Cau Truc May Tinh

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh
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1 : Cu trc c bn ca my tnh Bi 2 : Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca my tnh Bi 3 : Tng quan v phn cng my tnh Bi 4 : Mainboard v cc thnh phn trn mainboard Bi 5 : Lp rp v ci t phn mm my tnh Bi 6 : Thit b ngoi c bn my tnh Bi 7 : Kim tra, chn on, sa cha my tnh Bi 8 : Bo tr h thng
Bi
GV: inh ng Lng B mn: Cng ngh Tri thc Khoa: Cng ngh Thng tin
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Bi
CU TRC C BN CA MY TNH
1. Khi nim My tnh l g? My tnh(computer) l thit b in t c kh nng thc hin cc cng vic sau: Nhn thng tin X l thng tin theo chng trnh c nh sn trong b nh my tnh Xut thng tin Chng trnh l g? Chng trnh(program) l dy cc lnh c sp xp trong b nh, my tnh c th da vo cc lnh ny thc hin chc nng no . Phn mm l g ? Phn mm(software) l bao gm cc chng trnh v d liu lin quan, p ng lnh vc hay ng dng thc t. Phn cng l g? Phn cng(hardware) l bao gm cc thit b vt l cu thnh h thng my tnh. Cu trc my tnh Cu trc my tnh (computer structure) l cp cc thnh phn cu thnh my tnh v nhng lin kt gia cc thnh phn ny. mc cao nht my tnh bao gm 4 thnh phn: B x l trung tm (CPU : Central Processing Unit) H thng nh (Memery System) H thng vo/ra (I/O : Input/ Output System) Lin kt h thng (Interconnection, Bus) Chc nng my tnh Chc nng my tnh (computer function) l m t hot ng ca h thng my tnh hay tng thnh phn ca h thng. Chc nng c bn ca h thng my tnh: X l d liu Lu tr d liu Vn chuyn d liu iu khin d liu 2. Qa trnh pht trin ca my tnh a. S lc lch s my tnh Lch s pht trin my tnh chia ra 4 mc ln: Nm 1946 my tnh u tin ra i c tn gi ENIAC (Electric Numberial Integrated And Computer) chng thit k nh n in t, l kt qu ca mt d n do b quc phng M xut 1943.
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Nm 1956 my tnh in t u tin s dng transistor c tn gi TX-0 (Transistoried eXperiment computer) ra i. Khong nm 1966 s khm ph ra mch tch hp IC (Integerted Circuit). Bt u t y my tnh tr nn gn, nh v chy nhanh hn so vi my tnh th h trc. Khong cui nhng nm 70 v u nm 80 th h my tnh dng vi mch tch hp rt ln VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated) ra i. Chm dt vic ch to thit b mch tch hp thp (SSI: Small Scale Integrated). y l cuc cch mng ln trong lch s pht trin my tnh. Sau y l bng thng tin tm tt v cc b vi x ca Intel a ra th trng trong giai on ny: Nm BXL Reg Data Addr Cache L1 L2 1978 8086 16 16 20 1979 8088 16 8 20 1982 80286 16 16 24 1985 80386SX 32 16 24 1990 80386DX 32 32 32 1991 80486 32 32 32 8KB 1995 P. Pro 32 64 36 16KB 256KB 1997 P MMX 32 64 32 32KB 1998 P II 32 64 36 32KB 128KB 1998 Celeron 32 64 64 32KB 1999 P III 32 64 64 64KB 256KB 2003 P4 32 64 64 128KB 512KB Gii ngha: MMX: (MultiMedia eXtented) h tr thm cc lnh x l d liu a phng tin nh hnh nh v m thanh. Ngoi ra cn c cc b vi x l khc Pentium tng thch vi Pentium nh AMD, Cyrix, V d: Pentium K5 (AMD) Pentium II K6-1(2) (AMD) Cyrix (1997) b. Phn loi my tnh. Phn loi theo phng php truyn thng: - My tnh nh (Microcomputer) hay my vi tnh - My tnh tm trung (Minicomputer) hay my tnh mini - My tnh ln (Large computer) hay siu my tnh + Mainframe computer + Super computer Phn loi theo phng php hin i: - My tnh c nhn (Desktop, Laptop, Palm, Pocket,) hay my PC - My tnh trm (Workstation) - My ch (Server) - Cc h vi iu khin (micro controller) c t trong thit b chuyn dng khc c chc nng nh my tnh gi l thit b nhng hay my tnh nhng (Embeded system ). c. Quan h gia phn cng v phn mm. Phn cng ca my tnh bao gm: CPU, b nh, mainbroad, card,. Phn mm ca my tnh bo gm: Chng trnh v d liu
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ngha ln nht ca my tnh l kh nng lm vic a chc nng, mi ng dng (phn mm) c thc hin trn my l kt qu ca s lm vic ht sc nghim tc ca cc lp trnh vin v cc nh lm ng dng tin hc. Cc phn mm ny s c ci t trn mt h thng my, vi cu hnh ti thiu cn c khi ci t v c th t chn ty cc chc nng s c ci t thng qua tp tin Setup.exe hay Install.exe. Sau khi ci t phn mm s gip h tr con trong x l cng vic. Phn mm my tnh chia ra 2 nhm: - Phn mm h thng : DOS, Windows, Unix, Linux, - Phn mm ng dng:Microsoft offices, phn mm hc tp, phn mm g ting vit, phn mm x l nh, m thanh, V d: Mi phn mm c ci t ln mt h thng phn cng nht nh: H Intel B nh a cng HH 286 1MB 40MB DOS 386 4MB 270MB DOS,Win3.11 486 8MB 840MB ,WIN95 Pentium 16MB 2GB ,WIN 2000 Gia phn mm v phn cng c mi quan h cht ch vi nhau. Mt s phn mm ch hot ng tt trn cu hnh phn cng ny nhng li khng hot ng tt trn cu hnh phn cng khc. 3. Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh. 3.1 M hnh c bn ca my tnh. M hnh my tnh hin nay c thit k da trn kin trc Von Neumann. Cc c trng c bn ca kin trc Von Neumann: D liu v chng trnh cha trong cng b nh c ghi B nh c nh a ch cho tng ngn nh khng ph thuc vo ni dung cha g My tnh thc hin lnh mt cch tun t. CPU
Lin kt h thng (Interconnection)
Memory
I/O
3.2 B x l trung tm CPU (Central Processing Unit) a. Chc nng: iu khin ton b hot ng h thng my tnh. Thc cc php ton s hc v logic b. Nguyn tc hot ng: CPU hot ng theo chng trnh nm trong b nh chnh my tnh. CPU thc hin lnh bng cch nhn tng lnh t b nh, gii m lnh v pht ra tn hiu iu khin thc thi lnh yu cu. Trong qu trnh CPU c th trao i thng tin vi b nh hay thit b vo ra. c. Cc thnh phn c bn ca CPU: n v s hc v logic( ALU: Arithmetic Logical Unit) thc hin cc php ton s hc v logic.
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n v iu khin (CU: Control Unit) gii m lnh v iu khin ton b h thng. Tp thanh ghi (RF: Rigister Files) dng lu tr cc thng tin tm thi phc v cho hot ng ca CPU. d. S chn b vi x l (Processor): CPU c ch to trn mt chip vi mch => b vi x l. N bao gm nhng nhm tn hiu sau:
Cc chn ngun nui Xung clock Cc chn a ch
Cc chn d liu Cc chn iu khin
3.3 H thng nh a. Chc nng: cha chng trnh v d liu my tnh. b. Cc thao tc b nh: c d liu (read) Ghi d liu (write) c. Cc thnh phn ca b nh: B nh trong (Internal Memory) B nh ngoi (External Memory) 3.3.1 B nh trong L loi b nh bn dn, l thnh phn nh m CPU c kh nng trao i thng tin trc tip. B nh bn dn bao gm hai loi nh chnh RAM v ROM B nh truy xut ngu nhin ( RAM: Random Access Memory) L b nh c kh nng c/ghi L b nh kh bin Cha thng tin tm thi RAM c hai loi chnh SRAM (Static RAM) v DRAM (Dynamic RAM) c im ca DRAM (SDRAM, RDRAM, EDO,..) Thng tin ghi trong DRAM thng phi lm ti trong qu trnh lu tr. Dung lng ln. Gi thnh h, tc truy xut chm ( 60ns 70ns). DRAM ny c thit k lm b nh chnh c kch thc 128, 256, 512MB hay 1GB. c im ca SRAM Thng tin c ghi trong SRAM l nh (khng phi lm ti). Dung lng nh. Gi thnh cao, tc rt nhanh (6ns-10ns). SRAM thng c thit k lm b Cache trong my tnh, dung lng ph bin 128, 256, 512, 1024KB B nh ch c ROM(Read Only Memory)
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ROM: B nh bn dn ch c, b nh ch cho php my tnh c thng tin m khng cho php cp nht thng tin. c im chnh b nh ROM: Thng dng lu thng tin c nh ch c c bi my tnh. B nh khng kh bin, tc thng tin trong ROM chng ta khng th thay i c khi ta s dng b nh ROM. ROM c s dng cha chng trnh v thng tin h thng my tnh khi khi ng (ROM BIOS) Thnh phn b nh trong: Tp thanh ghi(Register) B nh chnh (Main memory). B nh m nhanh (Cache). Mt s b nh khc(Video memory, CMOS RAM, ROM BIOS). B nh chnh: c im b nh chnh Cha chng trnh ang thc hin v d liu c lin quan. B nh chnh c t chc thnh cc ngn nh v mi ngn nh c gn mt a ch xc nh. B nh chnh c t chc thnh cc ngn nh, mi ngn nh thng lu mt Byte. B nh chnh truy cp vo ngn nh da vo a ch. B nh m nhanh(Cache) Thnh phn c t gia CPU v b nh chnh nhm tng tc trao i thng tin. CPU Cache L1& L2
Memory
Dung lng Cache << N nh chnh. Cache thng chia thnh 2 s mc Cache ( L1 v L2). Hin nay cache cng c tch hp ngay trn chip b vi x l. Lu : Cache c thit k t b nh bn dn c tc truy xut nhanh. V tr thng c t gia hai thnh phn nh c chnh lnh ln v tc nhm tng tc trao i thng tin. Mt s b nh khc. ROM BIOS (BIOS: Basic Input Output System) Cha chng trnh vo ra c bn h thng nh: chng trnh iu khin bn phm, a mm, a cng, cc cng ni tip v song song, Chc nng BIOS: POST (Power On Self Test). BIOS setup thit lp cu hnh h thng. Bootstrap loader c a tm setor khi ng my tnh. CMOS RAM: cha cu hnh h thng, chng c nui bi mt ngun pin 3v gn trc tip trn main. Ch : Phn bit thnh phn BIOS v CMOS RAM chng l hai thnh phn ring bit. CMOS RAM c s dng lu tr cu hnh thc t h thng m ngi s dng thit lp trong khi s dng chng trnh BIOS setup. Video RAM: b nh mn hnh cha thng tin v cc trang mn hnh s hin th. Kch thc mi trang ph thuc vo phn gii v s mu mi im nh khi hin th.
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3.3.2 B nh ngoi Cha chng trnh v ti nguyn ca h thng nh OS(Operating System), cc chng trnh ng dng. c im chung: Tc chm dung lng ln B nh ngoi c kt ni vi my tnh nh mt thit b ngoi vi Phn loi b nh ngoi B nh t(FDD, HDD) B nh quang(CD,DVD) B nh khc(Card, Flash,) B nh t (a cng, a mm,..) B nh t l b nh da trn tnh cht t tnh lu tr thng tin: c im ca b nh t: C kh nng c v ghi. B nh kh bin, tc l n c kh nng lu tr thng tin khi h thng khng c in. C kh nng lu tr thng rt ln. Da trn c im ca chng, a t c dng lm b nh ngoi ca my tnh s dng lu tr ti nguyn my tnh (HH, chng trnh v d liu). a t c chia thnh hai loi: a mm v a cng a mm(Floppy Disk): a hnh trn c lm bng cht do trn mt c ph lp bi xit st c kh nng nhim t. a cng (Hard disk): Bao gm nhiu a c lm bng thu tinh hay kim loi trn ph lp bi xit st c kh nng nhim t. Mt a cng thng nhiu a xp chng ln nhau, mi a c 2 mt (gi l side) c nh s: 0,1,2,3,. ng vi mi mt a c mt u t ( gi l header) dng c ghi d liu trn mt . Trn mi mt a li c chia thnh nhiu nhng vng trn ng tm (gi l Track), trn mi vng li c chia thnh nhiu cung ( gi l sector) trn mi cung ny c kh nng lu tr 512byte hay 512*8 bit hay ni cch khc trn cung ny c 4096 chm t. B nh quang(CD, CD-RW, DVD, ) 1. Cu to ca a CD-ROM Khc vi a mn v a cng hot ng bng phng php nhim t, a CD hot ng bng phng php quang hc. N c sn xut bng cch ngi ta to tng mu pit v land ln trn nhng ng ch polycarbonate ca a.
D liu CD:
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CD khng c phn chia thnh nhng track ng tm v sector nh a t. M thay vo CD c ghi di dng nhng track c ng xon c lin tc nhau chy di t trc n lp ngoi cng. Trong sut qu trnh hot ng, CD s s dng chm tia laser v my d laser cm nhn c s hin din hoc s vng mt ca pit. Cp laser/ my d s c gn ln trn b phn quay, lm b phn s theo du cc track xon c ca a CD. Chm tia laser s chiu ln mt bn di ca a CD, ni y s c ph mt lp nha trong dy khong 1mm trc khi n chiu ln b mt phn x. Khi chm laser chiu sng vo land, nh sng s c phn x v hng mt my d v s to ra mt tn hiu xut rt mnh. Khi chm tia laser chiu sng vo pit, nh sng s vt ra ngoi tiu c, kt qu l hu ht nng lng n ca tia laser s c tn x ra mi hng v v c rt t tn hiu xut s c mt my d to ra. Vic bin i t pit sang land v ngc li s ng vi hai nt tn hiu l c hoc khng c pit hoc land. Tn hiu nh sng tng t do my do my d tr v s c gii m. Qu trnh gii m l cn thit chuyn chui cc pit v land thnh nhng thng tin nh phn c ngha. D liu ngi dng, thng tin sa sai, thng tin a ch, cc mu ng b u c cha trong mt chui bit do pit v land i din, nhng cc s nh phn khng tng ng vi pit hoc land. Pit 1 thng biu din ni c trng thi chuyn tip xy ra ( t pit sang land hoc t land sang pit ). Chiu di pit hoc land c biu din bng s lng cc bit 0.
CD-ROM c ghi di hnh thc cc stack hnh xon c ni tip vi nhau chy ht b mt ca a. Mt a CD-ROM c th lu tr 79 pht d liu. Tuy nhin, c nhiu a CD-ROM gii hn con s ny n mc 60 pht bi v 14 pht d liu cui cng s c m ha phn ngoi khng gian a 50mm ngoi cng, phn a ny l phn rt kh sn xut v rt kh gi sch trong khi s dng. Vi 60 pht chng ta c 270000 khi d liu, mt khi c 2048 byte d liu th dung lng a s l 553 MB. Nu chng ta s dng ht 79 pht th s c 681MB. Hu ht cc a CD-ROM u c sn xut vi dung lng t 553MB n 650MB. Bo qun a CD: Khng b cong a.
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Khng t nng a. Khng lm try xc b mt a. Khng s dng ha cht trn b mt a. 2. a CD-R (CD recordable): CD-R gn ging nh CD-ROM nhng c hai im khc bit quan trng l: Lp polycarbonat ca CD-R c ch to bng hnh xon c m trong d liu s c ghi trong sut qu trnh ghi. Lp ny sau s c o ln n mt lp mu xanh lc v mt di l mt lp phn x nh vng trc khi n p mt lp bo v ln trn lp vng ny. Khi tng tc vi tia laser lp ny s b t nng to nn cc pit v cc land trn a CD-R. Cc pit v land c ghi s c c tr li sau khi qu trnh ghi c hon tt. Vic truy xut d liu ca CD-R ging nh i vi CD-ROM. Bo qun CD-R: Khng nn bc trn a di nh sng mt tri hoc di mt ngun sng mnh no vi khong thi gian di. Khng nn m qu cao hoc qu nng. Gi a mt hp sch bo v mt cch tt nht. Khng vit ln a. Khng s dng nhn dn ln a. Ch i vi vic ghi CD-R: u ghi CD-R c kh nng ghi gp 2 n 4 ln so vi tc pht chun 150KB/giy (75 secter/s). Tc ghi lm mt nhn t kh n gin dng o nhanh cc bit c c bi chm tia laser trn b mt a. B m khng c trng rng trong qu trnh ghi. m bo trong qu trnh ghi d liu khng c ngt no c thc hin. 3. a CD-RW: a. Cu to a CD-RW: a CD-RW cng c cu to bi cht do tng hp lm nn, mt lp mng kim loi c tnh phn chiu, lp bo v bn ngoi. Phn lp chnh lu tr d liu c lm t cht hu c trng hp (polycarbonat). i vi a CD-R, lp cht ny ch thay i mt ln ri tr nn bn vng. Ngc li, i vi a CD-RW, phn lp lu tr c thay th bng mt loi hp kim c kh nng trong sut khi b t nng vi mt nhit thch hp v m i khi b t nng nhit cao hn. Cc vng trong sut s cho php lp kim loi trn a phn chiu tt hn trong khi cc vng m s khng phn chiu tia laser do mt c pht ra. Nh cu trc linh hot c th thay i ca lp lu tr d liu m a CD-RW c th c ti cu trc li (xa d liu c v thay th bng d liu mi). b. c v ghi d liu trn a CD-RW: Ghi d liu ln a thc cht l ti cu trc li b mt ca phn lp lu tr d liu trn a.Trong sut qu trnh ghi, mt c s pht ra tia laser c bc sng thp nht (mc nng lng cao nht) ghi a. Tia laser ny pht ra chm tia c cng sut cao, lm cho ti im hi t tia c nhit lm nng chy phn lp lu tr d liu (khong 500 n
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700 C). Sau khi ngui trong khong thi gian rt ngn, chng to thnh cc vng phn chiu (biu din trng thi 1) v vng khng phn chiu (biu din trng thi 0). Cc vng ny (mang thng tin d liu mi) khc vi cc vng trc khi ghi d liu (mang thng tin d liu c). Khi ch c, mt c s dng tia laser c mc nng lng thp nht c a. N c th d dng nhn ra cu trc mi c thay i trn b mt a.
Hnh 3.2
4. a DVD: a. c im ca a DVD: Thi gian truy xut l thi gian a tm c thng tin trn a. a CD v a DVD thi gian truy xut tng i chm v c th nhu cu ca n ln n hng trm mili giy truy xut thng tin. i vi a DVD th thi gian truy xut l 470ms (khong giy ) trng khi thi gian truy xut bt k mt a CD no ch l 180ms. Nguyn nhn khin DVD cn nhiu thi gian truy xut hn l v mt tch hp ca d liu cao hn. nh dng d liu: Tp tin cha trn DVD cng da trn cu trc sector nh CD. Mi sector cha 2048B cng thm 12B d liu u vo. C mt chui 16 sector lin tc s c dng c ch nhn din li RSPC (Reed Solomon Product Code). DVD c v ghi d liu ging nh CD-RW. Cu to a DVD: DVD c xem l tng ng vi CD-ROM,d liu c ghi thnh cc mu hnh xon c bao gm mt lot cc pit v land c n vo lp nha bn trong. Kch thc v chiu di thc ca mt a DVD tng ng vi mt a CD. Tuy nhin, c mt vi im khc bit l: d liu c tp trung cao trn a. Trong khi a CD s dng cc track hnh xon c vi mt phn tng ng vi 1.6*m th cc track trn a DVD ch l cc phn 0.74*m. Pit trn CD l 0.83*m nhng pit trn a DVD ch l 0.4*m. (Bng 4.1 ch ra s khc bit ny.) Cc Thng S K Thut ng knh (mm) B dy ca a (mm) B dy ca lp bn di (mm) Khong cch cc track (*m) Kch thc pit ti thiu (*m) Bc sng (nm) Dung lng trn mt lp (GB) DVD 120 1.2 0.6 0.74 0.40 635/650 4.7 CD-ROM 120 1.2 1.2 1.6 0.83 780 0.65
Bng 4.1 Cc c im k thut ca a DVD, CD
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c th thy c nhng hnh hc nh xu ny, tia laser c dng trong u a DVD s hot ng vi mt bc sng ngn hn nhiu (nh sng ca bc sng ngn). Tia laser hot ng ti mt bc sng nht nh, v nhiu a DVD-ROM c hai u c laser c gn vo c cu, v th chng c th c c nhiu khun dng a quang khc nhau. DVD c th s dng nhiu lp pit v land (tng thnh phn bn trong n s to thnh mt lp phn x ring), v vy mt a c th ghi nhiu lp d liu c cng gi tr. Thnh phn iu khin tiu c ca chm tia laser trong a DVD c th chn lp c. Mt a CD thng thng ch s dng loi a mt mt, nhng c hai mt ca a DVD u c th s dng c. Kt hp k thut nhiu lp ny, DVD c th h tr ln n 4 lp d liu cho mt a DVD. Mt a DVD c th lu tr n 8.5GB dung lng d liu trn mt a mt mt hai lp hoc ln n 17GB dung lng d liu trn mt a hai mt hai lp.
Hnh 4.6 Hnh 4.7 Hnh 4.9
a CD-ROM, CD-R,CD-RW phi c kh nng quay a vi tc tuyn tnh (CLV- constant linear velocity ). Khi n mp ngoi ca a tc mp ngoi s chm xung. Mc ch l nhm m bo d liu xon c trn CD ang quay mt cch chnh xc. Tc c hin nay ca a CD l 52X (1X= 150KB/s), ca a DVD l 16X (1X=1,385MB/s). a CD khng th c c cc a DVD,nhng a DVD c th c c cc a nh dng CD.
3.4 H thng vo ra. GV: inh ng Lng B mn: Cng ngh Tri thc Khoa: Cng ngh Thng tin
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a. Chc nng: Trao i thng tin gia bn trong my tnh vi mi trng bn ngoi
v ngc li. b. Thao tc d liu + Vo d liu (Input). + Ra d liu (Output). c. Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng vo ra: Cc thit b vo ra (Peripheral Devices) Chc nng: Chuyn i thng tin gia bn trong v bn ngoi my tnh v ngc li. Thit b ngoi vi c chia 4 loi: Thit b vo, thit b ra, thit b nh, thit b truyn thng. Modul ghp ni vo ra (I/O Module) ghp ni cc thit b ngoi vi vi my tnh. Trong module vo ra c cc cng vo ra, mi cng nh mt nh c a ch xc nh. Thit b ngoi vi s c ni ghp trao i d liu thng qua cng. 3.5 Lin kt h thng (InterConnection) a) Khi nim chung v BUS Bus l tp hp cc ng dy dng vn chuyn thng tin t thnh phn ny ti thnh phn khc bn trong my tnh. rng ca BUS: l s ng dy c kh nng vn chuyn thng tin ng thi. Phn loi BUS BUS a ch BUS d liu BUS iu khin CPU Module memory
BUS A CH BUS D LIU BUS IU KHIN
Module I/O
BUS a ch : Chc nng: dng vn chuyn a ch t CPU n cc b nh hay cc Module vo ra, nhm xc nh ngn nh hay cng vo ra CPU cn truy xut trao i thng tin. rng ca BUS a ch (A0, A1,, An-1) Cho bit kh nng qun l cc i s cc ngn nh. Nu s dng rng bus a ch n ng, dung lng cc i ca b nh c th qun l l 2n ngn nh. Thng thng mi ngn nh lu tr 1B. V d: Bus a ch ca cc b VXL sau: 8088/8086 n=20 => khng gian nh qun l ti a 220( 1MB) 80286 n=24 224(16MB) 80386Pentium n=32 232(4GB) Pentium II,III,IV n=36 236(64GB) BUS d liu:
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Chc nng: vn chuyn lnh t b nh CPU, vn chuyn d liu gia CPU, b nh v cng vo ra. rng ca Bus d liu (D0,D1,.Dm-1) Cho bit s byte c kh nng trao i ng thi m = 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 bit V d: 8088 -> m=8 8086 -> m=16 80386 -> m=32 Pentium -> m=64 BUS iu khin: Vn chuyn tp hp cc tn hiu: Tn hiu pht ra t CPU iu khin Module nh v Module vo ra. Tn hiu t Module nh, Module vo ra gi n CPU yu cu. Ngoi ra cn l BUS cung cp ngun tn hiu xung nhp (clock) vi cc BUS ng b, tn hiu ngt, chuyn nhng, b) Phn cp BUS trong my tnh. Nhc im ca cu trc n BUS. Mt l c nhiu thnh phn ni vo mt BUS chung, nn ti mt thi im ch phc v c mt yu cu trao i d liu. Hai l cc thnh phn ni vo BUS my tnh c th c tc khc nhau. V th bus phi c thit k cho Module c tc nhanh nht trong h thng, nhng li phc v cho tt c cc module c tc chm hn. Khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta xy dng cu trc a BUS bao gm cc h thng BUS khc nhau v tc . Cc bus c phn theo cc cp khc nhau. Trong hu ht cc my PC bus c phn 3 cp v cc bus ni vi nhau thng qua cu ni BUS
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S phn cp BUS trong my tnh

