b lao ng - thng binh v x hi

D o t dy t r n h n gio dc k thut vo ngh (VTEP)

Logo

Tng cc dy ngh

cc

Gio trnh

Mn hc: IN T C BN M s: CIE 0109 00

Ngh sa cha thit b in cng nghip

Trnh : Lnh ngh

H Ni - 2005

(Mt sau trang ba)

Tuyn b bn quyn: Ti liu ny thuc loi sch gio trnh Cho nn cc ngun thng tin c th c php dng nguyn bn hoc trch dng cho cc mc ch v o to v tham kho . Mi mc ch khc c lch lc hoc s dng vi mc ch kinh doanh thiu lnh mnh s b nghim cm. Tng Cc Dy ngh s lm mi cch bo v bn quyn ca mnh. Tng Cc Dy Ngh cm n v hoan nghnh cc thng tin gip cho vic tu sa v hon thin tt hn tI liu ny.

a ch lin h: D n gio dc k thut v ngh nghip

M tI liu: M quc t ISBN:..

Li ta
(Vi nt gii thiu xut x ca chng trnh v ti liu) Ti liu ny l mt trong cc kt qu ca D n GDKT-DN .. (Tm tt ni dung ca D n)

(Vi nt gii thiu qu trnh hnh thnh ti liu v cc thnh phn tham gia)

(Li cm n cc c quan lin quan, cc n v v c nhn tham gia)

(Gii thiu ti liu v thc trng)

TI liu ny c thit k theo tng m un/ mn hc thuc h thng m un/mn hc ca mt chng trnh, o to hon chnh ngh ................................................... cp trnh .. v c dng lm Gio trnh cho hc vin trong cc kho o to, cng c th c s dng cho o to ngn hn hoc cho cc cng nhn k thut, cc nh qun l v ngi s dng nhn lc tham kho. y l ti liu th nghim s c hon chnh tr thnh gio trnh chnh thc trong h thng dy ngh. H ni, ngy ... thng. nm.... Gim c D n quc gia

Mc lc
tt Ni dung 1 Li ta ............................................................................................................ 2 Mc lc........................................................................................................... 3 Gii thiu v mn hc...................................................................................... 4 S quan h theo trnh t hc ngh............................................................. 5 Cc hnh thc hot ng hc tp chnh trong mn hc................................... 6 Bi 1: Cc khi nim c bn.......................................................................... 7 Bi 2: Lnh kin th ng................................................................................. 8 Bi 3: Linh kin bn dn.................................................................................. 9 Bi 4: Cc mch khuch i dng Tranztor ................................................... 10 Bi 5: Mch ng dng dng BJT..................................................................... 11 Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp........................................................................... 12 Ti liu tham kho........................................................................................... Trang 3 4 5 6 8 9 21 38 71 99 121 129

Gii thiu v m un/mn hc

V tr, ngha, vai tr m un/mn hc: Vi s pht trin v hon thin khng ngng ca thit b in trn mi lnh vc i sng x hi, mch in t tr thnh mt thnh phn khng th thiu c trong cc thit b in, cng dng chnh ca n l iu khin khng ch cc thit b in, thay th mt s kh c in c nhy cao. Nhm mc ch: gn ho cc thit b in, gim tiu hao nng lng trn thit b, tng nhy lm vic, tng tui th ca thit b....Do , nhn dng c cc linh kin, mch in t, kim tra, thay th, c cc linh kin, mch in h hng l mt yu cu quan trng khng th thiu c, nht l trong lnh vc in t cng nghip, khi m cc dy chuyn cng nghip c hnh thnh v pht trin mnh trn phm vi c nc. Mc tiu thc hin ca mn hc: Sau khi hon tt mn hc ny, hc vin c nng lc: Phn bit c hnh dng, k hiu, cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca cc linh kin in t thng dng theo cc tiu chun c hc. ng dng cc linh kin in t, mch in t c bn v thc t theo yu cu k thut. S dng my o VOM phn loi, o kim tra xc nh cht lng linh kin v mch in t c bn trong cng nghip theo cc c tnh linh kin v mch in t Ni dung chnh ca mn hc: Mn hc ny c nm bi, hc trong 90 gi, trong 40 gi l thuyt v 50 gi thc hnh. Cc bi hc nh sau: Bi 1: Cc khI nim c bn Bi 2: Linh kin th ng Bi 3: Linh kin bn dn Bi 4: Cc mch khuych i dng tranzito Bi 5: Cc mch ng dng dng tranzito

2.4. s mi lin h gia cc m-un v mn hc trong chng trnh

my In -17

cung cp In 1 - 19 v kt c kh- 10 q -dy my In -18 k thut ngui - 12 trang b In 1 - 21 trang b n 2 - 26

U VO

k thut In - 08 k thut s - 25 vt liu In -13

Plc c bn -27

U RA

Cc mn hc chung kh c In - 14 Chnh tr - 01 o lng In 1 - 16 PHP LUT - 02 v In - 11 TH CHT - 03 In t c bn - 09 Q. phNG - 04 thit b In gd 15

k-thut cm bin 24

Thc tp sn sut

In t ng dng 23 kt lp t In 20

t-h trang b In 1 - 22

TIN HC - 05

ANH VN - 06

Mt m-un b tr

Atl - 07

Ghi ch: Mn hc in t c bn cung cp nhng kin thc c s hc vin c th phn tch hot ng, lp rp v sa cha ca cc mch in ttng thit b in, Kh c in. Mn hc ny c tm quan trng khng th thiu c trong phn o to tay ngh cho cng nhn hot ng trong lnh vc in. Khi hc vin hc tp v thc hnh mn hc ny, nu phn no khng t yu cu, cn phi c hc li v kim tra kin thc v thc hnh v phn cha t . Khi chuyn trng, chuyn ngnh, hc vin nu hc mt c s o to khc ri th phi xut trnh giy chng nhn; Trong mt s trng hp c th vn phi qua st hch li.

Cc hot ng hc tp chnh trong mn hc

1. Hot ng hc trn lp c tho lun. 2. Hot ng t hc, t su tm cc ti liu lin quan v lm cc bi tp v mn hc in t c bn. 3. Hot ng thc hnh ti xng v cc mch in t c bn hc, lp rp v pht hin nhng sai li ca cc mch in t c bn.

Yu cu v nh gi hon thnh mn hc
Ni dung kim tra vit: 4. Trnh by cu to, nguyn l hot ng, ng dng cc linh kin in t c bn. 5. Trnh by ng dng ca cc mch in t c bn. 6. Phn tch cc mch in t c bn. Ni dung kim tra thc hnh: 7. Kim tra k nng thc hnh lp rp, sa cha, thay th cc linh kin c nh gi theo cc tiu chun: - chnh xc ca cc dng tn hiu ng ra, sau khi lp rp, sa cha. - Tnh thm m ca mch lp rp, sa cha . Cc vt liu khi thc hnh: Cc linh kin in t th ng v bn dn cc loi theo yu cu mch in thc t

Bi 1 Cc khI nim c bn m bi: cie 01 09 01

Gii thiu: Nn tng c s ca h thng in ni chung v in k thut ni ring xoay quanh vn dn in, cch in ca vt cht gi l vt liu in. Do hiu c bn cht ca vt liu in, vn dn in v cch in ca vt liu, linh kin l mt ni dung khng th thiu c trong kin thc ca ngi th in, in t. chnh l ni dung ca bi hc ny. Mc tiu thc hin: Hc xong bi hc ny, hc vin c nng lc: nh gi / xc nh tnh dn in trn mch in, linh kin ph hp theo yu cu k thut. Pht biu tnh cht, iu kin lm vic ca dng in trn cc linh kin in t khc nhau theo ni dung hc. Tinh ton in tr, dng in, in p trn cc mch in mt chiu theo iu kin cho trc. Ni dung: Vt dn in v cch in Cc ht mang in v dng in trong cc mi trng Hot ng I: Hc l thuyt trn lp c tho lun 1.1.Vt dn in v cch in: 1.1.1 Vt dn in v cch in: Trong k thut ngi ta chia vt liu thnh hai loi chnh: Vt liu cho php dng in i qua gi l vt dn in Vt liu khng cho php dng in i qua gi l vt cch in Tuy nhin khi nim ny ch mang tnh tng i. Chng ph thuc vo cu to vt cht, cc iu kin bn ngoi tc ng ln vt cht. V cu to: vt cht c cu to t cc nguyn t. Nguyn t c cu to gm hai phn chnh l ht nhn mang in tch dng (+) v cc electron mang in tch m e-- gi l lp v ca ngyn t. Vt cht c cu to t mi lin kt gia cc nguyn t vi nhau to thnh tnh bn vng ca vt cht. Hnh1.1

Hnh 1.1: Cu trc mng lin kt nguyn t ca vt cht

Cc lin kt to cho lp v ngoi cng c 8 e--, vi trng thi nguyn t mang tnh bn vng v c gi l trung ho v in. Cc cht loi ny khng c tnh dn in, gi l cht cch in. Cc lin kt to cho lp v ngoi cng khng 8 e --, vi trng thi ny chng d cho v nhn in t, cc cht ny gi l cht dn in. V nhit mi trng: Trong iu kin nhit bnh thng (< 250C) cc nguyn t lin kt bn vng. Khi tng nhit , ng nng trung bnh ca cc nguyn t gia tng lm cc lin kt yu dn, mt s e-- thot khi lin kt tr thnh e-- t do, lc ny nu c in trng ngoi tc ng vo, vt cht c kh nng dn in. V in trng ngoi: Trn b mt vt cht, khi t mt in trng hai bn chng s xut hin mt lc in trng E. Cc e-- s chu tc ng ca lc in trng ny, nu lc in trng ln, cc e-- s chuyn ng ngc chiu in trng, to thnh dng in. ln ca lc in trng ph thuc vo hiu in th gia hai im t v dy ca vt dn. Tm li: S dn in hay cch in ca vt cht ph thuc nhiu vo 4 yu t: Cu to nguyn t ca vt cht Nhit ca mi trng lm vic Hiu in th gia hai im t ln vt cht dy ca vt cht a. Vt dn in: Trong thc t, ngi ta coi vt liu dn in l vt cht trng thi bnh thng c kh nng dn in, ni cch khc, l cht trng thI bnh thng c sn cc in tch t do to thnh dng in. Cc c tnh ca vt liu dn in l: - in tr sut - H s nhit - Nhit nng chy - T trng Cc thng s v phm vi ng dng ca cc vt liu dn in thng thng c gii thiu trong Bng 1.1:

10

Bng 1.1: Vt liu dn in

in tr sut mm2/m H s nhit Nhit nng chy t0C T trn g

tt

Tn vt liu

Hp kim

Phm vi ng dng

Ghi ch

2 3

ng hay ng k thut Thau Nhm

0,0175

0,004

1080

8,9

Ch yu dng lm dy dn ng km vi - Cc l tip xc - Cc u ni dy - Lm dy dn in - Lm l nhm trong t xoay - Lm cnh to nhit - Dng lm t in (t ho) - M v ngoi dy dn s dng hiu ng mt ngoi trong lnh vc siu cao tn - M v ngoi dy dn s dng hiu ng mt ngoi trong lnh vc siu cao tn Hp cht - Hn dy dn. dng - Hp kim thic v ch c lm cht nhit nng chy thp hn gm: hn nhit nng chy - Thic 60% ca tng kim loi thic v ch.. - Ch 40%

(0,03 0,06) 0,028

- 0,002 0,0049

900 660

3,5 2,7

- B xyt ho nhanh, to thnh lp bo v, nn kh hn, kh n mn - B hi nc mn n mn

Bc

960

10,5

Nic ken

0,07

0,006

1450

8,8

C gi thnh r hn bc

Thic

0,115

0,0012

230

7,3

Cht hn dng hn trong khi lp rp linh kin in t

11

Ch

0,21

0,004

330

11,4

St

0,098

0,0062

1520

7,8

Maganin

0,5

0,00005

1200

8,4

10

Contantan

0,5

0,00000 5

1270

8,9

11

Niken Crm

1,1

0,00015

1400 8,2 (nhit lm vic: 900)

Hp cht gm: - 80% ng - 12% mangan - 2% nic ken Hp cht gm: - 60% ng - # 40% nic ken - # 1% Mangan Hp cht gm: - 67% Nicken - 16% st - 15% crm - 1,5%

- Cu ch bo v qu dng - Dng trong ac qui ch - V bc cp chn - Dy st m kem lm dy dn vi ti nh - Dy lng kim gm li st v bc ng lm dy dn chu lc c hc ln Dy in tr

Dng lm cht hn (xem phn trn)

- Dy st m km gi thnh h hn dy ng - Dy lng kim dn in gn nh dy ng do c hiu ng mt ngoi

Dy in tr nung nng

- Dng lm dy t nng (dy m hn, dy bp in, dy bn l)

12

mangan

13

Cc c tnh ca vt liu cch in gm: - bn v in. - Nhit chu ng. - Hng s in mi. - Gc tn hao. - T trng. Cc thng s v phm vi ng dng c trnh by Bng 1.2: 1.2 in tr cch in ca linh kin v mch in t: - in tr cch in ca linh kin l in p ln nht cho php t trn linh kin m linh kin khng b nh thng (phng in). Cc linh kin c gi tr in p ghi trn thn linh kin km theo cc i lng c trng. V d: T in c ghi trn thn nh sau: 47/25vV, c ngha l Gi tr l 47 v in p ln nht c th chu ng c khng qu 25v. Cc linh kin khng ghi gi tr in p trn thn thng c tc dng cho dng in mt chiu (DC) v xoay chiu (AC) i qua nn in p nh thng c tng quan vi dng in nn thng c ghi bng cng sut. V d: in tr c ghi trn thn nh sau: 100/ 2W C ngha l Gi tr l 100 v cng sut chu ng trn in tr l 2W, chnh l t s gia in p t ln hai u in tr v dng in i qua n (U/I). U cng ln th I cng nh v ngc li. Cc linh kin bn dn do cc thng s k thut rt nhiu v kch thc li nh nn cc thng s k thut c ghi trong bng tra m khng ghi trn thn nn mun xc nh in tr cch in cn phi tra bng. in tr cch in ca mch in l in tr khi c in p ln nht cho php t vo gia hai mch dn t gn nhau m khng xy ra hin tng phng in, hay dn in. Trong thc t khi thit k mch in c in p cng cao th khong cch gia cc mch in cng ln. Trong sa cha thng khng quan tm n yu t ny, tuy nhin khi mch in b m t, b bi m... th cn quan tm n yu t ny trnh tnh trng mch b dn in do yu t mi trng. 1.2. Cc ht mang in v dng in trong cc mi trng: 1.2.1. Khi nim ht mang in: Ht mang in l phn t c bn nh nht ca vt cht c mang in gi l in tch, ni cch khc l cc ht c bn ca vt cht c tc dng vi cc lc in trng, t trng. Trong k thut tu vo mi trng m tn ti cc loi phn t mang in khc nhau, chng bao gm cc loi chnh nh sau: - e-- (electron) l cc in tch nm lp v ca nguyn t cu to nn vt cht, khi nm lp v ngoi cng lc lin kt gia v v ht nhn yu, d bt ra khi nguyn t to thnh cc ht mang in trng thi t do, d dng di chuyn trong mi trng. - ion+ l cc nguyn t cu to nn vt cht khi mt in t lp ngoi cng tr thnh ion dng (ion+), chng c xu hng ly thm in t tr v trng thi trung ho v in nn d dng chu tc dng ca lc in, nu trng thi t do th d dng di chuyn trong mi trng.

14

- ion-- l cc nguyn t cu to nn vt cht, khi tha in t lp ngoi cng tr thnh ion m (ion--), chng c xu hng cho bt in t tr v trng thi trung ho v in nn d b tc dng ca cc lc in, nu trng thi t do th chng d dng chuyn ng trong mi trng.

15

bng 1.2: Vt liu cch in

TT 1 Tn vt liu Mi ca bn v in (kV/mm) 50-100 t0C chu ng 600 Hng s in mi 6-8 Gc tn hao 0,0004 T trng 2,8 c im Tch c thnh tng mnh rt mng Phm vi ng dng - Dng trong t in - Dng lm vt cch in trong thit b nung nng (VD:bn l) - Gi cch in cho ng dy dn - Dng trong t in, n, ct cun dy

20-28

15001700 500-1700 khng chu c nhit ln 50-60 100 100 55 105 65 49-55 60-70

6-7

0,03

2,5

3 4

Thu tinh Gm

20-30 khng chu c in p cao 10-40 20-30 9-12 t 20 20 8-60 20-25 20-30 10-15

4-10 1700-4500

0,00050,001 0,02-0,03

2,2-4 4 - Kch thc nh nhng in dung ln - Dng trong t in

5 6 7 8 9

Baklit bnit Pretspan Giy lm in Cao su La cch in Sp Paraphin Nha thng

4-4,6 2,7-3 3-4 3,5 3 3,8-4,5 2,5

0,05-0,12 0,01-0,015 0,15 0,01 0,15 0,04-0,08 0,0002 1,9-2,2

1,2 1,2-1,4 1,6 1-1,2 1,6 1,5 0,95 Dng lm ct bin p Dng trong t in - Lm v bc dy dn - Lm tm cch in Dng trong bin p Dng lm cht tm sy bin p, ng c in chng m Dng lm cht tm sy bin p, ng c in chng m 1,1 - Dng lm sch mi hn - Hn hp paraphin v nha thng dng lm cht tm sy bin p, ng c in chng m Hn gn cc b kin in-in t

3,5

0,01

poxi

18-20

1460

3,7-3,9

0,013

1,1-1,2

16

Cc loi plastic (polyetylen, polyclovinin)

Dng lm cht cch in

17

1.2.2 Dng in trong cc mi trng: Dng in l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc ht mang in di tc dng ca in trng ngoi. a. Dng in trong kim loi: Do kim loi th rn cu trc mng tinh th bn vng nn cc nguyn t kim loi lin kt bn vng, ch c cc e -- trng thi t do. Khi c in trng ngoi tc ng cc e-- s chuyn ng di tc tc dng ca lc in trng to thnh dng in. Vy: Dng in trong kim loi l dng chuyn ng c hng ca cc e-- di tc dng ca in trng ngoi. Trong k thut in ngi ta qui c chiu ca dng in l chiu chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in dng nn dng in trong kim loi thc t ngc vi chiu ca dng in qui c. b. Dng in trong cht in phn: Cht in phn l cht dng dung dch c kh nng dn in. Trong thc t cht in phn thng l cc dung dch mui, axit, baz. Khi dng dung dch (ho tan vo nc) chng d dng tch ra thnh cc ion tri du. Vi d: phn t NaCl khi ho tan trong nc chng tch ra thnh Na+ v Cl- ring r. Qu trnh ny gi l s phn li ca phn t ho tan trong dung dch. Khi khng c in trng ngoi cc ion chuyn ng hn lon trong dung dch gi l chuyn ng nhit t do. Khi c in trng mt chiu ngoi bng cch cho hai in cc vo trong bnh in phn cc ion chu tc dng ca lc in chuyn ng c hng to thnh dng in, hnh thnh nn dng in trong cht in phn. S m t hot ng c trnh by hnh 1.2

Hnh 1.2: Dng in trong cht in phn Cc ion+ chuyn ng cng chiu in trng v cc m, cc ion-- chuyn ng ngc chiu in trng v cc dng v bm vo bn cc. Li dng tnh cht ny ca cht in phn trong thc t ngi ta dng m kim loi, c kim loi. Vy: Dng in trong cht in phn l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc ion dng v m di tc dng ca in trng ngoi. c. Dng in trong cht kh: Cht kh l hn hp nhiu loi nguyn t hay phn t kh kt hp tn ti trong mi trng. trng thi bnh thng cc nguyn t, phn t trung ho v in. V vy cht kh l in mi. cht kh tr thnh cc ht mang in ngi ta dng ngun nng lng t bn ngoi tc ng ln cht kh nh t nng hoc bc x bng tia t ngoi

18

hoc tia Rn ghen. Mt s nguyn t hoc phn t kh mt in t lp ngoI cng tr thnh in t t do v cc nguyn t hoc phn t mt in t tr thnh cc ion+ , ng thi cc in t t do c th lin kt vi cc nguyn t hoc phn t trung ho tr thnh cc ion-- . Nh vy lc ny trong mi trng kh s tn ti cc thnh phn nguyn t hoc phn t kh trung ho v in, ion+ , ion-- . Lc ny cht kh c gi b ion ho. Khi khng c in trng ngoi cc ht mang in chuyn ng t do hn lon gi l chuyn ng nhit, khng xut hin dng in. Khi c in trng ngoi ln, cc ion v in t t do chu tc dng ca in trng ngoi to thnh dng in, gi l s phng in trong cht kh. Vy: Dng in trong cht kh l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc ion dng, m v cc in t t do, di tc dng ca in trng ngoi. Cc ion dng chuyn ng cng chiu in trng, cc ion m v in t t do chuyn ng ngc chiu in trng ngoi. S m t th nghim c trnh by hnh 1.3:

Hnh 1.3: S m t th nghim dng in trong cht kh. p sut thp cht kh d b ion ho to thnh dng in gi l dng in trong kh km. Trong k thut ng dng tnh cht dn in trong kh km m ngi ta ch to nn n non v mt s loi n khc, c bit trong k thut in t ngi ta ch to ra cc n chng i cao p cc ni c in p cao, gi l (spac). d. Dng in trong chn khng: Chn khng l mi trng hon ton khng c nguyn t kh hoc phn t kh c ngha l p sut khng kh trong mi trng bng 0 at (at : atmtphe l n v o lng ca p sut). Trong thc t khng th to ra c mi trng chn khng l tng. Mi trng chn khng thc t c p sut khong 0,001 at, lc ny s lng nguyn t, phn t kh trong mi trng cn rt t c th chuyn ng t do trong mi trng m khng xy ra s va chm ln nhau. to ra c mI trng ny trong thc t ngi ta ht chn khng ca mt bnh kn no , bn trong t sn hai bn cc gi l anod v katot. Khi t mt in p bt k vo hai cc th khng c dng in I qua v mi trng chn khng l mi trng cch in l tng. Khi si nng catt bng mt ngun in bn ngoi th trn b mt catt xut hin cc e-- bc x t catt.

19

Khi t mt in p mt chiu (DC) tng i ln khong vi trm vn vo hai cc ca bnh chn khng. Vi in p m t vo anod v in p dng t vo catt th khng xut hin dng in. Khi i chiu t in p; dng t vo anod v m t vo catt th xut hin dn in I qua mi trng chn khng trong bnh. Ta ni c dng in trong mi trng chn khng, l cc e-- bc x t catt di chuyn ngc chiu in trng v anod. Vy: Dng in trong mI trng chn khng l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc e-- di tc dng ca in trng ngoi. Trong k thut, dng in trong chn khng c ng dng ch to ra cc n in t chn khng, hin nay vi s xut hin c linh kin bn dn, n in t chn khng tr nn lc hu do cng knh d v khi rung sc va p, tn hao cng sut ln, in p lm vic cao. Tuy nhin trong mt s mch in c cng sut cc ln, tng tr lm vic cao, hay cn c pht sng trong qu trnh lm vic th vn phi dng n in t chn khng. Nh n hinh, n cng sut. e. Dng in trong cht bn dn: Cht bn dn l cht nm gia cht cch in v cht dn in, cu trc nguyn t c bn in t lp ngoi cng nn d lin kt vi nhau to thnh cu trc bn vng. ng thi cng d ph v di tc dng nhit to thnh cc ht mang in. Khi b ph v cc mi lin kt, chng tr thnh cc ht mang in dng do thiu in t lp ngoi cng gi l l trng. Cc in t lp v d dng bt khi nguyn t tr thnh cc in t t do. Khi t in trng ngoi ln cht bn dn cc e- chuyn ng ngc chiu in trng, Cc l trng chuyn ng cng chiu in trng to thnh dng in trong cht bn dn. Vy: dng in trong cht bn dn l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc e-- v cc l trng di tc dng ca in trng ngoi. Cht bn dn c trnh by trn c gi l cht bn dn thun khng c ng dng trong k thut v phi c cc iu kin km theo nh nhit in p... khi ch to linh kin. Trong thc t ch to linh kin bn dn ngi ta dng cht bn dn pha thm cc cht khc gi l cht tp to thnh cht bn dn loi P v loi N Cht bn dn loi P l cht bn dn m dng in ch yu trong cht bn dn l cc l trng nh chng c pha thm vo cc cht c 3 e- lp ngoi cng nn chng thiu in t trong mi lin kt ho tr to thnh l trng trong cu trc tinh th. Cht bn dn loi N l cht bn dn m dng in ch yu l cc e-- nh c pha thm cc tp cht c 5 e- lp ngoi cng nn chng tha in t trong mi lin kt ho tr trong cu trc tinh th to thnh cht bn dn loi N c dng in i qua l cc e- . Linh kin bn dn trong k thut c cu to t cc mi lin kt P, N. T cc mi ni P, N ny m ngi ta c th ch to c rt nhiu loi linh kin khc nhau. Tuyt i a s cc mch in t hin nay u c cu to t linh kin bn dn, cc linh kin c ch to c chc nng c lp nh it, tranzitor c gi l cc linh kin n hay linh kin ri rc, cc linh kin bn dn c ch to kt hp vi nhau v vi cc linh kin khc thc hin hon chnh mt chc nng no v c ng kn thnh mt khi c gi l mch t hp (IC: Integrated Circuits). Cc IC c s dng trong cc mch tn hiu bin i lin tc gi l IC tng t, cc IC s dng trong cc mch in t s c gi l IC s. Trong k thut hin nay ngoi cch phn chia IC tng t v IC s ngi ta cn phn chia IC theo hai nhm chnh l IC hn xuyn l v IC hn b mt SMD: Surface Mount Device, Chng khc nhau v kch thc v nhit chu ng trn linh kin. Xu hng pht trin ca k thut in t l khng ngng ch to ra cc linh kin mi, mch in mi trong ch yu l cng ngh ch to linh kin m nn tng l cng ngh bn dn.

20

Cu hi v bi tp: Cu hi trc nghim: Hy la chn phng n ng tr li cc cu hi di y bng cch t en vo vung thch hp: tt Ni dung cu hi a b c d 1.1 Th no l vt dn in? O O O O a. Vt c kh nng cho dng in i qua. b. Vt c cc ht mang in t do. c. Vt c cu trc mng tinh th d. C a,b. 1.2 Th no l vt cch in? a. Vt khng c ht mang in t do. b. Vt khng cho dng in i qua. c. Vt trng thi trung ho v in. d. C ba yu t trn 1. Cc yu t no nh hng n tnh dn in ca vt cht? a. Cu to c. in trng ngoi b. Nhit d. C ba yu t trn 2. Da vo tnh cht cu to cho bit cht no c kh nng dn in tt nht? a. Nhm c. Bc Vng b. ng d. St 3. Da vo tnh cht cu to cho bit cht no c kh nng cch in tt nht? a. Khng kh. c. Gm. b. Thu tinh. d. Mi ca 4. Cc ht no l ht mang in? a. ion+ I c. on--b. e d. C ba ht nu trn 5. Dng in trong cht in phn l dng ca loi ht mng in no? a. e-c. ionion+ d. Gm b v c. Dng in trong cht kh l dng ca cc ht mang in no? a. e-c. ion + b. ion d. C a,b,c. Dng in trong kim loi l dng ca ht mang in no? a. ec. ion+ b. ion d. Gm a,b,c Trong cht bn dn dng in di chuyn l dng ca ht mang in no? a. e-c. on-O O O O

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.1 0

21

b. ion+

d. l trng

22

Hot ng II: T nghin cu ti liu Hc vin tham kho cc ti liu di y : Nguyn Tn Phc Nguyn Minh Gip Nguyn Kim Giao, L Xun Th Gio trinh linh kin in t, D n GDKT v DN (VTEP), H Ni, 2007 Vt l lp 11, nxb Gio dc, H Ni. xun Th K thut in t, NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2005. Linh kin in t, NXB Tng hp TP. HCM, 2003 Sch tra cu linh kin in t SMD. NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 2003 K thut in t 1. NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2003

Ni dung cn nghin cu: - Cc vt liu in: Cch in, Dn in, Bn dn.. - Cc yu t nh hng n c tnh dn in ca vt liu. - Dng in trong cc mi trng v ng dng trong k thut in, in t. Hot ng iii: hc ti xng trng 1.Ni dung: - Phn bit cht dn in cch in, dn in. - Nghin cu cc c tnh ca vt liu trong cc iu kin khc nhau. Hnh thc t chc: T chc theo nhm nh t 2 4 hc sinh di s hng dn tp trung ca gio vin. Dng c: c. My o VOM. d. B ngun bin i c cc mc in p khc nhau t 0-1000v e. B dng c cm tay ngh in t. f. Cc vt liu dn in v cch in khc nhau. Qui trnh thc hin: A. Phn bit cht cch in v dn in: Pht cc vt liu khc nhau hin c trong xng cho hc sinh. g. Cho bit cht no dn in, cht no cch in bng cm nhn khch quan, trnh by l do. h. Dng my o VOM xc nh cht cch in, dn in trong iu kin bnh thng. B. Nghin cu c tnh dn in v cch in trong cc iu kin khc nhau: Trnh by cch mc mch o dng (nh hnh v), mc vt liu cn nghin cu ni tip trn mch. t ln mch cc in p khc nhau nu xut hin dng in qua mch c ngha vt dn in, Nu khng xut hin dng in c ngha vt khng dn in.

a. b.

a.

