TRNG I HC BCH KHOA TP.

HCM
B MN A TIN HC
L HONG SN
GII THIU MN HC
Mn hc cung cp cho sinh vin cc vn :
Dng c v cc php o c bn
Kin thc chung
Thnh lp bn a hnh v mt ct
Trc a ng dng
2
3
CHNG 1
QU T V PHNG PHP BIU DIN
1.1 HNH DNG, KCH THC QU T
B mt tri t thc c hnh dng li lm, g
gh, khng c phng trnh ton hc c trng
1.1.1 HNH DNG
71% b mt l mt nc bin
29% b mt cn li l mt t
Chn mt nc bin trung bnh yn tnh biu
th cho hnh dng qu t gi l mt geoid.
4
5
Geoid l mt nc bin trung bnh , yn tnh,
xuyn qua cc hi o v lc a to thnh mt
cong khp kn (mt thy chun qu t)


Geoid
6
c im ca mt Geoid
L mt ng th.
Phng php tuyn trng phng dy di.
Mt geoid khng c phng trnh ton hc
c th.
Cng dng ca mt Geoid
Xc nh cao tuyt i ca cc im
trn b mt mt t.
cao tuyt i ca 1 im l khong
cch t im n mt Geoid theo phng dy
di (H).
7
Vit Nam ly mt nc bin trung bnh ti
trm nghim triu Sn, Hn Du, Hi Phng
lm mt thy chun gc (0m).
Cc mt thy chun khng i qua mt nc
bin trung bnh yn tnh gi l mt thy chun
quy c. cao xc nh so vi cc mt ny gi
l cao gi nh (H).
Do mt geoid khng c phng trnh b mt
nn khng th xc nh chnh xc v tr cc i
tng mt t thng qua mt geoid.
1.1.2 KCH THC
8
Nhn tng qut th mt geoid c hnh dng
gn ging vi mt ellipsoid.
dt ellipsoid
a
b a
= o


b
Elippsoid
a
Geoid
O
9
Ellipsoid qu t c cc c tnh sau:
* Khi lng ellip bng khi lng qu t.
* Mt phng xch o ca ellipsoid trng vi
mt phng xch o ca qu t.
* Trng tm ellip trng vi trng tm qu t.
* Tng bnh phng lch gia ellipsoid v
qa t l cc tiu
PT ca ellipsoid
1.1.2 KCH THC
10
Kch thc cc ellipsoid v ang s dng
ti Vit Nam:
Tc gi Quc
gia
Nm Bn knh ln
a (m)
Bn knh nh
b (m)
dt

Krasovski Lin X
(c)
1940 6.378.245 6.356.863 1/298,3
WGS 84 Hoa K 1984 6.378.137 6.356.752,3 1/298,257
Trong trng hp gn ng c th xem qu t
l mt cu c bn knh trung bnh R ~ 6371km
1.2 CC H TA DNG TRONG TRC A
1.2.1 H ta a l (, ):
11
Kinh tuyn: giao tuyn ca mt phng cha
trc quay ca qu t vi qu t.
Kinh tuyn gc: kinh tuyn qua i thin vn
Greenwich (Anh quc).
V tuyn: giao tuyn ca mt phng vung
gc trc quay qu t vi qu t.
V tuyn gc (ng xch o): giao tuyn mp
vung gc trc quay ti tm qu t vi qu t.
12
Kinh - V :
13
Kinh (): ca 1 im l gc hp bi mp
cha kinh tuyn gc (greenwich) vi mp cha
kinh tuyn qua im .
Gi tr kinh : 0
0
180
0

0
0
T 180
0
T
V (): ca 1 im l gc hp bi phng
dy di qua im vi mp cha xch o.
Gi tr v : 0
0
B 90
0
B
0
0
N 90
0
N
14
Chia tri t thnh 60 mi (6
0
). nh s th
t t 1- 60
Mi 1: 0
0
6
0
ng
Mi 2: 6
0
ng 12
0
ng
-----------------------------------
Mi 30: 174
0
ng 180
0
ng
Mi 31: 180
0
ty 174
0
ty
1.2.2 H ta vung gc phng
GAUSS-KRUGER:
Php chiu GAUSS:
15
Cho ellip qu t tip xc bn trong mt tr
nm ngang.
Chiu ln lt tng mi ln mt tr ngang.
16
Khai trin mt tr ngang theo phng dc
c mt phng chiu.
17
c im ca php chiu
* Php chiu mt tr ngang, ng gc.
* Trn mi mi chiu, kinh tuyn trc v xch
o l cc ng thng v vung gc nhau.
* on thng nm trn kinh tuyn trc khng
b bin dng v di, cng xa kinh tuyn trc th
bin dng di cng ln.
* Mt on thng bt k khi chiu ln mp
chiu c s hiu chnh di do bin dng ca
php chiu l:
S
R
y
S
m
.
2
2
2
= A
18
* Trong mi mi chiu ng kinh tuyn trc
v ng xch o to thnh mt h trc ta
vung gc phng Gauss Kruger.
19
Th d:
M (x = 1220km; y = 18.465km)
im M nm trong mi chiu 18,cch ng
xch o v pha Bc 1220km,cch ng kinh
tuyn trc v pha Ty 35km.
* T nm 1975 2000, Vit Nam s dng
php chiu Gauss + ellipsoid quy chiu Krasovski
to thnh h ta vung gc phng HN 72 .
1.2.3 H ta vung gc phng UTM
20
(Universal Transverse Mercator)
Chia tri t thnh 60 mi (6
0
). nh s th
t t 1- 60
Mi 1: 180
0
ty 174
0
ty
Mi 2: 174
0
ty 168
0
ty
-----------------------------------
Mi 31: 0
0
6
0
ng
Mi 60: 174
0
ng 180
0
ty
Php chiu UTM:
21
S dng mt tr ngang c bn knh nh hn
bn knh ca qu t,ct qu t theo hai kinh
tuyn ct tuyn cch u kinh tuyn trc 180km.
22
Chiu tng mi ln mt tr, sau khai trin
mt tr theo phng dc c mt phng chiu.
23
c im ca php chiu
* Php chiu mt tr ngang, ng gc.
* Trn mi mi chiu, kinh tuyn trc v xch
o to thnh cc ng thng vung gc nhau.
* Ti kinh tuyn trc h s bin dng di
k
0
= 0,9996 (mi chiu 3
0
c k
0
= 0,9999).
* Ti hai kinh tuyn ct tuyn,h s bin
dng di bng 1.
* Php chiu UTM c bin dng di
phn b u hn v c tr s nh hn so vi php
chiu Gauss.
24
Mi mi chiu c 1 h ta
25
* thun tin cho vic s dng h ta
chung trong khu vc v th gii, t nm 2001
Vit Nam chuyn sang s dng php chiu UTM
+ ellipsoid quy chiu WGS-84 to thnh h ta
vung gc phng VN - 2000 .
Th d:
M (x = 1220km; y = 48.465km)
im M nm trong mi chiu 48,cch ng
xch o v pha Bc 1220km, cch ng kinh
tuyn trc v pha Ty 35km.
26
1.2.4 H ta vung gc phng quy c:
L h ta gi nh vi im gc O ty chn,
c trc x trng vi hng Bc t hoc hng trc
chnh ca cng trnh.
x
A ( x
A
; y
A
)
O
y
A
x
A