B VXL
BUS tc cao
Cu ni BUS BUS tc trung bnh
Cu ni BUS BUS tc chm
Cu trc h thng Pentium II in hnh

Inter Pemtium
Cache L1
BUS VXL 133MHz
AGP
66MHz
North Brigde
66MHz
SIMM DIMM (SDRAM, DDR)

Khe cm PCI
BUS PCI 33Hz
USB1 USB2 CMOS & RTC
South Bridge
BUS ISA 8MHz
IDE1 IDE2
Khe cm ISA
a mm Bn phm Chut
Super I/O
ROM
LPT COM1 COM2
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Cu trc h thng ca Pemtium 4 Inter Pemtium 4

Processor
4.2 or 3.2 GB/s
RDRAM
AGP 4X
>1 GB/s
North Bridge
Inter Hub
Dual chanel
4.0 GB/s
RDRAM RDRAM RDRAM

6 Channel Audio
Architecture
ATA 100MB/s 2 IDE
PCI
South Bridge
Flash BIOS
133MB/s 4 USB Ports
LAN Interface
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Bi
NGUYN L HOT NG C BN CA MY TNH
My tnh chy c nh c chng trnh, chng trnh bao gm cc lnh. V vy my tnh chy c nh thc hin cc lnh trong chng trnh. 1. Thc hin lnh trong chng trnh Thc hin lnh trong chng trnh l hot ng c bn ca my tnh. My tnh thc hin lnh bng cch lp i lp li hai bc c bn:
Begin
Nhn lnh
Thc hin lnh
End
Nhn lnh (Fetch) Thc hin lnh (Excute) Qu trnh thc hin l dng khi: - Ngt ngun in ra khi h thng - Gp lnh dng (Shutdown) - Gp tnh hung khng x l c - Gp li phn cng Nhn lnh (Fetch) Bt u mi chu k lnh CPU nhn lnh t b nh chnh. Trong qu trnh nhn lnh 2 thanh ghi tham gia trc tip l thanh ghi PC (Program Counter) v thanh ghi IR (Instruction Register) Thanh ghi PC c chc nng cha a ch ca lnh s c nhn. Thanh ghi IR c chc nng cha lnh c nhn t ngn nh c tr bi thanh ghi PC. Sau mi lnh c nhn th ni dung ca thanh ghi PC t ng tng tr ti lnh k tip s c nhn. Thc hin lnh B x l gii m lnh c nhn trong thanh ghi IR v pht tn hiu iu khin thc hin thao tc tng ng m lnh yu cu.
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Cc kiu thao tc ca lnh c th: Thc hin trao i thng tin gia CPU v b nh chnh Thc hin trao i gia CPU v Module I/O X l d liu thc hin cc php ton s hc v logic iu khin r nhnh Kt hp cc thao tc trn 2. Ngt (Interrupt) - Khi nim chung v ngt: Ngt l c ch cho php CPU tm dng chng trnh ang thc hin chuyn sang thc hin mt chng trnh khc, chng trnh khc c gi l chng trnh con phc v ngt. - Cc loi ngt Ngt do li thc hin chng trnh Ngt do li phn cng Ngt do module I/O pht ra tn hiu ngt n CPU yu cu trao i d liu - Hot ng ca ngt Sau khi hon thnh mt lnh, b x l kim tra tn hiu ngt. Nu khng c ngt th b x l tip tc nhn lnh tip theo. Nu c tn hiu ngt b x l tm dng chng trnh ang thc hin, ct gi ng cnh hin ti (ng cnh l thng tin c lin quan n chng trnh ang thc hin). Thit lp b m chng trinh PC tr n chng trnh con phc v ngt. Thc hin chng trnh con phc v ngt. Cui chng trnh con phc v ngt. Khi phc li ng cnh v tip tc chng trnh ang b tm dng. Chu k lnh vi ngt
Bt u
Nhn lnh Thc hin
Dng
Ngt?
Chng trnh con phc v ngt
X l tn hiu ngt Cm ngt: B x l b qua cc ngt tip theo trong khi ang x l ngt. Cho php ngt: B x l s x l cc ngt tun t nu cng th t u tin. Mi ngt trong my tnh c gn mt s hiu ngt v c gn mc u tin khc nhau. Ngt c mc u tin thp c th b ngt bi cc ngt c u tin cao hn. V vy trong h thng xy ra tnh trng ngt lng nhau.
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3. Chu k thc hin lnh my tnh