23

+V

Ngun cung cp c cc gi trthay i khc nhau

i tr h n dng n my VOM o ch dng o Vt li cn nghin cu u

24

Bi 2 Linh kin th ng m bi: cie 01 09 02

Gii thiu: Cc mch in t c to nn t s kt ni cc linh kin in t vi nhau bao gm hai loi linh kin chnh l linh kin th ng v linh kin tch cc trong phn ln l cc linh kin th ng. Do mun phn tch nguyn l hot ng, thit k mch, kim tra trong sa cha cn phi hiu r cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca cc linh kin in t, trong trc ht l cc linh kin in t th ng. Mc tiu thc hin: Hc xong bi hc ny, hc vin c nng lc: Phn bit in tr, t in, cun cm vi cc linh kin khc theo cc c tnh ca linh kin. c ng tr s in tr, t in, cun cm theo qui c quc t. o kim tra cht lng in tr, t in, cun cm theo gi tr ca linh kin. Thay th / thay tng ng in tr, t in, cun cm theo yu cu k thut ca mch in. Ni dung: in tr T in. Cun cm. HOT ng I: Hc l thuyt trn lp c tho lun 2.1. in tr in tr l mt trong nhng linh kin in t dng trong cc mch in t t cc gi tr dng in v in p theo yu cu ca mch. Chng c tc dng nh nhau trong c mch in mt chiu ln xoay chiu v ch lm vic ca in tr khng b nh hng bi tn s ca ngun xoay chiu. 2.1.1. Cu to cc loi in tr Tu theo kt cu ca in tr m ngi ta phn loi: - in tr hp cht cacbon: in tr c cu to bng bt cacbon tn trn vi cht cch in v keo kt dnh ri p li, ni thnh tng thi hai u c dy dn ra hn. Loi in tr ny r tin, d lm nhng c nhc im l khng n nh, chnh xc thp, mc tp m cao. Mt u trn thn in tr c nhng vch mu hoc c chm mu. l nhng quy nh mu dng biu th tr s in tr v cp chnh xc. Cc loi in tr hp cht bt than ny c tr s t 10 n hng chc mgm, cng sut t 1/4 W ti vi W. - in tr mng cacbon:

25

Cc in tr c cu to mng cacbon c gii thiu trn Hnh 2.1. Cc in tr mng cacbon thay th hu ht cc in tr hp cht cacbon trong cc mch in t. ng l lp y cc hp cht cacbon, in tr mng cacbon gm mt lp chun xc mng cacbon bao quanh mt ng ph gm mng. dy ca lp mng bao ny to nn tr s in tr, mng cng dy, tr s in tr cng nh v ngc li. Cc dy dn kim loi c kt ni vi cc np c hai u in tr. Ton b in tr c bao bng mt lp keo pxi, hoc bng mt lp gm. Cc in tr mng cacbon c chnh xc cao hn cc in tr hp cht cacbon, v lp mng c lng mt lp cacbon chnh xc trong qu trnh sn xut. Loi in tr ny c dng ph bin trong cc my tng m, thu thanh, tr s t 1 ti vi chc mgm, cng sut tiu tn t 1/8 W ti hng chc W; c tnh n nh cao, tp m nh, nhng c nhc im l d v.
D y d n

L N p k im lo i L i L g p

x i

i n m

t r

Hnh 2.1: Mt ct ca in tr mng cacbon - in tr dy qun: in tr ny gm mt ng hnh tr bng gm cch in, trn qun dy kim loi c in tr sut cao, h s nhit nh nh constantan mangani. Dy in tr c th trng men, hoc khng trng men v c th qun cc vng st nhau hoc qun theo nhng rnh trn thn ng. Ngoi cng c th phun mt lp men bng v hai u c dy ra hn. Cng c th trn lp men ph ngoi c cha ra mt khong c th chuyn dch mt con chy trn thn in tr iu chnh tr s. Do in tr dy qun gm nhiu vng dy nn c mt tr s in cm. gim thiu in cm ny, ngi ta thng qun cc vng dy trn mt l cch in dt hoc qun hai dy chp mt u cho hai vng dy lin st nhau c dng in chy ngc chiu nhau. Loi in tr dy qun c u im l bn, chnh xc, chu nhit cao do c cng sut tiu tn ln v c mc tp m nh. Tuy nhin, in tr loi ny c gi thnh cao. - in tr mng kim loi: in tr mng kim loi c ch to theo cch kt lng mng niken-crm trn thn gm cht lng cao, c x rnh hnh xon c, hai u c lp dy ni v thn c ph mt lp sn. in tr mng kim loi n nh hn in tr than nhng gi

26

thnh t gp khong 4 ln. Cng sut danh nh khong 1/10W tr ln. Phn nhiu ngi ta dng loi in tr mng kim loi vi cng sut danh nh 1/2W tr ln, dung sai 1% v in p cc i 200 V. - in tr xt kim loi: in tr xt kim loi c ch to bng cch kt lng mng xt thic trn thanh thu tinh c bit. Loi in tr ny c m rt cao, khng b h hng do qu nng v cng khng b nh hng do m t. Cng sut danh nh thng l 1/2W vi dung sai 2%.
R

Hnh 2.2. K hiu in tr trn s mch Ngoi cch phn loi nh trn, trong thit k, tu theo cch k hiu, kch thc ca in tr, ngi ta cn phn loi theo cp chnh xc nh: in tr thng, in tr chnh xc; hoc theo cng sut: cng sut nh, cng sut ln. 2.1.2. Cch mc in tr : Trong mch in tu theo nhu cu thit k m ngi ta s dng in tr c gi tr khc nhau, tuy nhin trong sn xut ngi ta khng th ch to mi gi tr ca in tr c m ch sn xut mt s in tr tiu biu c trng theo cc s nh sau: Bng 2.1: Cc gi tr thng dng trong sn xut (theo cc n v m, fara...) 1 2 1, 2 1, 5 1, 8 Nn trong s dng nh thit k phi s dng mt trong hai phng n sau: Mt l phi tnh ton mch in sao cho ph hp vi cc in tr c sn trn th trng. Hai l tnh ton mc cc in tr sao cho ph hp vi mch in. in tr mc ni tip: Cch ny dng tng tr s ca in tr trn mch in (Hnh 2.5).
R 1 R 2 R n

2, 3 2, 7 9

3, 7 3,

4, 6

5, 8

6, 2

8,

H 2.5:M ch n tr m ni ti nh i c p
Theo cng thc: Rt = R1 + R2 + .. + Rn Rtd: in tr tng ng ca mch in (2.1)

27

V d: Cho mch in nh hnh v. Vi R1 = 2,2K, R2 = 4,7K. Tnh in tr tng ng ca mch in

R 1 R 2

Gii: T cng thc (2.1) ta c Rt = 2,2 + 4,7 = 6,9K Trong thc t, ngi ta ch mc ni tip t 02 n 03 in tr trnh rm r cho mch in. in tr mc song song: Cch ny dng gim tr s in tr trn mch in. Trong thc t tnh ton cn ghi nh l in tr tng ng ca mch in lun nh hn hoc bng in tr nh nht trn mch in, iu ny rt thng xy ra sai st khi thay th tng ng trong khi thc hin sa cha. Ngoi ra, d dng trong tnh ton, thng thng ngi ta dng in tr cng tr s mc song song, khc vi mc ni tip, mch mc in tr song song c th mc nhiu in tr song song t tr s theo yu cu, ng thi t c dng chu ti ln theo mn v tng vng din tch to nhit trn mch in khi cng sut ta nhit cao (Hnh 2.6).
R 1 R 2 R n

H nh2.6:M ch n tr m song song i c

Theo cng thc:

Rtd: in th tng ng ca mch in V d: Cho mch in nh hnh v. Vi R1 = 5,6K, R2 = 4,7K. Tnh in tr tng ng ca mch in.
R 1 R 2

1 1 1 1 = + +...+ Rtd R1 R2 Rn

Gii: T cng thc ta c Rtd =

5,6.4,7 R1.R 2 = = 2,55K R1 + R 2 5,6 + 4,7

2.1.3. Cc thng s k thut c bn ca in tr: - Cng sut in tr l tch s gia dng in i qua in tr v in p t ln hai u in tr. Trong thc t, cng sut c qui nh bng kch thc in tr vi cc in tr mng dng trn, ghi trn thn in tr vi cc loi in tr ln dng dy qun v bng s, tra trong bng vi cc loi in tr hn b mt (SMD). - Sai s ca in tr l khong tr s thay i cho php ln nht trn in tr. Sai s nm trong phm vi t 1% n 20% tu theo nh sn xut v c ghi bng vng mu, k t, hoc bng tra. - Tr s in tr l gi tr ca in tr c ghi trn thn bng cch ghi trc tip, ghi bng vng mu, bng k t. 2.1.4. Bin tr:

28

Bin tr dng thay i gi tr ca in tr, qua thay i c s cn tr in trn mch in. Hnh 2.3 minh ho bin tr.
i n p v o

R C h n h

i n th a y

r a

Hnh 2.3: Cu trc ca bin tr

K hiu ca bin tr: o K hiu ca bin tr trn s nguyn l c minh ho trn Hnh 2.4.

K hiu bin tr thng thng

2 1 V L R o i 3 , 1 2 , V R t i n h c h
1

2 - 3-

1 V n h R t h

3 a y i r n g

1 V L o i

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 21 V R 22 h a i b i n tr c h n h n g b ( n g

1 2 L

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o i b i n tr c c n g t c

Hnh 2.4: K hiu cc loi bin tr Phn loi: o Bin tr than: Mt bin tr c ph lp bt than, con chy v chn ca bin tr l kim loi d hn. Loi bin tr ny dng trong cc mch c cng sut nh dng qua bin tr t vi mA n vi chc mA phn cc cho cc mch in l ch yu.

29

................

o Bin tr dy qun: Mt bin tr c qun dy in tr, con chy v chn ca bin tr l kim loi. Loi bin tr ny dng gim p hoc hn dng trong cc mch in c cng sut ln dng qua mch t vi chc n vi trm mA. Trong k thut in i khi dng rt ln c th n vi A thng gp trong cc mch kch t cc ng c in. Khi s dng hay thit k mch dng loi in tr ny cn ch n kh nng to nhit ca in tr sao cho ph hp. Ngoi cch chia thng thng trn trong k thut ngi ta cn cn c vo tnh cht ca bin tr m c th chia thnh bin tr tuyn tnh, bin tr logarit. Hay da vo cng sut m phn loi thnh bin tr gim p hay bin tr phn cc. Trong thc t cn ch n cc cch chia khc nhau trnh lng tng trong thc t khi gi tn trn th trng. 2.2 T in: T in c nhiu loi v nhiu c khc nhau. Phm vi tr s in dung c t 1,8pF n trn 10.000F. V cu to, t in c chia thnh hai loi chnh:

- Loi khng phn cc. - Loi phn cc.

i vi dng in mt chiu, t in l linh kin c tc dng ngn dng in i qua, mc d c th c mt dng np khi mi kt ni t in vi ngun mt chiu v sau li ngng ngay khi t in va mi c np y. Vi trng hp dng in xoay chiu, dng in ny tc ng ln t in vi hai na chu k ngc nhau lm cho t in c tc dng dn dng in i qua, nh th khng c cht in mi. 2.2.1. Cu to v k hiu quy c ca mt s t in thng dng - T in giy: gm c 2 l kim loi t xen gia l bn giy dng lm cht cch in v cun trn li. hai u l kim loi cun trn c dy dn ni ra hn. T ny c th c v bc bng kim loi hay ng thu tinh v hai u c bt kn bng cht keo plastic. T giy c u im l kch thc nh, in dung ln. Nhc im ca t l r in ln, d b chp. - T in mica: gm nhng l kim loi t xen k nhau v dng mica lm cht in mi, ngn cch cc l kim loi. Cc l kim loi l ni vi nhau v ni vo mt u ra, cc l kim loi chn ni vi nhau v ni vo mt u ra. T mica c bao bng v plastic. T mica c tnh nng tt hn t giy nhng gi thnh t hn. - T in gm: t in gm dng gm lm in mi. T gm c kch thc nh nhng tr s in dung ln. - T in du: t dng du lm in mi, c tr s ln v chu c in p cao. - T ho: t dng mt dung dch ho hc l axit boric lm in mi. Cht in mi ny c t gia 2 l bng nhm lm hai cc ca t. Khi c mt in p mt chiu t gia 2 l th to ra mt lp oxyt nhm mng lm cht in mi, thng lp ny rt mng, nn in dung ca t kh ln. T ho thng c dng hnh ng, v nhm ngoi l cc m, li gia l cc dng, gia 2 cc l dung dch ho hc. T c bc

30

kn trnh cho dung dch ho hc khi b bay hi nhanh, v dung dch b kh s lm cho tr s ca t gim i. T ho c u im l tr s in dung ln v c gi thnh h, nhng li c nhc im l d b r in. Khi dng t ho cn kt ni ng cc tnh ca t vi ngun cung cp in. Khng dng c t ho cho mch ch c in p xoay chiu tc l c cc tnh bin i.
P h V i n t t li u P i n p m x i i h i n t

P N h n

i n t

t t r n x u n g N D h y d n n p h a b n

Hnh 2.7: Mt ct ca t in kiu bn cc

Hinh 2.8: Cu to ca t gm, t mng kim loi v t Tantalum - T bin i: gm cc l nhm hoc ng xp xen k vi nhau, mt s l thay i v tr c. Tm tnh (m c nh) khng gn vi trc xoay. Tm ng gn vi trc xoay v tu theo gc xoay m phn din tch i ng gia hai l nhiu hay t. Phn din tch i ng ln th in dung ca t ln, ngc li, phn din tch i ng nh th tr s in dung ca t nh. Khng kh gia hai l nhm c dng lm cht in mi. T loi bin i cn c gi l t khng kh hay t xoay. T bin i thng gm nhiu l ng ni song song vi nhau, t xen k gia nhng l tnh cng ni song song vi nhau. Nhng l tnh c cch in vi thn t, cn l ng c

31

gn vo trc xoay v tip xc vi thn t. Khi trc t c xoay th tr s in dung ca t cng c thay i theo. Ngi ta b tr hnh dng nhng l ca t t c s thay i in dung ca t theo yu cu. Khi vn t xoay cho l ng hon ton nm trong khe cc l tnh, nhm c c din tch i ng l ln nht, th t c in dung ln nht. Khi vn t xoay sao cho l ng hon ton nm ngoi khe cc l tnh, nhm c din tch i ng xp x bng khng, th lc , t in c in dung nh nht, gi l in dung st. T xoay thng dng trong my thu thanh hoc my to dao ng t c tn s cng hng. - T tinh chnh hay l t bn chun: thng dng chnh in dung ca t in, nhm t c tn s cng hng ca mch. Nhng t ny thng c tr s nh v phm vi bin i hp. Ngi ta ch tc ng ti t tinh chnh khi ly chun, sau th c nh v tr ca t. - T in in phn: c nhng c tnh khc vi t khng phn cc. T c cu to ban u gm c hai in cc c phn cch bng mt mng mng ca cht in phn, giai on cui cng, ngi ta dng mt in p t ln cc in cc c tc dng to ra mt mng oxyt kim loi rt mng khng dn in. Dung lng ca t tng ln khi lp in mi cng mng, nh vy c th ch to t in c in dung ln vi kch thc nh. Do t in in phn c ch to c cc tnh, tng ng vi cc tnh ban u khi hnh thnh lp in mi, cc tnh ny c nh du trn thn ca t. Nu ni ngc cc tnh c th lm ph hu lp in mi, do , t s b hng. Mt hn ch khc ca t in in phn l lng in phn cn li sau lc hnh thnh ban u s c tc dng dn in v lm cho t b r in. Cht liu chnh dng cho t in in phn l nhm v cht in mi l bt dung dch in phn. T in in phn c dng hnh ng t trong v nhm. Nhng t in phn loi mi c kh nng t c tr s in dung ln vi kch thc 4700 F, thm ch ln hn. in p mt chiu lm vic ca t in in phn thng thp t 10V n 250V hoc 500V, mi t in in phn u c dung sai ln v t khi chn tr s ti hn. - T in plistiren: t c ch to t l kim loi xen vi lp in mi l mng mng plistiren, thng plistiren bao bc to thnh lp cch in. Loi t in ny c tn tht thp tn s cao (in cm thp v in tr ni tip thp), n nh v tin cy cao. Phm vi gi tr t 10pF n 100000pF vi dung sai khong 1%. Trng hp t c dng ng vi chiu di xp x 10mm x 3,5 mm ng knh, thng cho tr s in dung ln hn. Loi t in ny c dng cho cc mch iu chnh, mch lc, mch tn s FM v cc mch iu khin khc c yu cu chnh xc, tin cy v n nh cao v tn tht thp. cm vo bng mch in. Chng c tr s in dung ln ti 1 F vi kch thc rt nh, tn hao thp v in cm nh. T in polycacbonat thng c thit k c bit - T polycacbonat: loi t ny c ch to di dng tm hnh ch nht c th nh. Phm vi tr s in dung t 0,1 F n 47 F vi c rt nh v t 1 F n

32

v dng cho mch in vi kch thc xp x 7,5 mm x 2,5 mm khong cch chn l 7,5 mm. K hiu ca cc loi t in trn s nguyn l c gii thiu trn Hnh 2.17.

Hnh 2.9: Gii thiu k hiu cc dng t in thng dng

T ( d T ( d n h m n g t r c ) n h m n g t r n ) T ( d m y l a n g t r n )

T g m n k h i ( d n g t r c ) T g m n k h i ( D I P )

T ( d

T a n t a l n g t r n )

T b

h n m t

T a g m

Hnh 2.10 : Cc dng t in thng dng 2.2.2.Cch mc t in: Trong thc t cch mc t in thng t khi c s dng, do cng dng ca chng trn mch in thng thng dng lc hoc lin lc tn hiu nn sai s cho php ln. Do , ngi ta c th ly gn ng m khng nh hng g n mch in. Trong cc trng hp i hi chnh xc cao nh cc mch dao ng, cc mch iu chnh...ngi ta mi s dng cch mc theo yu cu cho chnh xc. Mch mc ni tip: (Hnh:2.11)
C 1 C 2 C n

H 2.11: M ch t n m ni ti nh i c p
Cng thc tnh:

1 1 1 1 = + +...+ Ctd C1 C 2 Cn

Ctd: in dung tng ng ca mch in Cng ging nh in tr gi tr ca t in c sn xut theo bng 2.1. Trong mch mc song song in dung tng ng ca mch in lun nh hn hoc bng in dung nh nht mc trn mch V d: Cho t hai t in mc ni tip vi C1= 1mF, C2= 2,2mF tnh in tr tng ng ca mch in.

33

Gii: T cng thc tnh ta c: Ctd = Mch mc song song: (Hnh 2.12)

1 2,2 C1 C 2 = = 0,6875mF 1 + 2,2 C1 + C 2 C1 C2 Cn

H 2.12: M ch t n m song song nh i c

Cng thc tnh: Ctd = C1+ C2 +...+ Cn Ctd: in dung tng ng ca mch in. V d: Tnh in dung tng ng ca hai t in mc ni tip, Vi C1 = 3,3mF; C2 = 4,7mF. Gii: T cng thc ta c: Ctd = C1+ C2 = 3,3 + 4,7 = 8mF 2.2.3. Cc thng s k thut c bn ca t in - chnh xc: Tu theo cp chnh xc m tr s t in c cp sai s nh trnh by trong Bng 2.2: Bng 2.2: Cc cp sai s ca t in
Cp sai s

Cp .001 Cp .002 Cp .005 Cp .01 Cp 0 Cp I Cp II Cp III Cp IV Cp V Cp VIII

- 20% n + 30% - 20% n + 50% - 40% n + 100%

0,1% 0,2% 0,5% 1% 2% 5% 10% 20%

Sai s cho php

- in p lm vic l in p t ln t trong thi gian lm vic di m t khng b nh thng (khong 10 000 gi). Trn thc t gi tr ghi trn thn l in p lm vic, tuy nhin vi cc t hin nay trn th trng do Vit Nam v Trung Quc sn xut thng ghi l in p nh thng nn trong thay th cn ch n khi thay th t mi trong sa cha cn chn ln hn m bo an ton.

34

- in p nh thng l in p m qu in p th cht in mi ca t b nh thng. - Tr s danh nh ca t in tnh bng Fara hoc cc c s ca Fara l 1F (10 Fara), nF (10-9 Fara) v pF(10-12 Fara) c ghi trn t in bng m quy c. 2.3. Cun cm: Cun cm gm nhng vng dy cun trn mt li cch in. C khi qun cun cm bng dy cng v t vng, lc cun cm khng cn li. Ty theo tn s s dng m cun cm gm nhiu vng dy hay t, c li hay khng c li. Cun cm c tc dng ngn cn dng in xoay chiu trn mch in, i vi dng in mt chiu cun cm ng vai tr nh mt dy dn in. 2.3.1. Cu to ca cun cm: Theo cu to, cun cm gm c cc loi: Cun cm khng c li l cun cm c qun trn mt ng cch in, c t s vng dy thch ng vi tn s cao. Cun cm c qun trn li bng s, cng dng cho tn s cao, loi ny dng s l cht in mi tt, tiu hao t nn c h s phm cht cao. Cun cm c qun nhiu vng, nhiu lp, dng cho tn s thp hn. tng tr s in cm ngi ta thng qun nhiu vng dy trn li c t thm ln. 2.3.2. K hiu ca cun cm Trong mch in cun cm c k hiu nh Hnh 2.20
-6

Hnh 2.13: Cc k hiu ca cun cm Ngoi cch k hiu nh trn cun cm c th c ghi k t nh T hay L

Hnh 2.14: Hnh dng cc loi cun cm Trong k thut cun cm c qun theo yu cu k thut t hng hay t qun theo tnh ton nn cun cm khng c mc ni tip hay song song nh in tr hoc t in v phi tnh n chiu mc cc cun cm vi nhau ng thi gy

35

cng knh v mt cu trc mch in, tr cc mch lc c tn s cao hoc siu cao trong cc thit b thu pht v tuyn. 2.4. Cch c tr s linh kin th ng: Cc linh kin th ng c kch thc ln thng d phn bit, d ghi tr s nhng vi cc linh kin c kch thc nh th hnh dng i khi gn ging nhau, ch khc nhau v mu sc nn trong thc t i khi d b nhm ln. Sau y l cch ghi tr s ca cc linh kin th ng. 2.4.1. Ghi trc tip: L ghi trc tip cc thng s k thut trn thn linh kin. Thng thng ch thc hin c vi cc linh kin c kch thc ln. i vi linh kin loi ny ch vic c tr s bnh thng.

V d: in tr: Hnh 2.15

T in: Hnh 2.16 Cun cm: Hnh 2.17

Khng thy hai hnh ny 2.4.2.Ghi bng vng mu: Cch ny thng dng ghi trn thn cc linh kin c kch thc nh. Cch ghi thng dng nht l dng 04 vng mu nh hnh v. Hnh 2.18

Vng ch s Vng ch s lng s 0

Vng ch sai s

Hnh 2.18: Cch k hiu in tr bng cc vng c mu khc nhau

36

Bng 2.3: Bng qui c mu linh kin th ng Qui c mu en Nu Cam Vng Lc (xanh l) Lam (xanh dng) Tm Xm Trng Vng kim Bc kim 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0,... 0,0... i thnh s Khng c 0 00 000 0.000 00.000 000.000 0.000.000 0 00.000.000 Mt s 0 Hai s 0 Ba s 0 Bn s 0 Nm s 0 Su s 0 By s Tm s 20% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 5% 10% S lng s 0 Sai s

0 000.000.000 Chn s 0 0,1 0,01

V d: c in tr c vng mu nh sau

- Nu; ; en; vng kim = 1;2; khng c s 0, sai s 5%. c l:12; 5% - Cam; cam; ; bch kim = 3; 3; hai s 0; sai s 10%. c l: 3300;10%
c t in c vng mu nh sau:

- Vng; Tm; Nu; vng kim = 4; 7; mt s 0; sai s 5%. c l: 470 pF - ; ; ; vng kim = 2;2; hai s 0; sai s 5% c l: 2200 pF.
c cun dy c vng mu nh sau:

- Nu; lc; cam; vng kim = 1; 5; ba s 0; sai s 5%. c l: 15000 H. - Lam; xm; ; vng kim = 6; 8; hai s 0; sai s 5%. c l: 6800 H.
Ch : Vi cc loi linh kin 04 vng mu ch c ba loi sai s 5% vng kim; 10% bc kim; 20% en hoc khng c vng mu. Cc linh kin c 5 hoc 6 vng mu l loi linh kin chnh sc mi s dng loi sai s khc, c s dng ch yu trong cc mch c chnh sc cao nh thit b o lng, thit b dng trong qun s. Hnh 2.19

Vng ch s

Vng ch sai s Vng ch s lng s 0

Vng ch u

Linh kin k hiu bng 05 vng mu

Vng ch s

37 Vng ch sai
s Vng ch s lng s 0

Linh kin k hiu bng 06 vng mu Hnh 2.19: Cc linh kin ghi nhiu vng mu 2.4.3. Ghi bng k t: Loi linh kin c ghi gi tr bng k t thng c kch thc rt nh c dng ch yu trong cng ngh hn b mt SMD (SMD: Surface Mount Device). Ngoi nhim v ghi tr s linh kin i khi do nhu cu k t cn c th dng ghi m s linh kin, do mun tra cu thng s k thut ca linh kin ngi ta cn phi tra bng, tuy nhin vic dng bng tra trong thc t ch tin hnh vi cc linh kin bn dn hoc cc linh kin th ng dng tch hp (nhiu linh kin t chung vi nhau). Gn ging nh loi linh kin ghi bng mu, linh kin ghi bng k t c ghi bng s hoc ch. V d hnh 2.20

123 ch s

S lng s 0

Hnh 2.20: Cch k hiu bng k t thng thng.

- Nu l in tr th c nh sau: 12000 - Nu l t in thi c nh sau: 12000pf - Nu l cun cm th c nh sau: 12000H

Trn thc t t in v cun dy thng c tr s nh. Vi t thng di 1000pf, Vi cun dy thng vi chc H. Vi cc gi tr nh hn10 ngi ta thng chn thm ch R trong k hiu. V d Hnh 2.21

1R2 R47

in tr c c l: 1,2 v 0,47 Hnh 2.21: Cch k hiu linh kin gi tr nh hn 10

38

Cu hi v bi tp Cu hi nhiu la chn: Hy la chn phng n ng tr li cc cu hi di y bng cch t en vo vung thch hp: tt Ni dung cu hi a b c d 2.1 in tr c tnh cht g? O O O O a. Dn in DC b. Dn in AC c.Dn in DC v AC. d. Khng cho dng in i qua. 2.2 Trong mch in, in tr lm nhim v g? O O O O a.Gim p. b.Hn dng. c. Phn cc. d. C ba y t trn. 2.3 Cn c vo u phn loi in tr? O O O O a. Cu to. b. tnh cht. c.Cng dng. d. Cp chnh sc. 2.4 in tr mc ni tp c tnh cht g? O O O O a. Tng gi tr b. Gim gi tr c.Gi tr khng thay i. d. C ba u sai 2.5 in tr mc song song c tnh cht g? O O O O a. Tng gi tr b. Gim gi tr c.Tng cng sut d. C ba u ng 2.6 Thng thng ngi ta mc in tr song song O O O O lm g? a. Tng cng sut chu ti b. Gim gi tr in tr trn mch c.Tng din tch to nhit trn mch d. C ba iu trn 2.7 in tr c thng s k thut c bn no? O O O O a. Tr s b. Sai s c.Cng sut d. C ba iu trn 2.8 Bin tr trong mch in dng lm g? O O O O a. Thay i gi tr ca in tr. b. Thay i in p phn cc c.Thay i dng phn cc d. C ba u sai 2.9 Trong k thut bin tr than dng lm g? O O O O a. Hn ch dng in qua mch b. Gim in p cung cp cho mch c.Phn cc cho mch in d. C ba iu trn.