y
A

27
1.2.5 H ta cc:
o
x
A

A

S
A

A (
A
; S
A
)
V tr im A c xc nh da vo hai
thnh phn :
28
1.3 BN A HNH
* Bn l hnh nh thu nh ca b mt
mt t ln mt phng nm ngang theo mt t l
v mt php chiu c th.
1.3.1 Khi nim:
* Bn a hnh th hin hai yu t: a
vt v dng t.
* Theo ni dung,bn c chia thnh
hai loi: bn a l t nhin v bn chuyn
.
* Bnh v bn v mt ct a hnh.
29
T l bn l t s di gia mt on
thng o trn bn vi di nm ngang ca
on thng o trn thc a.
K hiu: 1/M hoc 1:M
1.3.2 T l bn :
30
Theo t l, bn a hnh c chia thnh:
* T l ln: 1/500 1/5000
* T l trung bnh: 1/10.000 1/100.000
* T l nh: 1/M 1/100.000
c im
Bn c t l cng ln th c chnh
xc cng cao, mc chi tit cng y v
ngc li.
chnh xc bn theo t l (t)
t = 0,1mm M
31
1.3.3 Phng php biu th mt t:
a) a vt:
Dng k hiu: theo t l; bn t l; phi t l
32
Dng ng ng mc v im cao
ng ng mc: l ng cong khp kn
ni lin nhng im c cng cao trn mt t.
b) Dng t:
33
c im ca ng ng mc:
* Cc im nm trn cng ng ng mc
th c cng cao.
* ng ng mc l ng cong lin tc
v khp kn.
* Ni no ng ng mc cch xa nhau
mt t dc thoi; cng gn nhau dc cng ln;
trng nhau: vch thng ng.Hng vung gc
vi cc ng ng mc l hng dc nht.
* ng ng mc khng bao gi ct nhau.
34
* chnh cao gia hai ng ng mc
k cn nhau gi l: Khong cao u h
35
36
CHNG 2
SAI S TRONG O C
37
2.1 KHI NIM - PHN LOI SAI S
nhn bit ln ca mt i lng ta
dng cc php o trc tip hoc o gin tip.
Nguyn nhn gy ra sai s:
1. Do ngi o
2. Do thit b o
3. Do iu kin ngoi cnh
Phn bit php o cng iu kin v php
o khc iu kin.
o cn thit v o tha.
38
Phn loi sai s: theo tnh cht v quy lut
xut hin c th chia sai s ra lm hai loi:
1. Sai s h thng .
2. Sai s ngu nhin .
Sai s h thng c th loi tr c bng cch
chn phng php o hoc tnh ph hp.
Sai s ngu nhin khng th loi tr c m ch
c th gim thiu mc sai s.
Sai lm (Sai s th)
39
Tnh cht c bn ca sai s ngu nhin:
* Tnh cht gii hn.
* Tnh cht tp trung.
* Tnh cht i xng.
* Tnh cht b tr.
| |
0 lim lim
2 1
=
A
=
A + + A + A

n n
n
n
n
S ln xut hin

-
lim
+
lim

X l
i i
= A
40
2.2 CC TIU CHUN NH GI CHNH XC
KT QU O
Sai s trung bnh cng ()
| |
n n
n
A
=
A + + A + A
=
2 1
u
Trong :
l
i
: tr o ln th i
X : tr tht ca i lng o
n : s ln o
41
| |
n n
m
i i n
A A
=
A + + A + A
=
2 2
2
2
1
Sai s trung phng (m)
Cng thc Gauss
Sai s tng i (1/T)
Sai s gii hn
m = A 2
lim
m = A 3
lim
hoc
L t s gia sai s tuyt i vi kt qu o
42
2.3 SAI S TRUNG PHNG HM CC TR O
2
2
2
2
2
2
t y x u
m
t
f
m
y
f
m
x
f
m
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
Gi s c hm:
u = f (x,y,,t)
Trong x, y ,t l nhng tr o c lp c
sai s trung phng l m
x
, m
y
m
t
.