Nhn lnh Nhn ton hng Ct ton hng
Tnh a ch lnh
Gii m thao tc Lnh tip theo
Tnh a ch ton hng
Thao tc dl D liu mng hay chui
Tnh a ch ton hng
KT ngt v ngt
4. Cc v d minh ha
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Bi
TNG QUAN V PHN CNG MY TNH
My tnh l thit b in t va phc tp va n gin, phc tp v my tnh cha hng triu phn t in t, nhng n gin v cc thnh phn c tch hp li di dng module. V vy, vic lp rp v bo tr my tnh ngy cng tr ln n gin. Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh bao gm: Bo mch chnh (Mainboard, Systemboard. Motherboard) B x l (Processor Unit) B nh (Memory Module) B cung cp ngun (Power Supply Unit) a mm (Floppy Disk Driver) a cng (Hard Disk Driver) CD-ROM, hay DVD-ROM Mn hnh (Monitor) Bn phm (Keyboard) Chut (Mouse) Hp my (Case) Card mn hnh (Card VGA) Card m thanh (Card sound) Loa (Speaker) .... 1. Bo mch chnh (Mainboard) Bo mch chnh l thnh phn ct li ca my tnh. Tt c cc thnh phn khc gn ln bo mch chnh u chu s iu khin ca n. Thnh phn c bn bo mch chnh gm: gn b x l (Socket hay Slot) Khi iu phi ca bo mch (Chipset) Khe gn b nh (khe cm DIMM hay SIMM) Khe gn m rng(AGP, PCI, ISA., CNR, AMR) ROM BIOS, Pin CMOS Chip I/O 2. B x l (CPU) B x l thng c gi l CPU (Central Processing Unit) l b phn quan trng nht trong my tnh c chc nng thc hin cc lnh trong chng trnh c np vo b nh chnh. B x l cha hng triu transistor trn mt ming silicon nh. y l thnh phn c kch thc nh nht nhng li c gi thnh cao nht so cc thnh phn khc bn trong my tnh.
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3. B nh chnh(Main Memory) B nh chnh ca h thng c thit k t chp DRAM, chc nng lu tr chng trnh v d d liu m CPU trao i trc tip. Kch thc b nh chnh ngy ny thng 128, 256, 512MB hay 1GB hoc cao hn. 4. Hp my (Case) Hp my l thnh phn cha bo mch chnh, ngun, a, card v cc thnh phn khc. C 2 loi hp thng dng hin nay: Hp my kiu nm (Desktop Case) chng c rng(43 53) t trn mt bn v thng dng chng t mn hnh ln. Hp my kiu ng (Tower Case) t thng ng cnh mn hnh chng c chiu cao t 50 n 100 cm khng gian rng hn, tho lp d dng loi hp my nm. Thng thng khi mua hp my chng c bn km theo b ngun. Hp my kiu AT: Trc y phn ln my tnh s dng loi AT, i km theo n l main board loi AT v ngun AT. i vi loi ny dy ngun c cm trc tip vo cng tc c kh ng m pha trc v my, iu ny d nhn bit l my tnh khng shutdown v ngt ngun t ng. Thng v thng c din tch nh gn. Tm mp y ca v thng c thit k thnh mt khi chung. Hp my kiu ATX: Hin nay my tnh s dng loi v ngun ATX, i km theo n l mainboard ATX v ngun ATX. Loi ny dy ngun c cm vo bo mch chnh, bt tt ngun thng qua main, v vy iu d nhn thy l my tnh c th shutdown t ng ngt ngun. Kch thc v thng c din tch ln hn loi AT. V my c cu trc 2 tm lp hai bn. Hnh di y:
Tn hiu trn hp my Cng tc ngun (Power switch): i case AT th cng tc c kt ni trc tip vi ngun nui. i case ATX cng tc c ni thng qua mainboard thng k hiu PWR Nt khi ng li (Reset switch): Nt ny c kt ni trn main thung k hiu RST nhm ti khi ng khi cn. n ngun mu xanh(Power Led): c kt ni vo mainboard dng bo hiu ngun c cung cp cho my hot ng.
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n c a mu (HDD, IDE Led): c kt ni vi main v n ch khi a cng c thao tc d liu. 5. Ngun (Power) Ngun cung cp in cho tt c cc b phn bn trong my tnh nh mainboard v cc a v cc qut. V th, n l b phn rt quan trng duy tr s hot ng h thng my tnh. Tuy Tuy nhin chng t c ngi s dng quan tm. Chc nng chnh ca ngun l bin i dng in xoay chiu (110-220V) thnh dng mt chiu 1,7V, 3v, 3,3V, 5V, 12V cho tt c cc thit b trn my hot ng, ng thi m bo c s n nh ca ngun in. S chn ngun ATX Signal Pin Pin 3.3v 11 1 -12v 12 2 GND 13 3 Pwr_On 14 4 GND 15 5 GND 16 6 GND 17 7 -5v 18 8 5v 19 9 5v 20 10 Signal 3.3v 3.3v GND 5v GND 5v GND Pwr_Good 5v- Standby 12v S chn ngun AT Connector AT Type P8-1 Pwr-Good P8-2 +5v P8-3 +12v P8-4 -12v P8-5 GND P8-6 GND P9-1 GND P9-2 GND P9-3 -5v P9-4 +5v P9-5 +5v P9-6 +5v
6. a mm (Floppy disk) a mm l thit b lu tr bng t gn nh, r tin, hiu sut thp. Hin nay c hai loi a mm ph bin c dng l loi kch thc 3,5 v 5,25 inches. Trong nhiu nm gn y a mm ang c thay th bng a c kch thc ln hn nh: a flash gn cng USB, a CD hay Pocket disk (a b ti) c chc nng tng ng, nhng hiu sut s dng cao hn rt nhiu. 7. a cng (Hard disk) L thit b lu tr ton b ti nguyn ca h thng, lu tr chng trnh v d liu ca my tnh trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca my cng nh lc khng cn hot ng. Hin nay a cng c dung lng rt ln ln ti hng trm Giga Byte v kch thc ca chng c hai loi 3,5 inches i vi my bn v 2,5 inches i vi a cng my tnh xch tay.
.
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a di ng l loi a c kt ni vi my tnh thng qua cng USB, COM hoc LPT c ghi d liu. 8. CD-ROM, DVD CD-ROM v DVD l thit b lu tr quang c dung lng ln. Chng c s dng ch yu lm phng tin giao lu phn mm vi s lng ln cht lng cao nhng gi c thp. Kch thc ca chng c hai loi: 3,25 inches v 5,25 inches. Dung lng CD l: 700MB-750MB, DVD dung lng 4,7GB n vi trm GB.
9. Bn phm (Keyboard) L thit b chnh gip ngi s dng giao tip v iu khin h thng my tnh. Bn phm c thit k nhiu ngn ng, cch b tr, hnh dng v cc phm chc nng khc nhau. Thng thng mt bn phm c t 83 n 105 phm v chng c chia bn nhm phm: phm dng son tho, phm chc nng, cc phm s v nhm phm iu khin mn hnh. Bn phm c ni vi my tnh thng qua cng PS/2 v USB. 10. Chut (Mouse) y l thit b dng o to my tnh, n c hnh ging chut. Chng thng s dng trn cc giao din c ni vi my tnh qua cng PS/2, COM hay USB 11. Card mn hnh (VGA Card) Dng hin th v iu khin cc thng tin trn mn hnh. Tt cc card mn hnh bao gi cng c 4 thnh phn chnh: video Chip, RAM chip, BIOS v thit b chuyn tn hiu s sang tng t (DAC). Card mn hnh thng c gn vo khe cm AGP, PCI hay ISA. dng ho.
12. Mn hnh (Monitor) L thit b giao tip gia ngi v my, n c s dng xut cc thng tin kt qu x l trong qu trnh lm vic. V vy n l thit b khng th thiu trong h thng my tnh. Cht lng ca mn hnh c nh gi da 3 tiu ch: kch thc( di ng cho tnh theo n v inches), phn gii (tnh theo s pixel trn mt n v din tch), tn s lm ti (Hz). Ngy nay c hai loi mn hnh ph bin xut hin trn th trng. Mn hnh thng (CRT) v mn hnh tinh th lng (LCD)
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13. Card m thanh (Card sound) Dng x l m thanh, l thnh phn khng th thiu nu chng ta mun xem phim, nghe nhc. Card sound c gn vo h thng qua khe cm PCI, AMR hay ISA 14. My Scanner L thit b chuyn i tn hiu t dng nh thnh d liu ca tp tin nh lu trong b nh my tnh. Chng c ni vi my tnh thng qua cng USB. 15. Loa (Speaker) My tnh no cng c mt ci loa nh, thng ch c s dng pht tn hiu bo li khi cn. Tuy nhin khi chng ta mun nghe nhc, xem phim th khng th khng c thm hai thit b x l v h tr m thanh l Card sound v loa hon chnh h thng m thanh.
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Bi
MAINBOARD V CC THNH PHN TRN MAINBOARD

Bo mch chnh (Mainboard, Motherboard, Systemboard) gm 6 thnh phn c bn sau: Khi giao tip CPU (Socket, Slot) Khi giao tip b nh chnh (DIMM, SIMM) Khi iu phi mainboard (Chipset). H vo ra c s (BIOS). Khe cm m rng (PCI, ISA, AGP, CNR,) Khi giao tip vo ra (PS/2, USB, COM, LPT, VGA,)
1. Khi giao tip CPU(Central Procesing Unit):
CPU c gn ln mainbroad theo nhiu cch khc nhau theo th t thi gian: Hn cht trn main. + i vi cc my 386. + u im : c nh trn main (khng b dao ng). +Nhc im: kh nng cp, kh sa cha. Gn Socket. + i vi my i 386DX tr ln. + Khc phc c nhng nhc im ca phng php hn cht trn main. + Nhc im : Khi tho lp nhiu ln li thng xy ra l lng, gy hay cong cc chn CPU bi khi ta cm ta xung mt lc. Gn Socket c ZIP (Zero Insertion Force). + y l cm khc phc nhc im ca cm thng. + Lc khi ta tho lp bng 0. Gn Slot: + Ch c Pentium II. Pentium III, Celeron. + Bn quyn ca Intel. + Hnh dng v cch lp rp tng t nh khe cm PCI. Ngoi ra cn c khe cm th nghim PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid Array) s dng cho th h Pentium III v Celeron. Ch : Khi cm CPU ta cn quan tm chn s 1 trnh lp ngc.
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Tn socket Socket 1 Socket 2 Socket 3 Socket 4 Socket 5 Socket 6 Socket 7 Socket370 Socket478 Socket 775 Slot1 Slot2
S chn cm 169 238 237 273 320 235 321 370 478 775 242 330
Cch b tr chn 1717 1919 1919 2121 3737 1919 3737 3737 3737 slot slot
Hiu in th 5v 5v 5v/3,3v 5v 3,3v/3,5v 3,3v VRM AutoVRM AutoVRM AutoVRM AutoVRM AutoVRM
B x l h tr 486SX, DX 486SX, DX, DX2 486SX, DX, DX2, DX4 Pentium 60, 66MHz Pentium 75,90,100MHz 486DX4 Pentium, AMD Pemtium II,III, Ce Pentium 4, Celeron Pentium 4 Pemtium II, III, Celeron
Mt s thng tin cn quan tm i vi mainboard: Loi giao tip CPU l socket hay Slot? Socket hay slot h tr loi CPU no? AMD, Cyrix hay Motorola v tc h tr cao nht l bao nhiu? Hiu in th m Socket hay Slot cp cho CPU? C th thit lp? Tn s hot ng ln nht bao nhiu? C th thit lp ty hay khng? CPU c hai c tnh quan trng nht: in th ngun v tn s lm vic. + Set jumper nhn tn s: Ngay nay, tn s hot ng CPU ngy cng tng, hiu in th ngun v kch thc ngy cng gim. Trong khi tc main cng tng nhng khng theo kp tc ca CPU. V vy khi lp rp CPU ln main ta cn quan tm n Jumper ny thit lp h s nhn. V d: Tn s hot ng trn main t trc n nay c nhng gi tr l: 25, 33, 40, 50, 60, 75, 83, 100, 133, 400, 533, 800MHz. Nu ta bit thng s ny th ta c th xc nh h s nhn tng ng tho mn biu thc : M= Tn s main * H s nhn (M ln s hot ng thc chy CPU) Nu thit lp gi tr: M = bng tn s hot ng ghi trn lng CPU => CPU hot ng bnh thng (ng tc ) M < tn s hot ng ghi trn lng CPU => CPU hot ng chm hn so vi bnh thng. M > tn s hot ng ghi trn lng CPU => CPU hot ng qa ti (Overlocking) c th dn n chy CPU.
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2. Khi giao tip b nh chnh. Thng c cc module nh gn ln khe gn: + DIP (Dual Inline Package). + SIPP (Single Inline Pin Package). + SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module). + DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module). Khi ni n RAM ngi ta thng quan tm thng s sau: + Dung lng ca RAM. + Loi ca RAM hay cu trc ca RAM (SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, ...). + Hnh dng chn cm (DIMM, SIMM,). + S bit lm vic hay l rng bus (8,16,32.). + Tc truy xut 10-13ns i SRAM hay 60-70ns i DRAM. + RAM c parity hay khng c Parity. Nhn xt: - Thng trn main ngy nay c t 2 4 khe cm DIMM v i khi c c khe cm SIMM i loi main c t PII tr v trc. - RAM c thit k thnh module nh c rng bus d liu bng bus d liu ca h thng. Thng tin v b nh chnh (RAM)
Loi PC66 PC100 PC133 PC150
rng 64bits 64bits 64bits 64bits
Xung nhp 66MHz 100MHz 133MHz 150MHz Xung nhp 100MHz 133MHz 167MHz
Tc Byte/sec 533 MB/s 800 MB/s 1.06 Gb/s 1.3 Gb/s Tc Byte/sec 1.6 GB/s 2.1 GB/s 2.7 GB/s Tc Byte/sec
1.6 GB/s 3.2 GB/s 4.3 GB/s
Tc Bit/sec 4.3 Gbps 6.4 Gbps 8.5 Gbps 10.2 Gbps Tc Bit/sec 13 Gbps 17 Gbps 21 Gbps Tc Bit/sec
13 Gbps 25.6 Gbps 34 Gbps
Loi
PC1600(ddr200) PC2100(ddr266) PC2700(ddr333)
rng 64bits 64bits 64bits rng

16 bits 2 x 16 bits 2 x 16 bits
Loi
PC800 2-channel PC800 2-channel PC1066
Xung nhp
400MHz 400MHz 533MHz
3. Khi iu phi trn mainboard (Chipset).