39

2.1 0

2.1 1

2.1 2

2.1 3

2.1 4

2.1 5

2.1 6

2.1 7

2.1 8

2.1 9

Trong k thut bin tr dy qun dn lm g? a. Hn ch dng qua mch in. b. Gim in p cung cp cho mch in c.Phn cc cho mch in d. Gm a,b T in c tnh cht g? a. Ngn dng mt chiu b. Ngn dng xoay chiu c.C a,b ng d. C a,b sai Trong k thut t in c chia lm my loi? a. Phn cc b. Khng phn cc c.Thng d. Gm a, b. T mc ni tip c tnh cht g? a. Tng tr s b. Gim tr s c.Khng thay i d. Tt c u sai T mc song song c tnh cht g? a. Tng tr s b. Gim tr s c.Khng thay i d. Tt c u sai. Trong thc t thng thng ngi ta mc t theo cch no? a. Mc ni tip b. Mc song song c.Mc hn hp d. Tt c cc cch trn T in c nhng thng s c bn no? a. Tr s b. in p lm vic c.Cp chnh xc d. Tt c cc yu t trn. Cun cm c tnh cht g? a. Ngn dng DC b. Ngn dng AC c.C a, b ng d. C a, b sai H s t cm ca cun cm ph thuc vo yu t no? a. S vng dy. b. Phm cht li c.K thut qun. d. C ba iu trn. C my hnh thc ghi tr s linh kn th ng? a. Ghi trc tip. b. Ghi bng vng mu. c.Ghi bng k t.

40

2.2 0

d. C ba cch trn. Cch ghi tr s linh kin th ng da vo u? a. Gi tr ca linh kin. b. Kch thc ca linh kin. c.Hnh dng ca linh kin d. Cu to ca linh kin. Hot ng ii: T nghin cu ti liu: Ti liu:

Nguyn Tn Phc Nguyn Minh Gip Nguyn Kim Giao, L Xun Th

Linh kin in t, NXB Tng hp TP. HCM, 2003 Sch tra cu linh kin in t SMD. NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 2003 K thut in t 1. NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2003 Gio trinh linh kin in t, D n GDKT v DN (VTEP), H Ni, 2007 S tay tra cu linh kin in t,

xun Th

K thut in t, NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2005.

Ni dung cn nghin cu:

- Cu to, tnh cht, k hiu, ng dng cc linh kin in t .

Hot ng iii: Thc hnh ti xng trng 1. Ni dung:

Phn bit cc linh kin th ng ri v trong mch in. o kim tra nh gi cht lng linh kin.

2. Hnh thc t chc: T chc theo nhm nh mi nhm t 2 - 4 hc sinh. Gio vin hng dn ban u hc sinh thc hin cc ni dung di s theo di, ch dn ca gio vin. 3. Dng c:

Cc linh kin th ng ri Cc mch in t thc t My o VOM s hoc kim. My o t . My o cun cm. Pht linh kin v mch in cho hc sinh quan st t khng nh vai Hng dn hc snh cc c im phn bit cc loi linh kin vi nhau. Hng dn hc sinh c tr s cc loi linh kin.

4. Qui trnh thc hin: tr ca linh kin th ng trong mch in.

41

Hng dn hc sinh o kim tra tr s ca linh kin. Hng dn hc sinh nh gi cht lng linh kin

Kt lun cc trng thi h hng ca linh kin.

42

Bi 3 Linh kin bn dn m bi: cie 01 09 03

Gii thiu Trong mch in t nu ch thun cc linh kin th ng th khng th hot ng c, do cc thng tin khng c to ra hoc khng c bin i v khng c x l (iu ch, khuch i, chuyn i sang cc dng tn hiu khc..). Linh kin tch cc trong mch gi vai tr quan trng khng th thiu c, l iu kin to ra cc thng tin tn hiu, bin i v x l thng tin, l nn tng cu to nn thit b in t. Ngy nay, vi s pht trin khng ngng ca khoa hc, cng ngh, nht l cng ngh bn dn, trong cc thit b in t, chng ta gp ch yu l linh kin bn dn. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi hc ny, hc vin c nng lc: - Phn bit cc linh kin bn dn c cng sut nh theo cc c tnh ca linh kin. - Phn bit c cc loi linh kin bng my o VOM theo c tnh ca linh kin. - Xc nh c tnh k thut ca linh kin theo ni dung bi hc bng cch s dng bng tra cu. - Kim tra nh gi cht lng linh kin bng VOM trn c s c tnh ca linh kin. Ni dung Khi nim cht bn dn Tip gip PN - it tip mt. Phn loai v ng dng it. Tranzito BJT. Tranzito trng. Diac, SCR, Triac

Hot ng I: nghe thuyt trnh trn lp c tho lun 3.1. Khi nim 3.1.1. Khi nim: t lu, tu theo tnh cht ca vt cht, ngi ta thng chia vt cht lm hai loi l cht dn in v cht cch in. T u th k trc ngi ta ch n cht bn dn in (gi tt l cht bn dn). nh ngha: cht bn dn l cht c c tnh dn in trung gian gia cht dn in v cht cch in. S phn chia trn ch c tnh cht tng i, v in tr sut ca cht bn dn cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc, nu ch da vo in tr sut nh ngha th cha th biu th y cc tnh cht ca cc cht bn dn.

43

Cc tnh cht ca cht bn dn: in tr ca cht bn dn gim khi nhit tng, in tr tng khi nhit gim. Mt cch l tng khng tuyt i (- 2730C) th cc cht bn dn u tr thnh cch in. in tr ca cht bn dn thay i rt nhiu theo tinh khit. Cc cht bn dn hon ton tinh khit c th coi nh cch in khi nhit thp. Nhng nu ch c mt cht tp cht th dn in tng ln rt nhiu, thm ch c th dn in tt nh cc cht dn in. in tr ca cht bn dn thay i di tc dng ca nh sng. Cng nh sng cng ln th in tr ca cht bn dn thay i cng ln . Khi cho kim loi tip xc vi bn dn hay ghp hai loi bn dn N v P vi nhau th n ch dn in tt theo mt chiu. Ngoi ra, cc cht bn dn c nhiu c tnh khc na. 3.1.2. S dn in trong cht bn dn tinh khit. Ngi ta nghin cu v a ra kt lun: dng in trong cc cht dn in l do cc in t t do chy theo mt chiu nht nh sinh ra. Cn dng in trong cht bn dn khng nhng do s di chuyn c hng ca cc in tch m (in t) m cn l s di chuyn c hng ca cc in tch dng (l trng). V d: Mt nguyn t gcmani c bn in t ngoi cng. N lin kt vi bn nguyn t chung quanh. To thnh 08 in t lp ngoi cng. Mi lin kt ny kh bn vng. Cho nn nhit rt thp s khng c tha in t t do, do khng c kh nng dn in. Gi l trng thi trung ho v in. Khi nhit tc ng vo cht bn dn tng ln, th in t lp ngoi cng c cung cp nhiu nng lng nht. Mt s in t no c nng lng thng c s rng buc ca ht nhn th ri b nguyn t ca n, tr thnh in t t do, di chuyn trong mng tinh th. Ch ca chng chim trc y tr thnh l trng v tr thnh ion dng. Ion dng c nhu cu ly mt in t bn cnh tr v trng thi trung ho v in. Ngi ta coi ion dng c mt l trng, khin cho mt in t bn cnh d nhy vo lp i. Ch ca in t ny li b trng, ngha l li to nn mt l trng khc v li c mt in t cnh nhy vo lp ch trng. C nh vy, mi khi c mt in t t do thot khi rng buc vi ht nhn ca n, chy lung tung trong mng tinh th, th cng c mt l chy trong . Thc cht, s di chuyn ca l trng l do di chuyn ca cc in t chy ti lp l trng. Trong cht bn dn tinh khit bao gi s in t v s l trng di chuyn cng bng nhau. nhit thp th ch c t cp in t l trng di chuyn. Nhng nhit cng cao th cng c nhiu cp in t, l trng di chuyn. S di chuyn ny khng c chiu nht nh nn khng to nn dng in. Nu by gi u thanh bn dn vi hai cc dng, m ca mt pin, th gia hai u thanh bn dn c mt in trng theo chiu t A n B (hnh 3.12.). Cc in t s di chuyn ngc chiu in trng, cc in t ti lp l trng cng chy ngc chiu in trng. Dng in t v dng l trng hp thnh dng in trong thanh bn dn, nhit cng tng th dng in cng ln.

44

B t r n g

0 - - 0- >- - - > - - - > - - - 0 - - - > 0 0 > > 0 0 - - 0- >- - - 0 > - - - 0 - - - > - - - >
0 - - - > 0 - - - > 0 - - - > 0 - - - > 0 - - - >

d n g
o --->

i n

d n g

Hnh 3.1: Chiu chuyn ng ca cc in t v l trng 3.1.3 S dn in trong cht bn dn tp: Bn dn N: Bn dn loi n cn gi l bn dn in t hay bn dn m. Nu cho mt t tp cht asen (As) vo tinh th gecmani (Ge) tinh khit ta thy hin tng sau: nguyn t asen c nm in t lp ngoi cng, nn ch c 4 in t ca asen kt hp vi bn in t lin kt gia asen v bn nguyn t gecmani, cn in t th nm th tha ra. N khng b rng buc vi mt nguyn t gecmani no, nn tr thnh in t t do chy lung tung trong tinh th cht bn dn. Do , kh nng dn in ca loi bn dn ny tng ln rt nhiu so vi cht bn dn thun. Nng tp cht asen cng cao th s in t tha cng nhiu v cht bn dn cng dn in tt. Hin tng dn in nh trn gi l dn in bng in t. Cht bn dn gi l cht bn dn n, Nu cho tp cht ho tr 5 nh pht pho (P), asen (As), antimoan (Sb) vo cc cht ho tr 4 nh gecmani (Ge), silic (Si), cacbon (C) ta c bn dn n. Trong cht bn dn loi n th cc in t tha l cc ht in tch m chim a s. S lng in t tha ph thuc nng tp cht. Cn s cc cp in t - l trng do ph v lin kt to thnh th ph thuc vo nhit . Nu u hai cc ca b pin vo hai u mt thanh bn dn loi n, th di tc ng ca in trng E, cc in t tha v cc cp in t - l trng ang di chuyn ln xn s phi di chuyn theo hng nht nh: in t chy ngc chiu in trng cn cc l trng chy cng chiu in trng. Nh trong mch c dng in. Dng in do cc in t tha sinh ra ln hn nhiu so vi dng in do cc cp in t - l trng to nn. V th cc in t tha ny gi l in tch a s. Bn dn p: Bn dn loi p cn gi l bn dn l trng hay bn dn dng. Nu cho mt t nguyn t Ini (In) vo trong tinh th gecmani tinh khit th ta thy hin tng sau: nguyn t indi c ba in t lp ngoi cng, nn ba in t ch lin kt vi ba in t ca ba nguyn t gecmani chung quanh. Cn lin kt th t ca ini vi mt nguyn t gecmani na th li thiu mt mt in t, ch thiu gi l l trng, do c l trng nn c s di chuyn in t ca nguyn t gcmani bn cnh ti lp l trng v li to nn mt l trng khc, khin cho mt in t khc li ti lp. Do cht bn dn loi p c kh nng dn in. L trng coi nh mt in tch dng. Nguyn t ini trc kia trung tnh, nay tr thnh ion m, v c thm in t. Hin tng dn in nh trn gi l dn in bng l trng. Cht bn dn l bn dn loi P hay cn gi l bn dn dng.

45

- - - > 0

- - - > 0

- - - > 0

- - - > 0

- - - > 0

- - - >

0 ---> ------------->

------------->

Nu c tp cht ho tr ba nh ini (In), bo (B), gali (Ga) vo cc cht bn dn ho tr bn nh Ge, Si,C th c bn dn loi p. Trong cht bn dn loi p, l trng l nhng ht mang in tch chim a s. S lng l trng ph thuc vo nng tp cht, cn s cc cp in t - l trng do ph v lin kt to thnh th ph thuc vo nhit . Nu u hai cc ca b pin vo hai u mt thanh bn dn loi p th di tc ng ca in trng E, cc l trng (a s) v cc cp in t - l trng ang di chuyn lung tung theo mi hng s phi di chuyn theo hng quy nh. Nh trong mch c dng in. Dng in do l trng sinh ra ln hn nhiu so vi dng in do cp in t - l trng. V th trong bn dn loi P cc l trng l in tch a s. 3.1.4. u nhc im ca linh kin bn dn: u im: - Linh kin bn dn khng c si nung, nn khng cn ngun si nung, va khng tn nng lng in va trnh c nhiu tp do si nung gy ra. - Linh kin bn dn c th tch nh gn, d lp rp. - Linh kin bn dn c tui th tng i di. Nhc im: - Linh kin bn dn c in p ngc nh hn so vi n in t chn khng, - Linh kin bn dn c dng in ngc (dng r), - Linh kin bn dn c in tr ngc khng ln, li khng ng u, - Cc thng s k thut ca linh kin bn dn thay i theo nhit . 3.2.Tip gip PN - it tip mt 3.2.1.Tip gip PN: Cu to: (Hnh 3.2)

Bn dnP

Bn dnN

Hnh:3.2: Cu to mi ni pn Khi ghp hai loi bn dn p v n vi nhau th in t tha ca n chy sang p v cc l trng ca bn dn p chy sang n Chng gp nhau vng tip gip, ti hp vi nhau v tr nn trung ho v in. vng tip gip v pha bn dn p, do mt l trng nn ch cn li nhng ion m. V vy, vng c in tch m. vng tip gip v pha bn dn n, do mt in t tha, nn ch cn li nhng ion dng. V v vng c in tch dng, do , hnh thnh in dung mt tip gip. n y, s khuch tn qua li gia p v n dng li. Vng tip gip tr thnh mt bc ro ngn khng cho l trng t p chy qua n v in t t n chy qua p. Ring cc ht mang in tch thiu s l cc in t trong bn dn p v cc l trng trong bn dn n l c th vt qua tip gip, v chng khng b nh hng ca bc x hng ro ngn, m ch ph thuc nhit . Trong bn dn p, cc in tch a s l cc l trng, cn trong bn dn n l cc in t tha. Nguyn l hot ng: + Phn cc thun c trnh by trn Hnh 3.3

46

Hnh 3.3: Phn cc thun cho mi ni PN Do tc dng ca in trng E, cc in t tha trong n chy ngc chiu in trng vt qua tip gip sang p, ti hp vi cc l trng trong p chy v pha tip gip. in t t do t m ngun s chy v bn dn n thay th, to nn dng thun c chiu ngc li. Dng thun tng theo in p phn cc. Ngoi ra, phi k n s tham gia vo dng thun ca cc in t trong cp in t - l trng. Khi nhit tng ln th thnh phn ny tng, lm cho dng thun tng ln. + Phn cc ngc c trnh by trn Hnh 3.4

Hnh 3.4: Phn cc ngc cho mi ni pn Do tc ng ca in trng E cc in t tha trong n v cc l trng trong p u di chuyn v hai u m khng vt qua c tip gip, nn khng to nn c dng in. Ch cn mt s in tch thiu s l nhng l trng trong vng bn dn n v cc in t trong vng bn dn p (ca cp in t - l trng) mi c kh nng vt qua tip gip. Chng ti hp vi nhau. Do c mt dng in t rt nh t cc m ngun chy ti thay th cc in t trong P chy v pha N v to nn dng in ngc rt nh theo chiu ngc li. Gi l dng ngc v n chy t bn dn m (n sang bn dn dng (p). Dng ngc ny ph thuc vo nhit v hu nh khng ph thuc in p phn cc. n khi in p phn cc ngc tng qu ln th tip gip b nh thng v dng ngc tng vt ln. 3.2.2 it tip mt: it tip mt gm hai bn dn loi p v loi n tip gip nhau. u bn dn p l cc dng, u bn dn n l cc m. it tip mt c nhiu c to nh, hnh thc khc nhau. Do din tip xc ln, nn dng in cho php i qua c th ln hng trm miliampe n hng chc ampe, in p ngc c th t hng trm n hng ngn

47

vn. Nhng in dung gia cc cc ln ti hng chc picfara tr ln, nn ch dng c tn s thp nn in. K hiu ca it tip mt :
DIODE

Nguyn l lm vic ca it tip mt Khi ghp hai loi bn dn p v n vi nhau th in t tha ca n chy sang p v cc l trng ca bn dn p chy sang n. Chng gp nhau vng tip gip, ti hp vi nhau v tr nn trung ho v in. vng tip gip v pha bn dn p, do mt l trng nn ch cn li nhng ion m. V vy, vng c in tch m. vng tip gip v pha bn dn n, do mt in t tha, nn ch cn li nhng ion dng. V vy vng c in tch dng, do , hnh thnh in dung mt tip gip. n y, s khuch tn qua li gia p v N dng li. Vng tip gip tr thnh mt bc ro ngn khng cho l trng t p chy qua n v in t n chy qua p. Ring cc ht mang in tch thiu s l cc in t trong bn dn p v cc l trng trong bn dn n l c th vt qua tip gip, v chng khng b nh hng ca bc x hng ro ngn, m ch ph thuc nhit . Trong bn dn p, cc in tch a s l cc l trng, cn trong bn dn n l cc in t tha. By gi ta xt s chuyn ng ca cc phn t mang in khi phn cc cho it. + Phn cc thun c trnh by trn Hnh 3.5

Hnh 3.5: Phn cc thun cho it tip mt Do tc dng ca in trng E, cc in t tha trong n chy ngc chiu in trng vt qua tip gip sang p, ti hp vi cc l trng trong p chy v pha tip gip. in t t do t m ngun s chy v bn dn n thay th, to nn dng thun c chiu ngc li. Dng thun tng theo in p phn cc. Ngoi ra, phi k n s tham gia vo dng thun ca cc in t trong cp in t - l trng. Khi nhit tng ln th thnh phn ny tng, lm cho dng thun tng ln. + Phn cc ngc c trnh by trn Hnh 3.6

48

Hnh 3.6: Phn cc ngc cho it tip mt Do tc ng ca in trng E cc in t tha trong n v cc l trng trong p u di chuyn v hai u m khng vt qua c tip gip, nn khng to nn c dng in. Ch cn mt s in tch thiu s l nhng l trng trong vng bn dn n v cc in t trong vng bn dn p (ca cp in t - l trng) mi c kh nng vt qua tip gip. Chng ti hp vi nhau. Do c mt dng in t rt nh t cc m ngun chy ti thay th cc in t trong p chy v pha N v to nn dng in ngc rt nh theo chiu ngc li. Gi l dng ngc v n chy t bn dn m (n) sang bn dn dng (p). Dng ngc ny ph thuc vo nhit v hu nh khng ph thuc in p phn cc. n khi in p phn cc ngc tng qu ln th tip gip b nh thng v dng ngc tng vt ln. 3.3. Phn loi v cc ng dng c bn ca it 3.3.1. it nn in: Do c tnh lm vic dng ln, p cao nn it nn in c dng l it tip mt nh trnh by phn trn. Cc mch nn in c bn: - Mch nn in bn k: (Hnh 3.7)

T V a c I n

D
DIODE + C

V d c

O u t

Hnh 3.7: Mch nn in mt bn k Nhim v cc linh kin trong mch nh sau: T: Bin p dng tng hoc gim p (thng thng l gim p) D: it nn in. C: T lc xoay chiu. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch nh sau: in p xoay chiu ng vo Vac in qua bin p c tng hoc gim p. in p sau khi nn c a n it nn in. bn k dng it dn in np in cho t C. bn k m it b phn cc ngc nn khng dn in, nn ng ra ca mch nn Vdc out ta c in p mt chiu. - Mch nn in ton k dng hai it: (Hnh 3.8)

49

D 1 T V a c I n
DIODE C + DIODE

V d c

O u t

D 2

Hnh 3.8: Mch nn in ton k dng hai it Nhim v cc linh kin nh sau: T: Bin p dng bin i in p xoay chiu ng vo D1; D2: Nn dng in xoay chiu AC thnh dng mt chiu DC C: T lc xoay chiu sau nn. Nguyn l hot ng nh sau: in p xoay chiu ng vo qua bin p bin i thch ng vi mch in. Khi u trn ca bin p bn k dng it D1 dn in th u di ca bin p bn k m nn it D2 khng dn in. Dng in nn qua D1 np in cho t lc C. Khi u trn ca bin p l bn k m it D1 khng dn in th u di ca bin p l bn k dng nn it D2 dn in np in cho t C. Nh vy dng in ng ra c lin tc c hai bn k ca dng in xoay chiu nn c gi l mch nn in hai bn k. c im ca mch l phi dng bin p m cun th cp c im gia nn khng thun tin cho mch nu khng dng bin p, hoc bin p khng c im gia. khc phc nhc im ny, thng thng trong thc t ngi ta dng mch nn in ton k dng s cu. - Mch nn in ton k dng s cu: (Hnh 3.9)
T V a c I n D 4
DIODE

D 1

DIODE

D 2

DIODE

V d c
+ C

O u t

D 3
DIODE

Hnh 3.9: Mch nn in ton k dng s cu Nhim v cc linh kin trong mch: T: Bin p i in. D1; D2; D3; D4: it nn in. C: T lc xoay chiu sau nn. Nguyn l hot ng nh sau: Dng xoay chiu ng vo qua bin p T, ng ra trn cun s cp c a n b nn cu. Khi u trn ca bin p l bn k dng th u di ca bin p l bn k m. Lc ny D1; D3 dn in np in cho t C. Khi u trn ca bin p l bn k m th u di ca bin p l bn k dng. Lc ny D2; D4 dn in np cho t C cng chiu np ban u, hnh thnh in p mt chiu ng ra. Mch nn in tng i (Hnh 3.10): Mch ny dng to ra in p mt chiu c gi tr cao gp hai ln in p xoay chiu ng vo.

50

Mch nn in tng i mt bn k: (Hnh 3.10 a)

+ C1 D2 C2 + D1

V i

A C

V o

A C

Hnh 3.10 a: Mch nn in tng i mt bn k. Trong nhim v cc linh kin nh sau: D1; D2: nn in bi p C1; C2: t bi p. Hot ng ca mch nh sau: bn k dng t C1 dn in qua it D2 np in cho t C2. bn k m D1 dn in np in cho t C1. n bn k k tip pha dng ca in p xoay chiu np chng ln t C1 c dn qua it D2 np in cho t C2 Lc ny in p DC ng ra l hai ln in p nh ca in p xoay chiu. Mch in ny c nhc im l dng in nh, hiu sut khng cao, nn t c s dng trong thc t. Mch nn in tng i hai bn k: (Hnh 3.10 b)
DIODE

V a c

i n

D 1

+ C1 + C2

V d c

o u t

DIODE

D 2

Hnh 3.10 b: Mch nn in tng i hai bn k. Trong nhim v cc linh kin trong mch nh sau: D1; D2: Nn in bi p C1; C2: T bi p. Hot ng ca mch nh sau: u trn ca ng vo l bn k dng it D1 dn in np cho t C1 v ngun. Khi u trn i chiu l bn k m it D 2 dn in np in cho t C2 v ngun. Do hai t C1; C2 mc ni tip nn in p DC ng ra l tng in p np trn hai t C1; C2 nn in p c tng i. 3.3.2. it tch sng: Cn c gi l it tip im. - Cu to ( Hnh 3.11):
A n K t lo i N K a t t

Hnh 3.11: Cu to ca it tch sng

51

Gm mi nhn kim loi l cc dng, t ln mt mt ming bn dn loi n l cc m. - K hiu: ging nh it tip mt

DIODE

Hnh 3.12: K hiu ca it tch sng -Tnh cht:: Tng t nh it tip mt, nhng it tip im c th tch nh, cng sut nh, in dung gia hai cc nh, nn dng tn s cao. Vng tip xc ca it tip im nh, nn dng in cho php qua it thng khng qu 10 15mA v in p ngc khng qu vi chc vn. -ng dng: Thng dng tch sng tn hiu trong cc thit b thu v tuyn, thit b c chc nng bin i tn hiu .... 3.3.3. it zne: - Cu to: it zne c cu to ging nh cc loi it khc nhng cc cht bn dn c pha t l tp cht cao hn c dng in r ln. Thng thng hin nay trong k thut ngi ta sn xut ch yu l it silic. - K hiu:

D z

Hnh 3.13: K hiu ca it zne - Tnh cht:: Trng thi phn cc thun it zne c c tnh ging nh it nn in thng thng. Trng thi phn cc ngc do pha tp cht vi t l cao nn dng r ln v in p ngc thp, in p gi l in p zne Vz. Khi phn cc ngc n tr s Vz th dng qua it tng m in p khng tng. - ng dng: Li dng tnh cht ca it zne m ngi ta c th gi in p ti mt im no khng i gi l ghim p hoc n p (Hnh 3.12).
R

V i

D V d

V o

Hnh 3.14: Mch in s dng it zne Vi: l in p ng vo Vo l in p ng ra. . Nu in p ng vo l tn hiu c bin cao hn in p V z th ng ra tn hiu b xn mt phn nh ch cn li khong bin bng Vz

52

. Nu in p ng vo l in p DC cao hn Vz th ng ra in p DC ch bng Vz. . Nu in p ng vo cao hn rt nhiu Vz. Dng qua it zne tng cao n mt gi tr no vt qua gi tr cho php th it b nh thng. Lm cho in p ng ra b trit tiu. Tnh cht ny c dng trong cc b ngun bo v chng qu p ngun m bo an ton cho mch in khi ngun tng cao. R trong mch gi vai tr l in tr hn dng hay gim p. 3.3.4. it quang (Photodiode): - Cu to: it quang c cu to gn ging nh it tch sng nhng v bc cch in thng c lm bng lp nha hay thu tinh trong sut d dng nhn nh sng t bn ngoi chiu vo mi ni pn. -K hiu:

Hnh 3.15: K hiu ca it quang - Tnh cht: Khi b che ti: in tr nghch v cng ln, in tr thun ln. Khi b chiu sng: in tr nghch gim thp khong vi chc k. in tr thun rt nh khong vi trm Ohm. - ng dng: it quang c ng dng rng ri trong lnh vc iu khin t ng mi ngnh c ng dng k thut in t, nh my m tin, my m sn phm, ca m t ng, t ng bo chy v.v. .... 3.3.5. it pht quang: LED (Light Emitting Diode) - Cu to: Li dng tnh cht bc x quang c mu sc khc nhau khi c dng in i qua ca mt s cht bn dn, ngi ta ch to cc Led c mu sc khc nhau. - K hiu:

Hnh 3.16: K hiu ca LED - Tnh cht:: Led c in p phn cc thun cao hn it nn in nhng in p phn cc ngc cc i thng khng cao khong 1,4 - 2,8V. Dng in khong 5mA - 20mA. - ng dng: Thng c dng trong cc mch bo hiu, ch th trng thi ca mch. Nh bo ngun, ch bo m lng... 3.3.5. it bin dung (Varicap): - Cu to: it bin dung l loi it c in dung thay i theo in p phn cc. trng thi khng dn in, vng tip gip ca it tr thnh in mi cch in. in dung Cd ca it ph thuc ch yu vo hng s in mi, din tch tip xc, chiu dy ca in mi. Theo cng thc: Cd =

S d 53

Cd: in dung ca it

: Hng s in mi S: Din tch mi ni. d: dy cht in mi. -K hiu:

Hnh 3.17: K hiu ca it bin dung -Tnh cht: Khi c phn cc thun th l trng v electron hai lp bn dn b y li gn nhau lm thu hp b dy cch in d nn in dung Cd tng ln. Khi it c phn cc ngc th l trng v electron b ko xa ra lm tng b dy cch in nn in dung Cd b gim xung. - ng dng: it bin dung c s dng nh mt t in bin i bng cch thay i in p phn cc thay i tn s cng hng ca mch dao ng, cng hng nn c dng trong cc mch dao ng, cng hng c tn s bin i theo yu cu nh b d i trong radio, my thu hnh, my lin lc v tuyn, in thoi di ng ....

3.4. Tranzito lng cc BJT 3.4.1. Cu to: Tranzito lng cc l linh kin c 3 chn, tranzito c s dng iu khin chuyn mch hoc iu khin khuch i. Cc tranzito c loi c cu trc pnp, c loi c cu trc npn (xem Bng tng quan). Tranzito lng cc loi npn dng mt dng nh i vo cc bad B (cp dng) v mt in p dng (c quan h vi cc emit E) iu khin dng ln hn chy t cc colect C n cc emit E. Ngc li, tranzito loi pnp dng mt dng nh i ra khi cc bad B (rt dng) v mt in p m (c quan h vi cc emit E) iu khin dng ln hn chy t cc emit n cc colect. Tranzito lng cc l linh kin rt tin dng. Kh nng iu khin dng in ca tranzito lng cc bng cch t tn hiu iu khin lm cho loi tranzito ny tr thnh linh kin c ph dng trong cc mch chuyn mch iu khin bng in, mch iu chnh dng, mch khuch i, mch dao ng v cc mch nh. Di y l hnh nh n gin v cch lm vic ca tranzito lng cc loi npn (i vi loi tranzito lng cc pnp, mi thnh t, cc phn cc v dng u o ngc li). Mt tranzito lng cc npn c ch to bng cch ghp ming rt mng cht bn dn loi p gia hai ming bn dn loi n. Khi khng c dng t vo cc bad B ca tranzito, cc electron b ngn khng chy n cc colect v tip gip p (nh li l i vi cc electron, chy qua tip gip pn cn mt nh thin cp cho cc electron mt nng lng ln cc electron "thot" ra khi lc hp dn ca nguyn t v chy n pha bn dn n). Ch rng nu in p m c t vo cc bad B, lc tip gip pn gia cc bad v cc emit c thin p ngc. Do vng ngho c to nn v ngn cn dng chy qua). Nu mt in p dng (t nht bng 0,6V) c t vo cc bad B ca tranzito npn, phn tip gip pn gia cc bad B v cc emit E c nh thin thun.