Sai s
trung phng ca hm u s l:
43
2.4 S TRUNG BNH CNG
| |
n
l
n
l l l
X
n
=
+ + +
=
2 1
Sai s trung phng ca tr trung bnh cng:
n
m
m
X
=
Trong :
m: sstp mt ln o
n: s ln o
44
* Sai s trung phng mt ln o:
2.5 CNG THC BESSEL
Trong :
| |
1 1
2 2
2
2
1

+ + +
=
n
v v
n
v v v
m
i i n
X l v
i i
=
* Sai s trung phng ca tr trung bnh:
| |
( ) 1
2

= =
n n
v
n
m
m
i
X
45
CHNG 3
DNG C V PHNG PHP O GC
Gc bng (): gc hp bi hnh chiu ca 2
hng ngm ln mp nm ngang.
3.1 KHI NIM
46
Gc ng (V): gc hp bi hng ngm v
hnh chiu ca n ln mp nm ngang.
47
Gc ng c gi tr bin thin t 0
0
90
0

A
B
C
V
AB

V
AC

+
-
Gc thin nh (Z): gc hp bi hng nh
tri ca phng dy di v hng ngm; c gi tr
bin thin t 0
0
180
0
.
48
V + Z = 90
0

A
B
Z
V
Gm 3 b phn chnh
3.2 CU TO MY KINH V
49
* B phn nh tm, cn bng my
* B phn ngm
* B phn c s
Phn loi my theo cu to: c hc; quang
hc; in t.
Phn loi my theo chnh xc: chnh xc
cao ( 0,5 2,0) ; chnh xc ( 5 10) ; k
thut ( 15 30).
PHN LOI MY KINH V
50
Kinh v quang hc Kinh v in t Ton c in t
53
Chn my
ng knh
3.2.1 B PHN NGM
54
Gm: knh vt; knh mt; c iu nh (c
iu quang) v h ch ngm.
55
Trn ng knh c 3 trc c bn:
* Trc ngm: ng ni quang tm knh vt
v giao im h ch ngm.
* Trc quang hc: ng ni quang tm
knh vt v quang tm knh mt.
* Trc hnh hc: trc i xng ca ng knh.
H ch ngm
56
f
v
: tiu c knh vt ; f
m
: tiu c knh mt
* phng i ca ng knh l t s gia
gc nhn qua ng knh () vi gc nhn bng mt
thng () khi ngm cng vt ngm.
|
o
= =
m
v
X
f
f
V
* ng knh ca cc my kinh v thng c
phng i t 20
X
n 60
X
.
B phn nh tm :
3.2.2 B PHN NH TM, CN BNG
57
Qu di; di tm quang hc; di tm laser.
Nhm a trc quay ca my qua tm mc.
B phn cn bng: ng thng bng
58
Theo hnh dng c hai loi: ng thng bng
trn, ng thng bng di.
ng thng bng trn: thng dng cn
bng s b (thc hin vi chn my)
59
ng thng bng di: thng dng cn
bng chnh xc (thc hin vi cc c cn my)
60
Gi tr khong chia ( nhy) ca ng thng
bng di:
" "
t
R
l
=
R : bn knh mt cong ca ng thng bng
(R = 2m 200m i vi ng t.bng di v
R = 0,5m 2m i vi ng t.bng trn)
l : khong cch gia cc vch chia trn
cung trn (thng thng l = 2mm)
Bn ngang
3.2.3 B PHN C S
61
Gm c mt vnh c khc vch theo
chiu kim ng h (0
0
360
0
) v b phn c s
(du xch, vch chun hay thang chia ph)


Bn ng
C hai cch chia vch: lin tc (0
0
360
0
)


hoc i xng qua tm (0
0
90
0
)
iu kin cu to: Khi trc ngm nm ngang
s c trn bn ng phi bng 0
0
. Nu iu
ny khng tha my c sai s vch chun MO.
62
Cng dng ca MO l tnh gc ng V
2
Ph Tr
MO

=
2
360
0
+
=
Tr Ph
MO
* i xng qua tm:
* Ghi s lin tc:
Vy s c MO l s c c trn bn
ng khi trc ngm ca my nm ngang.
63

127
0
0530

-0
0
2315
64
Mc ch: lm cho trc quay ca my thng
ng,ng thi, phi i qua tm im trm o.
* nh tm: dng b phn nh tm a
trc quay ca my i qua tm im trm o.
* Cn bng: dng cc c cn v ng thng
bng di a trc quay ca my thng ng.
Phng php thc hin:
3.3 T MY KINH V
3.3 T MY KINH V
1
2
3
65
c p dng khi ti trm my ch c
hai hng ngm.
3.4 CC PHNG PHP O GC
66
Mt ln o n gin gm 2 na ln o:
na ln o thun knh v na ln o o knh.
3.4.1 o gc bng:
Thun knh: = b
1
a
1

o knh: = b
2
a
2

Kt qu 1 ln o :
2
" '
| |
|
+
=
a) o n gin:
O GC BNG THEO PP N GiN
67
68
S O GC THEO PP N GiN
Trm
o
im
ngm
Bn
ng
S c bn
ngang
Tr s gc
1/2 ln o
Tr s gc
mt ln o




1
2

3

Tr
110
0
2830

208
0
5845

98
0
3015



3

2

Ph
28
0
5830

290
0
2845

98
0
2945
98
0
3000
b) o ton vng:
c p dng khi ti trm my c nhiu
hn hai hng ngm.
* Chn hng ngm chun.
* Na ln o thun knh: Quay ng knh
thun chiu kim ng h.
* Na ln o o knh: Quay ng knh
ngc chiu kim ng h.
69
3.4.2 o gc ng:
* Na ln thun knh:
MO Tr V + = MO Tr V + =
0
360
hoc
* Na ln o knh:
MO Ph V =
2
360
0
+
=
Tr Ph
V
2
Ph Tr
V
+
=
hoc
Kt qu mt ln o
70
Cc sai s h thng ca my kinh v trong o gc
71
o gc bng : sai s 2C
Nguyn nhn: do trc ngm ca ng knh
khng vung gc vi trc quay ca ng knh.
loi tr sai s 2C khi o gc bng:
o thun knh v o knh, ly tr trung bnh
72
o gc ng: sai s MO
Nguyn nhn: vch chun c s trn bn
ng khng nm ngang
loi tr sai s MO khi o gc ng: o
thun knh v o knh, ly tr trung bnh.
CHNG 4
DNG C V PHNG PHP O DI
73
4.1 KHI NIM
di ngang gia hai im l khong cch
ni gia hai hnh chiu ca cc im ln mt
phng nm ngang. K hiu: S
AB