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Chipset l tch hp ca nhiu thnh phn in t ct li trn main tch hp li (B XL ton hc, b m thi gian, b iu khin bus, cc card onboard,.). Cng ngh chipset pht trin lm cho my tnh ngy cng gim gi ng k ng thi cu trc trn main tr ln gn nh hn so trc rt nhiu. V d: Trn mi mainboard ph bin gm hai chipset chnh: North Bridge v South Bridge. tng v t hp thnh chipset nhanh chng c cc nh sn xut n nhn v ch to nhcng ty: Intel, Ali, VIA, MSI, SiS, Thng tin chung v chipset: Chipset 430FX 430VX 430HX 440BX 440EX 440GX 815 850 850E 845 845D 845E 860 FSB (Front Side Bus) 66MHz 66MHz 66MHz 100MHz 66MHz 100MHz 133MHz 400MHz 533MHz 400MHz 400MHz 533MHz 400MHz Dung lng RAM 128MB 128MB 512MB 1GB 256MB 2GB 512MB 2GB 2GB 2GB 2GB 2GB 4GB Loi RAM EDO EDO,SDRAM EDO SDRAM EDO,SDRAM SDRAM SDRAM RIMM RIMM SDRAM DDRAM DDRAM RIMM
4. H vo ra c s BIOS (Basic Input Output System). L loi b nh ROM cha tp cc lnh s cp hng dn cc hot ng c bn ca my tnh bao gm: khi ng v qun l iu khin thit b vo ra chun. Cc chng trnh trong BIOS c cc nh ch to np chng trnh sn. ROM BIOS gn trc tip ln main v c cc hng sn xut BIOS ch to nh: Phoenix, Award hay AMI. 5. Khe cm m rng (Expansion slot) v cng. Phn ny chim din tch nhiu nht trn mainbroad. y l loi khe c nhiu chun khc nhau nh: khe cm AGP, PCI, ISA, CNR, AMR, Nh c cc khe cm ny m bn c th b sung nhiu tnh nng mi cho my tnh ca bn. Mt s khe cm chun m rng: Khe cm ISA c ni bus ISA (Industry Standard Architecture): y l kiu BUS 8 - 16 bit vi tc 8MHz ra i vo nm 1984, cho n nay n t c s dng so khe cm khc. Tuy nhin n vn c s dng cho cc thit b c tc chm nh card m thanh modem v i khi nhng TBNV c. c im bus ISA: + Tn s hot ng bus nm trong khong 8 14MHz + Khng tch hp ch Plug and Play + y l Bus chy rt n nh cao. + Mt s khe cm pht trin t ISA: EISA, VESA, VL-BUS, MCA,
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Khe cm PCI c ni bus PCI (Peripheral Component Interface/Interconnection). Kt ni vo bus c rng 32-64 bit, tc khong 33MHz khng ph thuc vo b XL. S dng gn loi card nh: card mn hnh, card mng, NIC, . c im bus PCI: + y l sng kin ca cng ty Intel a ra 1992 + rng bus d liu PCI l 32 64bit + Tn s l vic bus 33 66MHz, ngy ny c loi mi PCI-E 16X + Tch hp ch Plug and Play Bus AGP (Accelerate Graphic Port): L loi bus chuyn dng cho card mn hnh tc cao khong 66MHz rng 32 bit h tr ho 3D. - Bus CNR(Communication Network Riser) - Bus AMR(Audio Modem Riser) 6. Khi giao tip vo ra. iu hnh thit b ngoi vi thng qua cng ghp ni. Cc thnh phn trn chip I/O: + B iu khin a mm. + B iu khin cng ni tip. + B iu khin cng song song. Khi giao tip vo ra th hin thng qua cc cng vo ra nh: PS/2, COM, LPT, USB, VGA,... Minh ha ngha cc thng s trn bo mch ch v CPU ca cu hnh sau: CPU : P4 2.8Ghz (511)/Socket 775/ Bus 533/ 1024K/ Prescott CPU. 2. Mainboard :ASUS Intel 915GV P5GLMX, Socket 775/ s/p 3.8Ghz/ Bus 800/ Sound& Vga, Lan onboard/PCI Express 16X/ Dual 4DDR400/ 3 PCI/ 4 SATA/ 8 USB 2.0. Tng tham s c ngha g. (Ha Tran Duc) 1. CPU P4 vit tc ca t Pentium 4, tc l tn ca loi vi x l (VXL). y l loi vi x l ca hng Intel. 2.8 Ghz, ch tc xung ng h ca vi x l. Con s ny l mt trong nhng thc o sc mnh ca vi x l, tuy vy n khng phi l tt c. i lc ch l mt con s nhm so snh tng i sc mnh ca VXL. Con s 511 pha sau con s th hin cht lng v v th ca con VXL trong ton b cc sn phm thuc cng dng. Con s ny l mt quy c ca hng Intel. S cng cao chng t VXL cng tt. Socket 775, ch loi khe cm ca CPU. y l c tnh xt s tng hp gia vi x l v mainboard (Bo mch ch - BMC). Bo mch ch phi h tr loi socket ny th vi x l mi c th hot ng c.
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Bus 533, ch tc "li" ca ng giao tip gia VXL v BMC. Mt vi x l c nh gi nhanh hay chm tu thuc kh ln vo gi tr ny. Vi x l chy c bus 533 th ng nhin hn hn so vi vi x l ch chy c bus 400 Mhz. 1024K, ch b nh m ca vi x l. y l vng cha thng tin trc khi a vo cho vi x l trung tm (CPU) thao tc. Thng th tc x l ca CPU s rt nhanh so vi vic cung cp thng tin cho n x l, cho nn, khng gian b nh m (cache) cng ln cng tt v CPU s ly d liu trc tip t vng ny. Mt s Vi x l cn lm b nh m nhiu cp. S 1024 m bn thy chnh l dung lng b nh m cp 2, 1024 KB = 1 MB. Prescott chnh l tn mt dng vi x l ca Intel. Dng vi x l ny c kh nng x l video siu vit nht trong cc dng vi x l cng cng ngh ca Intel. Tuy nhin, y l dng CPU tng i nng, tc xung ng h ti a t 3.8 Ghz. 2. Mainboard: Mainboard l mt bn mch ng vai tr l trung gian giao tip gia CPU v cc thit b khc ca my tnh. ASUS Intel 915GV P5GL-MX, n gin, y ch l tn ca loi bo mch ch ca hng Asus. s/p 3.8 Ghz chnh l tc xung ng h ti a ca CPU m bo mch ch h tr. Nh ni trn, loi mainboard ny h tr VXL Prescott nn tc xung nhp ti a m n h tr l 3.8 Ghz. PCI Express 16X l tn ca loi khe cm card mn hnh m bo mch ch. Khe PCI Express l loi khe cm mi nht, h tr tc giao tip d liu nhanh nht hin nay gia bo mch ch v Card mn hnh. Con s 16X th hin mt cch tng i bng thng giao tip qua khe cm, so vi AGP 8X, 4X m bn c th thy trn mt s bo mch ch c. Tuy bng thng giao tip trn l thuyt l gp X ln, th nhng tc hot ng thc t khng phi nh vy m cn ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t khc nh lng RAM trn card, loi GPU (VXL trung tm ca card mn hnh). Bus 800, ch tn s hot ng ti a ca ng giao tip d liu ca CPU m bo mch ch h tr. Thng th bus tc cao s h tr lun cc VXL chy bus thp hn. Sound& Vga, Lan onboard: bo mch ch ny c tch hp sn card m thanh, card mn hnh v card mng phc v cho vic kt ni gia cc my tnh vi nhau.
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Dual 4DDR400: trn bo mch ch ny c 4 khe cm B nh (RAM), h tr tc giao tip 400 Mhz. Da vo thng s ny, bn c th la chn loi b nh (RAM) vi tc thch hp nng cao tnh ng b v hiu sut ca my tnh. Ch Dual l vit tc ca Dual Chanel, tc l bo mch ch h tr ch chy 2 thanh RAM song song. Vi cng ngh ny, c th nng cao hiu sut v tc chuyn d liu ca RAM. 3PCI, 4SATA, 8 USB 2.0: trn bo mch ch c 3 khe cm PCI dnh lp thm cc thit b giao tip vi my tnh nh card m thanh, modem gn trong... 4SATA l 4 khe cm SATA, mt loi chun giao tip dnh cho a cng. SATA th nhanh hn v n nh hn so vi chun IDE. Nu bn thy bo mch ch c ghi dng l ATA66, ATA100, ATA133 th chnh l du hiu nhn bit bo mch ch c h tr chun a cng IDE. 8 cng cm USB 2.0 c h tr trn bo mch ch. USB 2.0 th nhanh hn USB 1.1. USB 2.0 th tng thch lun vi cc thit b ch c USB 1.1.
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Bi
LP RP V CI T PHN MM MY TNH
I. Cc bc lp rp mt my tnh Bc 1: Lp rp CPU 1. Xc nh v tr trn main gn CPU (socket, slot). 2. M gim trn socket bng cch nhn nh ln gim v a chng ra khi g ca socket v nng chng ln mt gc 900. 3. Xc nh v tr chn cm s 1 trn socket v trn CPU (chn s 1 trn CPU nm mt gc vt ca CPU v khuyt mt mt chn) 4. Lp CPU ln socket bng cch t nh chng ln socket sao cho cc chn CPU lt vo trong cc khe ca socket ( khng c ln CPU) 5. Gn cht CPU ln socket mt tay t nh l lng CPU gi tay kia h thanh ghim socket xung v gn li vo g. (Trng hp tho ra ta tin hnh cc bc ngc li) Bc 2: Lp t qut tn nhit cho CPU Qut tn nhit gip cho CPU khng qu nng khi lm vic. Nu qut tn nhit khng hot ng mt thi gian c th dn n chy CPU. Qut tn nhit c gn ln CPU thng qua gim hai u ca socket. Sau khi lp qut tn nhit xong ta gn ngun cho qut. Ngun ca qut thng thng nm trn main gn socket, tr nhng main loi c th ngun qut c ly trc tip t ngun nui. Bc 3: Lp t b nh chnh (RAM) Thng thng b nh chnh ca chng ta c gn vo khe cm SIMM hay DIMM ca main. Khe cm SIMM l i vi nhng main i c cn by gi chng ta gn ln khe DIMM. Cc bc thc hin gn RAM: 1. Xc nh loi thanh RAM ng vi gn RAM trn main(SDRAM hay DDRAM). 2. Bt cht hai u khe cm RAM.
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3. Gn thanh RAM: Xc nh chiu cm bng cch xem v tr khuyt trn thanh RAM ng vi g trn khe DIMM, sau ta t chng vo v nhn xung cho kht, cht gt hai u RAM c nh thanh RAM. Bc 4: Thit lp JUMP Ch cn i mt s main i c. Thit lp jump trn main ta c th xem trc tip ch dn trn main hoc xem sch hng dn xc nh cc chc nng nh: tc lm vic main (MHz), h s nhn (x) hay hiu in th CPU,. i vi mt s main vic ny c thc hin bng phn mm trong phn BIOS setup. Bc 5: Lp mainboard vo trong hp my (Case) t main vo hp my sao cho cc cng vo ra (phn sau hp my) v cc v tr vt c va vn. Dng cc ming m cch in t gia phn tip rp main v hp my trch trng hp sau ny hp my b d in. nh v main ln hp my. Bc 6:Lp t card m rng Card m rng c gn thm vo nhm tng thm chc nng mi cho my tnh. Chng hn nh card m thanh, mng, moderm, tivi, chng thng c gn trn hai loi khe cm l ISA v PCI, chng c gn ging nh gn RAM tuy nhin khc l chng khng c cht hai u m chng c nh v bng c vt trc tip ln hp my(Case). Thng thng my tnh mi ngy nay mt s cacd c tch hp sn ln main. Trng hp nh vy chng ta gi chng l Onboard. Bc 7: Gn a cng, mm v CD-ROM vo hp my. 1. Gn theo th t m mi hp my chun b ginh ring cho mi lai a. 2. Xc nh bus cho tng loi (Bus ni a cng v CD ging nhau). 3. Xc nh ng v tr gn ca BUS ln main v a theo ng ng s 1 quy c (thng chn s 1 c mu hoc khi gn ta cn c v tr g nm ngay u si cp) 4. Xc nh v tr phn cp cho tng a cng hoc CD(master hay slave). Nu mt dy cp ta gn hai thit b cng lc. Bc 8: Gn cc tn hiu cho main Cc tn hiu thng thng l: PWR, RST, SPEAKER, IDE LED, PWR LED. Bc 9: Gn b ngun cho my tnh: Gn ngun vo hp my, sau gn ngun cho main v cc a trong my. gn ngun cho main, thng thng c hai loi u gn; l u gn ATX c 20, 24 chn. Ngun AT dng cho my c th chng c 12 chn.
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Bc 10: Gn cc thit b ngoi vi vo pha sau my tnh nh: mn hnh, bn phm, chut, loa, mic, Kim tra li t bc 1 n bc 10, tin hnh lp hai mng cn li hp my. II. Thit lp BIOS
1. Mc ch Gip ngi s dng my tnh c th khai thc my tnh mt cch hiu qu nht. 2. Khi qut v CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) CMOS s dng b nh SRAM (Static RAM) c nhim v lu tr cc thng tin c bn nht ca h thng khi my tnh khng hot ng. CMOS c nui bng mt ngun in t mt cc pin 3v gn trn main. Trng hp ht pin khi bt my, my yu cu ta setup li hoc ta s gp thng bo li: CMOS Failure (Li CMOS) hay CMOS chechsum error Press Del to run Untility or F1 to load defautls (Li khi kim tra tng th Nhn phm Del chy vo CMOS hoc nhn F1 thit lp mc nh) Chng trnh CMOS setup c np ngay trong ROM ca cc nh sn xut. vo chng trnh CMOS setup thng thng ta thng nhn phm Del khi my bt u khi ng. Tuy nhin c mt s loi CMOS khc ta khng th vo c bng nhn Del. Sau y l mt s CMOS thng dng v cch vo chng trnh CMOS setup: Loi CMOS Phm c nhn Loi CMOS Phm c nhn AMI Del, ESC AST Ctrl+Alt+Esc AWARD Del, Ctrl+Alt+Esc Phoenix Del, Ctrl+Alt+S MR Del, Ctrl+Alt+Esc Quadtel F2 Compac F10 NEC F2, Ctrl+F2 Hewlett, HP F2 Laptop F1,F2,F10,F12
ng vi mi chng trnh CMOS setup ca mi nh sn xut c giao din v thng s khc nhau. Mt chng trnh CMOS y th chng gm nhng ni dung sau: STANDARD CMOS SETUP BIOS FEATURES SETUP (ADVANCED BIOS SETUP) CHIPSET FEATURE SETUP POWER MAGAMENT SETUP PNP/PCI CONFIGUTION INTEGRATED PERIPHERAL LOAD BIOS DEFAULT FREQUENCY/ VOLTAGE CONTROL LOAD SETUP DEFAULT SUPERVIOR PASSWORD USER PASSWORD IDE HDD AUTO DETECTION HDD LOW LEVEL FORMAT SAVE AND EXIT SETUP EXIT WITHOUT SAVING
Ngoi ra ta cn hay gp loi menu bao gm thng tin sau: Main: Thay i cu hnh c bn ca h thng. Advanced: C th lm thay i, pht trin nhng tnh nng mi ca h thng. Power: Thit lp v ngun qun l in nng h thng. Boot: Xc nh thit lp thit b h thng mc nh s dng np HH vo h thng khi khi ng my.
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Exit: Thot khi chng trnh Setup, c hay khng lu nhng thay i va thit lp. 3. Khai bo cc thng s chng trnh CMOS setup. STANDARD CMOS SETUP Cc mc trong phn khai bo ny l nhng thng s c bn nht ca h thng, nu khng bit nhn F1 load default. C th chng gm mc nh sau: Date, Time (mm:dd:yy/ hh:mm:ss): Khai bo ngy gi ca h thng, ging nh ta chnh gi bng lnh Time, Date ca DOS hoc ta c th vo Control Panel ca Window. Floppy disk: Yu cu ta khai cc a mm ang s dng trn h thng. (360K, 51/4in. 1.2M, 51/4in. 720K, 31/2in. 1.44M, 31/2in. 2.88M, 31/2in). Thng thng mt cp ca a mm ta c th ni hai c tn A v B. Nu a c gn phn trn ca on dy xon th gi A, phn pha di gi B. Tuy nhin ch trong trng hp ta khi ng bng CD-ROM th A by gi l B, cn A l cha tp tin h thng ca a CD_ROM; khng c gn hai a cng nm trn hay cng nm di. Hard disk: Yu cu khai bo cc thng s v cc a cng s dng trong h thng (Type. Clynder, Heads (logic), Sector, LandZ, PreComp v Mode), Phn ny c cc Main ATX t ng auto detect hoc nu khng ta c th chy phn IDE HDD AUTO DETECTION my t in vo. Mode ca a cng ngy nay BIOS thng qun l 3 Mode: Normal, large v LBA (Logical Block Address) ba Mode ny ging hon ton v s Cyls v s Sector ti a qun l c (Cyl =1024, Sectors = 64) chng ch khc nhau v Heads (Normal max=16, Large max= 64, LBA max=1024) Keyboard: Ch c hai option Installed hay Not Installed CPU c phi kim tra bn phm hay khng trong qu trnh khi ng my tnh. Halt on: Trong qu trnh khi ng my nu CPU bt k mt li no th n c phi treo my v thng bo li hay khng? n s thng bo li ht trn mn hnh khi: All error: Gp bt k li no. All, but Diskette: Gp bt c li no ngoi tr li ca a mm. All, but Keyboard: Gp bt c li no tr li bn phm. All, but Disk/key : Gp bt c li no, ngoi tr li a v bn phm. No error : S khng treo my v bo li cho gp bt k li no. Mc ny ta thng All error khi pht hin c bt k li no trong qu trnh khi ng, CPU s khng treo my m khng bo li. Video: My tnh chng ta ang s dng mn hnh loi no: Mono: Mn hnh en trng CGA 40: Mn hnh CGA(Color Graphics Adapter) 40 ct. CGA 80: Mn hnh CGA 80 ct EGA/VGA: Mn hnh mu Enhanced /Video Graphics Adapter RAM: Hin th thng tin tng s RAM l bao nhiu? b nh quy c (Base Memory) l bao nhiu? b nh m rng (Extend Memory) l bao nhiu? Mc ny CMOS t ng cp nht ng theo cu hnh thc t, khng th thay i sai mc ny c. BIOS FEATURES SETUP(ADVANCED BIOS SETUP) Cc mc trong phn ny khng c tm nh hng nhiu n s hot ng ca h thng. N ch cho php thit lp mt s option nhm nng cao hn v cc thit b ngoi vi v mt s thit b khc gip cho my tnh lm vic hiu qu hn. Cc mc trong phn
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ny ch c hai tu chn hoc Enable lm c hiu lc hoc Disable lm n tt i. Sau y ta i kho st tng mc: Virus Waring: Nu Enable th Cmos s thit lp mt hng ro bo b xung quanh cc thnh phn trn h thng a cng (Master Boot, Boot Record, FAT, v Root Directory) khng cho php ngi s dng v nhng chng trnh thm nhp vo y. Khi ngi s dng hay chng trnh thm nhp vo th n s pht ra ting bip v cnh boWarning ! This boot sector is to be modified. Press Y to accept or N to abort. Lu khi ta Fdisk hay hay chng trnh Partition thi phi thit lp Disable cho mc ny. CPU Internal Cache: y l chc nng rt c li cho hot ng ca my tnh v vy ta nn bt Enable. y l b nh truy xut tc cao nm bn trong CPU (hay Cache L1). External Cache: y cng l b nh tc cao n nm trn main i loi main c v n nm trong CPU i my PII tr ln. N gip cho my tnh lm vic hiu qu hn v n thng c gi Cache L2. Quick Power on Selftest: Qu trnh my tnh kim tra tt c cc thit b h thng trong lc khi ng c gi l POS (Post On Selftest). Nu chn mc ny l Enable th qu trnh kim tra s b qua s thao tc khng cn thit v nh vy thi gian khi ng s nhanh hn. Nu qu trnh POS bnh thng th my s test RAM ba ln cn nu ta s dng chc nng test nhanh my test ng mt ln. Boot sequence: c s dng khi my chng ta c nhiu a v chng ta thay mun thay i th t u tin khi khi ng my (mc ny c s dng thng khi chng ta ci t my hoc khi chng ta mun qut Virus ). Boot up Flopply Seek: CPU c phi kim tra mm khi khi ng hay khng? nu ta Enable th ta thy trong qu trnh khi ng n a mm s sng ln v ta cn nghe c ting ku reset ca u t. Boot Numlock status: Nu l On th khi khi ng my xong, n numlock trn bn phm s sng, nh vy ta mc nhin c th s dng c cc phm s bn phi bn phm. Swap Floppy Drive: Trong trng hp i vi cc my 386 v trc cha c mc ny bn trong CMOS, v d ta ang khai bo A:=1.2MB hay B:=1.44MB tn cho a l c nh m trong khi nu ta mun khi ng th bt buc ta phi khi ng t A: hay a 1.2MB, nu ta mun khi ng t a 1.44MB th ta bt buc phi tho my ra lp li u dy. Nh vy i vi nhng my 486 tr v sau nu ta chn mc ny l Enable th CMOS t ng hon i hai k t mm cho nhau m ta khng cn tho my tro i dy. Password check(Security option): y l mc gip ta tu chn vic t mt khu cho my hai mc h thng v trang CMOS setup. Nu ta chn System th h thng khng cho php khi ng v truy nhp vo trang setup ca h thng khi ta cha nhp mt khu ng. Nu ta chn Setup th h thng cho khi ng nhng bn khng th vo trang setup c nu bn cha nhp mt khu ng (mc nh). Ch : Mc ny ch c gi tr khi ta t mt khu cho my mt trong hai mc Set Supervior Password hay Set User Password. Memory party check: i vi mt s loi RAM SIMM t c s chnh xc cao v d liu. Th c 8 bit d liu th c 1 bit chn l (party) kim tra s ng sai ca
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d liu trong RAM. nhn bit thanh Ram SIMM c party hay khng ta ch m s chip trn RAM, nu s l th chng c cha bit party. Gate 20 Option: Theo cch qun l RAM ch thc (real mode) ca CPU. 20 ng a ch (A0 A19) c th qun l ti a 1MB RAM, nhng thc t th vng nh cao ca RAM hay vng HMA 64K u tin trn 1MB ca vng XMS vn c th qun l trc tip c ch thc. lm c iu ny ta phi nh ti ng a ch th 20 v ng a ch ny c bt khi ta chy tp tin HIMEM.SYS. Typematic Rate: Ba mc ny l ba mc lin quan n bn phm. Typematic Rate yu cu ta khai bo tc g phm v n v s c tnh bng s k t trn 1 giy (Characters per second). Mc nh l 6 k t trn giy, nu ta g nhanh hn th ta khai bo li s ln hn. Typematic Delay: Yu cu ta khai bo thi gian tr ca bn phm, n v tnh l mili giy, mc nhin CMOS l 250ms. Nu ta khai bo thng s ny cng nh th khi ta nhn v gi mt phm bt k thi gian hin lp li 1 k t s nhanh hn. Typematic Rate Setting: Khng th cho php ta c quyn thay i hay khng 2 mc nh thng s trn bn phm trn. Video Bios Shadow: Khai bo c mun s dng ROM mn hnh l shadow hay khng, nu ta khai Enable th khi khi ng my d liu trong ROM s c ti ln RAM. Nh vy khi lm vic CPU cn ti thng tin ny th s ln RAM ly thay v phi ln ROM, nh vy tc truy xut s nhanh hn rt nhiu (gp khong 4 ln). P/S2 mouse Function control: Khai bo ta c s dng chut PS/2 hay khng, nu ta mun s dng cng PS/2 ta bt chc nng ny.
CHIPSET FEATURE SETUP Cc mc trong phn chipset ny c nh hng trc tip v rt quan trng n tc truy xut nhanh hay chm ca h thng, bi n yu cu ta khai bo cc thng s lm vic cho hai thit b c bn nht trn h thng: BUS v RAM. Ngoi ra n cn c tc dng cho ngi s dng khai bo thm tnh nng mi ca h thng h tr. Auto Configuration: Bi v tnh quan trng ca mc ny, d phng cc thng s trong trng hp cc thng s b sai khng th khai bo ng c, lc no CMOS cng t ng detect cho ta mt cu hnh mc nhin nht vi cu hnh ny th h thng c th lm vic bnh thng. Tuy nhin n cha phi l ti u nht. lm c iu trn ta c th cho mc ny l Enable hoc ta c th nhn F7 chn mc Setup Default. Dram Timing hay SDram Timing: Khai bo cho ta bit ang s dng DDram hay SDram, c thi gian truy xut l bao nhiu (Dram =60 70ns, SDram = 6 10ns). AT Bus Clock Cyle: Mc ny v mc ISA Bus Clock qui nh tn s m vic ca Bus ISA. PCI ta khng cn phi khai bo bi chng lm vic gn bng tc ca main. i ISA tn s lm vic ch Khong 8 14MHz nn ta phi ly mt trong tn s chun ca thch anh 14.318MHz, tn s lm vic ca CPU, hoc tn s lm vic ca Bus PCI.sau chia nh xung. Nu ta chn mc ny l Async th ta phi ly tn s ca thch anh chia nh xung gn cho Bus ISA (CLKI/3), nhng nu ta cho Sync th ta ly tn s ca CPU hay Bus PCI chia (mc nh PCICLK/3). Lu : Nu c cc mc khai bo: Sram Read Timming, Sram Write Timming, Dram Read Timming, Sram Write Timming th nn cho CMOS auto tt hn. Wait State: Khi thc hin lnh giao tip vi thit b ngoi vi, CPU phi qua mt chu k bus, tc hai chu k ng h. Chu k 1 gi a ch, chu 2 ly ni dung t a ch mang v CPU. Nu ly c d liu th tn hiu sn sng s bo v CPU, nu tn hiu
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ny bo v CPU vn cn trong khong thi gian ca chu k 2 th trng thi ch bng 0, ngc li th bng 1. Thng s ny ta thng cho CMOS auto hoc c khai bo th khng c khai bo ln hn mc nh h thng lm vic khng n nh, tp tin Himem.sys chy khng bnh thng c th b bo li, c th chy chm v treo my. Hidden Refresh: Nu chn Enable th CPU khng mt thi gian ch trong qu trnh lm ti Dram, ngy nay vic lm ti do DMA m nhim. Onboard FDC Controller: Cho php ta c hay khng s dng a mm trn main. Trng hp ny c tc dng khi a mm b h th ta Disable trnh thng bo li v ta s s dng chc nng khc ( ta gn thm card I/O, cng USB cho pock disk) Parallel Mode: Khai bo chun s dng cho cc cng song song trn my (Normal, hay SPP, ECP, EPP,..) cc main mi ngy nay n c th c khai bo trong mc Intergrated Peripheral Onchip USB: Ta c mun s dng cng USB m trn chip h tr hay khng (Enable hay Disable). Onchip Modem: Ta c mun s dng chc nng tch hp Modem trn chip hay khng? Onchip Sound: Ta c mun s dng chc nng x l m thanh tch hp nagy trn chip (Sound Onboard) hay khng? USB keyboard support: Chng ta c mun s dng bn phm cm cng USB m chip h tr hay khng? USB Mouse support: Chng ta c mun s dng chut phm cm cng USB m chip (main) h tr hay khng?
POWER MAGAMENT SETUP y l vn lin quan n tit kim in v pin cho my tnh xch tay. Khai bo trong mc ny ch yu ta qui nh thi gian ngh ca thit b ( Sleep Time) trnh tnh trng lng ph nng lng. Power Magament: Cho php ta chn cc phng php ti u vic tit kim nng lng. Nu chn Max Saving th h thng s tit kim ti u nht, nu Min Saving th mc t hn, nu chn User define th thi gian ngh ca thit b c chng ta thit lp bng tay v nu Disable tc ta khng s dng chc nng ny. Video off Method: Khi bt u Power Magament vic u tin n s tt mn hnh, cc cch tt mn hnh: Standby, Blank Screen, V/H Sync + Blank hay DPMS (Display Power Magament Signaling..,) CRT Standby: Khai bo thi gian ngh ca mn hnh. HDD Power Down: Thit lp ch dng ca a cng khi khng truy nhp. HDD Sleep Timer: Thit lp thi gian a cng dng quay sau khi khng cn tc v truy xut. Wake up Events: Tn hiu IRQ1,IRQ2, IRQ3,,IRQ12 s lm cho h thng thc tnh li khi ang ch Power management. Ngoi ra i main lai mi phn ny cn gip ngi s dng thit lp tnh nng bo thc hay t khi ng my tnh khi c tn hiu: nh tn hiu in thoi, PNP/PCI CONFIGUTION Thit lp mt s thng s v cc Slot PCI v cc vn lin quan PnP (Plug and Play) trong vic d tm cu hnh phn cng my tnh. INTEGRATED PERIPHERAL
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Thit lp cc thit b ngoi vi Onboard LOAD BIOS DEFAULT v LOAD SETUP DEFAULT Hai mc u c nhim v ging nhau l np li cu hnh ca h thng nhng chng c mt s khc nhau nh v ni dung. Gi s ta l ngi khng am hiu v CMOS, my tnh ang hot ng bnh thng vi cu hnh A, sau chng ta vo CMOS thay i mt s thng s v cu hnh ny gi cu hnh B; vi cu hnh B my chng ta khng hot ng bnh thng nh trc na, sa li ta c hai cch lm: Load Setup default hay nhn F7 th CMOS cu hnh B tr li thnh cu hnh A (ging nh chng trnh Undo CMOS), nu dng Load BIOS default hay nhn F6 my s tr li cu hnh CMOS v cc thng s mc nhin, n m bo rng t nht l my tnh hot ng bnh thng. Trong cc CMOS thit lp mt khu thng c hai ch bo mt: mt l bo mt mc trong trang BIOS setup (mc bnh thng hay mc setup) v mc bo v cao hn l mc h thng (tc l c nhim v bo v c h thng v trang BIOS setup (System hay Always)). t khu l iu rt c li tuy nhin i khi chng ta qun mt mt khu th li l vn ht sc nguy him. khc phc c iu ny sau l cc phng php ph mt khu trong CMOS v n c chia lm hai phn: - Phng php xo mt khu mc Setup. - Phng php xo mt khu mc h thng(system): FREQUENCY/ VOLTAGE CONTROL Thit lp tc lm vic v hiu in th ca CPU SUPERVIOR PASSWORD v USER PASSWORD Hai mc trn u c chung nhim v l dng xc lp bo v cho my tnh ca bn, n thng i cng vi menu Advanced cmos setup Security option (password check). Tuy nhin chng c s khc nhau nh l: nu ta thit lp mt m cho my tnh bng SUPERVIOR PASSWORD th khi vo CMOS ta c th ton quyn thay i cc gi tr CMOS, cn nu ta s dng USER PASSWORD thit lp mt khu th mt s menu trong chng trnh CMOS khng cho chng ta thay i. Trong khai bo mt khu my tnh thng cho thit lp hai ch bo mt l: Mc setup tc l ch bo v trang CMOS setup chng ta mun vo thay i ni dung trang ny chng ta phi g ng mt khu. Mc hai l mc h thng (system) tc l my tnh bo v ton b h thng chng ta mun lm bt c vic g vi h thng my tnh u hi mt khu ngay khi khi ng my v n bo v lun c trang CMOS setup. t mt khu c ngha rt ln trong thc t tuy nhin ci g n cng c hai mt ca n, nu chng ta qun i mt khu chng ta nh vo th l mt iu tht phin phc.Tuy nhin, gip bn trch c phin phc sau y ti xin mch nc ph mt khu. xo mt khu ny ta phn hai loi: - Phng php ph mt khu mc Setup: Nu my t mt khu mc setup my tnh ta vn lm vic bnh thng, ch khi no mun vo CMOS th my mi hi mt khu. Trong trng hp bn qun hay ta c tnh xo mt khu setup ta c th ph bng nhng cch sau: + Dng Debug.exe ca DOS Trn mn hnh ca DOS ta chy chng trnh Debug.exe mn hnh s xut hin con tr ca Debug sau ta g mt trong cc cch sau: Cch 1: -o 70 2f <-| -o 71 20 <-| -q
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Cch 2: -o 70 11 <-| -o 71 ff <-| -q + Ngoi ra bn c th su tm cc phn mm xo mt khu: Cmosput.com, CleaCmos.com hoc xoacmos.exe. - Phng php ph mt khu mc h thng (system): My t mt khu mc h thng tc ta khng th dng phng php trn l do ta khng th khi ng c my tnh. V vy, ph c ta ph mt khu bng thao tc trn phn cng my tnh. lm iu ny chng ta tho lp my xa thng tin trong CMOS bng cch gn jump li hoc tho pin trn main. Pin CMOS nm ngay trn main v pin thng c maud trng ta rt d pht hin. Cn jump n cng c thit k gn . IDE HDD AUTO DETECTION Khai bo a cng c trong my tnh, nu ta chn mc ny my s t d tm cc a cng vt l ang c kt ni vo my tnh. HDD LOW LEVEL FORMAT S dng nh dng a cng dng cp thp loi b nhng sector hng. SAVE AND EXIT SETUP Thot khi chng trnh CMOS setup nhng c lu li nhng gi tr ngi s dng thay i. EXIT WITHOUT SAVING Thot khi chng trnh CMOS setup nhng khng lu li nhng thay i ca ngi s dng va thay i.
THC HNH BIOS