54

Khi c nh thin thun cc electron thot ra khi lc hp dn ca nguyn t v c thu ht v cc dng bad. Mt s electron qua cc bad thot ra ngoi, nhng iu ny khng mong mun.

Tng quan v tranzito

Loi tranzito K hiu c Lng cc b e
NPN

Kiu hot ng

c b e
PNP

D G
JFET
NJFET

S
D G S
PJFET

D
MOSFET Loi ngho

G S

2N3796

Thng tranzito khng dn nhng vi mt dng nh i vo v in p dng nh ti cc B lm cho cc E dn (cho php mt lng dng ln chy t cc C n cc E). Tranzito hot ng vi iu kin VC > VE. S dng trong cc ng dng chuyn mch v khuch i. Thng tranzito khng dn, nhng vi mt dng nh i ra v in p m nh ti cc B lm cho cc E dn (cho php mt lng dng ln chy t cc E n cc C). Tranzito hot ng vi VE > VC. S dng lm chuyn mch v khuch i. Thng tranzito dn, nhng vi mt in p m nh ti cc cng G lm cho cc ngun S ngng dn (khng cho dng t cc ngun S chy n cc mng D). Tranzito hot ng vi iu kin VD > VS. Khng i hi c dng cc cng G. S dng lm chuyn mch v khuch i. Thng tranzito dn, nhng vi mt in p dng nh ti cc cng G lm cho cc ngun ngng dn (khng cho dng t cc ngun S chy n cc mng D). Tranzito hot ng vi iu kin VS > VD. Khng i hi c dng cc cng G. S dng lm chuyn mch v khuch i. Thng tranzito MOSFET loi ngho dn, nhng vi in p m nh t vo cng G lm cho cng ngun S ngng dn (lm ngng dng ln chy qua cc mng D - cc ngun S). Tranzito hot ng vi iu kin VD > VS. Khng i hi c dng cc cng G. S dng trong cc ng dng chuyn mch v khuch i.

55

D G S
PMOS

D G
MOSFET Loi giu
2N3796

D G S
IRF9510

UJT

B2
UJT

B1

Thng tranzito MOSFET loi ngho dn, nhng vi in p dng nh t vo cc cng G lm cho cng ngun S ngng dn (lm ngng dng ln chy qua cc ngun S - cc mng D). Tranzito hot ng vi iu kin VS > VD. Khng i hi c dng cc cng. S dng lm chuyn mch v khuch i. Thng tranzito MOSFET loi giu ngng dn, nhng vi in p dng nh t vo cc cng G lm cho cng ngun S dn (cho php dng ln chy qua cc mng D - cc ngun S). Tranzito hot ng vi iu kin VD > VS. Khng i hi c dng cc cng G. S dng lm chuyn mch v khuch i. Thng tranzito MOSFET loi giu ngng dn, nhng vi in p m nh t vo cc cng G lm cho cng ngun S dn (cho php dng ln chy qua cc ngun S - cc mng D). Tranzito hot ng vi iu kin VS > VD. Khng i hi c dng cc cng G. S dng lm chuyn mch v khuch i. Thng c dng rt nh chy t cc bad B2 n cc bad B1, nhng mt in p dng t vo cc emit E lm cho cc bad B1 hoc bad B2 tng dng chy. Tranzito hot ng vi iu kin VB2 > VB1. Khng i hi c dng cc cng G. Ch hot ng nh mt chuyn mch.

V bad loi p rt mng, nn cc electron o t ri khi emit v chy n colect. Khi tng in p t vo bad lm tng hiu ng cc electron ri khi emit v do lm tng lung electron chy t emit n colect. Cn nh rng dng theo qui c di chuyn ngc vi lung electron. Nh vy, vi thut ng dng qui c mt in p dng v dng i vo c t vo cc bad gy ra dng "dng" chy t colect n emit. Tranzito ngng dn
V+ Vng ngho

Hnh 3.18: M t trng thi ngng dn ca tranzito Tranzito dn

V+ Dng chy qui c Vng ngho

56

IB qui c

Hnh 3.19: M t trng thi dn ca tranzito Hnh di y l ng cong c tuyn ca tranzito lng cc. ng c tuyn ny m t mi tng quan ca dng cc bad IB v in p emit-colect VEC c dng dn IE v IC.

Hnh 3.20: c tuyn vn - ampe ca tranzito lng cc Cc thut ng m t hot ng ca tranzito l vng bo ho, vng ct, vng tch cc, vng ngho v im ch Q (cha c tn hiu vo). Vng bo ho l vng hot ng ti c dng colect cc i chy v tranzito hot ng ging nh chuyn mch kn mch t colect n emit. Vng ct l vng hot ng gn vi trc honh ca th c tnh colect, ti tranzito hot ng ging nh mt chuyn mch h mch - ch mt dng r rt nh chy trong kiu hot ng ny. Vng tch cc m t tranzito hot ng bn phi vng bo ho v bn trn vng ct, ti mi quan h gn nh ng thng tn ti gia cc dng cc cc (IB, IC, IE). nh thin thch hp vi cc in p DC v dng DC ca tranzito thit lp im yu cu ca kiu hot ng tch cc, im ny c gi l im ch hoc im Q. 3.4.2. Cc tnh cht c bn: 3.4.2.1. Cc qui tc quan trng: Qui tc 1: i vi tranzito npn, in p ti colect VC phi ln hn in p ti emit VE t nht l vi phn mi ca mt vn, nu khng th dng s khng chy qua tip gip colect-emit. i vi tranzito pnp, in p emit phi ln hn in p colect mt lng tng t.

57

Qui tc 2: i vi tranzito npn, c st p t bad n emit l 0,6 V. i vi tranzito pnp, c in p 0,6 -V tng t bad n emit. V ngha hot ng, iu c ngha l in p bad VB ca tranzito npn t nht phi ln hn in p VE l 0,6 V; nu khng th tranzito s khng cho mt dng qua emit-colect. i vi tranzito pnp, VB t nht phi nh hn in p VE l 0,6 V, nu khng th tranzito s khng cho mt dng chy t colect n emit. 3.4.2.2. Cng thc: Cng thc c bn m t quan h ca tranzito lng cc (t nht l trong vng tch cc) l: IC = hFE IB = IB Trong , IB l dng bad, IC l dng colect, v hFE (cng cn gi l ) l li dng. Mi tranzito c mt tr hFE ring. li hFE ca tranzito thng l tr khng i, khong t 10 n 500, nhng c th thay i cht t theo nhit v thay i theo in p colect-emit. ( li hFE ca tranzito c cho trong ti liu tra cu). Gii thch cng thc trn ca tranzito mt cch n gin l nu c li h FE ca tranzito l 100 v mt dng i vo bad (tranzito npn) hoc dng i ra khi bad (tranzito pnp) l 1 mA, lc c dng colect l 100 mA. C gii hn cho dng chy qua tranzito cc cc ca tranzito v gii hn mc in p t vo cc cc ca tranzito.

3.4.2.3. Cc loi tranzito Tn hiu nh Loi tranzito ny thng c dng khuch i tn hiu nh nhng cng c th s dng lm chuyn mch. Tr s li hFE t 10 n 500 vi dng IC danh nh cc i vo khong t 80 n 600 mA. Tranzito ny c c hai loi npn v pnp. Tn s hot ng cc i l vo khong t 1 n 300 MHz. Chuyn mch nh Cc tranzito ny ch yu dng lm chuyn mch nhng cng c th dng lm khuch i. Tr s li hFE t 10 n 200 vi dng IC danh nh cc i vo khong t 10 n 100 mA. Tranzito ny c c hai loi npn v pnp, tn s hot ng cc i l vo khong t 1 n 300 MHz. Tc chuyn mch cc i vo khong t 10 n 2000 MHz. Tn s cao (RF) Cc tranzito ny c dng cho tn hiu nh v cng dng cho cc ng dng chuyn mch vi tn s cao v tc chuyn mch ln. Vng cc bad rt mng v kch thc ca tranzito rt nh. Cc tranzito ny c th dng trong cc b khuch i HF, VHF, UHF, CATV v MATV v trong cc my to sng. Cc tranzito ny c c hai loi pnp v npn v c tn s danh nh cc i vo khong 2000MHz v IC cc i t 10 n 600 mA. Cng sut Cc tranzito ny c dng trong cc b khuch i cng sut ln v cc b cung cp cng sut.

58

Colect c kt ni vi phin kim loi to nhit. Cng sut danh nh vo khong t 10 n 300 W vi tn s danh nh vo khong t 1 n 100 MHz. Tr s dng IC cc i t 1 n 100 A. Cc tranzito ny c c hai loi pnp v npn v loi Darlington (npn v pnp). Cp Darlington y l hai tranzito trong mt v. Cc tranzito ny c n nh cao, ti mc dng ln. li hFE ca tranzito ny ln hn li ca mt tranzito. Tranzito ny c c hai loi D-npn v Dpnp. Tranzito quang Tranzito ny hot ng nh mt tranzito lng cc nhy sng (cc bad c l sng). Khi c nh sng tip xc vi vng cc bad lm xut hin dng bad. Ph thuc vo loi tranzito quang, nh sng c th tc ng nh l tc nhn nh thin (tranzito hai chn). Loi bao gi ny c nhiu tranzito kt hp trong mt v bc tch hp. V d, mt dy tranzito y c ch to gm 3 tranzito npn v 2 tranzito pnp.

Dy tranzito

3.5: Tranzito hiu ng trng: 3.5.1. Khi qut v tranzito hiu ng trng Tranzito hiu ng trng (JFET) l linh kin c 3 cc, c dng lm cc chuyn mch iu khin bng in, iu khin khuch i v in tr iu khin in p. Khng ging nh cc tranzito lng cc, JFET c bit c iu khin bng in p, chng khng i hi c dng nh thin. Mt c im khc ca JFET l bnh thng JFET dn khi khng c chnh lch in p gia cc cng G v cc ngun S. Tuy vy, nu c s chnh lch in p gia cc cc ny, JFET s cn tr mnh dng chy (dng nh chy qua cc cc mng cc ngun). Vi l do ny, cc JFET thng c gi l linh kin ngho, khng ging nh cc tranzito lng cc l cc linh kin giu (tranzito lng cc tr thnh in tr nh khi dng / p t vo cc cc bad). JFET c cu dng knh n hoc knh p. Vi mt tranzito JFET knh n, mt in p m t vo cc cng G (lin quan vi cc ngun S) lm gim dng chy t cc mng D n cc ngun S (tranzito ny hot ng vi iu kin VC > VS). Vi mt tranzito knh p, mt in p dng t vo cc cng G lm gim dng chy t cc ngun S n cc mng D (tranzito hot ng vi iu kin VS > VC). (xem k hiu trong bng tng quan v tranzito). JFET dn Cn tr ln

59

Dng qui c

Vng ngho

Hnh 3.21: Cc trng thi JFET dn v JFET ngng dn Mt c im quan trng ca JFET l s dng tr khng c bit ln ng vo (vo khong 1010 ). Tr khng ng vo ln c ngha l JFET cho mt dng nh (nh hn pico Ampe) hoc khng cho dng qua v do t nh hng hoc khng nh hng n cc linh kin bn ngoi hoc khng nh hng n cc mch kt ni vi cng ca tranzito, khng ly dng t mch iu khin v khng c dng khng mong mun i vo mch iu khin. Kh nng ca mch JFET iu khin dng chy trong khi duy tr mt tr khng ng vo c bit ln lm cho linh kin rt tin li trong vic s dng lm cc mch chuyn mch analog hai hng, cc tng vo ca cc mch khuch i, ngun dng hai cc n gin, cc mch khuch i, mch dao ng, chuyn mch logic in t iu khin li, mch trn m... Mt JFET knh n c lm bng cht bn dn silicon loi n c cha hai bu silicon loi p t hai bn. Cc cng G c kt ni vi cc bu loi p, trong khi cc mng v cc ngun c kt ni vi hai cc ca knh loi n (xem hnh v). Khi khng c in p t vo cc cng G ca JFET knh n, dng chy t do qua trung tm knh n, cc in t khng gp kh khn khi chy qua knh n, c mt t ht mang in tch m ti v tr ny gip cho vic dn in. Tuy nhin, nu cng c xc lp n in p m (lin quan n cc ngun), vng gia cc bu bn dn loi p v trung tm knh n s to nn hai tip gip thin p ngc (mt tip gip lin quan n bu trn v mt tip gip lin quan n bu di). iu kin thin p ngc to nn vng ngho c m rng. in p cng cng m th vng ngho cng rng v khi cc electron kh c th i qua knh. i vi JFET knh p, ta o ngc cc tnh hung trn, c ngha l thay th in p m cng bng mt in p dng, thay th knh n bng bn dn knh p, thay th cc bu bn dn loi p bng cc bu bn dn loi n v thay th cc ht mang in m bng cc ht (l) mang in dng.
vng in tr Vng bo ho nh xuyn

Hnh 4.38: c tuyn vn - ampe ca JFET knh n JFET knh p th ID - VDS ca JFET knh p

60

Hnh 3.22: c tuyn vn - ampe ca JFET knh p th JFET knh n Hnh 4.38 trn y m t cch lm vic ca JFET knh n. c bit, th m t in p cng - ngun VGS v in p mng - ngun VDS nh hng n dng mng ID nh th no. th i vi JFET knh p Hnh 4.39 tng t vi th knh n, vi cc tr s ngc li, VGS l in p dng v VDS l in p m. 3.5..2. Cc dng bao gi ca JFET JFET c phn loi nh sau: loi tn hiu nh v chuyn mch, loi tn s cao v loi JFET kp. Cc JFET tn hiu nh v chuyn mch thng c s dng ghp ngun tr khng cao vi mch khuch i hoc thit b khc nh my hin sng. Cc linh kin ny cng c s dng nh l chuyn mch c iu khin bng in p. Cc JFET tn s cao ch yu c s dng khuch i cc tn hiu tn s cao (tn s v tuyn) hoc c s dng lm chuyn mch tn s cao. Cc JFET kp c cha hai JFET thch ng trong cng mt v. JFET kp c th c s dng lp rp mch lp ngun. Tn hiu nh kp v chuyn mch Tn s cao Bao gi JFET

Hnh 3.23: Cc dng bao gi JFET Ging nh tranzito lng cc, cc JFET cng b ph hng do qu dng hoc qu p. Cn phi m bo khng qu dng cc i hoc qu p nh xuyn. 3.6: Diac, SCR, Triac: 3.6.1: Thyristo 3.6.1.1. Tng quan v thyristo Bng di y cho ta mt cch nhn khi qut v cc loi SCR chnh. Khi gp cm t "linh kin dn" c ngha l mt ng dn c to nn gia hai cc (v d, t ant A n catt C, t MT1 n MT2), cm t "thng thng ngng dn" c ni vi

61

iu kin khng c in p t vo cng (cng b h mch) tranzito khng dn in. Loi K hiu Kiu hot ng Thng SCR ngng dn, nhng khi c mt dng nh i vo cc cng G, SCR dn. Ngay khi dng cng khng SCR SCR cn, SCR vn duy tr dn. SCR ngng dn, phi ngt C A dng chy t ant n catt hoc cc ant phi c G t mt in p m hn catt. Dng chy theo mt hng t ant A n catt C. Tng t nh SCR, nhng chuyn mch iu khin bng silicon SCS c th ngng dn bng cch t xung in p dng vo chn th t c gi l cng-ant. Linh kin SCS ny cng c th kch hot dn, khi in p m c t vo cc cng-ant. Dng chy theo mt hng, t Cng-ant ant A n catt C. Tng t nh SCR, nhng TRIAC c th cho dng chy G theo hai hng, c ngha l n c th cho c dng AC v dng DC qua. TRIAC ch cho dng theo mt hng khi TRIAC MT2 MT1 cc cng ang nhn dng v n ngng dn khi ngt b dng cng. Dng chy theo hai hng, qua MT1 v MT2 TRIAC Linh kin ch c hai cc. Khi t gia hai im trong mt mch, n hot ng nh mt chuyn mch nhy cm vi in p. Chnh lch in p qua hai cc thp hn in p nh xuyn, it 4 lp duy tr trng thi ngng dn. Tuy vy, khi in p chnh lch vt qu in p nh xuyn, it 4 lp chuyn sang trng thi dn. it dn theo mt hng t ant n catt Tng nt nh cc it 4 lp nhng c th dn c hai hng. Linh kin c thit k cho c dng AC v dng DC chy qua.

IT 4 LP

DIAC

3.6.1.2. SCR SCR l linh kin bn dn c 3 cc, hot ng nh chuyn mch c iu khin bng in. Khi mt in p khi ng dng hoc dng khi ng c t vo cc cng G ca SCR, knh dn to nn gia ant A v catt C. Dng ch chy theo mt hng nht nh qua SCR, t ant n catt (ging nh it). Ngoi c im SCR lm vic nh mt chuyn mch c iu khin bng in, mt c im ca SCR l n vn lm vic vi trng thi dn ngay c sau khi loi b dng cc cng. Sau khi SCR c khi ng chuyn sang trng thi dn, nu loi b dng cc cng cng khng lm nh hng n trng thi dn ca SCR. Mun lm cho SCR ngng dn ch c cch l ngt b dng ant - catt hoc o phn cc ca ant - catt. SCR c dng trong cc mch chuyn mch, iu khin pha, iu khin rle, mch o, mch xn. Cch hot ng ca SCR c m t nh sau: v c bn SCR ging nh cc tranzito lng cc pnp v npn ghp li vi nhau. Mch tng ng ca tranzito lng cc m t cch lm vic ca SCR c gii thiu trong Hnh 3.24.

62

" A nt"

A n t C n g SCR C a t t

Mch tng ng

PNP

"C n g"
NPN

" C att"

Hnh 3.24: Mch tng ng ca SCR - SCR ngng dn: Khi s dng mch tng ng, nu cng khng c xc lp n in p dng ln lm cho tranzito npn dn, th tranzito cng khng c kh nng "rt" dng t cc bad. iu c ngha l khng c tranzito no dn v v vy khng c dng chy t ant n catt. - SCR dn: Nu in p dng c t vo cc cng, cc bad ca tranzito npn c nh thin thch ng lm cho n dn. Mt khi dn cc bad ca tranzito npn c th "rt" dng qua cc colect ca tranzito npn, y l iu kin cn thit tranzito pnp dn. V c hai tranzito u dn, c dng chy t ant n catt. Ch rng SCR duy tr trng thi dn ngay c sau khi dng cc cng b ngt. Theo mch tng ng dng tranzito lng cc, iu dn n t thc t l c hai tranzito u trng thi dn khi dng cng b loi b. V dng chy qua cc bad ca tranzito nn khng c l do g cho c hai tranzito ngng dn. 3.6.1.3. Cc loi SCR

Mt s SCR c thit k dng iu khin pha, trong khi mt s SCR khc c thit k dng chuyn mch tc cao. c tnh quan trng nht ca cc SCR l lng dng c th x l. Loi SCR dng nh c kh nng x l dng / p cc i khng ln hn 1A / 100V. Loi SCR dng trung bnh c th x l dng / p cc i khng ln hn 10A / 100V. Kh nng SCR x l cc i i vi dng ln c th ln ti vi nghn ampe vi in p vi nghn vn. SCR dng nh c bao gi bng plastic hoc bng kim loi, trong khi cc loi SCR dng trung bnh v dng ln c gn thm phn to nhit.

Dng nh

Dng trung bnh

Dng ln

Hnh 3.25: Cc loi SCR

63

3.6.1.4. Cc thng s k thut VT IGT VGT IH PGM VDRM in p trng thi dn: in p ant - catt SCR dn Dng khi ng cc cng: dng cng cc tiu cn thit chuyn SCR sang trng thi dn in p khi ng cc cng: in p cng cc tiu cn c kch hot dng khi ng cc cng Dng duy tr: dng cc tiu chy qua ant - catt i hi duy tr trng thi dn ca SCR Cng sut tiu tn nh ca cc cng: cng sut cc i c th b tiu tn gia cc cng v vng catt. in p nh lp trng thi ngng dn: Tr tc thi cc i ca in p trng thi ngng dn xy ra i vi mt SCR, bao gm cc in p tm thi lp nhng khng k cc in p tm thi khng lp. Dng nh lp trng thi ngng dn: Tr tc thi cc i ca dng trng thi ngng dn suy ra t cc ng dng ca in p ngng dn nh lp in p o nh lp: Tr tc thi cc i ca in p o xy ra i vi SCR, bao gm cc in p tm thi lp nhng khng k cc in p tm thi khng lp Dng o nh lp: Tr tc thi cc i ca dng o rt ra t ng dng ca in p o nh lp.

IDRM VRMM

IRMM

3.6.1.5. Bng cc thng s k thut ca SCR VDRM (MIN) (V) 100 IDRM (MAX) (mA) 2.0 IRMM (MAX) (mA) 2.0 IGT (TYP/MAX) (mA) 5.0/30 VGT (TYP/MAX) (V) 0.7/1,5 IH (TYP/MAX) (mA) 6.0/40

MNFR # 2N6410

VT (V) 1.7

PGM (W) 5

3.6.1.6. ng dng ca SCR Chuyn mch kho Mch s dng SCR cu trc thnh mch kho n gin. S1 l chuyn mch tc thi, loi chuyn mch nt nhn thng m, trong khi S2 l chuyn mch tc thi, loi chuyn mch nt nhn thng ng. Khi S1 c nhn vo v nh ra, mt xung nh ca dng i vo cc cng ca SCR, nh vy SCR chuyn sang trng thi dn. Sau dng chy qua ti. Ti tip tc nhn c dng cho n khi S2 c nhn, ti thi im SCR ngng dn. in tr cc cng hot ng xc lp p / dng khi ng SCR.

64

V+ S2 T h n g ng
Tai RG SCR

S1 T h ng m

Hnh 3.26: Chuyn mch kho Chnh lu c th iu chnh Trong mch, SCR c dng chnh lu tn hiu hnh sin, thng c dng cp nng lng cho ti. Khi dng sng sin c t vo cc cng, SCR dn khi cc ant v cc cng nhn phn in p dng ca dng sng sin (in p khi ng c cung cp tng vt ngng). Mt khi SCR dn, dng sng chy qua ant v catt, nng lng cp cho ti trong sut qu trnh dn. Khi phn sng m ca sng sin i vo SCR, SCR hot ng ging nh it c nh thin ngc, SCR ngng dn. R1 tng c nh hng lm gim dng / p cung cp cho cc cng ca SCR. iu ny gy ra tr trong thi gian dn ca ant - catt. Do , ta c th iu khin c t s chu k trn thi gian SCR dn, c ngha l iu khin c cng sut tiu tn trung bnh do in tr ti c th iu chnh c. u im ca vic s dng bin tr iu khin dng chy qua SCR v c bn khng b tiu hao nhit.

R1

AC V V ngunAC

SCR

Rt

V ti

Hnh 3.27: Mch chnh lu c kh nng iu chnh Mch iu khin tc mt DC Mt SCR cng vi mt s in tr, mt t in v mt UJT c kt ni vi nhau to nn mch iu khin tc mt. UJT, mt s in tr v mt t in to nn b dao ng cung cp in p AC cho cc cng ca SCR.
+10V +3 -6 V

R1
100k

100 om 2N4819

DC Moto

SCR 4.7uF + 100 om

65

Hnh 3.28: Mch iu khin tc mt Khi in p cng vt in p khi ng ca SCR, lc SCR dn, cho dng chy qua mt. Khi thay i in tr R1 cng lm thay i tn s ca mch dao ng v nh vy xc nh s ln cng ca SCR c khi ng, do , iu khin tc ca mt (mt c v nh quay lin tc, mc d rng mt nhn c mt chui cc xung dn / ngng dn. S chu k c tnh trung bnh theo thi gian, xc nh tc ca mt). SCS (Silicon-Controlled-Switch) SCS l linh kin tng t nh SCR, nhng c thit k iu khin ngng dn khi xung in p dng / xung dng ng vo c t vo cc cng ant b sung. Linh kin cng c khi ng n trng thi dn bng cch t in p m / xung dng ng ra n cng cc. Khc vi iu ny, SCS hot ng rt ging vi SCR. Hnh di y l k hiu SCS.
Cng (Bad) Catt (Emit) Cng ant (Colect)

Ant

Hnh 3.29: Chuyn mch c iu khin bng silicon SCS c dng trong cc b m, iu khin n thp sng, cc mch chuyn mch cng sut, v mch logic, cng nh mch i hi chuyn mch t c cc trng thi dn v ngng dn bng cc xung iu khin ring bit. 3.6.2. Hot ng ca SCS 3.6.2.1. Khi qut v SCS
Ant
"Ant"

Cn g

Cn g ant

PNP

Mch t ng ng

"Cng"

"Cng ant"

NPN

"Catt"

Catt

Hnh 3.30: Cu to ca SCS v mch tng ng

Hnh 3.30 gii thiu m hnh silicon loi n / loi p ca SCS, cng vi mch lng cc tng ng. Mch tng ng ny ging nh mch tng ng ca SCR, tr cng ant. Khi c xung dng dng t vo cc cng, tranzito npn dn. iu ny cho php dng i n cc bad ca tranzito pnp, do lm cho tranzito ny dn. By gi c hai tranzito u dn, dng c th chy t ant n catt - c ngha l SCS dn. SCS duy tr trng thi dn cho n khi ngt dng t ant n catt, hoc o phn cc ant v catt, hoc t in p m vo cng ant. in p cng ant m kh dng nh thin ca tranzito.

66

3.6.2..2. Cc thng s k thut ca SCS. Khi mua SCS cn m bo linh kin c in p nh xuyn, dng, v cng sut tiu tn danh nh ph hp. Bng thng s gm cc thng s sau: BVCB, BVEB, BVCE, IE, IC, IH (dng duy tr) v PD (cng sut tiu tn). 3.6.3. TRIAC 3.6.3.1: Khi qut v TRIAC TRIAC tng t nh SCR, cc linh kin ny hot ng nh cc chuyn mch iu khin bng in, nhng khng ging nh SCR, TRIAC c thit k cho dng qua theo hai hng, do lm cho TRIAC thun tin trong cc ng dng. TRIAC c ba cc, mt cc cng v hai cc dn gi l MT1 v MT2. Khi khng c dTRIAC ng / p t vo cc cng, duy tr trng thi ngng dn. Tuy vy, nu mt in p khi ng c t vo cc cng, linh kin c dn. TRIAC ngng dn, phi kh dng / p ti cc cng. TRIAC c s dng trong mch iu khin mt, mch nh sng m, mch iu khin pha v mch chuyn mch cng sut AC khc. TRIAC cng c s dng thay th cho cc rle c kh.

C ng MT1
MAC15A6

MT2

Hnh 3.31: K hiu ca TRIAC Hot ng ca TRIAC c gii thch nh sau: Hnh di y gii thiu m hnh silicon loi n / loi p ca TRIAC. Linh kin c lp rp hai SCR o chiu v t song song vi nhau. Mch tng ng m t cch lm vic ca TRIAC. TRIAC ngng dn: Khi s dng mch tng ng, khi khng c dng / p t vo cc cng, cng ca cc SCR khng c in p khi ng, do dng khng th chy qua MT1 v MT2. TRIAC dn: Khi c dng / p khi ng t vo cng, c hai SCR nhn c in p ln khi ng cho mch dn. Mt khi c hai SCR dn, dng c th chy theo hng t MT1 n MT2 hoc t MT2 n MT1. Nu loi b in p cng, c hai SCR s chuyn sang trng thi ngng dn, khi dng sng AC t vo MT1 v MT2 i qua in p zr.