di nghing gia hai im l khong
cch ni trc tip gia hai im . K hiu: D
AB

74
75
A
B
S
AB

D
AB

xc nh di on thng c th dng
cc php o trc tip (thc thp) hoc o
gin tip (phng php th c)
4.2 O DI BNG THC THP BN
76
Dng c:
S dng thc thp bn xc nh di
ngang hoc nghing gia 2 im trn mt t.
nh ng thng:
Phng php o:
* Thc thp bn (20m50m)
* Hai so tiu
* B th (11 hoc 6 cy)
Mt ln o gm hai na ln o: i v v.
4.2 O DI BNG THC THP BN
77
2000
1
1000
1
s
A
S
S
4.2 O DI BNG THC THP BN
78
o di bng thc thp bn thng c
th t chnh xc t 1/1000 1/2000. Trong
trng hp s dng thc thp bn chnh xc vi
lc k cng ti hai u thc kt hp vi ng
thng bng di t thc nm ngang th chnh
xc t t 1/5000 1/10.000
ng dng: o di bng thc thp ph hp
cho cng tc trc a b tr cng trnh nh xng,
nh cao tng; o cnh ca ng chuyn kinh
v
chnh xc:
4.3 O DI BNG PHNG PHP TH C
79
S dng h thng dy o khong cch
(ch lng c) trong ng knh my kinh v ton
c v mia xc nh di ngang gia 2 im
trn mt t.
Dng c: My kinh v + mia.
80
A
l
1

l
2


B
I
J
V
S
AB

n :khong chn trn mia cho bi hai dy th c
n = l
1
l
2

Phng php o:
81
Nu tnh theo gc thin nh Z, th:
1/300 1/400
ng dng: thng s dng trong o chi tit
phc v cng tc thnh lp bn .
Cng thc tnh:
V n k S
2
cos . . =
Cc my hin nay thng c k = 100 nn:
V n S
2
cos . . 100 =
Z Sin n k S
2
. . =
chnh xc:
4.4 O DI IN QUANG
82
S dng tia hng ngoi, hoc gn hng
ngoi xc nh khong cch gia cc im
trn mt t (my ton c in t)
4.5 O DI BNG CNG NGH GPS
83
S dng h thng nh v GPS (Global
Positioning System) v my thu tn hiu GPS
xc nh khong cch.
Dng c: My thu tn hiu v tinh GPS
4.5 O DI BNG CNG NGH GPS
84
chnh xc:
c th t 1/100.000
85
86
4.6 NH HNG NG THNG
4.6.1 Gc phng v :
Gc phng v (A) ca mt ng thng l
gc bng hp bi hng bc kinh tuyn n
hng ng thng theo chiu kim ng h.
Vic xc nh mi quan h ca ng
thng vi mt hng chun bit c gi l
nh hng ng thng.
Trong trc a, thng s dng hng
Bc kinh tuyn lm hng chun.
C tr bin thin t 0
0
360
0

87
Phng v tht
Phng v t
Cng dng: nh hng mt ng thng
trn mt t.
D
*
C
A
th

D
C
A
t

88
Ti mt im trn mt t, hng Bc
kinh tuyn thc v hng Bc kinh tuyn t
khng trng nhau m hp vi nhau mt gc gi l
lch t
A
th
= A
t

+ khi lch t ng
- khi lch t ty
*
C
D
A
th

A
t


89
4.6.2 Gc nh hng :
Gc nh hng () ca mt ng
thng l gc bng, c tnh t hng Bc ca
hnh chiu kinh tuyn trc hoc ng song song
vi n n hng ng thng theo chiu kim
ng h v c tr bin thin t 0
0
360
0

MN
=
NM
180
0

MN

NM

M
N
90
Mi quan h gia gc phng v v gc
nh hng ca mt ng thng c xc nh
theo cng thc sau:
o =
th
A
Cng dng: nh hng mt ng thng
trn mt chiu.
: hi t kinh tuyn
*

A
t

A
thc


M
N
91
| |
0
1
0
180 . n
n
i n
+ = | o o

Cc bi ton v gc nh hng:
a) Tnh chuyn gc nh hng
A
1
2
3
4

12

4

* Trng hp gc o bn tri
92
* Trng hp gc o bn phi
A
1
2
3
4

12

4

| |
0
1
0
180 . n
n
i n
+ = | o o
b) Tnh gc bng t gc nh hng
93
4.7 BI TON THUN NGHCH
4.7.1 Bi ton thun:
Cho A (x
A
; y
A
) ; S
AB
v
AB
tnh B (x
B
; y
B
)
x
AB
= x
B
- x
A

y
AB
= y
B
- y
A

x
B
= x
A
+ x
AB

y
B
= y
A
+ y
AB

=>
x
AB
= S
AB
.Cos
AB

y
AB
= S
AB
.Sin
AB

trong :
;
y
A
B
x
A

y
A

y
B

x
B

x
0
S
AB

AB

x
AB

y
AB

94
4.7.2 Bi ton nghch:
x
AB
= x
B
- x
A

y
AB
= y
B
- y
A

AB
AB
AB
x
y
ArcTg
A
A
=
0
o
2 2
AB AB AB
y x S A + A =
Trng hp: x < 0 =>
0 0
180 + =
AB AB
o o
x > 0 =>
0 0
360 + =
AB AB
o o
Cho A (x
A
; y
A
) ; B (x
B
;

y
B
) tnh

S
AB
v
AB

y
A
B
x
A

y
A

y
B

x
B

x
0
S
AB

AB

x
AB

y
AB

95
CHNG 5
DNG C V PHNG PHP O CAO
5.1 KHI NIM
96
cao tuyt i: ca 1 im l khong cch
t im n mt thy chun gc theo phng
dy di (H
A
).
cao gi nh: ca 1 im l khong cch
t im n mt thy chun quy c theo
phng dy di (H
A
).