1. 2. 3. 4. Lm cch no vo c chng trnh CMOS setup. Lm th no thay i ngy gi h thng trong CMOS. Khai bo s dng a mm lm nh th no. Khai bo ch d tm a h thng khi ng my ( a no l a nhn c s u tin u). Thit lp my tnh ca bn khi ng t CD-ROM, t a mm. 5. Khai bo card mn hnh th no cho ng chng loi v dung lng b nh mn hnh i main card mn hnh onboard. 6. Kim tra tng dung lng b nh chnh trong CMOS setup. 7. Lm th no khai bo cho my tnh ch chng vius xm nhp phn h thng ca cc a. 8. Cc khai bo lin quan n ch t kim tra my sao cho ti u nht. 9. Khai bo thng tin thuc v bn phm trong CMOS. 10. Khai bo ch mc nh ca phm Numclock sau mi ln khi ng n tn hiu gc trn bn phi sng. 11. Xc lp ch bo mt cho my theo c hai mc h thng(system) v thit lp(setup). 12. Lm th no hu cc chc nng Onboard ca cc thit b ni vo my tnh. 13. Kim tra my tnh hin ang thc hnh c bao nhiu a vt l v dung lng mi a bao nhiu?
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14. Xo mt khu cho my tnh ca bn trong hai trng hp. gi s mt khu bn thit lp nhng b qun. 15. Thit lp chng trnh CMOS setup ca bn v dng mc nh ca CMOS. III. Qu trnh ci t cc phn mm Phn chia a vt l thnh nhiu a logic (nu cn) nh dng a cn ci t Ci t h iu hnh v phn mm ng dng khc. Lu : Mt s HH mi ngy nay ta c th gip ta nh dng ngay trong qu trnh ci t. 1. Qu trnh chia a bng lnh FDISK ca DOS Ngay sau khi g lnh FDISK , mn hnh FDISK yu cu ngi s dng c chn h tr cc a i vi FAT 32 hay khng nu ta c 1 da cng ln hn 512 MB.
Sau khi chn xong Menu chnh ca mn hnh Fdisk nh sau:
FDISK Option Current Fixed Disk Drive: 1 -> trng hp my c mt a cng Choose one of the following:-> chn mt trong nhng mc sau 1- Creat Dos partition ->To phn khu DOS 2- Set Active Partition ->Xc lp phn khu hot ng 3- Delete Partition or Logical DOS Drive ->Xa phn khu hoc cc Logic 4- Display Partition information ->Cho hin th thng tin tnh trng a 5- Select Next Fixed Disk Drive ->Chn cng Fdisk (nu ta gn 2 cng) Enter choice : [ 1 ] ->(g vo 1-2-3-4 chn cc chc nng) Press ESC to exit FDISK ->(nhn ECS thot khi Fdisk)
1. TO PHN KHU DOS G s "1" trong Menu chnh. Trn mn hnh xut hin nh sau:
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Creat Dos partition Current Fixed Disk Drive: 1 1- Creat Primary DOS Partition -> To phn khu DOS u tin 2- Creat Extended DOS Partition ->To phn khu DOS m rng 3- Creat Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition -> To a DOS l lun trong khu DOS m rng. Enter choice : [1 ] Press ESC to return to Fdisk Option An <Esc> thot khi trnh FDISK
2. TO KHU DOS U TIN Ta nhp s 1 (ti Enter choice : [1]). Trn mn hnh xut hin: Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive Current Fixed Disk Drive:1 Choose one of the following: 1. Create Primary DOS Partition 2. Create Extended DOS Partition 3. Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition Enter choice: [1 ] Press ESC to return to FDISK Option
thc hin vic to phn khu u tin ca a. Ta theo trnh t t 1 - 3. Khi ta n s [1]. My s hin:
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Create Primary DOS Partition Current Fixed Disk Drive:1 Do you wish to use the maximum available size for a Primary DOS Partition and make the Partition active (Y/N)? [Y] Press ESC to return to FDISK Option
Ti y, nu ta nhn "Y" th ton b dung lng a cng s to thnh mt a C, khng th chia thm no khc c na. c th chia thnh nhiu , ta phi nhn "N". Mn hnh s hin: Create Primary DOS Partition Current Fixed Disk Drive:1 Total this space is 1219 Mbytes (1Mbytes= 1048567 bytes) Maximum Space availabla for Partition is 1219 Mbytes (100%) Enter Partition size in Mbytes or percent of this space (%) to Create a Primary DOS Partition : [1219] No Partition define Press ESC to return to FDISK Option
Nhp vo dung lng cho phn Primary (s l C:) v d: 500 <Enter>. Hin ra thng bo: Primary DOS Partition create: Primary DOS Partition c to.
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Create Primary DOS Partition Current Fixed Disk Drive:1 Partition C:1 Status Type PRI DOS Volume Label Mbytes 500 Sytem UNKNOWN Usage 41%
Primary DOS Partition create Press ESC to continue
Nhn ESC v Menu chnh nhng lc ny c thm mt cnh bo cho bit a C: (Primary DOS Partition) cha c Set Active. Hy khoan ch n cnh bo . FDisk Option Current Fixed Disk Drive:1 Choose one of the following: 1. Creat Dos partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set Active Partition 3. Delete Partition or Logical DOS Drive 4.Display Partition information Enter choice : [1 ] Warning: No Pratition are set active - disk 1 is not startable unless a Partition is set active. Press ESC to exit FDISK T Menu chnh, ta tip tc nhn [1], v <Enter> Lc ny, ti y ta i bc 1 (Create Primary DOS Partition), by gi ta vo bc 2 (Creat Extended DOS Partition): nhn [2], v <Enter>.
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Create Extended DOS Partition Current Fixed Disk Drive:1 Partition C: 1 Status Type PRI DOS Volume Label Mbytes Sytem Usage 500 UNKNOWN 41%
Total this space is 1219 Mbytes (1Mbytes= 1048567 bytes) Maximum Space availabla for Partition is 719 Mbytes (100%) Enter Partition size in Mbytes or percent of this space (%) to Create an Extended DOS Partition : [719] Press ESC to return to FDISK option
Ti y ta <Enter> ly ht dung lng. Mn hnh s ra thng bo: "Extended DOS Partition create" - Extended DOS Partition c to. Create Extended DOS Partition Current Fixed Disk Drive:1 Partition C: 1 2 Status Type Volume Label PRI DOS EXT DOS Mbytes Sytem Usage 500 UNKNOWN 41% 719 UNKNOWN 59%
Extended DOS Partition create Press ESC to continue Nhn ESC
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Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition No Logical drive define Total Extended DOS Partition size is 719 Mbytes (1Mbytes= 1048567 bytes) Maximum Space availabla for Logical drive is 719 Mbytes (100%) Enter Logical drive size in Mbytes or percent of this space (%) : [719] Press ESC to return to FDISK Option
Ti y, ta <Enter> s ra D:, v mn hnh nh sau: Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition Drv D Volume Label Mbytes 719 Sytem UNKNOWN Usage 100%
All Availabale space in the Extended DOS Partition Is assigned to Logical drives Press ESC to continue Nhn ESC tr v Menu chnh n y l kt thc vic to Partititon. 3. SET ACTIVE cho PHN KHU CHNH: Lc ny ta vn cn thy li cnh bo "Warning! No Paretition are set active - disk 1 is not startable uinless a Partition is set active" trn mn hnh v sau khi to xong cc Partition ta phi tin hnh set active cho Primary Partition. Ti Menu chnh ta nhn [2], v <Enter>; mn hnh hin ra:
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SET ACTIVE Partition Current Fixed Disk Drive:1 Partition C: 1 2 Status Type Volume Label PRI DOS EXT DOS Mbytes Sytem Usage 500 UNKNOWN 41% 719 UNKNOWN 59%
Total disk space is 1219 Mbytes (1 Mbytes = 1048567 bytes) Enter the number of Partititon you want to make active: [ _ ] Press ESC to return to FDISK Option G s 1 ngay v tr con tr, v <Enter>, ta s thy ch "A" hin ra di ct Status ca C: SET ACTIVE Partition Current Fixed Disk Drive:1 Partition C: 1 2 Status Type Volume Label A PRI DOS EXT DOS Mbytes Sytem Usage 500 UNKNOWN 41% 719 UNKNOWN 59%
Total disk space is 1219 Mbytes (1 Mbytes = 1048567 bytes) Enter the number of Partititon you want to make active: [ _ ] Press ESC to return to FDISK Option Nhn ESC tr v Menu chnh, nhng lc ny ta khng cn thy li cnh co na. n y l kt thc qu trnh FDISK. Trc khi thot ra cn kim tra li bng cch vo mc [4] trong Menu chnh. 4. XA CC PARTITION: ng ti Menu chnh, ta nhn s [3],v <Enter>, mn hnh hin ra:
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Delete DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive Current Fixed Disk Drive:1 Choose one of the following: 1. Delete Primary DOS Partition. 2. Delete Extended DOS Partition. 3. Delete Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition 4. Delete Non-DOS Partition. Enter choice: [ ] Press ESC to return to FDISK Option xa Partition , ta lun theo nguyn tc xa t trong ra ngoi (t 4 n 1). Ch : Nu trng hp nhn [4] m hin ra thng bo: "No Non-DOS Partition to delete". Ngha l phn Non-DOS Partition khng c nn khng xa c, lc ny ta nhn ESC tr v Menu chnh; v ta vo bc 2 - xa cc Logical Disk. xa Non-DOS partition ta nhn s 3 ti v tr con tr, <Enter>. Xut hin cu thng bo: "Do you wish to continue (Y/N)..? [N]. Nhn [Y], <Enter>. Xut hin "Non-DOS Partition deleted" l xa xong Non-DOS Partition. 2. nh dng a (FORMAT) Yu cu: S dng mt a h thng khi ng my tnh, trong c lnh FORMAT sau khi khi ng: G lnh Format C: /s My hin thng bo: WARNING: ALL DATA ON NON-REMOVABLE DISK DRIVE C: WILL BE LOST! Proceed with Format (Y/N)?_ Ta nhn 'Y', <Enter>. My bt u tin hnh format a C: . Khi my format C: c 100% th s yu cu t tn Volume Label cho C: ; ta ch c th nhp ti a l 11 k t, nu khng mun t tn th ta nhn <Enter> b qua. Tip tc, ta format cc a cn li (D:, E: .v.v...v khng c tham s.) Sau khi format xong tt c cc a v Boot my li t a cng. Nu my Boot c v hin ra cu yu cu nhp ngy, gi, thng, nm l thnh cng. Bc k tip ta tin hnh ci t WINDOWS.
3. Ci t phn mm ng dng
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Phn mm: phn mm bao gm chng trnh v d liu. Phn mm thng c vit ra sau n c lu ln a CD v bn trn th trng. Thng thng phn mm l rt ln v nhiu tnh nng n bao gm h thng cc chng trnh v d liu c cc lp trnh vin ng gi khi bn ra th trng. Nh vy, khi ngi s dng mun ci t chng ln my tnh ca mnh thng thng bng mt trong hai tp tin quen thuc l Setup hay Install, qu trnh sao chp cc chc nng ca phn mm vo my tnh chng ta gi l qu trnh ci t. ci t mt phn mm ta nn quan tm nhng vn sau: H thng my PC cu hnh ph hp yu cu phn mm ci t khng? Tp tin s s dng ci t (tp tin ny thng c tn Intall.exe hay Setup.exe) Bn bit c phn mm bn chun b ci t l s dng mim ph hay phi tr tin (nu phn mm phi tr tin sau khi bn tr tin bn s c nh cng cp phn mm cho m chng ra ci t, nu phn mm min ph th khng cn. Thng thng trn th trng chng ta hin nay chng yu l phn mm c bn quyn nhng c b kha v kha ny hay m bo mt thng c c lu trong tp tin serial.txt, cdkey.txt, setup.txt, readme.txt. Ci t H iu Hnh Chun b: - Mt my tnh chy tt c CD-ROM, a cng. - a phn mm hoc CD khi ng - a cha HH cn ci t, a cha b Microsoft Offices v a cha Font v phn phm ng dng khc. To tp tin nh d phng S dng phn mm Ghost, snapshot, Qu trnh ci t chi tit s c minh ha trn lp.
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Bi
THIT B NGOI VI C BN MY TNH