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"MT2"

MT2
Cng

C n g MAC15A6 MT1

Tng ng vi

SCR

SCR

"Cng"

"MT1"

Hnh 3.32: Mch tng ng ca TRIAC 3.6.3..2: Cc loi TRIAC

Dng nh

Dng ln

Hnh 3.33: Cc loi TRIAC 3.6.3.3: Cc thng s k thut Mt s thut ng c cc nh ch to s dng i vi TRIAC ITRMS max IGT max VGT max IH PGM Isurge Dng trng thi dn RMS: Dng cc i chy t MT1 n MT2 Dng khi ng cc cng DC: Dng DC cc cng cc tiu cn thet TRIAC dn in p khi ng cc cng DC: in p cc cng DC cc tiu yu cu khi ng dng kch hot cng Dng duy tr DC: Dng DC chy t MT1 n MT2 cc tiu cn thit duy tr TRIAC trng thi dn Tiu ntn cng sut cc cng nh: Tiu tn cng sut t cc cng n MT1 cc i Dng tng t bin: Dng tng t bin cc i cho php

4.5.8.4: Bng cc thng s k thut ca TRIAC

I T RMS MAX (A) 4.0 IGT MAX (mA) 30 VGT MAX (V) 2.5 VPON (V) 2.0 IH (mA) 30 ISURGE (A) 30

MNFR # NTES600

3.6.3.5: Cc ng dng ca TRIAC:

68

Chuyn mch n gin

Rtai

R0

MAC15A6

Hnh 3.34: Chuyn mch n gin Mch n gin gii thiu TRIAC hot ng cho php hoc ngn cn dng n ti. Khi h mch chuyn mch c, khng c dng vo mch, TRIAC duy tr trng thi ngng dn v khng c dng qua ti. Khi kn mch chuyn mch c, mt dng nh trt qua RG, kch hot cho TRIAC dn (cung cp dng cng v p cng tng vt qua cc i hi khi ng ca TRIAC). By gi dng xoay chiu c th i qua TRIAC v qua ti. Nu chuyn mch li h mch, TRIAC ngng dn, dng b ngn khng cho qua ti. Mch chnh lu kp

Hnh 3.35: Mch chnh lu kp TRIAC cng vi chit p, t in c s dng cu to nn mch chnh lu ton chu k iu chnh c. in tr R ca chit p xc lp thi gian ti TRIAC c kch hot n trng thi dn. Khi tng lm cho TRIAC c kch hot tr hn v do dn n dng sng b xn (xem Hnh 4.71. Dung lng t C cng lm cho dng sng b xn (t lu tr cc in tch cho n khi t c in p khi ng ca TRIAC, ti thi im , t s phng in tch). Cc dng sng cng b xn th nng lng a n ti cng gim. 3.6.4. DIAC - IT 4 lp
it 4 lp Ant DIAC

Hnh 3.36: IT 4 lp v DIAC Cc it bn lp v DIAC l cc thyristo c hai cc, chuyn mch dng khng cn n tn hiu cng. Cc linh kin ny dn khi in p qua cc cc t n in p nh xuyn. it bn lp ging nh SCR khng c cc cng v c thit k ch

69

chuyn mch DC. DIAC ging nh tranzito pnp khng c cc bad v c thit k ch chuyn mch AC. it bn lp v DIAC thng c s dng h tr SCR v TRIAC khi ng chnh xc. V d, bng cch s dng DIAC khi ng cc cng ca TRIAC, trnh cho TRIAC khi ng khng m bo tin cy do tnh khng n nh, dn n thay i nhit . Khi in p qua DIAC t c in p nh xuyn, DIAC s t ngt phng cc xung in vo cng ca TRIAC. 3.6.4.1. Bng thng s k thut ca DIAC VBO (V) MNFR NTE6411 40 IBO MAX (A) 100

Ixung (A) 2

VCh.machj
(V)

PD (mW) 250

y, VBO l in p breakover, IBO l dng breakover, Ixung l dng xung nh cc i , VCh.mch l in p chuyn mch cc i v PD l cng sut tiu tn cc i.

3.6.4.2. ng dng ca TRIAC-DIAC Mch n m AC Hnh 3.37: Mch n m AC

Mch ny c s dng lm cc n m trong gia nh. DIAC hot ng m bo khi ng TRIAC chnh xc. (DIAC hot ng nh l chuyn mch cho dng i qua khi in p qua cc cc ca DIAC t c tr in p nh xuyn. Mt khi t c in p nh xuyn, DIAC gii phng xung dng). Tuy nhin, khi dng ln i qua in tr v cc in tch tng ln trn t in p tng vt in p khi ng, DIAC t ngt gii phng cc in tch i vo cc cng ca TRIAC. Lc ny TRIAC dn v lm cho n sng. Sau khi t phng in n di in p nh xuyn ca DIAC, DIAC ngng dn, lm cho TRIAC cng ngng dn v n tt. Chu k li c lp li. n lc ny c v sng (hoc sng m mc no ) v cc chu k dn / ngng dn xy ra rt nhanh. sng ca n c R2 iu khin. iu khin mt AC
Mt AC

Hnh 3.38: Mch iu khin mt AC Mch ny c cu trc gn ging vi mch n m, ch b sung thm phn mch R2C2. Tc ca mt c iu chnh bng chit p R1.

70

Hot ng ii: T nghin cu ti liu Ti liu hc vin cn c thm: Nguyn Tn Phc Nguyn Minh Gip Nguyn Kim Giao, L Xun Th xun Th Dng Minh Tr K thut in t, NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2005. S tay tra cu linh kin in t, nxb Thng k, H Ni, 1993. Gio trinh linh kin in t, D n GDKT v DN (VTEP), H Ni, 2007 Linh kin in t, NXB Tng hp TP. HCM, 2003 Sch tra cu linh kin in t SMD. NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 2003 K thut in t 1. NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2003

Ni dung cn nghin cu:

- Cu to, tnh cht, k hiu, ng dng cc linh kin in t .

Cu hi v bi tp Cu hi trc nghim khch quan: Hy la chn phng n ng tr li cc cu hi di y bng en vo vung thch hp: tt Ni dung cu hi a b 3.1 Th no l cht bn dn? O O a. L cht c kh nng dn in. b. L cht c kh nng dn in yu c. L cht khng c k nng dn in d. L cht nm gia cht dn v cch in. 3.2 Cc yu t no nh hng n kh nng dn in O O ca cht bn dn? a. Nhit mi trng. b. tinh khit ca cht bn dn c. Cc ngun nng lng khc. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. 3.3 Dng in trong bn dn P l g? O O L dng cc in t t do. L dng cc l trng. L dng cc ion m. d. L tt c cc yu t trn. 3.4 Dng in trong cht bn dn N l g? O O Dng cc in t t do. Dng cc l trng. Dng cc ion m. Tt c cc yu t trn. 3.5 Linh kin bn dn c u im g? O O a. Nh gn. b. Gim cng sut tiu hao c. Gim nhiu ngun d. Cc yu t trn. cch t c O d O

71

3.6

3.7

3.8

Linh kin bn dn c nhc im g? a. in p ngc nh. b. C dng r ngc. c. Cc thng s k thut thay i theo nhit . d. Cc yu t trn. it tip mt c c im g? a. Dng in chu ti ln. b. in p nh thng ln. c. in dung tip gip ln. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. Cc k hiu sau k hiu no ca it tip mt? a. b. c. d.

3.9

3.1 0

3.1 1

3.1 2

3.1 3

3.1 4

3.1 5

it tip mt dng lm g? a. Tch sng. b. Nn in. c. Ghim p. d. Pht sng Dng in chy qua it c chiu nh th no? a. Chiu tu thch. b. Chiu t Anode n Catode. c. Chiu t Catode n Anode. d. Tt c u sai. Mch nn in dng it c my loi dng mch? a. Nn in mt bn k. b. Nn in hai bn k. c. Nn in tng p. d. Tt c cc loi trn. it tch sng c c im g? a. Dng in chu ti rt nh. b. Cng sut chu ti nh. c. in dung k sinh nh. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. it tch sng c cng dng g? a. Nn in. b. Ghim p. c. Tch sng tn hiu nh. d. Pht sng. it Zener c c im cu to g? a. Ging it tip mt. b. Ging it tch sng. c. C t l tp cht cao. d. C din tch tip xc ln. it zener c tnh cht g khi c phn cc thun? a. Dn in nh it thng thng. b. Khng dn in. c. C th dn hoc khng dn. d. Tt c u sai.

72

3.1 6

3.1 7

3.1 8

3.1 9

3.2 0

3.2 1

it zne c tnh cht g khi b phn cc ngc? a. Khng dn in. b. Khng cho in p tng hn in p zne c. Dn in. d. C th dn hoc khng dn. it quang c tnh cht g? a. in trngc v cng ln khi b che ti. b. in tr ngc gim khi b chiu sng. c. in tr ngc lun ln mi trng hp. d. C a v b. it pht quang c tnh cht g? a. Ging nh it nn in b. Pht sng khi c phn cc thun. c. Pht sng khi c phn cc ngc. d. Ging nh it quang. it bin dung c tnh cht g? a. in dung gim khi c phn cc thun. b. in dung tng khi c phn cc ngc. c. in dung tng khi c phn cc thun. d. Gm a v b. Tranzito c g khc vi it? a. C hai tip gip PN. b. C ba chn (cc) c. C tnh khuch i. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. Fet c dc im g khc tranzito? a. Tng tr vo rt ln. b. lng iu khin l in p. c. Hot ng khng da trn mi ni PN d. Tt c cc yu t trn. ic khc it im no? a. Nguyn tc cu to. b. Nguyn l lm vic. c. Phm vi ng dng. d. Tt c cc yu t trn SCR khc tranzito im no? a. Nguyn tc cu to. b. Nguyn l lm vic. c. Phm vi ng dng. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. SCR c tnh cht c bn g? a. Bnh thng khng dn b. Khi dn th dn bo ho. c. Dn lun khi ngt ngun kch thch. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. Mun ngt SCR ngi ta thc hin bng cch no? a. t in p ngc. b. Ngt dng i qua SCR. c. Ni tt AK ca SCR d. Mt trong cc cch trn. Trong k thut SCR thng c dng lm g?

3.2 2

3.2 3

3.2 4

3.2 5

3.2

73

3.2 7

3.2 8

3.2 9

3.3 0

a. Lm cng tc ng ngt. b. iu khin dng in mt chiu. c. Nn in c iu khin. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. V cu to SCR c my lp tip gip PN? a. Mt lp tip gip. b. Hai lp tip gip. c. Ba lp tip gip. d. Bn lp tip gip. V cu to Tric c my lp tip gip PN? a. Mt lp tip gip. b. Hai lp tip gip. c. Ba lp tip gip. d. Bn lp tip gip. Nguyn l hot ng ca Tric c c im g? a. Ging hai it mc ngc u. b. Ging hai tranzito mc ngc u. c. Ging hai SCR mc ngc u. d. Tt c u sai. Trong k thut Tric c cng dng g? a. Kho ng m hai chiu. b. iu khin dng in xoay chiu. c. Tt c u ng . d. Tt c sai.

Hy in vo ch trng cc cm t thch hp vi ni dung nu di y: 3.31. Cht bn dn l cht ....................... gia cht dn in v cht cch in. 3.32. Cht bn dn c in tr ...................khi nhit tng, c gi l nhit tr .............. v ngc li. Cht bn dn c in tr ...................khi nhit gim c gi l.................. 3.33. C cht bn dn khi cng nh sng tng ln th in tr ca cht bn dn cng tng theo, c gi l quang tr ..................... 3.34. Cht tp trong cht bn dn c tc dng to ................hoc...............cho cht bn dn. 3.35. Trong kt cu mng tinh th dng gecmani (hoc silicon...) c ho tr 4, cht tp l asen (As), phtpho (P) hoc ngtimoan (Sb) s to nn cht bn dn loi.........cn nu trong kt cu mng tinh th dng cht tp l ini (In), bo (B) hoc gali (Ga) s to nn cht bn dn loi........... 3.36. Hai cht bn dn P v N tip xc vi nhau to nn tip gip P-N, nu c phn cc thun (in p dng c t vo pha cht bn dn P), lc dng in t dng ngun...........chy qua tip gip P-N. 3.37. Mch nn in ton k dng 2 it c nhc im l phi dng bin p............... to nn hai cun dy c s vng v di bng nhau c c in p ng ra c tr s bng nhau.

74

3.38. Mch nn in ton k dng 2 it c u im l dng...............linh kin hn chnh lu ton k. 3.39. Mch nn in hnh cu c u im l s dng bin p ................ 3.40. Mch nn in hnh cu c nhc im l phi la chn................nh nhau nn in ton k.

Cu hi v it: Hy t en vo trng tng ng vi ni dung ca cc phn cu nu trong bng di y m hc vin cho l ng hoc sai tt 3.4 1 3.4 4 3.4 3 3.4 4 3.4 5 3.4 6 3.4 7 3.4 8 3.4 9 3.5 0 Cu hi v tranzito: Ni dung it tch sng thng dng loi it tip mt it nn in thng dng loi it tip mt it zne c in p zne (in p ngc) thp nh sng t bn ngoi tc ng vo it quang lm thay i in tr ca it it pht quang s pht ra nh sng khi khng c dng in i qua it quang v it pht quang c kh nng cho dng in i theo mt chiu Mi thanh ca LED 7 thanh c mt hoc hai it hin th k t Khi s dng LED 7 thanh cn bit LED thuc loi LED ant chung hoc LED catht chung. it quang c in dung thay i khi in p phn cc thay i in p t vo LED pht quang thng l 1,4 -2,8V n g O O O O O O O O O O sa i O O O O O O O O O O

75

Hy t en vo trng tng ng vi ni dung ca cc phn cu nu trong bng di y m hc vin cho l ng hoc sai: TT 3.5 1 3.5 2 3.5 3 3.5 4 3.5 5 3.5 6 3.5 7 3.5 8 3.5 9 3.6 0 Tranzito Tranzito lng cc c hai lp tip gip PN Dng in chnh chy qua Tranzito i t cc c n cc E gi l dng Ic Tranzito lng cc dn in khi Diode BE dn in v Vc> Ve Tranzito lng cc mun lm vic nht thit phi c dng phn cc B Tranzito hiu ng trng mun lm vic ch cn in p phn cc Tranzito c tng tr ng vo v ra nh hn FEET Tranzito v FEET u c dng khuch i hoc chuyn mch Tranzito v FEET u b nh thng khi b qu dng hay qu p JFEET knh p dn in mnh khi in p phn cc dng JFEET knh n dn in mnh khi in p phn cc dng n g O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O sai

Hot ng iii: Thc hnh ti xng trng 1. Ni dung:

- Phn bit cc linh kin th ng ri v trong mch in. - o kim tra nh gi cht lng linh kin.
2. Hnh thc t chc: T chc theo nhm nh mi nhm t 2 -4 hc sinh. Gio vin hng dn ban u hc sinh thc hin cc ni dung di s theo di, ch dn ca gio vin. 3. Dng c:

- Cc linh kin bn dn ri - Cc mch in t thc t - My o VOM s hoc kim.

4.Qui trnh thc hin:

76

- Pht linh kin v mch in cho hc sinh quan st t khng nh vai tr

ca linh kin bn dn trong mch in.

- Hng dn hc snh cc c im phn bit cc loi linh kin vi nhau. - Hng dn hc sinh tn cc loi linh kin. - Hng dn hc sinh o xc nh chn v tn ca linh kin. - Hng dn hc sinh nh gi cht lng linh kin - Kt lun cc trng thi h hng ca linh kin.

77

Bi 4 Cc mch khuch i dng tranzito m bi: cie 01 09 04

Gii thiu: Mt c im ni bt ca cu to tranzito l tnh khuch i tn hiu. Trong trng hp lp mch loi cc E chung (E-C), vi mt tn hiu c bin in p nh t vo cc bad B, ta cng c th nhn c tn hiu c bin in p rt ln ti cc colect C. Tu theo h s khuch i ca tranzito, ta c th nhn c tn hiu ln gp hng chc, thm ch hng trm ln tn hiu ban u. B khuch i dng tranzito BJT c cc u im so vi b khuch i dng n in t chn khng l: - Kch thc ca b khuch i dng tranzito BJT rt nh, chim mt khong khng gian khng ng k trong ton b khi thit b. - B ngun cung cp cho b khuch i BJT hot ng c cu to n gin v tiu hao cng sut ca tranzito BJT rt nh do khng phi nung si t nh n in t chn khng. - Vi s tin b ca lnh vc vt l cht rn, tranzito BJT ngy cng hot ng c tn s cao v b khuch i c tnh n nh cao. - B khuch i dng tranzito BJT chu va chm c hc, do c s dng rt thun tin trong cc dy chuyn cng nghip c rung ng c hc ln. - Tranzito BJT ngy cng c tui th cao nn cng c s dng rng ri trong cc thit b in t thay th cho cc n in t chn khng. Vi cc c tnh trn, b khuch i dng tranzito BJT c p dng rng ri trong cc dy chuyn cng nghip ca cc h thng t ng iu khin v trong i sng x hi. Nghin cu cc mch khuch i l nhim v quan trng ca ngi th sa cha in t trong kim tra, thay th cc linh kin v mch in t trong thc t. Mc tiu thc hin: Hc xong bi hc ny, hc vin c nng lc: Phn bit ng vo v ng ra tn hiu trn s mch in, thc t theo cc tiu chun mch in. Kim tra ch lm vic ca tranzito theo s thit k. Thit k cc mch khuch i dng tranzito n gin theo yu cu k thut. Ni dung: Mch khuch i n. Mch khuch i ghp phc hp. Mch khuch i cng sut.

78

Hot ng I: Hc l thuyt trn lp, c tho lun 4.1. Mch khuch i n: 4.1.1. Mch mc theo kiu E chung (E-C: Emitter Common) Hnh di y m t mch khuch i cc pht chung (E-C).
+V

Ngun cung cp Rc Vo: Ng ra Rb1

+V

Ngun cung cp Rc Vo: Ng ra

Rb1 Vi: Ng vo Rb2

Re

Vi: Ng vo

Re

Hnh 4.1: Mch khuch i E-C Trong : Vi: ng vo Vo: Ng ra. Rc: in tr ti ly tn hiu ra. Re: in tr n nh nhit. R1; R2: in tr phn cc B Cc thng s k thut ca mch: - Tng tr ng vo: Ri = (4.1) - Tng tr ng ra: Ro = (4. 2) - khuch i dng in: Ai = 3) - khuch i in p: Av = 4)

Vi Vbe = Ii Ib

Vo Vce = Io Ic

Io Ic = = Ii Ib

(4.

Vo Vce Rc = = - . Vi Vbe Ri

(4.

79

Mch ny c mt s tnh cht sau: Tn hiu c a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C. Tn hiu ng vo v ng ra ngc pha (o pha) H s khuch i dng in 1 v khuch i in p < 1. Tng tr ng vo khong vi trm Ohm n vi K. Tng tr ng ra khong vi k n hng trm k. Mch tng ng kiu E-C:

Rb Ib Vi Re Ie Ic Ro Rc Vo

Hnh 4.2: Mch tng ng kiu E-C Tnh tng tr ng ra : Ro =

(4. 5) Do Ro c tr s rt ln nn trong mt s trng hp c th coi nh khng c Ro - Tnh khuch i dng in: Ai= (4. 6) - Tnh khuch i in p: Av = Av = - 7)

1 = vi chc k n vi trm k. hoe Ic = hfe t vi chc n vi trm ln Ib

Vce Ib.Rc Ib.Rc =- =- Vbe Ib.Ri Ib.hie

(4.

Rc hie

- Xt gc pha: in p ca tn hiu ra o pha so vi tn hiu vo 4.1.2. Mch mc theo kiu cc gc chung (BC: Base common): Hnh 4.3 m t mch khuch i theo kiu B-C.
+V

Ngun cung cp Rc Vo: Ng ra

Rb1

Vi: Ng vo Rb2

Re

Hnh 4.3: Mch mc theo kiu B-C Trong : Vi: Ng vo Vo: Ng ra

80

Rc: in tr ti Re: in tr ng vo Rb1, Rb2: in tr phn cc

Cc thng s k thut ca mch: - Tng tr ng vo: Ri = (4. 8)

Vi Vbe = Ii Ie

- Tng tr ng ra: Ro = 9)

Vo Vcb = Vi Ic

(4.

- khuch i dng in: Ai= (4. 10) - khuch i in p: Av = 11) Mch ny c mt s tnh cht sau: Tn hiu c a vo cc E v ly ra trn cc C. Tn hiu ng vo v ng ra ng pha. H s khuch i dng in < 1, h s khuch i in p > 1. Tng tr ng vo nh t vi chc n vi trm . Tng tr ra rt ln t vi chc k n hng M. Mch tng ng kiu B-C

Io Ic = = 1 Ii Ib

Vo Vcb = = Vi Vbe

(4.

Re Ie Vi Rb Ib

Ic Rc Vo

Hnh 4.4: Mch tng ng mc theo kiu B-C - Tnh tng tr ng vo: Ri =

Vi Ie. Re + Ib.Rb = Ii Ie 81

 .Ie. Re + Ib.Rb . Re + Rb = .Ib hie Ri =

Ri = (4.13) Tng tr khong vi trm k, v BC phn cc ngc. - Tnh khuch i dng in: Ai = (4.14) Tnh tng tr ng ra: Ro =

(4.12)

Vo Ic

.Ib Io Ic 1 = = = ( + 1).Ib +1 Ii Ie

ic.Rc Rc .Rc = Vo hie - Tnh khuch i in p: Av = = Ic.Ri hie Vi Rc . vi Av = hie

(4.15) - Xt gc pha: in p tn hiu ra ng pha tn hiu vo 4.1.3. Mch mc theo kiu C-C (Collector Common) Hnh 4.5 m t mch in theo ku cc gp chung (C-C)
+V

trm

ln

Rb1

Ngun cung cp Rc

Vi: Ng vo Rb2

Vo: Ng ra

Hnh 4.5: Mch mc theo kiu C chung (CC) Cc thng s k thut ca mch: Tng tr ng vo: Ri=

(4.16) - Tng tr ng ra:

Vi Vb = Ii Ib Vo Ve = Io Ie

Ro =

(4.17) - khuch i dng in:

82

Ai =
(4.18) -

Io Ie = = +1 Ii Ib Vo Ve = 1 Vi Vb

khuch i in p:

Av =
(4.19)

Mch c mt s tnh cht sau: Tn hiu c a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E. Tn hiu ng vo v ng ra ng pha. H s khuch i dng in >1, h s khuch i in p <1. Tng tr ng vo t vi k n vi chc k. Tng tr ng ra nh t vi chc n vi trm . Mch tng ng ca mch kiu C-C:

rb Rs Vs Vi

re Re Vo

H 4.6: M ch t ki C chung nh ng ng u
- Tnh tng tr ng vo:

Vi I b .rb + ie .re + ie .Re = Ii Ib Ri = rb + .re + .Re Ri = Ri = hie + .Re

( Vi trm k) (4.20)

- Tnh tng tr ng ra: in tr Rb l in tr ca cu phn p Rb1 song song Rb2. ng t ng vo nhn v mch ta thy in tr Rb song song ni tr ngun Rs. Thng in tr Rb rt ln so vi Rs nn in tr tng ng ca Rb song song vi Rs cng chnh l Rs nh mch tng ng hnh 4.6. Nn tng tr ng ra l:

Ro =

Vo Ve = Io Ie

Theo mch tng ng th cc in tr Rs, rb v re mc ni tip nhau v mc song song vi in tr Re. Ta c:

83

Ve = I .Re = I b .( Rs + rb + .re )
Suy ra:

Ro =

Ve I b. ( Rs + rb + .re ) Rs + rb + .re = = Ie .I b 1 (rb + Rs )

( vi chc ohm) (4.21)

Ro = r +

- Tnh khuch i dng in:

I o I ( + 1).I b = = Ib Ib Ii Ai = + 1 Ai =
Tnh khuch i in p:

(4.22)

Av =
(4.23)

Vo Ve I e .Re .Re = = Vi Vb I b .rb + I e .re + I e .Re rb + .re + .Re Av 1 V (rb + .re << .Re )

- Xt gc pha: Khi Vb tng lm cho Ib tng v Ie tng nn Ve cng tng theo, nn in p ca tn hiu vo v ra ng pha. 4.2. Mch khuch i phc hp: 4.2.1. Mch khuch i Cascode: c im ca mch l dng 2 tng khuch i mc ni tip (Hnh 4.7). Tng th hai mc theo kiu BC tng tn s ct, gim nhiu tp, gim thp nht hiu ng Miller tn s cao. Tng th nht theo kiu EC, lm vic in p thp, h s khuch i in p nh gim hiu ng miller ca t tn s cao. Song h s khuch i in p ton mch li rt ln (khong vi trm ln).

- Vcc

R2

R1 Q2 Q1

Vi

R3

R4

R5
+ +

C1

C2

R6

Vo

Hnh 4.7: Mch khuch i cascode

84

Mch thng c dng khuch i in p tn hiu cc mch c tn hiu v tng tr vo nh. Nh ng vo ca cc mch khuch i cao tn ca thit b thu v tuyn. Trong thc t mch thng c dng tranzito loi npn c ngun cung cp dng, tin cho vic thit k mch nh hnh 4.7.

+ Vcc R1 C1
+

R4
+

C4

Q1 R2 Vo C3

Vo

C2 Vi
+

Q2 R3
+

R5
Hnh 4.8: Mch khuch i cascode dng ngun dng Trong mch: - R1, R2, R3: Cu in tr phn cc cho Q1, Q2 - C1: Thot mass xoay chiu cho cc B ca Q1 tng h s khuch i tn hiu in p - R4: in tr ti ly tn hiu ra ca mch. - R5: in tr n nh nhit cho mch. - C3: Thot mass xoay chiu nng cao h s khuch i tn hiu. - C2, C4: T lin lc tn hiu vo v ra ca mch. Trong thit k tu vo tn s tn hiu i qua mch m ngi ta c th chn ga tr ca t sao cho ph hp. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch c th c trnh by n gin nh sau: Khi c tn hiu ng vo qua t lin lc C 2 t vo cc B ca Q2, khuch i v ly ra trn cc C (mch c coi nh mc theo kiu EC, c h s khuch i dng in v in p ln hn 1). Lc ny tn hiu c o pha v a vo chn E ca Q1, (mch c coi nh mc theo kiu BC ch dng khuch i in p) v c ly ra trn chn C ca Q1 v ly ra trn t C4. Tn hiu gi nguyn pha t Q2. Nh vy tn hiu ra ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. 4.2.2. Mch khuch i Darlington: Mch khuch i Darlington dng c bn c trnh by hnh 4.9. c im ca mch l: in tr vo ln, in tr ra nh, h s khuch i dng ln, h s khuch i in p 1trn tI mit.