Chnh cao: ca 2 im l khong cch theo
phng dy di gia 2 mt thy chun quy c i
qua 2 im (h
AB
).
cao ; chnh cao l nhng tr i s.

97
Mt thy chun
H
A

H
B

h
AB

A
B
h
AB
= H
B
H
A
= H
B
H
A

5.2 PHNG PHP O CAO HNH HC
98
Nguyn l o: da vo trc ngm nm
ngang ca my o cao xc nh chnh cao
gia hai im trn mt t.
Da vo v tr t my,c th chia ra
hai phng php o cao hnh hc: o cao pha
trc v o cao t gia.
a) o cao pha trc:
t my ti mt im v mia ti im
cn li.
5.2.1 Phng php o:
h
AB
= H
B
H
A
=> H
B
= H
A
+ h
AB

99
h
AB
= i
A
- b
H
B
= H
A
+ h
AB
= H
A
+ i
A
- b
H
A
+ i
A
= H
m
=> H
B
= H
m
- b t:
i
a

b
A
B
H
A

H
B

Mt thy chun
h
AB

H
m

100
b) o cao t gia:
My t gia hai im AB (khng
nht thit phi nm trn on thng AB).
h
AB
= a - b
H
B
= H
A
+ h
AB
= H
A
+ a

- b
H
A
+ a = H
m
=> H
B
= H
m
- b
a b
H
m

Mt thy chun
H
A

H
B

h
AB

A
B
101
* Mia t ti A (im bit cao): mia
sau; s c ti mia A gi l s c sau.
Quy nh:
* Mia t ti B (im cha bit cao):
mia trc; s c ti mia B gi l s c trc.
Trng hp AB cch xa nhau (hoc
dc AB qu ln) cn lp ng chuyn cao
dn t A n B.
| |
n
i n AB
h h h h h
1
2 1
= + + + =
| | | | | |
n
i
n
i
n
i AB
b a h h
1 1 1
= =
A
B
a
1

a
2

a
n

b
1

b
2

b
n

N
1

N
2

N
n -1

h
i
= a
i
- b
i

102
103
5.2.2 Dng c:
My thy chun v mia.
a) My thy chun:
* Tc dng ch yu ca my thy chun l
to ra mt trc ngm nm ngang.Cu to gm
hai b phn chnh: b phn ngm v b phn
t my.
* Phn loi theo chnh xc: chnh xc cao
(m
h/km
= 0,5mm); chnh xc (m
h/km
= 310mm);
k thut (m
h/km
= 1525mm)
* Phn loi theo cu to: thy chun thng;
thy chun t ng v thy chun in t.
104
Thy chun in t
Thy chun t ng
105
b) Mia thy chun:
Mia hai mt (mia hng s)
gm mt en v mt ; y
mia c khc vch khc nhau.
* Mt en: 0 mm
* Mt : s bt k (th d
nh 4473 mm) gi l hng s.
Ngoi ra cn c loi mia
m vch c s dng cng vi
my thy chun in t.

106
5.2.3 Cc ngun sai s trong o cao hnh hc:
a) Sai s trc ngm (gc i):
h
AB
= a b = (a - x
1
)(b - x
2
) = (a - b)(x
1
x
2
)
S
1
= S
2
; i
1
= i
2
=> x
1
= x
2

h
AB
= a b = a b
khi
Lc
i
1

i
2

x
1

x
2

a
a
b
b
A B
S
1
S
2

107
b) Sai s do cong qu t v chit quang:
h
AB
= a b = (a - q
a
)(b - q
b
) = (a - b)(q
a
q
b
)
a b
b a
h
AB

mt geoid
q
a

q
b

A
B
d
a

d
b

R
d
q
a
a
2
2
=
R
d
q
b
b
2
2
=
d
a
= d
b
=> q
a
= q
b
h
AB
= a b = a b
khi
Lc
108
c) Sai s do mia:
* Sai s do vch chia trn mia.
* Sai s do y mia b mn.
* Sai s do dng mia khng thng
ng...
Kt lun:
Sai s trc ngm, sai s do cong
qu t v chit quang u c loi tr bng
phng php o thch hp: o cao t gia.
5.3 PHNG PHP O CAO LNG GIC
109
Nguyn l o: da vo trc ngm nghing
ca my kinh v xc nh chnh cao gia
hai im trn mt t.
xc nh chnh cao gia hai im
A v B, t my kinh v ti A, dng so tiu (hoc
mia) ti B. Gi:
- i : chiu cao my t ti A.
- l : chiu cao tia ngm ti B.
- V : gc nghing ca ng knh.
- S : di ngang ca on AB.
110
h
AB
= S.tgV + i l
chnh cao ca AB s l:

A
B
I
J

i
V
S
AB

h
AB

111
h
AB
= S.CotgZ + i l
* Trng hp o gc thin nh Z:

A
B
I
J

i
S
AB

h
AB

Z
* Trng hp S
AB
c o theo phng
php th c:
h
AB
= 1/2 k.n.Sin2V + i l
S
AB
= k.n.Cos
2
V
N
M