I. Bn phm (Keyboard)
Gm c mt b x l phm (B x l 8084) v b nh ROM dung lng 2KB cha ton b m ASCII ca bn phm. Chng trnh iu khin bn phm thc hin nhim v (pht hin phm bm, lm tr, to m) gi m ca phm c bm cho my tnh c lu tr trong ROM. gim s lng chn giao tip, m phm c gi ti my tnh dng ni tip. Khi mt phm c nhn m bn phm s c a n vng m mn hnh chun b hin hnh. Khi s dng bn phm, ngi s dng thng gp mt s li sau: b kt phm, cc tip xc than bn di phm b h hay chp mch, h cng Keyboard, PS/2 trn main. Bn phm c kt ni vi PC qua cng Keyboard i mainboard XT v PS/2 i main ATX v USB i main mi.
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II. Chut (Mouse)
Khi bi ln n t vo hai trc x, y t vung gc vi nhau lm xoay hai thanh. Mi trc xoay tng ng vi hng chuyn ng dc, trc kia chuyn ng ngang
Nhp mt trong hai phm, Da vo s ln nhp v v tr hin ti con tr ng ti thi im nhp. Chng trnh s thc hin tc v tng ng thao tc yu cu trc x, y c gn Mi mt bnh xe m ha, l thit b gii m chuyn ng. Khi trc ln xoay, lm xoay bnh xe gii m
Nguyn tc hot ng Vin bi c di chuyn nn n ng trn bn mt phng. Khi vin bi chuyn ng lm hai trc x, y xoay, ko theo hai bnh xe m ha nm trn hai trc quay theo. Tc xoay ca mi bnh xe c chuyn thnh tn hiu in tng ng, s thay i ny c lin quan n phm vi di chuyn cng nh v tr ca chut trn mn hnh. Vic chuyn ng ca vin bi bn di chut s c chuyn thnh tn hiu in bi cc sensor quang bn trong chut. Chng trnh iu khin chut (mouse driver: mouse.sys, mouse.com) s i tn hiu in li thnh cc thng tin v v tr v trng thi ca cc phm nhn. Chut c kt ni vi My tnh qua cng PS/2, COM, USB III. My in (Printer) Mt s my in thng dng hin ang by bn ph bin trn th trng: my in kim, my in phun v my in Lazer
a. My In Kim Nguyn tc hot ng: My in kim hot ng tng t nh nguyn tc vit bin lai ca cc c lm cng tc thu ngn s dng giy than, hay nh hot ng ca my nh ch. My in kim l s dng ma trn kim (t 9 n 24 kim) trong ma trn kim mi kim c iu khin bi mch in gip vic phng tng kim p vo bng mc theo mt trn t lp trnh, t giy t sau bng mc s nhn c vt mc li ca cc
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u kim sau khi phng v to thnh hnh nh trn giy. Trc cun giy cun giy theo chiu dc cn u in kim s di chuyn qua li dc theo bng mu theo chiu ngang. u im: C th in cc kh giy lin tc. Chi ph in thp (y u im mnh nht my in kim) D dng in nhiu loi kh giy khc nhau. Nhc im: Tc in chm Khi in ting n ln Cht lng trang in khng cao V d my in kim: LQ100, LQ303, LQ1170, LQ2170,.. b. My In Phun Nguyn tc hot ng: Tng t nh my in kim, tuy nhin chng khng s dng kim in m thay vo trn u in ca my in phun c cc l nh mi l nh tng ng mt kim c iu khin bi mnh in phun ra tia mc cc nh trc tip ln mt giy di dng nc. Nh vy nu my in phun s dng in ti liu en trng th chng s dng mt hp mc nc mu en. Nu in mu th chng s dng 3 hp mu , Xanh, Vng ha trn 3 mu ny theo t l nht nh s cho ta cc mu khc nhau. u im: C th in mu (y im mnh nht my in phun) Cht lng trang in p. Nhc im: Chi ph trang in cao. Giy in c th nhe nu cht lng km. c. My In Laser Nguyn tc hot ng: S dng ngun laser uc iu khin thch hp qut ln b mt trng in, im no c tia laser chiu sng khi i qua hp mc in im s ht cc ht mc ln trng in, khi trng in i qua trang giy th tt c ht mc c ht li sang bn trang giy in v sau trang giy c chy qua dn my sy lm nng chy cc ht mc nm trn trang in chng ngm vo giy v to nn trang in. u im: Cht lng trang in tt (y u im mnh nht my in laser) Gi thnh in phi chng. Tt in nhanh. Nhc im: Chi ph ban u cao. Mc in t IV. My Scaner Ging nh hot ng my photo, My scaner l thit b qut hnh nh a vo my tnh v lu di dng tp tin. Khi qut hnh nu chng ta thit lp phn gii cng cao th dunh lng tp tin cha nh cng ln.
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V. a t (HDD: Hard Disk Driver; FDD: Floppy Disk Driver) Cu trc vt l a t l loi a c kh nng lu tr thng tin rt ln c dng lm b nh ngoi my tnh, h tr cho CPU trong vic x l v khai thc d liu. Ngi ta phn bit hai loi a t: a mm (Floppy disk hay diskette) v a cng (hard disk) a t l tm hnh trn ng knh t 3,5 n 5,25 inch lm bng cht do, thu tinh hay kim loi trn c ph mt lp bi t tnh oxit st c kh nng nhim t. a mm thng ch c mt a t, lm bng cht do (nn gi l a mm), bo v bi mt lp nha cng hay giy cng c khot l di cho du c khi tip xc vo a c hay ghi thng tin. a cng thng lm bng nhiu a t lm bng kim loi hay nha cng c xp thnh mt chng theo ng trc ng bng kim loi c cha mt loi kh c bit bi khng th vo. a mm c c bi a mm (Floppy Disk Driver: FDD ) gn trong my tnh cn a cng c c bng a cng (Hard Disk Driver: HDD) c gn ngay trn a. a t dng k thut t tnh ghi d liu, ngha l d liu c ghi thnh nhng tm t tnh nh li ti c th nhim t hay khng m mt thng khng th nhn bit c. Mi chm ghi mt bit: nhim t l bit 1 cn khng nhim t l bit 0. D liu c ghi ln a bng my c a. Khi c n c kh nng nhn bit nhng chm nhim t hay khng. Khi ghi c kh nng bin mt chm tr thnh nhim t hay khng nhim t. T chc vt l ca a t: Mi a t chia thnh nhiu mt a (side) c nh s t 0,1,2,3, mi mt c chia thnh nhiu vng ng tm (track). Mi vng li c chia thnh nhiu cung (sector) mi cung c dung lng l 512 byte, mi byte c 8 bit. Nhng cung trn cng mt trc g l cylinder c nh s t ngoi vo trong bt u t s 0 (a mm mi cylinder c hai track cn a cng tu thuc vo s mt a). Hin nay trn th trng Vit Nam c bn hai loi a thng dng: a 51/4 =13,3 cm c dung lng 360KB, a 1,2MB v a 31/2 =8,9 cm c dung lng 720KB, 1,44MB v 2,88MB. Cc track, sector trn a khng l t chc vt l, ngha l khng c cc rnh trn mt a m ch c phn chia logic. Mt a khi mi sn xut cha c cu trc vt l nh trn, mun a vo s dng, mt a phi c (format) vt l. inh dng vt l mt a do chng trnh FORMAT ca DOS thc hin nhm xc nh cu trc logic ca a, phn chia a t thnh hai thnh phn: phn h thng (System area) phn d liu (data area). a. Cu trc logic. Phn h thng: Sau khi nh dng mt a mm phn h thng c chia thnh cc vng nh: Cung mi (boot sector) L sector u tin ca a (sector 0 track 0 trn side 0) trn ghi cc thng tin v t chc vt l ca a. S side, s track trn mi side,trn boot sector cha chng trnh mi (boot rountine 452B) dng np chng trnh ct li ca DOS(Dos kernel) vo RAM khi khi ng my. Ngoi ra, trn boot sector cn mt s thng tin tn a, version, tn HH format a.
Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh Bng FAT(File Allocation Table).
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Dos dng mt s sector tip theo boot sector l bng FAT. i vi DOS phn d liu ghi trn a c chia thnh nhng lin cung (cluster), mi lin cung gm mt s sector, m DOS gi n l n v cp pht ( allocation unit). Mi tp tin c lu tr trn mt s clusters. theo di nhng cluster c s dng hay cn trng trn a. DOS da trn cu trc gi l bng FAT. Bng FAT l mt dy cc mc, s mc tng ng vi s lin cung trn a, mi muc qun l mt lin cung cho bit lin cung tng ng ca n ang cha tp tin no hay cn trng. Khi c yu cu ghi mt tp tin ln a, DOS s tm n cc lin cung cn trng trn a cp pht, do , khi khng cn lin cung lu tp tin th DOS thng bo y a (Disk full). Do bng FAT l cu trc qun l ni lu tr ni dung nhng tp tin trn a nn nu bng FAT b hng th khng th tm c tp tin. V l do rt quan trng ny nn trn a DOS t chc hai bng FAT c thng tin ging nhau, phng khi hng bng ny th cn bng kia. Th mc gc (Root Directory) DOS dng mt s Sector tip theo bng FAT th hai lm th mc gc. Th mc l ni lu tr nhng thng tin chnh ca tp tin nh: Tn, phn m rng, thuc tnh, ngy gi cp nhp cui cng, kch thc ca tp tin v a ch lin cung u tin cha tp tin. Th mc c t chc thnh nhiu cp, nn trong mt th mc c cha thng tin chnh ca th mc con. Trong mt th mc c chia thnh nhiu mc, mi mc gm 32 byte qun l mt tp tin hay th mc con. S mc trong mt th mc do a v Version ca DOS n nh. V s mc c hng, nu khng lu cc tp tin, DOS cho php ngi s dng dng mt s Sector trn phn d liu lm th mc. Th mc u tin l th mc gc do h iu hnh to khi nh dng a. Phn thuc tnh cho bit mc ny qun l tp tin hay th mc con. Phn h thng ca mt a cng c bn ging nh a mm, ch khc ch boot sector gi l Master boot nm sector 1, cn sector 0 dnh cho Partition Table. a cng c dung lng rt ln (hin nay - 2004 trn th trng VN c a cng ca my vi tnh n 80GB, a nh nht l 3.2 GB) nn DOS cho php chia thnh nhiu phn khu, mi phn khu gi l mt a Logic, trn mi phn khu c th dng mt h iu hnh khc nhau. DOS dng sector 0 v track 0 trn side 0 l Partition Table, l bng lu tr nhng thng tin v t chc phn khu ca a. Phn d liu: Phn d liu chim phn khng gian cn li sau phn h thng ca a. Phn d liu c chia nhiu lin cung (clusters) mi lin cung gm mt s sector, m DOS gi l mt n v cp pht (allocation unit). Mt tp tin c lu tr trn mt s clusters. Phn d liu ch lu ni dung ca tp tin. VI. Thit b ngoi vi khc Mn hnh cm ng - Touch Screen : Mn hnh thit k c bit c th cm nhn c s ch im ca ngn tay hoc vt g i vi mn hnh. Bn v - Graphic table l mt thit b c dng dnh cho nhng nh thit k hay ha s, bn v cng tt th nhy cm v p lc trn n cng cao. Bn v s chuyn trc tip nhng hnh nh c v trn bn v thnh cc hnh nh trn my tnh.
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Thit b c Mt s cc thit b c b gii hn bi kh nng a d liu - vn bn trc tip trn giy, hay chuyn cc thng tin c in ra cho my tnh x l. Mt s thit b nhp khc - c gi l thit b c c ch to nhm p ng cho nhng nhu cu thc t ny: Thit b c nh du quang hc - Optical-mark readder: Dng nh sng phn x xc nh v tr c nh du vit ch trong cng tc kim tra sn phm sn xut dy chuyn tr li trn mt ci th theo hnh thc quy nh trc. Thit b c m vch - Barcode reader: Dng nh sng c m sn phm, m kim tra hay mt s loi m vch khc. Thit b c ch in t tnh - magnetic-ink character reader: c cc con s theo mu c in bng mt loi mc c bit c t tnh dng trong vic kim tra. Cy a thn - wand reader: Thit b dng tia sng c cc k t ch v s c vit bng mt thit b nh du c bit trn vng dnh ring cho chng, thng dng cho cc th bn hng hay th tn dng. Ngi ta dng cc thit b ny rt nhiu trong cc ca hng, cc ni thanh ton chuyn i tin, ni vi mt thit b u cui POS (im bn point of sale). Thit b u cui (Terminal) ny s gi thng tin nhn t cy a thn n mt my tnh (c th l mt mainframe), my tnh ny s xc nh c s d liu cn thit ph hp (gi c, cc thu, s tin phi tr cho mn hng) v gi li thng tin y cho POS. l mt trong cc trng hp ng dng, nguyn tc lm vic cng tng t vi th tn dng. Cy vit my tnh - pen-based computer: Nh phn trc c ni n, trong cc loi my xch tay c loi nh gn nht c th b vo o khoc - loi tr l k thut s hay cn gi l My thng tin c nhn (personal digital assistant - personal comunicatior n dng mt cy vit a d liu vo my tnh, thit b ny l Cy vit my tnh - pen-based computer. nhp liu, ngi ta vit trc tip ln mn hnh phng ca my tnh.
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Hnh 12 : Cy vit my tnh - cng c khng th thiu i vi cc loi s tay in t. Cn in khin Joystick Cng c xem l thit b tnh nng ch im c bit, n ging nh cn iu khin trong my tr chi in t.
My nh s digital camera: Cng bng phng php tng t nh scanner, my nh s dng chp hnh nh bn ngoi, thay v lu hnh nh ln phim th n lu nh di dng thng tin s ha. Khc vi my qut nh, my nh s khng b gii hn bi mt phng hnh nh, n hon ton c th chp c nhng hnh nh m my nh thng thng chp c. nh chp t my nh s c th c lu trn a hay loi thit b lu tr no ty mi loi my. Loi my nh k thut s ny ngy cng tr nn rng ri hn, n c bit hu dng trong vic chp nhng hnh nh nhng ni mang tnh tn nghim v hu nh n khng gy ra mt ting ng ng k no. My quay phim s digital video camera: Hot ng vi phng thc tng t my nh s nhng l lu gi nhng hnh nh ng thay v hnh nh tnh, ngoi ra n cn thu c m thanh na. Loi my quay phim s ny rt c dng trong lnh vc truyn thng a phng tin hay hi m qua mn nh.
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Thit b m thanh s ha Audio digitalizer: Micro, loa, CD, cc nhc c in t. Vi thit b khc nhau, m thanh c th c a vo di nhiu dng khc nhau v u c chuyn th2nh dng s ha. ng dng ca n trong vic ch to cc h my mi l v cng phong ph, ngy nay hu nh bn c th gp dng ch m thanh k thut s digital audio trn hu ht cc thit b m thanh hin i nh my a CD nhc, CD video... Thit b cm ng : Trong cc ng dng khoa hc, cc thit b cm ng c dng rt nhiu a d kin bn ngoi vo my tnh di dng s ha. l iu hin nhin bi my tnh ch x l c nhng thng tin dng s. ng dng thng thng nht l cc thit b ong, o nh nhit k in t, my d bao thi tit, thit b kim sot mi trng, thit b kim sot mc nhim v m thanh ln nhim v khng kh v nhiu ng dng khc na.
a flash, Pen disk hay a USB
Memory Card
Web cam
My Palm
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B tch in UPS(UnPower Supply), On p
Fax Modem
Thit b khc
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Bi
KIM TRA, CHN ON V SA CHA MY TNH