85

Hnh 4.9: Mch khuch i Darlington Cch phn cc ca mch l ly dng Ie ca Q1 lm dng Ib ca Q2. Hai tranzito tng ng vi 1 tranzito khi D = 1 - 2 v Vbe = 1,6V. dng cc gc Ib c tnh:

Ib =
Do D rt ln nn: in p phn cc l:

Vcc Vbe Rb + D .Re

I e = ( D + 1).I b D .I b

Ve = I e .Re Vb = Ve + Re

Hnh 4.10a: S tng ng mch khuch i Darlington - Tnh tr khng vo: Zi

Dng cc B chy qua rv l: I b = V:

Vi Vo rv Vo = ( I b + D .I ).Re

I b .rv = Vi Vo = Vi I b (1 + D .Re ) Vi = I b .(rv + (1 + D ).Re )

Tr khng vo nhn t cc B ca Tranzito :

86

Vi = rv + D .Re Ib
Tr khng vo ca mch: (4.24) - H s khuch i dng: Ai Dng in ra trn RE Zi = Rb //(rv +D.Re)

I o = I + D .Re = ( D + 1).I b D .I b

Vi

Io = D Ib
H s khuch i dng ca mch l:

Vi :

Io Io Ib = . Ii Ib Ii Rb Rb Ib = .I i .I i (rv + D .Re ) + Rb D .Re + Rb Rb D. Rb = Ai = D . D .Re + Rb D .Re + Rb Ai =

(4.25) - Tr khng ra: Zo Ta c:

Io =

Vo Vo V V V 1 1 + D .I b = o + o D ( o ) = ( + + D ).Vo Re ri Re Ri ri Re ri ri

Mt khc:

Zo =

Vo 1 = 1 1 D Io + + Re ri ri

(4.26)

- H s khuch i in p:

Vo = ( I b + D .I b ).Re = I b ( Re + D .Re ) Vi = I b .ri + Re .( I b + D .I b )

Ta c:

Vi = I b ( ri + Re + D .I i ) Vi Vo = .( Re + D .Re ) ri + ( Re + D .Re ) 87

Au =

Vo Re + D .Re = 1 Vi ri + ( Re + D .Re )

(4.27)

Trong thc t ng dng ngoi cch mc cn bn dng hai tranzito cng loi pnp hoc npn ngi ta cn c th dng hai tranzito khc loi to thnh mch khuch i Darlington nh hnh 4.10b v 4.10c minh ho:

+ Vcc Rb Q1 Q2 Re Vo
Hnh 4.10b v hnh 4.10c 4.2.3. Mch khuch i vi sai:

+ Vcc Rb Q1 Q2

Vi

Vi Re Vo

Cc mch khuch i xt khuch i trc tip tn hiu vo. Mch khuch i vi sai ch khuch i sai lch gia hai tn hiu vo. S mt mch khuch i vi sai cn bn c trnh by hnh 4.11.
+ Vcc Rc1 Vc1 Vi1 Q1 Vc2 Q2 Vi2 Rc2

Re -Vcc H 4.11: M ch khu i vi sai cn bn nh ch

Mch lm vic theo nguyn l cu cn bng v c cu trc i xng. Hai tranzito cng tn nn c cc thng s k thut ging ht nhau. Mch c hai ng vo Vi1 v Vi2 v c mt ng ra (Vc1 v Vc2).in p ly ra gia hai cc C ca Q1 v Q2 gi l kiu i xng. Nu in p ly ra gia mt trong hai cc C ca Tranzito vi mass gi l kiu ly ra khng i xng. Nu cc B ca Q1 c tn hiu ng vo Vi1, Cc B ca Q2 c tn hiu ng vo Vi2 th in p ng ra ly ra gia hai cc C l:

Vo = A.(Vc1 Vc 2 )
Trong A l h s khuch i in p vi sai. in p ra Vc = Vc1 = Vc 2 so vi Mass l:

88

 ch mt chiu (khng c tn hiu xoay chiu) nh hnh 4.12 th do cc B ni qua in tr Rb v Mass nn Vb 0 . in p cc E l:

Vc = Vcc Ic.Rc

Ve = Vb = Vbe = 0 0,7 = 0,7v

Dng cc E:

Ie =

V Q1 v Q2 ging nhau nn:

Ve (Vcc) Vcc 0,7 = Re Re

Ie 2 Ie Ic1 = Ic 2 = 2 Vc1 = Vc 2 = Vc = Vcc Ic.Rc Ie1 = Ie2 =

Hnh 4.12: Mch khuch i vi sai ch mt chiu Khi u vo c tn hiu xoay chiu (ch xoay chiu) th tu cch a tn hiu vo m ta c cc ch lm vic khc nhau: Ch vi sai: C hai tn hiu vo hai cc B (Hnh 4.11; Hnh 4.12) Ch n: Mt tn hiu vo mt cc B, Cc B cn li ni Mass (Hnh 4.13) Ch ng pha: Mt tn hiu cng a vo hai cc B (Hnh 4.14)

89

+ Vcc Rc1 Vc1 Vi1 Q1 Vc2 Q2 Vi1 Rc2 Rc1 Vc1 Q1

+ Vcc Rc2 Vc2 Q2

Re -Vcc H 4.13: M ch khu i vi sai ch n nh ch

Re -Vcc H 4.14: M ch khu i vi sai ch nh ch pha ng

4.3. Mch khuch i cng sut: 4.3.1. KhI nim: 4.3.1.1. nh ngha: Cc mch khuch i c nghin cu bi trc, tn hiu ra ca cc mch u nh (dng v p tn hiu). tn hiu ra ln p ng yu cu iu khin cc ti, V d nh loa, mt, bng n...ta phi dng n cc mch khuch i cng sut, tn hiu ra c cng sut ln p ng cc yu cu v k thut ca tI nh mo phi tuyn, hiu sut lm vicv th mch cng sut phi c nghin cu khc cc mch trc . Vy tng cng sut l tng khuch i cui cng ca b khuch i. N c nhim v cho ra ti mt cng sut ln nht c th, vi mo cho php v m bo hiu sut cao. Do khuch i tn hiu ln, tranzito lm vic trong vng khng tuyn tnh nn khng th dng s tng ng tn hiu nh nghin cu m phi dng th. 4.3.1.2. Phn loi: Tng cng sut c th lm vic ch A, B, A B, v C, D tu thuc vo ch cng tc ca tranzito . Ch A: L ch khuch i c hai bn k (dng v m ca tn hiu hn sin) ng vo. Ch ny c hiu sut thp (vi ti in tr di 25%) nhng mo phi tuyn nh nht, nn c dng trong cc trng hp c bit. Ch B: L ch khuch i mt bn k ca tn hiu hn sin ng vo, y l ch c hhiu sut ln (=78%), tuy mo xuyn giao ln nhng c th khc phc bng cch kt hp vi ch AB v dng hi tip m. Ch AB: C tnh cht chuyn tip gia A v B. N c dng tnh nh tham gia vo vic gim mo lc tn hiu vo c bin nh. Ch C: Khuch i tn hiu ra nh hn na tn hiu sin, c hiu sut kh cao (> 78%) nhng mo rt ln. N c dng trong cc mch khuch i cao tn c ti l khung cng hng chn lc sng i mong mun v c hiu sut cao. Ch D: Tranzito lm vic nh mt kho in t ng m. Di tc dng ca tn hiu vo iu khin tranzito thng bo ho l kho ng, dng in chy qua tranzito IC t gi tr cc i, cn kho m khi tranzito ngt dng qua tranzito bng khng IC =0. Ngoi cch phn loi nh trn thc t phn tch mch trong sa cha ngi ta c th chia mch khuch i cng sut lm hai nhm. Cc mch khuch i cng sut c dng mt tranzito gi l khuch i n. Cc mch khuch i cng sut dng nhiu tranzito gi l khuch i kp.

90

4.3.2. Mch khuch i cng sut ch A: 4.3.2.1. Mch khch i cng sut ch A dng ti in tr: Trong mch khuch i ch A, im lm vic thay i i xng xung quanh im lm vic tnh. Xt tng khuch i n mc EC v mch ny c h s khuch i ln v mo nh. Ch xt mch ngun cp ni tip Hnh 4.15:

Hnh 4.15: Mch khuch i cng sut ch A ti dng in tr Trong : - Q: Tranzito khuch i cng sut - Rc: in tr ti - Rb: in tr phn cc - C: T lin lc tn hiu ng vo - Vi: Tn hiu ng vo tng khuch i cng sut - Vo: Tn hiu ng ra tng khuch i cng sut Ch tnh: Dng phn cc mt chiu c tnh theo cng thc Vcc v Rb:

Ib =

Tng ng vi dng cc C l:

Vcc 0,7 Rb

Ic = .Ib
in p Vce:

Vce = Vcc Ic.Rc

T gi tr Vcc ta v c ng ti mt chiu AB. T xc nh c im lm vic Q tng ng vi IBQ trn c tuyn ra. H ng chiu t im Q n hai trc to s c ICQ v VCEQ Ic B Q Icq Ibq

91
0 Vceq

A Vcc Uce

Hnh 4.16: c tuyn lm vic ca tranzito Ch ng: Khi c mt tn hiu AC c a n u vo ca b khuch i, dng in v in p s thay i theo ng ti mt chiu. Mt tn hiu u vo nh s gy ra dng in cc B thay i xung quanh im lm vic tnh, dng cc C v in p Vce cng thay i xung quanh im lm vic ny. Khi tn hiu vo ln bin thin xa hn so vi im lm vic tnh c thit lp t trc. dng in Ic v in p Vce bin htin v t n gi tr gii hn. i vi dng in, gi tr gii hn ny thp nht Imin = 0, v cao nht I mass = Vc/Rc. i vi in p Vce, gii hn thp nht Vce = 0v, v cao nht Vce =Vcc. Cng sut cung cp t ngun mt chiu:

P = Vcc.Ic

Cng sut ra: + Tnh theo gi tr hiu dng:

Po = Vce.Ic Po = I c2 .Rc

Po =

+ Tnh theo g tr nh:

Vc2 Rc

Vce.Ic I c2 Po = = .Rc 2 2 Po =
2 Vce 2.Rc

+ Tnh theo gi tr nh - nh:

Po =

Vce.Ic 8

I c2 Po = .Rc 8 Po =
2 Vce 8 Rc

92

 Hiu sut mch: Hiu sut ca mt mch khuch i ph thuc tng cng sut xoay chiu trn ti v tng cng sut cung cp t ngun mt chiu. Hiu sut c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Po .100 % P

Po: Cng sut ra P: Cng sut cung cp t ngun mt chiu 4.3.2.2. Mch khuch i cng sut ch A ghp bin p:

Hnh 4.17: Mch khuch i cng sut ch A ti ghp bin p y l mch khuch i cng sut ch A vi hiu sut ti a khong 50%, s dng bin p ly tn hiu ra n ti Rt Hnh 4.17. Bin p c th tng hay gim in p v dng in theo t l tnh ton trc. S bin i in p theo biu thc:

V1 N 2 = V 2 N1

4.3.3. Mch khuch i cng sut ch B: ch B, tranzito s iu khin dng in mi na chu k ca tn hiu. ly c c chu k ca tn hiu u ra, th cn s dng 2 tranzito, mi tranzito c s dng mi na chu k khc nhau ca tn hiu, s hot ng kt hp s cho ra chu k y ca tn hiu. Mch khuch i ny c gi l mch khuch i y ko, trong thc t ng dng c mt s dng mch c bn sau: 4.3.3.1. Mch khuch i y ko dng bin p: Hnh 4.18

93

Hnh 4.18: Mch khuch i cng sut y ko dng bin p R1, R2: Mch phn cc Q1, Q2: Tranzito khuch i cng sut. T1: Bin p ghp tn hiu ng vo T2: Bin p ghp tn hiu ng ra. Rt: Ti ng ra u im ca mch l ch phn cc tnh khng tiu th ngun cung cp do 2 tranzito khng dn in nn khng tn hao trn mch. Mt khc, do khng dn in nn khng xy ra mo do bo ho t. Hiu sut ca mch t khong 80%. Nhc im ca mch l mo xuyn giao ln khi tn hiu vo nh, khi c hai v khuch i khng c cn bng. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch: tn hiu ng vo c ghp qua bin p T1 phn chia tn hiu a v cc B ca hai tranzito. na chu k dng ca tn hiu ng vo Q1 c phn cc thun nn dn in, Q2 b phn cc nghch nn khng dn. na chu k m ca tn hiu ng vo Q1 b phn cc nghch nn khng dn, Q2 c phn cc thun nn dn in. Trong thi gian khng dn in trn tranzito khng c dng in ngun chy qua ch c dng in r I ceo rt nh chy qua. bin p T2 ghp tn hiu ng ra dng in chy qua 2 tranzito c ghp tr li t hai na chu k ng ra cun th cp n Rt tn hiu c phc hi nguyn dng ton k ban u. Ti thi im chuyn tip lm vic ca 2 tranzito do c tnh phi tuyn ca linh kin bn dn v c tnh t tr ca bin p s gy ra hin tng mo xuyn giao (mo im giao). khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta c th mc cc mch b i xng. 4.3.3.2. Mch y ko ghp trc tip: Mch khuch i cng sut ghp trc tip mc ch l b mo to tn hiu i xng chng mo xuyn giao, c s dng ch yu l cp tranzito h b i xng (l 2 tranzito c cc thng s k thut hon ton ging nhau nhng khc loi pnp v npn, ng thi cng cht cu to) Hnh 4.19. Nhim v cc linh kin trong mch: C: T lin lc tn hiu ng vo Rt: in tr tI ca tng khuch i cng sut Q1, Q2: Cp tranzito khuch i cng sut h b i xng Mch c c im l ngun cung cp cho mch phi l 2 ngun i xng, khi khng m bo yu t ny dng tn hiu ra d b mo nn thng thng ngun cung cp cho mch thng c ly t cc ngun n p.

94

Hot ng ca mch: mch c phn cc vi thin p t ng. bn k dng ca tn hiu Q1 dn dng in ngun dng qua ti Rt, Q2 tt khng cho dng in ngun qua ti. bn k m ca tn hiu Q2 dn dng ngun m qua ti Rt, Q1 tt. Mch ny c u im n gin, chng mo hi, hiu sut ln v in p phn cc ng ra 0v nn c th ghp tn hiu ra ti trc tip. Nhng d b mo xuyn giao v cn ngun i xng lm cho mch in cng knh, phc tp ng thi d lm h hng ti khi tranzito b nh thng. khc phc nhc im ny thng thng ngi ta dng mch ghp ra dng t.

Hnh 4.19: Mch khuch i cng sut y ko ghp trc tip

4.3.3.2. Mch y ko ghp dng t:Hnh 4.20

Hnh 4.20: Mch khuch i cng sut y ko ghp t Nhim v ca cc linh kin trong mch: Q1, Q2: Cp tranzito khuch i cng sut Q3: o pha tn hiu R1, R2: Phn cc cho Q1, Q2 ng thi l ti ca Q3 R3, VR: Ly mt phn in p mt chiu ng ra quay v kt hp vi R4 lm in p phn cc cho Q3 lm hi tip m in p n nh im lm vic cho mch. C1: T lin lc tn hiu ng vo. C2: T lin lc tn hiu ng ra n ti.

95

Mch ny c c im l c n nh lm vic tng i tt, in p phn cc ng ra Vo

Vcc khi mch lm vic tt. Nhng c nhc im d b mo 2

xuyn giao nu chn ch phn cc cho 2 tranzito Q 1, Q2 khng ph hp hoc tn hiu ng vo c bin khng ph hp vi thit k ca mch v mt phn tn hiu ng ra quay tr v theo ng hi tip m lm gim hiu sut ca mch khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta c th dng mch c dng Hnh 4.21:

Hnh 4.21: Mch khuch i cng sut y ko ghp t cI tin Trong C3: Lc b thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu D1, D2:Ct ro in p phn cc cho Q1 v Q2, Trn thc t mch c th dng t 1 n 4 it cng loi ct ro in th. Ngoi ra vi s pht trin ca cng ngh ch to linh kin hin nay, cc mch cng sut thng c thit k sn di dng mch t hp (IC) rt tin li cho vic thit k mch v thay th trong sa cha. 4.3.4. Mch khuch i cng sut ch C v D: Mc d cc mch khuch i ch A, AB, v B thng c dng khuch i cng sut, khuch i ch D cng c ng dng kh ph bin v c hiu sut cao. Cc mch khuch i ch C li t c s dng trong khuch i m tn m ch dng trong cc mch khuch i cao tn chn lc sng hi mong mun. 4.3.4.1. Khuch i ch C: Mch khuch i ch C c bn nh Hnh 4.22. Mch hot ng trong khong di 1/2 chu k tn hiu vo. Dng tn hiu ng ra vn c biu din y c chu k ca tn hiu c s hoc ca mch cng hng. Hot ng ca mch ny ch gii hn cc tng cng hng, dao ng.

96

V c c L C 1 V i R b C 2 C 3

V o

H 4.22:M ch khu i cng sut ch C nh ch

Nhim v ca cc linh kin trong mch: C1: Lin lc tn hiu kch thch ng vo Rb: Phn cc tranzito nm su trong vng ngng dn. Q: Khuch i cng sut L, C2: Khung cng hng. C3: T lin lc ly tn hiu ng ra. Hot ng ca mch nh sau: trng thi bnh thng tranzito khng dn in do c phn cc nm su trong vng ngng dn nn in p ng ra Vcc Khi c kch thch ngun tn hiu t bn ngoi qua t lin lc C1, mt phn nh bn k dng ca tn hiu lm tng phn cc B ca tranzito lm cho tranzito dn in bo ho. Dng cc C chy qua tranzito np in ln cun dy L di dng t. Chm dt bn k dng ca tn hiu tranzito tr v trng thi ngng dn, cun dy L x in qua t C2 to thnh tn hiu dng sin ng ra trn cc C. Nu c tn hiu n kch thch tip tc th tn hiu ra s lin tc, v ngc li, nu khng c tn hiu n kch thch ng vo th tn hiu ng ra s c dng hnh sin tt dn do tn tht trn khung cng hng. 4.3.4.2. Khuch i ch D: Khuch i ch D c thit k lm vic vi tn hiu xung hoc tn hiu s. Vi hiu sut trn 90% ca n s lm tng thm hiu qu ca mch khuch i cng sut. Ngi ta thng chuyn tn hiu u vo bt k thnh dng xung trc khi s dng n truyn mt lng ti cng sut ln v s chuyn ngc li thnh tn hiu sin phc hi tn hiu gc khi c yu cu. Trong thc t mch cng sut khuch i ch D c dng rng ri trong cc mch to xung qut hay to cao th my thu hnh, my photocopy

Hot ng ii: T nghin cu ti liu, tho lun t Ti liu tham kho:

97

Nguyn Tn Phc Nguyn Minh Gip Nguyn Kim Giao, L Xun Th ng vn Chuyt Nguyn Bnh

Linh kin in t, NXB Tng hp TP. HCM, 2003 Sch tra cu linh kin in t SMD. NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 2003 K thut in t 1. NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2003 Gio trnh k thut mch in t, NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2003. in t cng sut. NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 1996. K thut in t, Electronic Technology, NXB Khoa hc - X hi, H Ni, 2001 K thut in t, NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2005. Phn tch mch tranzito, NXB Thng k, H Ni, 2002.

xun Th Thanh Hi, Nguyn Xn Mai TS. Hip m

Xun in t c s Tp 1, 2 . Basic electronics . 2001. Cht bn dn it v Tranzito - Gio trnh mch in t k thut tng t. NXB Thng k. H Ni, 2001

Ni dung cn nghin cu:

Cu to, tnh cht, ng dng ca cc mch khuch i dng tranzito. Phn bit c s khc nhau v ging nhau ca cc loi mch khuch i. Cc ng dng ca mch khuch a dng tranzito trong k thut.

Cu hi Cu hi trc nghim khch quan Hy la chn phng n ng tr li cc cu hi di y bng en vo vung thch hp: tt Ni dung cu hi a b 4.1 Mc tranzito nh th no c tng tr vo nh O O nht? a.Mc kiu E chung. b. Mc kiu B chung c.Mc kiu C chung d. Tu vo dng mch. 4.2 Mc tranzito kiu no c tng tr vo ln O O nht? a.Mc kiu E chung. b. Mc kiu B chung c.Mc kiu C chung d. Tu vo dng mch. 4.3 Mc tranzito kiu no c tng tr ra nh O O nht? a.Mc kiu E chung. b. Mc kiu B chung c.Mc kiu C chung cch t c O d O

98

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

d. Tu vo dng mch Mc tranzito kiu no c tng tr ra ln nht? a.Mc kiu E chung. b. Mc kiu B chung c.Mc kiu C chung d. Tu vo dng mch. Mc tranzito kiu no c h s khuch i dng ln hn 1? a.Mc kiu E chung. b. Mc kiu B chung c.Mc kiu C chung d. Tu vo dng mch Mc tranzito kiu no c h s khuch i in p ln hn 1? a.Mc kiu E chung. b. Mc kiu B chung c.Mc kiu C chung d. Tu vo dng mch. Mc tranzito kiu no cho h s khuch i dng v in p ln hn 1? a.Mc kiu E chung. b. Mc kiu B chung c.Mc kiu C chung. d. Tu vo dng mch. Trong trng hp no tranzito trng thi ngng dn? a.Tip gip BE phn cc ngc. b. Tip gip BC phn cc ngc. c.Tip gip BE phn cc thun. d. Gm trng hp a v trng hp b. 4.9. Trng hp no tranzito trng thi khuch i? a. Tip gip BE phn cc ngc. b. Tip gip BC phn cc ngc. c. Tip gip BE phn cc thun. d. Gm trng hp a v trng hp c. Trng hp no tranzito dn in bo ho? a.Tip gip BE phn cc ngc. b. Tip gip BC phn cc thun. c.Tip gip BE phn cc thun. d. Gm trng hp a v trng hp c. Th no l mch khuch i Darlington? a. Tranzito mc song song. b. Tranzito mc ni tip. c. Hai tranzito mc song song. d. Hai tranzito mc ni tip. Mch khuch i Darlington c u im g? a. in tr vo ln. b. in tr vo nh. c. H s khuch i dng ln hn1. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. Trong thc t mch khuch i Darlington c my

4.9

4.1 0

4.1 1

4.1 2

4.1

99

4.1 4

4.1 5

4.1 6

4.1 7

4.1 8

4.1 9

4.2 0

cch mc? a. Mt cch mc. b. Hai cch mc. c. Ba cch mc. d. Bn cch mc. Mch khuch i Darlington c dng lm g? a. Khuch i ng vo. b. Khuch i ng ra. c. Khuch i trung gian. d. Ty vo yu cu ca mch in. Mch khuch i vi sai c tnh cht g? a. Khuch i trc tip tn hiu vo. b. Khuch i sai lch gia hai tn hiu vo. c. Khuch i tn hiu bt k. d. Tt c u sai. Th no l mch khuch i cng sut? a. L tng cui cng ca b khuch i. b. Cho ra ti cng sut ln nht c th. c. C mo hi nh v cng sut ln nht. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. Th no l mch khuch i ch A? a. L ch khuch i c hai bn k ca tn hiu. b. L ch khuch i mt bn k ca tn hiu. c. L ch khuch i ra nh hn na tn hiu sin. d. Mch lm vic nh mt kha in t ng m. Th no l mch khuch i ch B? a. L ch khuch i c hai bn k ca tn hiu. b. L ch khuch i mt bn k ca tn hiu. c. L ch khuch i ra nh hn na tn hiu sin. d. Mch lm vic nh mt kha in t ng m. Th no l mch khuch i ch C? a. L ch khuch i c hai bn k ca tn hiu. b. L ch khuch i mt bn k ca tn hiu. c. L ch khuch i ra nh hn na tn hiu sin. d. Mch lm vic nh mt kha in t ng m. Th no l mch khuch a ch D? a. L ch khuch i c hai bn k ca tn hiu. b. L ch khuch i mt bn k ca tn hiu. c. L ch khuch i ra nh hn na tn

100

hiu sin. d. m. Mch lm vic nh mt kha in t ng

Hot ng iii: Thc hnh ti xng trng a. Ni dung:

Thc hnh lp rp cc mch khuch a dng tranzito . Nghin cu, hiu chnh, sa cha cc mch khuch i dng tranzito

b. Hnh thc t chc: T chc theo nhm nh mi nhm t 2 - 4 hc sinh. Gio vin hng dn ban u hc sinh thc hin cc ni dung di s theo di, ch dn ca gio vin. c. Dng c, thit b, vt liu dng cho th nghim: 3.1. thc hnh): Dng c, thit b (nhng th khng tiu hao trong qu trnh

b.

S cc mch in thc t My o VOM hin th s hoc hin th kim My hin sng hai tia 40 MHz My tnh v phn mm thit k mch B ngun cho th nghim M hn

a. Vt liu (nhng th tiu hao trong qu trnh thc hnh): Cc linh kin th ng ri Cc tranzito dng lp mch theo yu cu thc hnh Mch in Nha thng Ch hn Bi thc hnh 1: Thc hnh lp rp mch cc E chung (E-C) Lp rp mch: . Mch khuch i mc theo kiu E-C: Theo s mch in
+V +V

Cc bi thc hnh

Ngun cung cp Rc Vo: Ng ra Rb1

Ngun cung cp Rc Vo: Ng ra

Rb1 Vi: Ng vo Rb2

Rc = 1K Re = 100

Re

Vi: Ng vo

Re

Rc = 1K Re = 100

101

Rb1 = 22K Rb2 = 1,8K

Rb1 = 220K

- Cho ngun cung cp iu chnh c t 3 - 12 V vo mch in tng dn in p, ghi li s liu v cho nhn xt v mi tng quan gia cc yu t: in p Vc Vb 3V 4V 5V 6V 7V 8V 9V 10V 11V 12V

- Cho tn hiu hnh sin ng vo 1Vpp. Quan st dng sng ng vo v ng ra khi tng ngun v cho nhn xt. - Ln lt gi ngu 3 mc 3V, 6V, 12V tng dn bin tn hiu ng vo n 3Vpp quan st dng sng v cho nhn xt. - Thc hin tnh h s khuch i dng in v in p trong cc trng hp. Bi thc hnh 2: Thc hnh lp rp mch cc B chung (B-C) - Mch mc theo kiu B-C: Theo s mch in
+V

Ngun cung cp Rc Vo: Ng ra

Rb1

Vi: Ng vo Rb2

Re

Rc = 1K Re = 100 -

Rb1 = 22K Rb2 = 1,8K

Cho ngun cung cp iu chnh c t 3 12 v vo mch in tng dn in p, ghi li s liu v cho nhn xt v mi tng quan gia cc yu t: 3V 4V 5V 6V 7V 8V 9V 10V 11V 12V

in p Vc Vb -

Cho tn hiu hnh sin ng vo 1Vpp. Quan st dng sng ng vo v ng ra khi tng ngun v cho nhn xt. Ln lt gi ngu 3 mc 3V, 6V, 12V tng dn bin tn hiu ng vo n 3Vpp quan st dng sng v cho nhn xt. Thc hin tnh h s khuch i dng in v in p trong cc trng hp.

Bi thc hnh 3: Thc hnh lp rp mch cc C chung (C-C)

102

- Mc mach theo ku C-C: Theo s mch in

+V

Rb1

Ngun cung cp Rc

Vi: Ng vo Rb2

Vo: Ng ra

Re = 1K Rc = 100 -

Rb1 = 22K Rb2 = 1,8K

Cho ngun cung cp iu chnh c t 3 12 v vo mch in tng dn in p, ghi li s liu v cho nhn xt v mi tng quan gia cc yu t: 3V 4V 5V 6V 7V 8V 9V 10V 11V 12V

in p Vc Vb

- Cho tn hiu hnh sin ng vo 1vpp. Quan st dng sng ng vo v ng ra khi tng ngun v cho nhn xt. - Ln lt gi ngun 3 mc 3V, 6V, 12V tng dn bin tn hiu ng vo n 3Vpp quan st dng sng v cho nhn xt. - Thc hin tnh h s khuch i dng in v in p trong cc trng hp. Bi thc hnh 4: Thc hnh lp rp mch Cascode Lp rp mch:
+ Vcc R1 C1
+

R4
+

C4

Q1 R2 Vo C3

Vo

C2 Vi
+

Q2 R3
+

R5

R1 = 22K, R2 = 10K, R3 = 1,8 K, C1 = .047/ 50v; C2 = C3 = C4 = 10F/ 50v - Kho st mch in:

103

Cp ngun cho mch in 12VDC o in p phn cc cc chn B, C, E ca cc tranzito ghi li s liu trng thi phn cc tnh. Cho tn hiu ng vo dng sin c bin 2Vpp quan st dng sng ng vo v ng ra v cho nhn xt. Dng VOM o li ch phn cc c nhn xt v dng mch khi cha c tn hiu vo v khi c tn hiu vo. Cho tn hiu ng vo c dng xung vung 2Vpp tn s 1kHz thc hin li cng vic v cho nhn xt. - Xc nh h s khuch i dng in v in p ca mch in. - Thay i cc gi tr R1, R2, R3, v R4 cho nhn xt v h s khuch i tn hiu. Bi thc hnh 5: Thc hnh lp rp mch Darlington Mch khuch i Darlington
+ Vcc Rb Q1 Q2 Re Vo

Vi

H 4.9:M ch khu i alington nh ch

- Ngun Vcc = 12V - Re = 2k2 - Rb = 120k - Q1,Q2 Dng C1815 + Thc hin lp rp mch theo s + Dng ng h VOM o in p cc chn tranzito v ghi li s liu. + Cho tn hiu dng sin 3V AC vo cc B qua in tr hn dng 10k. Quan st v v dng sng ng vo v ng ra. Gii thch hin tng. + Tnh h s khuch i dng v p ca mch in. Cho nhn xt. Bi thc hnh 6: Thc hnh lp rp mch khuch i vi sai Lp rp mch khuch i vi sai:

Hnh 4.12: Mch khuch i vi sai ch mt chiu

104

+ + + + +

Ngun Vcc = 12V Q1, Q2: C1815 Rc1=Rc2 = 10 k Re = 1 k RB1= RB2 = 220 k

- Thc hin lp rp trn panen chn cm - o din p phn cc trn cc chn B v C ca tranzito Q1 v Q2 cho nhn xt v gii thch kt qa o. - Cho tn hiu dng sin ng vo B1 v B2 3VAC /50 Hz qua hai in tr hn dng 10 k. Quan st dng sng ng ra trn C1 v C2. Gii thch hin tng. - Cho tn hiu ng vo 01 cc B v quan st dng sng ng ra. Cho nhn xt trong hai trng hp. Bi thc hnh 7: Thc hnh lp rp mchkhuch i cng sut ch A * Lp rp mch khuch i cng sut n: (ch A) Mch khuch i dng in tr nh s di y:

Hnh 4.15: Mch khuch i cng sut ch A ti dng in tr + Ngun Vcc = 12V + Rc = 2 k + Rb = 220K + C = 0.1f / 50v + Q = D401

o din p phn cc C ca tranzito v hiu chnh li in tr R b sao cho in p phn cc C = 1/2 Vcc (=6V) Cho tn hiu ng vo dng sin Vi = 1v/ 50 Hz. Dng my hin sng o bin ng vo v o bin ng ra: + Tnh h s kuch i ca mch in (h s khuch i in p) + Quan st dng sng tn hiu ng vo v ng ra cho nhn xt. + Gn ti ng ra cc C 100 qua tu lin lc 1F quan st dng sng v nhn xt Khi ti gim dn. Mc mch theo s di y:

105

Hnh 4.18: Mch khuch i cng sut y ko dng bin p Trong s mch in, in tr Rc c thay bng bin p T c N1=100 , N2= 8 Cho tn hiu dng sin 1VAC. + Tnh h s khuch i dng, p ca mch + Quan st dng sng ng vo v ra + Nhn xt tn hiu ng ra trong trnghf hp dng bin p v khng dng bin p Bi thc hnh 8: Thc hnh lp rp mch cng sut ch B - C * Lp rp mch khuch i y ko ghp ra dng t: Mc mch theo s di y:

Hnh 4.20: Mch khuch i cng sut y ko ghp t + Ngun Vcc = 12V + Q1,Q2 : cp = tranzito h b i xng D468, B562 hoc tng ng + Q3: C945 hoc C1815 + R4: 2k2 + R1: 4k7 + R2: 470 + R3100k + Rt: Loa 8 hoc in tr R = 10 + VR: 100 k

106

+ C1: 10 mF + C2: 470mF - iu chnh VR sao cho in p ng ra = Vcc/2. - o v ghi nhn in p trn cc chn ca tranzito Q1, Q2, Q3. - Cho tn hiu ng vo c dng sin 1 kHz. Quan st v v dng tn hiu ng ra trn cc chn. + B v C ca Q3: ........................................................... + E ca Q1 v Q2: ........................................................ - Ch hot ng ca Q1, Q2 . - Ch hot ng ca Q3 - Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca ton mch

107

Bi 5 Cc mch ng dng dng tranzito m bi: cie 01 09 05

Gii thiu: Ngoi cng dng chnh l khuch i tranzito cn c cc cng dng khc l to ra cc ngun tn hiu, bin i cc tn hiu iu khin, bin i ngun trong mch in nh to cc xung iu khin, xn tn hiu, ghim mc tn hiu, n nh ngun in cung cp... nht l trong cc mch in t n gin. - Vi s tin b ca lnh vc vt l cht rn, tranzito BJT ngy cng hot ng c tn s cao c tnh n nh. - Cc mch dng tranzito BJT chu va chm c hc, do c s dng rt thun tin trong cc dy chuyn cng nghip c rung ng c hc ln. - Tranzito BJT ngy cng c tui th cao nn cng c s dng rng ri trong cc thit b in t thay th cho cc n in t chn khng. Vi cc u im trn, mch ng dng dng tranzito BJT c s dng rng ri trong cc dy chuyn cng nghip v trong i sng x hi. Nghin cu cc mch ng dng dng tranzito l nhim v quan trng ca ngi th sa cha in t trong kim tra, thay th cc linh kin v mch in t trong thc t. Mc tiu thc hin: Hc xong bi hc ny, hc vin c nng lc: Gi tn cc mch ng dng dng tranzito chnh xc trn s mch in v thc t. Lp rp cc mch ng dng dng tranzito n gin t yu cu k thut. Kim tra, sa cha cc mch ng dng t yu cu k thut. Thit k cc mch ng dng dng tranzito n gin theo yu cu k thut. Ni dung: Mch dao ng. Mch xn. Mch n p. Hot ng I: Hc l thuyt trn lp c tho lun 5.1. Mch dao ng: 5.1.1. Mch dao ng a hi: Trong k thut, to ra cc dao ng khng sin ngi ta thng dng cc b dao ng tch thot. V nguyn tc, bt k mt b dao ng khng iu ho no cng c coi l mt dao ng khng sin. Trong cc b dao ng sin ngoi cc linh kin in t, trong mch cn c mch dao ng gm hai phn t phn khng l cun dy (L) v t in (C) Trong cc b dao ng tch thot phn t tch tr nng lng c np in v sau nh thit b chuyn mch n phng in n mt mc xc

108

nh no ri l c np in. Nu vic phng in c thc hin qua in tr th gn nh ton b nng lng c tch lu u c tiu hao di dng nhit. Nh vy mch dao ng tch thot thng gm hai phn t chnh l: Cun dy (L) v in tr (R) hoc t in (C) v in tr (R). Thng thng mch dng R, C l ch yu. Mch dao ng a hi l mch dao ng tch thot to ra cc xung vung. Mch c th cng tc ba ch : Ch t dao ng gi l trng thi t kch (khng n) Ch ng b (n n) Ch i (lng n) 5.1.1.1.Mch dao ng a hi khng n: nh ngha: Mch dao ng a hi khng n l mch dao ng tch thot dng R, C to ra cc xung vung hot ng ch t dao ng. Cu to Trong mch dao ng a hi khng n, ngi ta thng dng cc tranzito Q1, Q2 loi npn. Cc linh kin trong mch c nhng chc nng ring, gp phn lm cho mch dao ng. Cc tr s ca cc linh kin R c C c tc dng quyt nh n tn s dao ng ca mch. Cc in tr R1, R3 lm gim p v cng l in tr ti cp ngun cho Q1, Q4. Cc in tr R2, R3 c tc dng phn cc cho cc tranzito Q1, Q2. Cc t C1, C2 c tc dng lin lc, a tn hiu xung t tranzito Q1 sang tranzito Q2 v ngc li. Hnh 5.1 minh ho cu to ca mch dao ng a hi khng n dng tranzito v cc linh kin R v C .

