Bi Vit Hi, 2001. Phng php nghin cu khoa hc v x l s liu thc nghim. H Nng
Lm TP HCM, 135 tr.
Ng ng Phong, Hunh Th Thy Trang, Nguyn Duy Nng, 2003. Hng dn s dng phn
mm MSTATC trong phng php th nghim nng nghip, 90 tr.
Phm Ch Thnh, 1976. Phng php th nghim ng rung. XN in H Ni, 264 tr.
Trnh Cng Thnh, 2003. ng dng SAS trong phn tch s liu. H Nng Lm TP HCM,
304 tr.
85

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PGS. TS.

1.3. To file word mu (sample)

3.1. Khi y hon ton ngu nhin mt yu t

Mc tiu ca phn tch ANOVA (ANalysis Of VAriance) l xc nh cc nghim thc c

Cch ghi s liu lu trong file excel

phn tch kt qu, cn thc hin:

X l vi chng trnh thng k SAS

* Cch 1: K (Khi), T (nghim thc), Y (nng sut), c cch mt khong hoc du $ nh

- CARDS; lnh nhp s, kt thc bng du ;

- MEANS: lit k cc gi tr trung bnh nghim thc (T) MEANS T;

Lu : sau mi lnh, kt thc bng du ;

(DATA: tn d liu, ghi thm tn v kt thc bng du ;)

(du ; cho bit ghi xong s liu)

Tm li cc lnh (command, code) phn tch thng k cho cch 1 nh sau:

Input cch 2 nh sau:

* Ghi ch v xp hng cc nghim thc:

Hnh 1.1. Giao din ca SAS version 8

Copy file word mu v patse vo phn Program editor.

Hnh 1.2. Program Editor chuyn s liu t file word mu

Lu : C th dng mu ny x l nhiu ch tiu, ch cn

The ANOVA Procedure

5 D25 G22 K14 X31 Z15

The ANOVA Procedure

NANG SUAT THUC THU

1. 5. Gii thch kt qu: Xem bng ANOVA

The GLM Procedure

The GLM Procedure

S1P1 S1P2 S2P1 S2P2 S3P1 S3P2

Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Yu t khong cch hng

Gii thch kt qu:

Tng tc nh hng c lp l bn ln vi khong cch hng 45 cm (S1P2 vi p = 0,0013) v

S trung bnh = (4 + 6 + 2 + ....+ 4 + 2 + 3)/8 = 3,625.

Nu quan tm n so snh nhiu gi tr c lp v khng quan tm n nhiu tng tc,

- So snh gi tr p iu chnh gii thch tng tc ca A*B, cn c trn gi thit cn bn l

Khi so snh, nu khng bc b gi thit null H0: cc tr s ging nhau.

1.8. ngha cc t v chuyn i gi tr

The ANOVA Procedure

3DOK1 3DOK13 3DOK4 3DOK5 3DOK7 COMPOS

Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

2.2. Th nghim hon ton ngu nhin hai yu t khng cn i

2 YEU TO KHONG CAN DOI

2 YEU TO KHONG CAN DOI

Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Thi nghiem 1 yeu to RCBD

Thi nghiem 1 yeu to RCBD

Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

CHIEU CAO LUA MI

CHIEU CAO LUA MI

Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

The SAS System

The SAS System

The SAS System

The SAS System

The SAS System

Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Bng 3.1. nh hng ca nng cht iu ha sinh trng v m n nng sut ci du

Trung bnh nng

tt c cc l. Tng tc ca l ph c so snh vi sai s th nghim residual (SAS, 1999).

titleSPLIT PLOT P 52 statistix;

SPLIT PLOT P 52 statistix

SPLIT PLOT P 52 statistix

SPLIT PLOT P 52 statistix

SPLIT PLOT P 52 statistix

(Ghi: N|V|K tng ng vi N V K NV NK VK NV*K)