A
B
I
J

i
V
S
AB

h
AB

=>
112
113
CHNG 6
LI KHNG CH TRC A
6.1 KHI NIM
114
Li khng ch trc a: l mt h thng cc
im c xc nh ta (x,y) v cao (H) vi
chnh xc cn thit. Nhng im ny c
nh du trn mt t bng tiu v mc.
Li khng ch ta : xc nh x,y.
Li khng ch cao: xc nh H.
Nguyn tc pht trin li: t tng th n
cc b, t chnh xc cao n chnh xc
thp. Cc im hng cao l c s pht trin
xung cc im hng thp hn.
115
Cng dng:
Phng php xy dng li: tam gic o
gc, tam gic o gc - cnh, ng chuyn, giao
hi, cng ngh nh v GPS
* Phc v cng tc nghin cu khoa hc
v qu t.
* C s thng nht ta ca Quc gia.
* Phc v cng tc o v bn v xy
dng cc loi cng trnh.
116
* Khng ch ta :
- Nh nc: c 4 hng (I; II; III; IV)
- Khu vc: chia thnh 2 cp (1; 2).
- o v.
* Khng ch cao:
- Nh nc: hng I, II, III, IV
- Khu vc: cao k thut
- o v
Ty theo phm vi khng ch v chnh
xc, h thng li khng ch trc a Vit Nam
c chia thnh 3 bc:
6.2 NG CHUYN KINH V
117
6.2.1 Khi nim:
* Chn mt s im trn mt t ni vi
nhau bng nhng on thng to thnh ng
gy khc lin tc: ng chuyn.
* on thng ni hai im lin tip gi
l cnh ng chuyn: S
i
. Gc hp bi hai cnh
lin tip gi l gc ngoc:
i
.
S
1

S
2

2

118
* C ba dng ng chuyn c bn: ph
hp; khp kn; treo. nhng khu vc rng ln
c th b tr nhiu ng to thnh mng li
ng chuyn.
* Ni dung o c: o tt c cc gc
ngoc v di cc cnh.
ph hp




khp kn
treo
A
A
A
B
119
L loi li khng ch o v mt bng.
c pht trin t nhng im khng ch khu
vc tr ln hoc c xy dng c lp.
6.2.2 ng chuyn kinh v:
Cc yu t c trng Quy dnh
- di cnh S
i
(m):
- Sai s tng i cnh S/S:

- Sai s khp gc f

:


-

Sai s khp tng i ca
ng K = f
S
/ [S]:


350 > S
i
> 20
1/1000 1/2000
n f " 40 s
|
| | 2000
1
1000
1
s
S
f
S
120
a) Thit k - Kho st - Chn im :
* Thit k trn bn .
* Kho st chn im chn mc ngoi
thc a.
b) o ng chuyn kinh v :
* o gc: o tt c cc gc ca ng
chuyn bng my kinh v k thut; phng php
n gin.(nn o ton gc ngoc tri hoc phi)
* o cnh: di cnh ng chuyn
c th c o bng thc thp hoc my ton
c in t.
121
c) Bnh sai - tnh ta im ng chuyn:
n: s cnh trong ng.
* Tnh sai s khp gc f

. Nu f

khng
t yu cu cn phi kim tra tnh ton,tnh ton
ng phi o li cc gc.

( f

40n )
| | ( )
0
180 2 = n f
o
|
|
| | ( ) ( )
c o
n f o o |
|
+ =
0
180 1
khp kn:
ph hp:
* V s li.


;
c
: gc nh hng cnh u,cnh
cui ca ng chuyn.
122
* Tnh s hiu chnh v tr bnh sai cc gc.
n
f
V
|
|
=
0 '
1
180
i i i
| o o =

|
| | V
i i
+ =
'
* Tnh gc nh hng ca cc cnh.
* Tnh s gia ta .
hoc
i i i
i i i
Sin S y
Cos S x
o
o
.
.
= A
= A
1 +
=
n
f
V
|
|
123
* Tnh sai s khp tng i ca ng.
| | x f
x
A =
| | y f
y
A =
| | ( )
c x
x x x f A =
| | ( )
c y
y y y f A =
;
;
hoc:
* Tnh sai s khp ta .
| | 2000
1
1000
1
s =
S
f
K
S
2 2
y x S
f f f + =
124
Nu K 1/1000 1/2000 phi kim
tra tnh ton, tnh ton ng cn phi o li
di cnh.
kim tra:
* Tnh s hiu chnh ta .
| |
i
x
x
S
S
f
V
i
=
| |
x x
f V
i
=
| |
i
y
y
S
S
f
V
i
=
;
| |
y y
f V
i
=
;
125
* Tnh tr bnh sai ta .
i
x i i i
V x x x + A + =
1
i
y i i i
V y y y + A + =
1
S
hiu
im
Gc
bng
()
Gc
bng
hiu
chnh
Gc
nh
hng
()
di
cnh S
(m)
S gia ta
trc bnh sai
S gia ta
sau bnh sai
Ta
bnh sai
x(m) y(m) x(m) y(m) x(m) y(m)
Bng tnh ta im ng chuyn
126
6.3 LI CAO K THUT
6.3.1 Phng php o:
o cao hnh hc theo quy nh sau:
L loi li khng ch cao khu vc.
c pht trin t nhng im cao nh nc
hoc c xy dng c lp.
* My thy chun: V
X
= 20 24 ;
45
* Mia: mt hoc hai mt c vch chia cm.
* Tm ngm: 120m 200m.
* Chnh lch tm ngm: 5m .
127
* Thao tc o trn mt trm my:
* Mia hai mt:
- c s mt en, mt mia sau.
- c s mt en, mt mia trc.
2
A
a
1
a
B
b
1
2
b
h
1
= a
1
b
1
; h
2
= a
2
b
2

h
1
h
2
5 mm
* Mia mt mt:
- c s mia sau,c s mia trc.
Thay i chiu cao my t nht 10cm.
- c s mia trc,c s mia sau.
a
2

b
2

A
a
1

B
b
1

h
1
= a
1
b
1
; h
2
= a
2
b
2

h
1
h
2
5 mm
129
6.3.2 Bnh sai tnh cao:
* V s li.