Hnh 5.1: Mch dao ng a hi khng n Mch trn Hnh 5.1 c cu trc i xng: cc tranzito cng thng s v cng loi (hoc npn hoc pnp), cc linh kin R v C c cng tr s nh nhau. Nguyn l hat ng Nh nu trn, trong mch trn Hnh 5.1, cc nhnh mch c tranzito Q1 v Q2 i xng nhau: 2 tranzito cng thng s v cng loi npn, cc linh kin in tr v t in tng ng c cng tr s: R1 = R4, R2 = R3, C1 = C2. Tuy vy, trong thc t, khng th c cc tranzito v linh kin in tr v t in ging nhau tuyt i, v chng u c sai s, cho nn khi cp ngun V cc cho mch in, s c mt trong hai tranzito dn trc hay dn mnh hn. Gi s phn cc cho tranzito Q1 cao hn, cc B ca tranzito Q1 c in p dng hn in p cc B ca tranzito Q2, Q1 dn trc Q2, lm cho in p ti chn C ca Q1

109

gim, t C1 np in t ngun qua R2, C1 n Q1 v m ngun, lm cho cc B ca Q2 gim xung, Q2 nhanh chng ngng dn. Trong khi , dng IB1 tng cao dn n Q1 dn bo ha. n khi t C1 np y, in p dng trn chn t tng in p cho cc B ca Q2, Q2 chuyn t trng thi ngng dn sang trng thi dn in, trong khi , t C2 c np in t ngun qua R3 n Q2 v m ngun, lm in p ti chn B ca Q1 gim thp, Q1 t trng thi dn sang trng thi ngng dn. T C1 x in qua mi ni B-E ca Q2 lm cho dng IB2 tng cao lm cho tranzito Q2 dn bo ho. n khi t C2 np y, qu trnh din ra ngc li. Trn cc C ca 2 tranzito Q1 v Q2 xut hin cc xung hnh vung, chu k T c tnh bng thi gian t np in v x in trn mch. T = (t1 + t2) = 0,69 (R2 . C1+R3 . C2) (5.1) Do mch i xng, ta c: T = 2 x 0,69 . R2 . C1 = 1,4.R3 . C2 (5.2) Trong : t1, t2: thi gian np v x in trn mch R1, R3: in tr phn cc B cho tranzito Q1 v Q2 C1, C2: t lin lc, cn gi l t hi tip xung dao ng Q1 Q2

Hnh 5.2: Dng xung trn cc tranzito Q1 v Q2 theo thi gian T , ta c cng thc tnh tn s xung nh sau: f=

1 1 = 0,69 (R 2 .C1 + R 3 .C 2 ) T
f=

(5.3)

1 1 1,4 (R B .C) T

(5.4) Ngy nay, cng ngh ch to IC rt pht trin, nn vic lp rp mch dao ng, ngoi vic dng tranzito, ngi ta cn hay dng IC 555 hoc IC s. Tuy vy, chng ta cn nm vng cu to v hot ng ca mch dao ng a hi dng tranzito, vn dng kin thc khi sa cha mch trong cc thit b. 5.1.1.2.Mch dao ng a hi n n: Cu to d dng phn bit gia mch dao ng a hi khng n v dao ng a hi n n, ngi hc cn ch cch mc cc linh kin trn mch. + Mch dao ng a hi n n cng c 2 trng thi dn bo ha v trng thi ngng dn nhng c mt trng thi n nh v mt trng thi khng n nh. + trang thi bnh thng, khi in p cp ngun, mch s gi trng thi ny nu khng c s tc ng t bn ngoi. Khi ng vo nhn mt xung kch thch th ng ra s nhn c mt xung c rng ty thuc vo tham s ca mch v tham s

110

ny c th nh trc, nn mch cn c gi l mch nh thi, sau thi gian xung ra mch s t tr v trng thi ban u. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch (Hnh 5.3) - Khi cp ngun cho mch: Vcc cp dng qua in tr Rb2 lm cho in p ti cc B ca Q2 tng cao hn 0,6 V dn in bo ha in p trn cc C ca Q2 0 V. ng thi in tr Rb nhn in p m -VB t vo cc B tranzito Q1 cng vi in p Vcc ly t in tr Rb1 lm cho cc B tranzito Q1 c gi tr nh hn 0,3 V tranzito Q1 ngng dn, in p trn cc C ca Q1 tng cao Vcc. T C1 c np in t ngun qua in tr Rc1 qua mi ni BE ca Q2 . Mch gi nguyn trng thi ny nu khng c xung m tc ng t bn ngoi vo cc B tranzito Q2 qua t C2.
Vcc Rc1 C1 Rb2 Rb1 C2 Rc2

Q1 Rb C'2

Q2

-Vb

Vi Hnh 5.3: Mch dao ng a hi n n - Khi c xung m tc ng vo cc B ca tranzito Q2 lm cho Q2 t trng thi dn bo ho chuyn sang trng thi ngng dn, in p ti cc C ca Q2 tng cao, qua t lin lc C2 lm cho in p phn cc B ca Q1 tng cao lm cho Q1 t trng thi ngng dn sang trng thi dn, lc ny t C1 x in qua Q1 lm cho in p phn cc B ca Q2 cng gim, tranzito Q2 chuyn t trng thi dn sang trng thi ngng dn, lc ny in th ti cc C ca Q2 tng cao qua t C2 lm cho in p ti cc B ca Q1 tng, tranzito Q1 dn bo ho. Mch c chuyn trang thi Q1 dn bo ho. - Khi chm dt xung kch vo cc B ca Q2, t C1 np in nhanh t Rc1 qua tip gip BEQ2, lm cho in p ti cc BQ2 tng cao Q2 nhanh chng chuyn trng thi t ngng dn sang trng thi dn bo ho, cn Q1 chuyn t trng thi dn sang trng thi VB1 ngng dn tr v trng thi ban u. 0,7 v t Vc c VC1 VB2 0,7 t

111
t

Hnh 5.4: Dng sng cc chn ra ca mch Hnh 5.3 iu kin lm vic ca mch n n: a) Ch phn cc: m bo sao cho tranzito dn phi dn bo ha v trong s Hnh 5.3 Q2 phi dn bo ha nn: Ic2 = (5.5) IB2 =

Vcc Vcesat Vcc Rc 2 Rc 2

vi (VCE sat 0,2v)

Vcc Vbesat Vcc vi (Vbe sat 0,7v) Rb 2 Rb 2 Ic 2 Ic 2 Ic 2 IB2 > thng chn IB2 = k . sat sat sat

(5.6)

(k l h s bo ha su v k = 2 4) b) Thi gian phn cch: l khong thi gian nh nht cho php gia 2 xung kch m. Mch dao ng a hi n n c th lm vic c. Nu cc xung kch thch lin tip c thi gian qu ngn s lm cho mch dao ng khng lm vic c trong trng hp ny ngi ta ni mch b nghn. Nu gi: Ti: thi gian lp li xung kch Tx: thi gian xung Th: thi gian phc hi Ta c: Ti > Tx + Th (5.7) Cc thng s k thut c bn ca mch: - rng xung l thi gian to xung ng ra mch c xung kch thch, ph thuc ch yu vo t hi tip v in tr phn cc Rb2. Ta c cng thc sau: tx = 0,69 Rb2.C1 (5.8) - Thi gian hi phc l thi gian mch chuyn t trng thi xung tr v trng thi ban u, ph thuc ch yu vo thi gian np in qua t. V trong thc t sau khi ht thi gian xung mch khng tr v trng thi ban u ngay do t C1 np in qua Rc1 tng theo cng thc np = Rc1.C1 T np y trong thi gian 5 , nhng thng ch tnh Th = 4.RC1 (5.9) rng xung t= tx + th (5.10)

112

- Bin xung ra: trng thi n nh, Q1 ngng dn, Q2 bo ha nn ta c: Vc1 Vcc Vc2 = Vce sat 0,2 V Vc2 = Vcc

Rb 2 = Vx Rc1 + Rb 2

Nh vy, bin xung vung m do Q1 to ra: V1 =Vcc - 0,2V Vcc v bin xung vung dng do Q2 to ra: V2 =Vx - 0,2V Vx Mt s mch dao ng a hi n n khc a) Mch dao ng a hi n n dng mt ngun: (Hnh 5.5)
Vcc Rc1 Rb2 Rb1 C1 Rc2

Q1 D C2 Vi Ry Rb

Q2

Hnh 5.5: Mch a hi n n dng mt ngun Trong mch khng dng ngun -VB, in tr RB ni v my nn RB c chn c tr s nh hn. Tuy nhin, do khng c ngun -VB nn dng phn cc IB nh, nhy tranzito tng, nn kh nng chng nhiu thp. it D ct b xung dng kch thch t vo. in tr Ri dng thot dng x ca t lin lc tn hiu ng vo Vi. b) Mch n n c xung kch vo cc C

113

Vcc Rc1 Rb2 Rb1 C1 Rc2 RC2 Ri

Q1

Q2

C2

Rb Vi

Hnh 5.6: Mt dng khc mch a hi n n Trong mch, Q2 l tranzito trng thi bnh thng khng dn, xung m t vo cc C ca Q2 qua it D lm chuyn trng thi lm vic ca mch bng cch lm cho in p ti cc C ca tranzito Q2 gim thp. Dng mch ny c kh nng khng nhiu tt hn, tuy nhin xung kch thch phi c bin ln lm cho it D phn cc thun su v it D phi dng loi it c in p phn cc thun VAK nh khong 0,2 V 0,4 V, c nh vy mch lm vic mi c hiu qu tt.

c) Mch n n dng t gia tc:

Vcc Rc1 Rb2 Rb1 C1 Rc2

C2 Q1 D Ci Vi Ri Rb Q2

Hnh 5.7. Mch n n dng t gia tc chuyn nhanh trng thi Q2 t ngng dn sang bo ha, t C2 mc song song vi mch khong thi gian Q1 xut hin xung t C2 xem nh ni tt tn hiu truyn thng v cc B ca Q2 tc thi lm cho Q2 chuyn trng thi nhanh, nn t C2 gi l t gia tc. 5.1.1.2. Mch dao ng a hi lng n: * Cu to: Xt mt mch o pha nh gii thiu trn Hnh 5.8

114

R c R1 b R

Hnh 5.8: Mch o pha Trong mch tranzito Q c phn cc su trong vng ngng dn nh in tr R ni xung mass do phn cc VBE= 0V, nn ng vai tr nh mt cng tc ng m. Khi c xung dng t vo cc B ca tranzito th ng ra ta c mt xung m ngc pha vi ng vo, mch c gi l mch o pha Khi mc mt mch gm 2 tranzito nh Hnh 5.9. Mch c gi l mch a hi lng n hay FLIP-FLOP K hiu l (F.F)

Vcc RC1 RB1 RB2 Q1 R1 R2 Q2 RC2

-Vcc

Hnh 5.9: Mch dao ng a hi lng n FF Trn hai hnh a v b mch in hon ton ging nhau, ch khc nhau cch v *Nguyn l hot ng Hai mch Q1 v Q2 c mc linh kin cn xng nhau Rc1 = Rc2 R1 = R2 RB1 = RB2 Q1 v Q2: cng loi Khi thng in do c tnh ca linh kin trong mch khng hon ton ging nhau tuyt i nn s c mt tranzito dn trc. Gi s Q1 dn trc cc C ca Q1 gim

115

qua RB2 lm cho in p ti cc B ca Q2 gim dn lm cho in p cc C Q2 tng qua RB1 lm cho in p ti cc B Q1 tng cao Q1 dn bo ha Vc Q2 0 qua RB2 in p ti cc B Q2 c gi tr m Q2 ngng dn , in p ti cc C Q2 Vc = Vcc. Mch s gi nguyn trng thi ny nu khng c s tc ng t bn ngoi. Bng cch tc ng xung m vo tranzito ang dn bo ha nh hnh 5.10

RC1 RB2 Q1 R1

+ Vcc
RB1

RC2

Q2 R2

D C -Vcc R

Hnh 5.10: Mch dao ng a hi lng n nhn xung tc ng T C v in tr R lm thnh mt mch vi phn to ra 2 xung nhn m v dng t xung vung, Hnh 5.11

Vi

V0

Hnh 5.11: Mch vi phn Diode ct b phn xung dng do b phn cc ngc. Phn xung m it c phn cc thun t xung m vo cc B ca tranzito Q 1, lc ny in p ti cc B gim thp Q1 ngng dn in p ti cc C Q1 (Vc1) tng cao qua in tr RB2 in p ti cc B ca Q2 tng cao tranzito Q2 dn bo ha in p ti cc C ca Q2 (Vc2) gim thp 0 v qua in tr RB1 in p t ln cc B ca Q1c gi tr m Q1 ngng dn hon ton d chm dt thi gian xung m tc ng. mch gi nguyn trng thi ny Nh vy: Mch lun gi nguyn trng thi khi khng c xung tc ng v khi i trng thi th trng thi mi c xc lp v gi n nh. Do mch cn c gi l mch lt *Mt s im cn lu :

116

- n gin trong thit k ngi ta c th khng dng ngun -Vcc gi l mch dng ngun n hay mt ngun nh Hnh 5.12.

RC1 RB1 RB2 Q1 R1 R2

RC2

Q2

Hnh 5.12: Mch FF dng ngun n Cc in tr R1, R2 c mc xung mass, tuy nhin dng mch ny do dng phn cc thp nn d b nhiu. - mch c th chuyn trng thi c lin tc t mt ngun tn hiu iu khin t bn ngoi mch c th c thit k theo Hnh 5.13
Vcc RC1 RB1 RB2 Q1 R3 R1 R2 Q2 R4 RC2

D1 C1 C2

D2

Vi

Hnh 5.13: Mch chuyn trng thi lin tc t xung kch bn ngoi Trong mch xung tc ng t bn ngoi ch tc ng vo tranzito ang dn th 2 it D1 v D2 c phn cc bng 2 in tr R3 v R4. tranzito dn bo ha Vc 0 V nn in p phn cc ngc cho it thp,v th nn khi c xung m tc ng it d dng b phn cc thun. tranzito khng dn Vc = Vcc nn in p phn cc ngc cho it rt cao. Do , khi xung m n khng phn cc thun cho it. Mch R3C1 v R4C2 vn c xem l mch vi phn c thm phn cc ph thuc Vc ca tranzito. - chuyn trng thi lm vic ca mch c tt, xung tc ng phi c bin thay i phn cc v thi gian lu cho tranzito chuyn trng thi lm vic - mch chuyn trng thi tt tc lm vic nhanh nn chn ngun c mc in p lm vic thp nhng vn phi m bo yu cu ca ti

117

5.1.2. Mch dao ng dch pha: (Hnh 5.14) im chnh l mch c mc theo kiu E chung. S hi tip t cc C n cc B qua cc linh kin C1, C2, C3, R1, R2,R3 ni tip vi u vo. in tr R3 c tc dng bin i tn s ca mch dao ng. i vi mi mch dich pha RC to ra s dch pha 600 th C1=C2=C3 V R1=R2=R3. Tn s ca mch dao ng fo c tnh: fo=

1 2 .C1. 6 R12 .4 R1.Rc

Rb1 Rc

(5.11)

C1

C2

C3 R3

Vcc

V o

R1

R2

Rb2

Hnh 5.14: Mch dao ng dch pha Hot ng ca mch nh sau: Khi c cp ngun Qua cu chia th Rb1 v Rb2 Q dn in, in p trn cc C ca Tranzito Q gim c a tr v qua mch hi tip C1,C2, C3 v R1, R2, R3 v c di pha mt gc 1800 nn c bin tng cng chiu vi ng vo (Hi tip dng). Tranzito tip tc dn mnh n khi dn bo ho th cc t x in lm cho in p ti cc B Tranzito gim thp, tranzito chuyn sang trng thi ngng dn n khi x ht in, in p ti cc B tng ln hnh thnh chu k dn in mi. Hnh thnh xung tn hiu ng ra. im quan trng cn ghi nh l ng vng hi tip phi tho mn iu kin l pha ca tn hiu ng ra qua mch di pha phi lch mt gc 1800, nu khng tho mn iu kin ny th mch khng th dao ng c, hoc dng tn hiu ng ra s b bin dng khng i xng. Mch thng c dng to xung c tn s iu chnh nh mch dao ng dc trong k thut truyn hnh, do mch lm vic km n nh khi ngun cung cp khng n nh hoc m mi trng thay i nn t c s dng trong in t cng nghip v cc thit b cn n nh cao v tn s. 4.1.3. Mch dao ng hnh sin: Dao ng hnh sin c ng dng rng ri trong lnh vc in t, chng cung cp ngun tn hiu cho cc mch in t trong qu trnh lm vic. C nhiu kiu dao ng hnh sin khc nhau nhng tt c u phi cha hai thnh phn c bn sau: - B xc nh tn s: N c th l mt mch cng hng L-C hay mt mch R-C. Mch cng hng l s kt hp gia in cm v t in, tn s ca mch dao ng chnh l tn s ca cng hng ring ca mch L-C. Mch R-C khng cng hng t nhin nhng s dch pha ca mch ny c s dng xc nh tn s ca mch dao ng. - B duy tr: c nhim v cung cp nng lng b xung n b cng hng duy tr dao ng. B phn ny bn thn n phi c mt ngun cung cp Vdc, thng l linh kin tch cc nh tranzito n dn cc xung in u n n cc mch cng hng b xung nng lng, phi m bo dch pha v li va b cho s suy gim nng lng trong mch. 4.1.3.1. Mch dao ng L-C:

118

a. Mch dao ng ba im in cm(Hartley): (hnh 5.15)

+V

T: Bi p dao n ng
Rb C1 C2 Q

Vo: ng ra

Hnh 5.15: Mch dao ng hnh sin ba im in cm Trn s mch c mc theo kiu E-C, vi cun dy c im gia, cun dy v t C1 to thnh mt khung cng hng quyt nh tn s dao ng ca mch. t C2 lm nhim v hi tip dng tn hiu v cc B ca tranzito duy tr dao ng. Mch c phn cc bi in tr Rb. Tn hiu hi tip c ly trn nhnh ca cun cm nn c gi l mch dao ng ba im in cm (Hartley)

b. Mch dao ng ba im in dung(Colpitts): (Hnh5.16)

+V Rc C1 C3 Rb1

T: Bi p dao n ng Vo: Ng ra

C2

Q Rb2

Hnh 5.16: Mch dao ng ba im in dung Trn s mch c mc theo kiu E-C vi cun dy khng c im gia, khung cng hng gm cun dy mc song song vi hai t C1, C2 mc ni tip nhau, t C3 lm nhim v hi tip dng tn hiu v cc B ca tranzito Q duy tr dao ng, mch c phn cc bi cu chia th Rb1 v Rb2. Tn hiu ng ra c ly trn cun th cp ca bin p dao ng. trong thc t iu chnh tn s dao ng ca mch ngi ta c th iu chnh phm vi hp bng cch thay i in p phn cc B ca Tranzito v iu chnh phm vi ln bng cch thay i h s t cm ca cun dy bng li chnh t trong cun dy thay cho li c nh. 4.1.3.2. Mch dao ng thch anh:(hnh 5.17) Thch anh cn c gi l gm p in, chng c tn s cng hng t nhin ph thuc vo kch thc v hnh dng ca phn t gm dng lm linh kin nn chng c

119

h s phm cht rt cao, rng bng tn hp, nh vy chnh xc ca mch rt cao. Dao ng thch anh c ng dng rng ri trong cc thit b in t c chnh xc cao v mt tn s nh to ngun sng mang ca cc thit b pht, xung ng h trong cc h thng vi x l...
+V

Rb

Rc

C1 X C2

Vo: ng ra
Re

Hnh 5.17: Mch dao ng dng thch anh Nhim v cc linh kin trong mch nh sau: Q: tranzito dao ng Rc: in tr ti ly tn hiu ng ra Re: in tr n nh nhit v ly tn hiu hi tip C1, C2: Cu chia th dng t ly tn hiu hi tip v cc B Rb: in tr phn cc B cho tranzito Q X: thch anh dao ng +V: Ngun cung cp cho mch Hot ng ca mch nh sau: Khi c cp ngun in p phn cc B cho tranzito Q ng thi np in cho thch anh v hai t C1 v C2 Lm cho in p ti cc B gim thp, n khi mch np y in p ti cc B tng cao qua vng hi tip dng C1, C2 in p ti cc B tip tc tng n khi tranzito dn in bo ho mch bt u x in qua tip gip BE ca tranzito lm cho in p ti cc B ca tranzito gim n khi mch x ht in bt u li mt chu k mi ca tn hiu. Tn s ca mch c xc nh bi tn s ca thch anh, dng tn hiu ng ra c dng hnh sin do to ra cc tn hiu c dng xung s cho cc mch iu khin cc tn hiu xung c a n cc mch dao ng a hi lng n (FF) sa dng tn hiu. 5.2. Mch xn Mch xn cn c gi l mch ct ngn tn hiu nhm mc ch sa dng, gii hn mc bin tn hiu nn c dng rt ph bin trong cc mch iu khin v x l tn hiu iu khin. Mch xn c th dng it hoc tranzito v tu theo nhu cu ca mch in m c th xn trn, xn di, hoc xn hai mc c lp. Trong bi ny ch gii thiu cc mch xn dng tranzito. Mc xn c xc lp da trn ch phn cc ca tranzito.(Hnh 5.18) vng bo ho Ic vng khuch i Ib

Q Ic

120
0 Vc Vcc

vng ngng dn Uce

Hnh 5.18: c tuyn lm vic ca tranzito Do tnh cht lm vic ca tranzito khi bin tn hiu ng vo ca mch nm di mc phn cc lm vic th tranzito khng dn nn tn hiu b xn, ngc li khi tn hiu ng vo vt qua mc ngng th tranzito b dn bo ho tn hiu cng b xn. Li dng tnh cht ny m ngi ta thit k nn cc mch xn dng tranzito, gm mch xn trn, mch xn di hoc xn hai mc c lp 5.2.1. Mch xn trn, xn di: Mch c cng dng ct b phn trn hay phn di ca tn hiu ng vo thng dng tch ly tn hiu ring trong tn hiu chung ca nhiu thnh phn tn hiu khc nhau c iu ch di dng bin hoc dng sa dng tn hiu, dng mch ny tranzito c phn cc tnh ch AB, B, C, hoc D nm nghing sang vng ngng dn, tu vo mc tn hiu cn xn. Nh Hnh 5.19 l mch dng tch tn hiu ng b trong tn hiu hnh hn hp trong k thut truyn hnh c ng vo l pha dng, mch xn trong trng hp ny l mch xn mc di (ct b phn di ca tn hiu). V
C2 +V Rc C1

Vc

V i

Q Rb

V o

Tn hiu ng vo: Vi

t Tn hiu ng ra: Vo Hnh 5.19: Mch xn mc di

Hot ng ca mch nh sau: tranzito c phn cc tnh nm su trong cng ngng dn (ch C) nh in tr Rb phn cc B cho tranzito xung mass Vbe =0v, tranzito ngng dn in p ti cc C = Vcc. Khi c tn hiu c pha dng ng vo lm cho in p ti B tng dn ln nhng cha ln lm cho tranzito dn in n khi t gi tr ln tranzito chuyn t trng thi ngng dn sang trng thi dn in, nhanh chng ri vo vng khuch i, khong bin tn hiu cn li c khuch i ly ra trn cc C. Trong trng hp tn hiu ng vo c pha m th mch in c cu trc ngc li nh Hnh 5.20.

121

V
Rb C2

+V

Q C1

V i

Tn hiu ng vo: Vi

Rc

V o

Tn hiu ng ra: Vo

Hnh 5.20: Mch xn mc trn Ngoi dng mch xn c trnh by trn cn mt s dng mch khc dng tch sng hoc to xung kch thch cc tng iu khin. - Ng vo l cc tn hiu iu bin c tn s cao. - Tn hiu c hai bn k dng v m. - c dng trong cc mch tch sng bin trong radio - Ng ra l cc tn hiu iu bin c tn s thp. - Tn hiu ch cn li mt bn k dng ca chu k tn hiu.
Q C1 Re

+V

Rb1

Rb2

Vo: ng ra

Hnh 5.21: Mch xn di mc khng Trn s mch in Hnh 5.21, tip gip BE ca tranzito ng vai tr nh mt iot tch sng ct b phn m ca tn hiu (xn di) mc khng vn, ng thi ng vai tr nh mt mch khuch i dng in tn hiu ng ra ly ra trn cc E (mch mc theo kiu C-C). 5.2.2. Mch xn hai mc c lp: mch xn ny tu vo nhu cu mch in m ngi ta chn xn hai mc cn xng hay hai mc khng cn xng. Mt vn quan trng l mch xn dng tranzito l bin tn hiu ng vo phi kh cao m bo sao cho vng tn hiu b xn nm ngay trong vng ngng dn hoc vng bo ho ca tranzito, tn hiu ly ra nm trong vng khuch i. Trong trng hp xn hai mc c lp cn xng th tranzito c phn cc ch khuch i hng A, nu xn hai mc c lp khng cn xng th tu vo yu cu m ngi ta chn tranzito loi pnp hay npn v phn cc ch AB tng tui th lm vic ca tranzito.

122

- Mch xn cn xng, c phn cc ch khuch i A.