I. S chn on h hng MT
1. BIOS AMI Trong qu trnh khi ng, khi BIOS ca bn pht hin li trc khi h thng Video ca PC lm vic th BIOS bo hiu li ny bng m m thanh thng qua ting ku BEEP. C rt nhiu loi BIOS nh AMI, Phoenix, Award, HP,.. mi loi BIOS c quy c v m m thanh tng ng vi li khc nhau. Trong gio trnh ny xin trnh by chui bit hng AMI thng dng cc bn tham kho. Beep 1 di 2 ngn 1 di 3 ngn 1 di 1 ngn 2 ngn 3 ngn 4 ngn 5 ngn 6 ngn 7 ngn 8 ngn 9 ngn Ku lin tc Thng bo li Khng nhn card Video Cha ni tn hiu cho mn hnh Li lin quan n mn hnh Li do khi lm ti b nh Li sai chn l Li trong 64KB b nh Li nh thi Li v b vi x l Li 8042- cng 20 Li v b vi x l Li Card Video Li sai tng s kim tra ROM Khng nhn RAM b nh chnh M t Khng ng card video onboard Ap dng cho card video onboard Lin quan mnh lm ti li Vic kim tra chn l khng h tr trn RAM Li trong 64KB u tin RAM B nh thi trn mainboard li CPU gy ra li BIOS khng chuyn sang ch bo v c Card hay RAM trn card h S tng kim tra ROM khng ng gi tr ghi trong BIOS
2. BIOS PHOENIX Ting bp ca BIOS Phoenix chi tit hn BIOS AMI mt cht. BIOS ny pht ra ln. Chng hn, 1-1-3: 1 bp dng 1 bp dng -3 bp dng. Mi loi c tch ra nh mt khong dng ngn. Hy lng nghe ting bp, m s ln bp. M t m li chn on POST ca BIOS PHOENIX 1-1-3: My tnh ca bn khng th c c thng tin cu hnh lu trong CMOS. 1-1-4: BIOS cn phi thay. 1-2-1: Chip ng h trn mainboard b hng. 1-2-2: Bo mch ch c vn . 1-3-1: Bn cn phi thay bo mch ch. 1-3-4: Bo mch ch c vn . 1-4-2: Xem li RAM.
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2-_-_: Ting bp ko di sau 2 ln bp c ngha rng RAM ca bn c vn . 3-1-_: Mt trong nhng chip gn trn mainboard b hng. C kh nng phi thay mainboard. 3-2-4: Chip kim tra bn phm b hng. 3-3-4: My tnh ca bn khng tm thy card mn hnh. Th cm li card mn hnh hoc th vi card khc. 3-4-_: Card mn hnh cua bn khng hot ng. 4-2-1: Mt chip trn mainboard b hng. 4-2-2: Trc tin kim tra xem bn phm c vn g khng. Nu khng th mainboard c vn . 4-2-3: Tng t nh 4-2-2. 4-2-4: Mt trong nhng card b sung cm tren bo mch ch b hng. Bn th rt tng ci ra xc nh th phm. Nu khng tm thy c card b hng th gii php cui cng l phi thay mainboard mi. 4-3-1: Li bo mch ch. 4-3-2: Xem 4-3-1. 4-3-3: Xem 4-3-1. 4-3-4: ng h trn bo mch b hng. Th vo Setup CMOS v kim tra ngy gi. Nu ng h khng lm vic th phi thay pin CMOS. 4-4-1: C vn vi cng ni tip. Bn th cm li cng ny vo bo mch ch xem c c khng. Nu khng, bn phi tm jumper v hiu ho cng ni tip ny. 4-4-2: Xem 4-4-1 nhng ln ny l cng song song. 4-4-3: B ng x l s c vn . Nu vn nghim trng th tt nht nn thay. 1-1-2: Mainboard c van . 1-1-3: C vn vi RAM CMOS, kim tra li pin CMOS v mainboard. II. Qu trnh khi ng v s c khc phc Qu trnh khi ng s bao gm cc bc sau: 1. Thao tc bt cng tc ngun Power On khi ng my tnh. 2. B ngun c cp ngun v qu trnh my tnh t kim tra (POST: Power On self Test) bt u, qu trnh thc hin trong vng 2s. Nu qu trnh pht hin li th n khng cp ngun cho main na v my tr v trng thi treo hoc bo li thng qua m m thanh. Nu qu trnh kim tra thnh cng tn hiu kim tra kch mnh tn hiu nh thi trn main v cp ngun cho CPU. 3. Thao tc tip theo CPU c chng trnh lu trong ROM BIOS v thc hin theo chng trnh c th l tin hnh kim tra cc thit b vo ra c bn nht ca h thng xem trong trng thi sn sng cha. Nu gp s c bo hiu thng qua m m thanh. 4. Kim tra b nh chnh nu gn RAM sai bng hoc h chn th pht m m thanh l nhng ting Bip ngn v lin tc. 5. Nhn din a, kim tra Card video nu gp li th pht ra 1 bip di v 3 bip ngn. 6. Cui cng kim tra cc thit b cn li trn main nu thnh cng th pht ra ting bip ngn bo hiu vic POST thnh cng. 7. CPU tip tc c ROM mn hnh v bt u hin th thng tin ny u tin ln m hnh. 8. c thng tin v ROM BIOS, mainboard, CPU. 9. My tnh nh a b nh chnh thng thng 3 ln.
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10. CPU c thng tin trong CMOS ra so snh vi thng tin thc t h thng kim tra c. Nu c s khng khp my tnh s bo li hoc treo my (do thng s BIOS thit lp sai) 11. CPU tm sector khi ng t a thit lp trc trong CMOS. Nu l a C th CPU c chng trnh mi trn Partition. Sau kim tra 64byte ca bng thng s a i so snh vi thc t a nu ng cng vic tip tc cn nu sai my s c thng bo sau: Invalid partition table Error loading operation system Missing operation system 12 Kim tra partition no c thit lp Active. Nu khng kim tra thy th s c thng bo sau: Press any key and Reboot No Rom basic System halt 13. Xc nh Partition Active, tip n c Boot Record theo quy nh ca DOS u tin c 3 byte nhy c gi tr EB 3C 90 hay EB 58 90 nhy ti bng thng s ni b kim tra nu ng thc t lm tip, nu sai my treo v im nhy nm trn mn hnh. Nu ng chuyn sang bc tip theo. 14. Nhy ti Cluster u tin trn a ti tp tin IO.SYS ln RAM nu khng c th bo li: No system disk or disk error Replace anh press any key. 15. n y quyn iu khin h thng s thuc v H iu Hnh trong tp tin io.sys chnh l phn ca HH n nm vi tr xc nh trong cluster u tin trn a. Sau HH ti tp tin ln RAM sau io.sys c tp tin MSDOS.sys v tip theo l config.sys v command.com tp tin ny c autoexec.bat 16. Hin th du nhc ca DOS l kt thc qu trnh khi ng ca HH DOS. Nu dng 9x tr ln qu trnh ny s tip tc III. Mt s li thng gp 1. Khi mn hnh ca bn b i sang mt mu no : hay xanh th iu c ngha l m hnh ca bn b lm sao? Cch khc phc? Mn hnh i mu iu ny c ngha l ba ng tn hiu mu (, xanh dng, xanh l) t Card iu khin mn hnh truyn qua mn hnh b tt, 1 trong 2 ng nn mu ca ng cn li s mnh nn v bn s khng nhn c mu trng trn mn hnh na. Khc phc: Kim tra cp tn hiu, kim tra cc chn tip xc c b gy, nghing hay b tht su vo trong. Nn li dy cho thng li nu khng c thi c th thay th dy. 2. Du hiu pht hin ra a cng hng? CMOS lc nhn lc khng. Khi ng c ting ku khc thng. Hay treo my ang lc truy xut a. qu nhiu sector li. 3. Cc nguyn nhn lm a cng b nhanh hng? Do va p nhiu ln. B tt m t ngt thng xuyn.
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format qu nhiu ln. Do tho lp nhiu ln 4. Kim tra b ngun ATX c cn hot ng hay khng ta lm th no? kim tra nhanh b ngun c hot ng hay khng, bn c th kch ni tt ngun tn hiu 14 v 15 chp ri th lin hay chc chn hn ta cm u ni ngun vo mainboard ri kch ni tt hai chu jump Power SW. 5. My khng iu khin c cng do thi gian khi ng qu nhanh C 1 s my mi khi m my u bo khng c cng, phi khi ng li bng cch bm Ctrl+Alt+Delete th cng mi c nhn dng. Li ny c th do my tnh khi ng qu nhanh nn Bios truy xut cng trc khi n hot ng. Bn hy th khc phc li ny nh sau: Vo Bios xc lp cc mc Quick Power on SelftTest l Disable; Fast Boot Option l Disable; Above 1 Mb l Enable; Hard Disk Initialization time-out l 30 sec. Mc ch cc xc lp l ko di thi gian khi ng, kp cho cng lm vic trc khi Bios d tm n n. 6. H iu hnh khng nhn CD-Rom H iu hnh khng nhn c CD-Rom c th l do my bi nhim virus trong master boot record, bn boot my li bng CD boot hoc bng a mm c lnh Fdisk. Ti du nhc DOS bn g dng lnh: Fdisk /mbr nhn Enter thc thi lnh. Khi ng li my tnh bn s thy li a CD. IV. Mt s thao tc lm quen vi DISKEDIT.EXE Diskedit l mt trong nhng chng trnh hay nht ca NU m cho n ngy nay vn cha c chng trnh no c th thay th c n, Diskedit cho php ta c th thc hin cc thao tc trn a, truy xut n tt c cc thnh phn h thng mt cch d dng v c th truy xut n ngay c cc thnh phn m DOS khng th qun l c. Diskedit s l mt trong nhng cng c c lc nht trong sut qu trnh sa cha a mn hay a cng. Sau y ta c th kho st mt s cc lnh tiu biu ca phn mn ny v cng dng ca n: Object Drive (Alt-D): Dng i a hin hnh. Directory (Alt-R): Cho php di chuyn nhanh n mt th mc. File (Alt-F): Cho php ta di chuyn nhanh ti n mt file Cluster(Alt-C): Cho php di chuyn nhanh n mt cluster trn a v nh chc nng ny ta c th nhy n bt k mt cluster no. Sector(Alt-S): Cho php di chuyn nhanh n mt sector. Thng ta dng chc nng ny v tr logic v dung lng ca BR, Fat1, Fat2, Root Directory n a. Physical Sector(Alt-P): cho php di chuyn ti nhanh mt sector vt l theo mt a ch Cylinder, head, sector trn a. C th dng mc ny ly thng tin vt l trn a trong lc in li Partition v BR. Partition table, Boot Sector, Fat1, Fat2: Cho php di chuyn ti cc thnh phn ny. Clipboard: vng nh m. Memory dump: cho php nhy ti mt a ch hexa v Offset trong Diskedit Edit Mark(Ctrl- B): Cho php nh du khi Paste Over: Sau khi copy vo khi trong Clipboard ta c th dn ra bt k i tng no .
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Link
Mc ch ca php link l cho php lin kt nhanh gia cc i tng vi nhau, trong mt s trng hp mc nhin th ta c th dng chc nng Quick link trong Tool Configuration. V d ca lnh link ny l ta ang ng file command.com trn th mc gc, nu chn link Cluster chain( Fat) th lp tc ta ng ngay a ch cluster ang cha file trong Fat. Nu chn link File th lp tc s nhy ti phn d liu. Nu chn link-Directory th tr v th mc gc. Ngoi ra Diskedit cn c chc nng: View Split Windows(Shift-F5, F6, F7, F8) thao tc ca s. Tool Write Object to: cho php ta c th chp mt id tng ra thnh file lu trn a.
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VI Phn thc hnh: 1. Quan st cu trc Partition, BR, Fat v th mc gc. 2. Xa mt file trong Diskedit bng E5 thot ra DOS quan st v phc hi li n. 3. Ngn cm ngi khc dng th mc bng cch i tn chng thnh 1 trong tn c bit ca h thng DOS, CON, Prn,.. h thng bo v. 4. Gn tt c cc thuc tnh cho mt file hay th mc bng m hex 27H, xa tt c cc thuc tnh ca n bng 00H. 5. Bin mt th mc thnh mt file v bin mt file thnh th mc bng m Hex l 10H 6. To mt vng lp lng th mc gc vo bt k th mc no trn a. 7. Dng Diskedit kt hp gia Fat v th mc gc qun st xem 1 file c lu trn a ch Fat ra sao? (c th chn mt tp tin lin tc v mt tp tin phn mnh quan st) 8. Dng Tool- Write Object To chp cc bng trong phn h thng trn a. Thc hin thao tc ct dn, phc hi a. 9. Tin hnh to mt file hon ton bng Diskedit.
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Bi
BO TR H THNG
S tch t ca bi bn c th l nguyn nhn gy ra mi trc trc my tnh. V vy bo tr h thng ca bn hot ng tt, bn nn thng xuyn lm v sinh phn cng v xa b chng trnh khng cn thit rc my tnh. I. Dng c cn thit: a. Mt cy c dng qut bi hoc dng c tng ng b. Bnh cht ty khng gy hi cho my tnh c. Cht ty, lau a mm v CDROM d. My sy bng mch e. Vi mm II. Lm v sinh cc thit b 1. Lm v sinh hp my v b ngun Trn hp my v b ngun bi bn c th lm tc cc l thng kh dn n lm tng nhit h thng. V vy, hy lm v sinh hp my c bit l cc l thng kh trn hp my v b ngun. Lu y c th l nguyn nhn gy ra ting n ln xut hin trong h thng. trnh vn ny, thng xuyn qut bi bn bm sau b ngun s dng cy c lng mm hoc vi kh lau chi M np my ra v dng c qut sch cc khe thng kh ca h thng. 2. Lm v sinh mainboard v card Sau mt thi gian s dng, mainboard v card c th tch bi, bn c th dng cy c hoc my ht bi lm v sinh. Tuyt i khng dng nc lau chi bi hoc thi bi t v tr ny qua v tr khc. 3. Lm v sinh qut tn nhit Ging nh qut ngun, qut CPU, VGA, Chipset, l ni tch t rt nhiu bn. iu ny c th lm qut chy chm li v gy nn ting n dn ti tn nhit km lm CPU nng. Bn nn s dng my sy tc, bnh thi hi lm sch bi 4. Lm v sinh a i a mm v CD bn nn s dng cht lm v sinh chuyn dng lm v sinh, chng c bn nhu ti cc tim bn my tnh v a CD. Lm sch a mm ta ch cn nh vi git vo phn vi bng ca loi a mm lm sch. a a mm lm sch vo a mm v ta tin hnh truy xut a mm nh bnh thng. Lm sch a CD ta s dng mng lau i km lau ln b mt a, lau mt c trn a lm sch c gn mt s ming lng mm lm sch u quang hc khi n quay. 5. Lm v sinh chut v bn phm Bn phm v chut l thit b c tch t nhiu bi bn t ngi s dng, bn my v mi trng xung quanh.
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i bn phm ta s dng c qut sch cc khe bn phm v c th dng vi m lau. Trong trng hp bn phm b m nc ta c th tho ra v sy kh bng nh nng mt tri hoc my sy. i vi chut ta tho vin bi ra lau sch v tip tc lm v sinh sch trn hai thanh x, y bn trong m vin vi n t vo li rt nhiu bi bn ng cng trn hai thanh ny. iu ny c th lm sch bng que mng. 6. Lm v sinh mn hnh S dng giy la hoc vi mm lau mn hnh, hu ht cc mn hnh c ph mt lp chng phn quang v bc x do cn lu lau nh trnh lm mt lp bo v ny gy thit hi h th gic ngi s dng. III. Ty OXY ha Cc bn mch s dng lu ngy c th b oxy ha. Cc chn cm c th b oxy ha dn n tip xc km hoc khng tip xc c dn n my khng th chy hoc lc chy lc khng. 1. Chn gn ca RAM v Card Oxy ha thng xy ra trn cc card v RAM c bit phn tip xc gia chng vi mainboard dn n mt tn hiu ti v tr khng tip xc. gii quyt vn ny ta s dng vi thm dung dch lm sch lau cc chn card v RAM. Lu ch lau sch phn chn tip xc vi khe cm. 2. Cc khe gn RAM v Card Oxy ha cng xy ra cc khe cm, chng ta s dng bnh ha cht lm sch xt vo khe cm v i cho n kh hn. IV. Dn rc my tnh s dng cng c Tm li a Gim phn mnh a Xa cc tp tin rc Lu tr d phng thc hin mc 1, 2 v 4 ta nhn vo a cn thc hin chn Properties v nhn vo Tab Tool ta thc hin mc 1 nhn vo Check now, mc 2 nhn vo Defragment Now v mc 4 nhn vo Backup Now. thc hin mc 3 ta nhn vo a cn thc hin chn Properties v nhn vo Tab General chn Disk Cleanup. Ngoi ra phc hi c h thng mt cc nhanh chng ta s dng phn mm GHOST thc hin. 1. 2. 3. 4.
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Ti liu tham kho