M
N
A
B
h
1
, l
1

h
2
, l
2

h
3
, l
3

A h
1
, n
1





M
B
C
h
2
, n
2

h
3
, n
3

h
4
, n
4

l
i
: di on o th i.


n
i
: s lng trm o trn on th i.


130
* Tnh sai s khp cao f
h
.


L f f
gh
h h
50 = s
(mm)
| |
n
i h
h f
1
=
| | ( )
c
n
i h
H H h f =
1
Khp kn
Ph hp
Nu f
h
khng t yu cu cn kim tra
tnh ton, tnh ton ng phi o li h.


N f
gh
h
10 =
(mm)
Hoc
131
* Tnh s hiu chnh V
h
.


i
h
h
n
N
f
V
i
=
i
h
h
l
L
f
V
i
=
n
l l l L + + + =
2 1
n
n n n N + + + =
2 1
Hoc:
vi
vi
* Tnh tr bnh sai cao.
i
h i i i
V h H H + + =
1
| |
h
n
h
f V
i
=
1
Kim tra
132
im di l
i
(km)
chnh
cao h (m)
S hiu
chnh V
h
(m)
Tr bnh
sai h (m)
cao
H (m)
[ ]
Bng bnh sai cao
133
6.4 LI CAO O V
* L loi li khng ch cao bc cui
cng. c pht trin t nhng im cao k
thut tr ln hoc c xy dng c lp.
* Phng php o v ni dung tnh ton
cng tng t nh li cao k thut nhng
vi yu cu chnh xc thp hn.
L f
gh
h
100 =
n S f
m h
gh
. . 04 , 0 =
| |
n
S
S
m
. 100
=
(mm)
(m)
Hnh hc:
Lng gic:
(n: s cnh trong li)
134
CHNG 7
O V BN A HNH
135
7.1 KHI NIM
* Cc phng php o v bn : o v
trc tip; o v nh; o v tng hp.
* o v trc tip: phng php ton c;
phng php bn c; phng php mt ct...
* Quy trnh thnh lp t bn a hnh:
- Thnh lp li khng ch trc a.
- o chi tit.
- V bn
136
7.2 CC PHNG PHP O IM CHI TIT
Nhm xc nh v tr tng i ca cc
im chi tit so vi cc im khng ch. Cng
tc o chi tit bao gm: o im a vt v o
im dng t.
7.2.1 Xc nh cao:
Thng s dng phng php o cao
lng gic, trng hp cn chnh xc cao v
cao dng phng php o cao hnh hc.
7.2.2 Xc nh v tr mt bng:
a) Phng php ta cc: ( ; S )
A


B
2

1

S
1

S
3




9

9

S
3

b) Phng php ta vung gc: (S ; S)
c) Phng php giao hi: ( ; )
137
138
7.3 O V BN : PHNG PHP TON C
L phng php s dng my ton c
(quang hc hoc in t) o v bn . Quy
trnh o v bao gm cc bc:
* Lp li khng ch: ta v cao.
Khi mt im khng ch cha , c
th tng dy im khng ch o v bng ng
chuyn ton c (pht trin t nhng im kinh
v tr ln) theo quy nh:
n f " 60 s
|
| | 400
1
300
1
s
S
f
S
) ( . . 04 , 0 m n S f
m h
gh
=
;
139
* o chi tit (o a vt v dng t).
Trong o v ton c, v tr mt bng
im chi tit thng c xc nh theo phng
php ta cc, cao theo phng php o
cao lng gic.
Ch : Trng hp o v t l 1/500
| | 1000
1
s
S
f
S
1000
1
s
A
S
S
v
140
im


(1)
gc
bng

(2)
S
c
mia
(3)
S
c
gia l
(4)
k.n


(5)
Gc
ng
V
(6)

di
S
(7)
Chnh
cao h

(8)

cao
H
(9)
Ghi
ch

(10)
1 15
0
10 1819
1624
1722 0
0
00 g.nh
2
- - - - - -
g.nh
3
- - - - - -
b ao
4
- - - - - -
b ao
Mu s o chi tit.
Ngy o: 15/11/09
Ngi o: Trn Bng
Ngi ghi: V Tm
Trm o: A
Ngm chun: B
cao: 5,435m
Chiu cao my: 1,50m
141
Bng s ha trm o A

B


1
2


ao
3
4


5
6
7

A

* Tnh ton s liu o: bnh sai tnh ta
v cao im khng ch (k c cc im
ng chuyn ton c,nu c); tnh cc s liu
o chi tit.
* V a hnh: lp li vung ta ;
trin im khng ch; trin im chi tit; v a
vt v ni suy ng ng mc.
* Kim tra, i chiu thc a; hon chnh
bn v.
O
A
B
C
D
O
400.00
500.00 600.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
700.00 800.00 900.00
1/500
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
h
a
= 12,22m ; h
b
= 13,89m ( h = 0,5m )
b
a



146
CHNG 8
S DNG BN A HNH
8.1 NH HNG T BN
147
Nhm a hng Bc bn trng vi
hng Bc ngoi mt t (a vt th hin trn
bn ng dng vi a vt thc a).
8.1.1 nh hng theo a bn:
8.1.1 nh hng theo a vt:
C th da vo nhng a vt c dng
chy di v thng (tuyn ng, tuyn knh,
sng, sui...) hoc nhng a vt c lp.
8.2 S DNG BN DA VO NG
NG MC
148
8.2.1 Xc nh cao mt t:
A
B
C