C3

+V Rb1 Rc Q

- Tn hiu ng ra b xn c trn ln di cn xng

Vi:Ng vo

Rb2

Vo: Ng ra

Hnh 5.22: Mch xn hai mc c lp cn xng - Mch xn khng cn xng, c phn cc ch khuch i AB
+V Rb1 C3 Q Rc

- Tn hiu ng ra b xn c trn ln di khng cn xng

Vi:Ng vo

Rb2

Vo: Ng ra

Hnh 5.23: Mch xn hai mc c lp khng cn xng Trn hnh v hai mch xn hai mc c lp i xng v khng i xng khng khc nhau ch khc nhau ch phn cc thay i mc tn hiu ng ra. 5.3. Mch n p 5.3.1. Khi nim: nh ngha: n p l mch thit lp ngun cung cp in p n nh cho cc mch in trong thit b theo yu cu thit k ca mch in, t mt ngun cung cp ban u. Phn loi: tu theo nhu cu v in p, dng in tiu th, n nh m trong k thut ngi ta phn chia mch n p thnh hai nhm gm n p xoay chiu v n p mt chiu. n p xoay chiu dng n p ngun in t li in trc khi a vo mng cc b hay thit b in. Ngy nay vi tc pht trin ca k thut ngi ta c cc loi n p nh: n p b t, n p dng mch in t, n p dng linh kin in t.... n p mt chiu dng n nh in p cung cp bn trong thit b, mch in ca thit b theo tng khu vc, tng mch in tu theo yu cu n nh ca mch in. Ngi ta c th chia mch n p mt chiu thnh hai nhm ln l n p tuyn tnh v n p khng tuyn tnh (cn gi l n p xung). Vic thit k mch in cng a dng phc tp, t n p dng it zne, n p dng tranzito, n p dng IC...Trong mch n p dng tranzito rt thng dng trong vic cp in p thp, dng tiu th nh cho cc thit b v mch in c cng sut tiu th thp. 5.3.2.. Mch n p tuyn tnh dng tranzito: 5.3.2.1.Mch n p tham s:

123

Mch li dng tnh n p ca it zne v in p phn cc thun ca tranzito thit lp mch n p (Hnh 5.24)
Q Rb +

Tranzito p n T lc ng ra Vo: i p ng ra n

Vi: i p n ng vo

ZENER

t lc nh n
Hnh 5.24: Mch n p tham s dng tranzito npn Q: Tranzito n p Rb: in p phn cc B cho tranzito v it zne mch ny cc B ca tranzito c gi mc in p n nh nh it zne v in p ng ra l in p ca in p zne v in p phn cc thun ca tranzito Vz: in p zne Vbe: in p phn cc thun ca Tranzito (0,5 0,8v) in p cung cp cho mch c ly trn cc E ca tranzito, tu vo nhu cu mch in m mch c thit k c dng cung cp t vi mA n hng trm mA, cc mch in c dng cung cp ln thng song song vi mch c mc thm mt in tr Rc khong vi chc n vi trm Ohm nh Hnh 5.25 gi l tr gnh dng. Vic chn tranzito cng c chn tng thch vi dng tiu th ca mch in trnh d tha lm mch in cng knh v dng phn cc qua ln lm cho in p phn cc Vbe khng n nh dn n in p cung cp cho ti km n nh.
Rc Q Rb +

Vo = Vz + Vbe

Tranzito p n T lc ng ra Vo: i p ng ra n

Vi: i p n ng vo

ZENER

t lc nh n
Hnh 5.25: Mch n p tham s dng tranzito npn c in tr gnh dng Dng in cp cho mch l dng cc C ca tranzito nn khi dng ti thay i dng cc C thay i theo lm trong khi dng cc B khng thay i, nn mc d in p khng thay i (trn thc t s thay i khng ng k) nhng dng ti thay i lm cho ti lm vic khng n nh. 5.3.2.2. Mch n p c iu chnh: Hnh 5.26 Mch n p ny c th iu chnh c in p ng ra v c n nh cao nh ng vng hi tip in p ng ra nn c c gi l n p c hi tip.

124

Rc Q1 Q2

Tranzito p n
R4 R5

Vo: i p ng ra n
+ C2

Vi: i p n ng vo

R1 +

R3 Q3 Vr ZENER R6

R2

C1

T lc ng ra

t lc n nh
Hnh 5.26: Mch n p c iu chnh Nhim v ca cc linh kin trong mch nh sau: + Q1: Tranzito n p, cp dng in cho mch + Q2: Khuch i in p mt chiu + Q3: So snh in p c gi l d sai + Rc: Tr gnh dng + R1, R2: Phn cc cho Q2 + R3: Hn dng cp ngun cho Q3 + R4: Phn cc cho zener, to in p chun c nh cho cc E Q3 gi l tham chiu + R5, R6, Vr: cu chia th phn cc cho B Q3 gi l ly mu. + C1: Chng t bin in p. + C2: Lc ngun sau n p cch li ngun vi in p mt chiu t mch ngoi. Hot ng ca mch c chia lm hai giai on nh sau: Giai on cp in: L giai on ly ngun ngoi cp in cho mch c thc hin gm Rc, Q1, Q2, R1, R2 Nh qu trnh cp in t ngun n cc C ca Q 1, Q2 v phn cc nh cu chia in p R1, R2 lm cho hai tranzito Q1, Q2 dn in. Trong Q2 dn in phn cc cho Q1, dng qua Q1 cng vi dng qua in tr Rc gnh dng cp ngun cho ti. Trong cc mch c dng cung cp thp th khng cn in tr gnh dng Rc. Giai on n p: in p ng ra mt phn quay tr v Q3 qua cu chia th R5, R6, Vr t vo cc B. do in p ti chn E c gi c nh nn in p ti cc C thay i theo in p ti cc B nhng ngc pha, qua in tr R3 t vo cc B Q2 khuch i in p mt chiu thay i t vo cc B ca Q1 iu chnh in p ng ra, cp in n nh cho mch. in p ng ra c th iu chnh c khong 20% so vi thit k nh bin tr Vr. Hot ng ca Q1 trong mch ging nh mt in tr bin i c n p. Mch n p ny c dng in cung cp cho mch tng i ln c th ln n vi Amp v in p cung cp ln n hng trm Volt. u nhc im: Mch c u im d thit k, d kim tra, sa cha tuy nhin mch c nhiu nhc im c th l mch km n nh khi ngun ngoi thay i, st p trn ngun tng i ln nn tn tht cng sut trn ngun cao nht l cc mch c cng sut ln cn phi c thm b tn nhit nn cng knh. Khng cch li c ngun trong v ngoi nn khi Q1 b thng gy ra hin tng qu p trn mch gy h hng mch in, n nh khng cao

125

5.3.3. Mch n p khng tuyn tnh: Mch n p khng tuyn tnh c nhc im kh thit k nhng c nhiu u im nh: c n nh cao ngay c khi ngun ngoi thay i, tn tht cng sut thp, khng gy h hng cho mch in khi n p b nh thng v c th thit k c cc mc in p,v dng in theo mun. Trong thc t mch n p khng tuyn tnh cng c nhiu dng mch khc nhau, trong mch dng tranzito v IC l thng dng hin nay Ch yu l n p kiu xung dng dao ng nght . Mch in in hnh dng tranzito c dng mch n gin nh hnh 5.27

C1

D4

D1

C2 D2 C3 +

R1

D3 Q

C4

C6

C7

Vo: ng ra

R2 +V

R3

R4

C5

Hnh 5.27: Mch n p n p kiu xung dng dao ng nght Trong mch Tranzito Q ng vai tr l phn t dao ng ng thi l phn t n p, T l bin p dao ng nght ng thi l bin p to ngun th cp cung cp in cho mch in hoc thit b. C1, R1 gi vai tr l mch hi tip xung duy tr dao ng. R4 lm nhim v phn cc ban u cho mch hot ng. D3, R4, C4, C5 lm nhim v chng qu p bo v tranzito. Cc linh kin D1, R2, C3, C2. To ngun cung cho mch n p. D2 lm nhim v to in p chun cho mch n p gi l tham chiu. Hot ng ca mch cng tng t nh mch n p c iu chnh gm c hai giai on. Giai on to ngun. c thc hin nh sau: in p mt chiu t ngun ngoi c tip t n cc C ca Q qua cun s cp ca bin p T, mt phn c a n cc B ca tranzito qua in tr phn cc R3 lm cho tranzito chuyn trng thi t khng dn in sang trng thi dn in sinh ra dng in chy trn cun s cp ca bin p T, dng in bin thin ny cm ng ln cc cun th cp hnh thnh xung hi tip v cc B ca Tranzito Q duy tr dao ng gi l dao ng nght. Xung dao ng nght ly trn cun th cp khc c nn bi it D4 v lc bi t C7 hnh thanh ngun mt chiu th cp cung cp in p cho mch in lc ny in p ng ra cha c n nh. Giai on n p. c thc hin bi mt nhnh th cp khc nn lc xung hnh thnh in p mt chiu c gi tr m nh D1, C3 t vo cc B ca tranzito Q qua Diot zener D2 iu chnh in p phn cc ca tranzito Q n nh in p ng ra. Gi in p ng ra c n nh. hiu r nguyn tc n nh in p ca mch, gi thuyt in p ng ra tng ng thi cng lm cho in p m c hnh thnh t D1 v C3 cng tng lm cho in p ti ant ca zener D2 tng ko theo in p ti catt gim lm gim dng phn cc cho Q n p dn in yu in p ng ra gim b li s tng ban u gi mc n nh. Hot ng ca mch sy ra ngc li khi in p ng ra gim cng lm cho in p m ti Anod ca D2 gim lm cho in p ti catt tng nn tng phn cc B cho tranzito Q do Q dn mnh lm tng in p ng ra b li s gim ban u in p ra n nh.

126

Mch in Hnh 5.27 ch c dng cung cp ngun cho cc mch in c dng tiu th nh v s bin ng in p ng vo thp. Trong cc mch cn c dng tiu th ln, tm d sai rng th cu trc mch in phc tp hn, dng nhiu linh kin hn, k c tranzito, cc thnh phn ca h thng n p c hon chnh y s c: n p, d sai, tham chiu, ly mu v bo v nu h thng ngun cn an ton cao. Hot ng ii. T nghin cu ti liu, tho lun t Ti liu tham kho: Nguyn Tn Phc Nguyn Kim Giao, L Xun Th ng vn Chuyt Nguyn Bnh mch in t trong cng nghip, NXB Tng hp TP. HCM, 2003 K thut in t 1. NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2003 Gio trnh k thut mch in t, NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2003. in t cng sut. NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 1996. K thut in t, Electronic Technology, NXB Khoa hc - X hi, H Ni, 2001. K thut in t, NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2005. Phn tch mch tranzito, NXB Thng k, H Ni, 2002. in t c s Tp 1, 2 . Basic electronics . 2001.

xun Th Thanh Hi, Nguyn Xn Mai TS. m Xun Hip

Ni dung cn nghin cu:

Cu to, tnh cht, nguyn l hot ng ca cc mch ng dng dng tranzito. Phn bit c s khc nhau v ging nhau ca cc loi mch . Cc ng dng ca mch dng tranzito trong k thut.

Cu hi v bi tp a. Cu hi trc nghim khch quan Hy in vo ch trng ni dung thch hp vi cu gi di y: 5.1: Hy in vo ch trng nhng ni dung thch hp: a) Mch dao ng a hi khng n l ............................. b) Trong mch dao ng a hi khng n dng hai tranzito c cng thng s v cng loi, cc linh kin quyt nh tn s dao ng l .................. c) Trong mch dao ng a hi khng n, nguyn nhn to cho mch dao ng c l do........................... d) Ngoi cc linh kin R v C c a vo mch dao ng a hi khng n dng tranzito hoc, ngi ta cn c th dng................... to tn s dao ng n nh v chnh xc. e) Mch xn cn c gi l mch............................ f) Mc xn dng tranzito c xc lp da trn ........................... g) n p l mch thit lp ngun cung cp in ................. cho cc mch in trong thit b theo yu cu thit k ca mch in, t .........................

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Tr li nhanh cc cu hi di y: 5.2: Mun thay i tn s ca mch dao ng a hi chng ta nn thc hin bng cch no ? 5. 3: Mun thay i thi gian ngt m, thng gi l rng xung, cn thc hin bng cch no? 5.4: Mun cho mt tranzito lun dn trc khi cp ngun, cn thc hin bng cch no? 5.5: Vi ngun cung cp 12V tn s 1kHz dng in ti I C = 10mA dng tranzito C1815 (=100) hy chn cc linh kin RC cho mch. 5.6: Hy cho bit nguyn nhn v sao mt mch dao ng khng th to dao ng c, khi in p phn cc trn hai tranzito hon ton ging nhau. Hy lm bi tp di y theo cc s liu cho: 5.7: Cho mt mch in c Re = 4,7K, Rb = 47K, C=0,01F. Dng tranzito C1815 (=100) vi ngun cung cp 12V. Hy cho bit: a) rng xung ca mch b) Tn s ca mch c) Tng tr ca mch Hy la chn phng n m hc vin cho l ng nht trong cc cu gi di y v t en vo vung thch hp: tt Ni dung cu hi a b c d 5.8 S mch dao ng a hi n n dng tranzito O O O O khc mch dao ng a hi khng n dng tranzito yu t sau: Cc linh kin trong mch mc khng i xng Tr s cc linh kin trong mch khng i xng Cch cung cp ngun d. Tt c cc yu t trn 5.9 Xt v mt nguyn l c th xc nh c trng O O O O thi dn hay khng dn ca tranzito bng cch: a. Nhn cch phn cc ca mch b. o in p phn cc c. Xc nh ng vo v ra ca mch d. Tt c cc yu t trn. 5.1 Thi gian phn cch l: O O O O 0 a. Thi gian gia hai xung lin tc ti ng ra ca mch b. Thi gian gia hai xung kch thch vo mch c. Thi gian xut hin xung d. Thi gian tn ti xung kch thch. 5.1 rng xung l: O O O O 1 a. Thi gian xut hin xung ng ra b. Thi gian xung kch thch c. Thi gian hi phc trng thi xung

128

5.1 2

5.1 3

5.1 4

d. Thi gian gia hai xung xut hin ng ra Thi gian hi phc l: a. Thi gian t khi xut hin xung n khi tr v trng thi ban u b. Thi gian tn ti xung c. Thi gian mch trng thi n nh d. Thi gian t trng thi xung tr v trng thi ban u Mch a hi n n dng mt ngun c u im a. D trong thit k mch b. C cng sut tiu th thp c. C ngun cung cp thp d. Tt c u ng Mch a hi n n c t gia tc c u im: a. C rng xung nh b. C bin ln c. C thi gian chuyn trng thi nhanh d. C thi gian hi phc ngn Hot ng iii: Thc hnh ti xng trng

1. Ni dung: Lp rp cc mch dao ng a hi c bn, mch xn, mch n p 2. Hnh thc t chc thc hin - c t chc thc hnh ti xng thc tp - Quan st thao tc mu ca gio vin - Thc tp: T 1-2 hc sinh trong mt nhm 3. Dng c thc tp: - B dng c cm tay ngh in t - Panel chn cm nh. - My o VOM v DVOM - My hin sng 2 knh 40MHz 4. Linh kin thc tp: - Linh kin in t ri cc loi. - Mch in c thit k s sn. - Dy ni mch in. - Linh kin lm ti gi cho mch. - Ch hn, nha thng 5. Qui trnh thc hin: Lp rp mch dao ng a hi dng tranzito: - Lp rp mch theo s cho trc: + Lp mch

129

+ Th mch + Quan st dng sng ng vo v ng ra + Thay i cc gi tr R, C v cho nhn xt + o in p phn cc trn cc chn tranzito khi mch hot ng v lc mch khng hot ng, sau cho nhn xt. + T thit k mch theo yu cu cho trc v tn s xung, rng xung, thi gian ngt v thi gian m Lp rp mch xn dng tranzito: - Lp rp mch theo s cho trc: + Lp mch + Th mch + Quan st dng sng ng vo v ng ra + Thay i cc gi tr phn cc ca mch, gi tr cc tn hiu ng vo v cho nhn xt + o in p phn cc trn cc chn tranzito khi mch hot ng v lc mch khng hot ng, sau cho nhn xt. + T thit k mch theo yu cu cho trc v cc gi tr, dng tn hiu ng ra. Lp rp mch n p dng tranzito: - Lp rp mch theo s cho trc: + Lp mch + Th mch + Thay i cc gi tr phn cc ca mch, gi tr ti, in p ng vo v cho nhn xt + o in p phn cc trn cc chn tranzito khi mch c ti v lc mch khng c ti, sau cho nhn xt. + T thit k mch theo yu cu cho trc v cc gi tr in p ng ra v dng tiu th trn ti.

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Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp Bi 01:
Tn bi 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7. 1.8. 1.9. 1.10. a O O O O O O O O b O O O O c O O O d O

O O O O O d O Tn bi

O O O O O O a

O O

b O O O O c O O O O O O O O

O O b O O c O O O O O O O O O O d O

Bi 02:
Tn bi 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 2.9. 2.10. a O O

2.11. 2.12. 2.13. 2.14. 2.15. 2.16. 2.17. 2.18. 2.19. 2.20.

O O

O O O

O O

O O O O O O

O O O

O O O O O O

O O O O

O O

O O

Bi 03:
131

Hy la chn phng n ng tr li cc cu hi di y bng en vo vung thch hp: tt Ni dung cu hi a b 3.1 Th no l cht bn dn? O O d. L cht c kh nng dn in. e. L cht c kh nng dn in yu f. L cht khng c k nng dn in d. L cht nm gia cht dn v cch in. 3.2 Cc yu t no nh hng n kh nng dn in O O ca cht bn dn? d. Nhit mi trng. e. tinh khit ca cht bn dn f. Cc ngun nng lng khc. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. 3.3 Dng in trong bn dn P l g? O L dng cc in t t do. L dng cc l trng. L dng cc ion m. d. L tt c cc yu t trn. 3.4 Dng in trong cht bn dn N l g? O a. Dng cc in t t do. b. Dng cc l trng. c. Dng cc ion m. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. 3.5 Linh kin bn dn c u im g? O O a. Nh gn. b. Gim cng sut tiu hao c. Gim nhiu ngun d. Cc yu t trn. 3.6 Linh kin bn dn c nhc im g? O O a. in p ngc nh. b. C dng r ngc. c. Cc thng s k thut thay i theo nhit . d. Cc yu t trn. 3.7 it tip mt c c im g? O O a. Dng in chu ti ln. b. in p nh thng ln. c. in dung tip gip ln. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. 3.8 Cc k hiu sau k hiu no ca it tip mt? O a. b. c. d. 3.9 it tip a. b. c. mt dng lm g? Tch sng. Nn in. Ghim p. O

cch t c O

132

3.1 0

3.1 1

3.1 2

d. Pht sng Dng in chy qua it c chiu nh th no? a. Chiu tu thch. b. Chiu t Anode n Catode. c. Chiu t Catode n Anode. d. Tt c u sai. Mch nn in dng it c my loi dng mch? a. Nn in mt bn k. b. Nn in hai bn k. c. Nn in tng p. d. Tt c cc loi trn. it tch sng c c im g? a. Dng in chu ti rt nh. b. Cng sut chu ti nh. c. in dung k sinh nh. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. it tch a. b. c. d. sng c cng dng g? Nn in. Ghim p. Tch sng tn hiu nh. Pht sng.

3.1 3

3.1 4

3.1 5

it Zener c c im cu to g? a. Ging it tip mt. b. Ging it tch sng. c. C t l tp cht cao. d. C din tch tip xc ln. it zener c tnh cht g khi c phn cc thun? a. Dn in nh it thng thng. b. Khng dn in. c. C th dn hoc khng dn. d. Tt c u sai. it zne c tnh cht g khi b phn cc ngc? a. Khng dn in. b. Khng cho in p tng hn in p zne c. Dn in. d. C th dn hoc khng dn. it quang c tnh cht g? a. in trngc v cng ln khi b che ti. b. in tr ngc gim khi b chiu sng. c. in tr ngc lun ln mi trng hp. d. C a v b.

3.1 6

3.1 7

3.1 8

it pht a. b. c. d.

quang c tnh cht g? Ging nh it nn in Pht sng khi c phn cc thun. Pht sng khi c phn cc ngc. Ging nh it quang.

133

3.1 9

3.2 0

3.2 1

3.2 2

3.2 3

3.2 4

3.2 5

3.2 6

3.2 7

it bin dung c tnh cht g? a. in dung gim khi c phn cc thun. b. in dung tng khi c phn cc ngc. c. in dung tng khi c phn cc thun. d. Gm a v b. Tranzito c g khc vi it? a. C hai tip gip PN. b. C ba chn (cc) c. C tnh khuch i. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. Fet c dc im g khc tranzito? a. Tng tr vo rt ln. b. lng iu khin l in p. c. Hot ng khng da trn mi ni PN d. Tt c cc yu t trn. ic khc it im no? a. Nguyn tc cu to. b. Nguyn l lm vic. c. Phm vi ng dng. d. Tt c cc yu t trn SCR khc tranzito im no? a. Nguyn tc cu to. b. Nguyn l lm vic. c. Phm vi ng dng. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. SCR c tnh cht c bn g? a. Bnh thng khng dn b. Khi dn th dn bo ho. c. Dn lun khi ngt ngun kch thch. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. Mun ngt SCR ngi ta thc hin bng cch no? a. t in p ngc. b. Ngt dng i qua SCR. c. Ni tt AK ca SCR d. Mt trong cc cch trn. Trong k thut SCR thng c dng lm g? a. Lm cng tc ng ngt. b. iu khin dng in mt chiu. c. Nn in c iu khin. d. Tt c cc yu t trn. V cu to SCR c my lp tip gip PN? a. Mt lp tip gip. b. Hai lp tip gip. c. Ba lp tip gip. d. Bn lp tip gip. V cu to Tric c my lp tip gip PN? a. Mt lp tip gip. b. Hai lp tip gip. c. Ba lp tip gip. d. Bn lp tip gip. Nguyn l hot ng ca Tric c c im g?

3.2 8

3.2

134

3.3 0

a. Ging hai it mc ngc u. b. Ging hai tranzito mc ngc u. c. Ging hai SCR mc ngc u. d. Tt c u sai. Trong k thut Tric c cng dng g? a. Kho ng m hai chiu. b. iu khin dng in xoay chiu. c. Tt c u ng . d. Tt c sai.

Hy in vo ch trng cc cm t thch hp vi ni dung nu di y: 3.31. Cht bn dn l cht c c tnh dn in trung gian. gia cht dn in v cht cch in. 3.32. Cht bn dn c in tr tng khi nhit tng, c gi l nhit tr dng v ngc li. Cht bn dn c in tr gim khi nhit gim c gi l m 3.33. C cht bn dn khi cng nh sng tng ln th in tr ca cht bn dn cng tng theo, c gi l quang tr dng 3.34. Cht tp trong cht bn dn c tc dng to in t hoc l trng cho cht bn dn. 3.35. Trong kt cu mng tinh th dng gecmani (hoc silicon...) c ho tr 4, cht tp l asen (As), phtpho (P) hoc ngtimoan (Sb) s to nn cht bn dn loi N cn nu trong kt cu mng tinh th dng cht tp l ini (In), bo (B) hoc gali (Ga) s to nn cht bn dn loi P 3.36. Hai cht bn dn P v N tip xc vi nhau to nn tip gip P-N, nu c phn cc thun (in p dng c t vo pha cht bn dn P), lc dng in t dng ngun qua khi bn dn P vt qua vng tip gip n khi bn dn N chy qua tip gip P-N. 3.37. Mch nn in ton k dng 2 it c nhc im l phi dng bin p c ba mi to nn hai cun dy c s vng v di bng nhau c c in p ng ra c tr s bng nhau. 3.38. Mch nn in ton k dng 2 it c u im l dng t linh kin hn chnh lu ton k. 3.39. Mch nn in hnh cu c u im l s dng bin p khng i xng 3.40. Mch nn in hnh cu c nhc im l phi la chn cc Diot nn in nh nhau nn in ton k.

Cu hi v Diot Hy t en vo trng tng ng vi ni dung ca cc phn cu nu trong bng di y m hc vin cho l ng hoc sai: tt Ni dung n sai

135

3.4 1 3.4 2 3.4 3 3.4 4 3.4 5 3.4 6 3.4 7 3.4 8 3.4 9 3.5 0

it tch sng thng dng loi it tip mt it nn in thng dng loi it tip mt it zne c in p zne (in p ngc) thp nh sng t bn ngoi tc ng vo it quang lm thay i in tr ca it it pht quang s pht ra nh sng khi khng c dng in i qua it quang v it pht quang u c kh nng cho dng in i theo mt chiu Mi thanh ca LED 7 thanh c mt hoc hai it hin th k t Khi s dng LED 7 thanh cn bit LED thuc loi LED ant chung hoc LED catht chung. it quang c in dung thay i khi in p phn cc thay i in p t vo LED pht quang thng l 1,4 -2,8V

g O

O O O

O O O

Cu hi v tranzito: Hy t en vo trng tng ng vi ni dung ca cc phn cu nu trong bng di y m hc vin cho l ng hoc sai: TT 3.5 1 3.5 2 3.5 3 3.5 4 3.5 5 3.5 6 3.5 Tranzito Tranzito lng cc c hai lp tip gip PN Dng in chnh chy qua Tranzito i t cc c n cc E gi l dng Ic Tranzito lng cc dn in khi Diode BE dn in v Vc> Ve Tranzito lng cc mun lm vic nht thit phi c dng phn cc B Tranzito hiu ng trng mun lm vic ch cn in p phn cc Tranzito c tng tr ng vo v ra nh hn FEET Tranzito v FEET u c dng khuch i hoc chuyn mch n sai O O

O O O O

136

7 3.5 8 3.5 9 3.6 0

Tranzito v FEET u b nh thng khi b qu dng hay qu p JFEET knh p dn in mnh khi in p phn cc dng JFEET knh n dn in mnh khi in p phn cc dng

O O

Bi 04:
Cu hi trc nghim khch quan Tn bi 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 4.7. 4.8. 4.9. 4.10. a O b O O O c d O O O O O O O Tn bi 4.1 1. 4.1 2. 4.1 3. 4.1 4. 4.1 5. 4.1 6. 4.1 7. 4.1 8. 4.1 9. 4.2 0. a O O O O O O b O O O O c d O O

O O O O

O O

O O O O

O O O O O

O O

O O O O

O O O

O O O

O O O

O O

Bi 05:
5.1: Hy in vo ch trng nhng ni dung thch hp: a) Mch dao ng a hi khng n l l mch dao ng tch thot dng R, C to ra cc xung vung hot ng ch t dao ng. b) Trong mch dao ng a hi khng n dng hai tranzito c cng thng s v cng loi, cc linh kin quyt nh tn s dao ng l linh kin R, C c) Trong mch dao ng a hi khng n, nguyn nhn to cho mch dao ng c l do s sai s ca cc linh kin trn mch in.

137

d) Ngoi cc linh kin R v C c a vo mch dao ng a hi khng n dng tranzito hoc, ngi ta cn c th dng thch anh to tn s dao ng n nh v chnh xc. e) Mch xn cn c gi l mch ct ngn tn hiu f) Mc xn dng tranzito c xc lp da trn ch phn cc ca tranzitor g) n p l mch thit lp ngun cung cp in n nh cho cc mch in trong thit b theo yu cu thit k ca mch in, t cc thng s k thut ca mch in cho trc.

Cu hi trc nghim khch quan Tn bi 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 a b O O O O O O O c O O O O O O d O

O O

O O O

138

Ti liu tham kho

1. cng mun/mn hc ngh Sa cha thit b in t cng nghip, D n Gio dc k thut v Dy ngh (VTEP), Tng cc Dy Ngh, H Ni, 2003 2. Cht bn dn it v Tranzito - Gio trnh mch in t k thut tng t, NXB Thng k. H Ni, 2001 3. K thut in t, Electronic Technology, NXB Khoa hc - X hi, H Ni, 2001 4. Vt l lp 11, nxb Gio dc, H Ni, 2006. 5. Mch in t, nxb Lao ng - X hi, T sch k thut in t, H Ni, 2002. 6. Nguyn Tn Phc: S tay tra cu linh kin in t 7. Nguyn Kim Giao, L Xun Th: S tay tra cu cc tranzito Nht Bn 8. ng vn Chuyt: S tay tra cu cc IC TTL 9. Nguyn Bnh: S tay tra cu IC CMOS. 10.Dng minh tr: S tay tra cu IC CMOS, NXB TP. HCM,1991 11.Dng minh tr: S tay tra cu IC TTL, NXB TP. HCM,1991 12. xun Th: Gio trnh in t c bn, D n GDKT v DN, H Ni, 2007 13. Thanh Hi, Nguyn Xn Mai: Phn tch mch tranzito, NXB Thng k, H Ni, 2002. 14. TS. m Xun Hip: in t c s Tp 1, 2 . Basic electronics . 2001. 15. Nguyn Minh Gip: Sch tra cu linh kin in t SMD. NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 2003.

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