[1] Hng dn lp rp ci t nng cp v bo tr my tnh i mi Nguyn Thu Hin Nh xut bn thng k [2] Gio trnh lp rp my tnh Trung tm tin hc trng Khoa hc T nhin H Quc gia Thnh ph HCM [3] Gio trnh bo tr my tnh Trung tm tin hc trng Khoa hc T nhin H Quc gia Thnh ph HCM [4] B chuyn Tin hc Thc hnh - L Hon
Chc cc bn hc tp tt

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Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

Cc chn d liu Cc chn iu khin

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Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

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Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

Bng 4.1 Cc c im k thut ca a DVD, CD

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Hnh 4.6 Hnh 4.7 Hnh 4.9

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

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Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

S phn cp BUS trong my tnh

Cu ni BUS BUS tc trung bnh

Cu ni BUS BUS tc chm

Cu trc h thng Pentium II in hnh

SIMM DIMM (SDRAM, DDR)

BUS PCI 33Hz

USB1 USB2 CMOS & RTC

LPT COM1 COM2

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

Cu trc h thng ca Pemtium 4 Inter Pemtium 4

RDRAM RDRAM RDRAM

ATA 100MB/s 2 IDE

133MB/s 4 USB Ports

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

NGUYN L HOT NG C BN CA MY TNH

Thc hin lnh

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Nhn lnh Thc hin

Chng trnh con phc v ngt

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

3. Chu k thc hin lnh my tnh

Gii m thao tc Lnh tip theo

Tnh a ch ton hng

Thao tc dl D liu mng hay chui

Tnh a ch ton hng

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

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TNG QUAN V PHN CNG MY TNH

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

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MAINBOARD V CC THNH PHN TRN MAINBOARD

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Loi PC66 PC100 PC133 PC150

rng 64bits 64bits 64bits 64bits

rng 64bits 64bits 64bits rng

3. Khi iu phi trn mainboard (Chipset).

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh

Bi ging cu trc, lp rp v bo tr my tnh