54,0
56,0
58,0
60,0
B
2

B
1

H
C
= H
.mc
.h
149
AB
AB
AB
S
h
Arctg V =
dc mt t i thng c tnh theo
n v % hoc
8.2.2 Xc nh gc dc dc mt t:
AB
AB
AB AB
S
h
tgV i = =
o o
o
/
8.2.3 Xc nh tuyn theo dc quy nh:
Tnh di ngn nht gia hai ng
ng mc k cn nhau c dc quy nh i %.
( S = h / i )
150
8.2.4 Xc nh lu vc sng, sui:
Lu vc: l phm vi tch nc ma ca
sng hay sui. Lu vc c xc nh da vo
cc ng phn thy (ng nh).
Cc sng hay sui c hnh thnh t
cc ng t thy (ng y).
8.2.5 V mt ct trn bn :
Thng chn t l trc ng (biu th
cao) ln gp 10 ln t l trc ngang (biu th
di).
151
Thng s dng khi din tch c bao
quanh bi nhng on thng.
8.3 XC NH DIN TCH
8.3.1 Phng php hnh hc:
1
2
3
4
5
h
a

h
b

h
c

b
1

b
2

( )( )( ) c p b p a p p S = . . .
( ) c b a p + + =
2
1
Hoc
n
h b S
1
.
2
1
(

=
152
( ) | | ( ) | |
n
i i i
n
i i i
x x y y y x S
1
1 1
1
1 1
. . 2
+ +
= =
8.3.2 Phng php gii tch:
153

4

H

n
g

c
h
u

n

( ) | |
n
i i i i
S S S
1
1 1
sin . 2 | | =
+ +
Ta cc
154
8.3.3 Phng php vung:
Thng s dng khi din tch c bao
quanh bi nhng ng cong bt k.
1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
11 10
155
CHNG 9
KIN THC C BN TRONG CNG TC
B TR CNG TRNH
156
9.1 KHI NIM
Nhm nh du trn mt t v tr, hnh
dng, kch thc v cao ca cng trnh theo
bn v thit k.
1. B tr c bn:
Da vo cc im khng ch thi cng
v cc s liu o ni b tr cc trc chnh,
trc c bn ca cng trnh vi chnh xc t
3cm 5cm.
Nguyn tc b tr: t tng th n cc
b, t chnh xc thp n chnh xc cao.
Gm cc giai on:
157
2. B tr chi tit:
Da vo cc trc chnh, trc c bn
b tr giai on mt b tr cc im chi tit
ca cng trnh vi chnh xc t 2mm 3mm.
B tr nh du cc trc lp rp cng
nh t cc thit b vo v tr thit k vi
chnh xc t 0,1mm 1,0mm.
3. B tr nh du cc trc lp rp:
158
9.2 B TR ON THNG - B TR GC BNG
9.2.1 B tr on thng:
Thng s dng thc thp bn
(thng hoc chnh xc). Cn lu di on
thng tnh c t cc bn v thit k l di
ngang .
9.2.2 B tr gc bng:
S dng my kinh v. Nhm loi tr
sai s trc ngm ca my, thng b tr bng
hai v tr ng knh (thun v o knh) ri ly
phng trung bnh.
L hai dng b tr c bn ca cng
tc b tr im.
159
2
0
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
tk
m
m
n
|
|
Trng hp c bit:
S ln o n:
"
' '
"

| A
= = OB B B d
B
B
O
A

t.k


d
= -
tk

9.3 CC PHNG PHP B TR IM
160
Ty theo dng cng trnh, iu kin
a hnh, iu kin o v chnh xc yu cu
m c th s dng cc phng php: ta cc,
ta vung gc, cc phng php giao hi
(gc, cnh, hng) b tr im.
2
"
"
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

|
m
S m m
S P
Nu dng phng php ta cc
b tr th sai s trung phng v tr im P s
c tnh theo cng thc:
9.4 B TR IM CAO
161
Thng s dng phng php o cao
hnh hc.
cao my: H
m
= H
A
+ a
S liu o ni: b
t.k
= H
m
H
B t.k

a
A
B
b
t.k

H
m

H
A
H
B t.k

Mt Geoid
H
m1

H
A

A
c
Mt Geoid

d
H
B t.k

H
m2

B
b
t.k

Trng hp c bit:
a H H
A m
+ =
1
cd H H
m m
=
1 2
k t
B m k t
H H b
. 2
.
=
163
163
9.5 B TR MT PHNG

Vi: - i l chiu cao my thy chun
t ti C.




A B
D
C
a = b = d = i
- a ,b,d l s c mia ti A,B,D
Trng hp mt phng nghing
164
9.6 B TR NG CONG TRN
* on tip tuyn (on tip c): T
9.6.1 Cc yu t chnh ca ng cong trn:
* on phn gic(on phn c): P
* Chiu di ng cong (T

T
c
): K
* Cc im chnh ca ng cong
trn gm: tip im u T

; tip im cui T
c

v im gia G.
165
T

T
c


/2

/2
/2
G
O
R
T
T
R
P
2
.
u
tg R T =
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
2
1
u
Cos
R P

u
R K T T
c
= =
Gc ngoc = 180
0

on tip c T
on phn c P
Chiu di ng cong K
166
k = 5m khi R 100m
9.6.2 B tr cc im chi tit :
k = 10m khi 100m < R < 500m
k = 20m khi R 500m
a) Phng php ta vung gc:
Chn im T

lm gc trc ta O.
Phng T

lm trc X .
Phng T

O lm trc Y .
167
Y
X
T

O
x
1

x
2

x
3

y
1
y
2

y
3

P
1

P
2

P
3

3
2
R
k

=
Ta cc im:
-------------------------------
P
i

x
i
= R.Sini
y
i
= R(1-Cosi) = 2R.Sin
2
i/2
P
1

x
1
= R.Sin
y
1
= R(1-Cos) = 2R.Sin
2
/2
Sai s v tr cc cc chi tit c lp;
thch hp vi khu vc bng phng,quang ng.
168
a) Phng php ta cc:
T

O
P
1

P
2

P
3

3/2
2/2



/2

R
k

=
2
. 2

Sin R S =
Sai s v tr cc cc chi tit b tch ly;
thch hp vi khu vc c a hnh phc tp.
T

P
1
= P
1
P
2
= ..= S
t: