Bao Cao Linux - DHKHTN 2009

TI:
THIT LP ROUTER TRN H IU HNH LINUX
GVHD: NGUYN V DZNG SVTH : Trn Sn in
Lp : CTH06 Kha : 2006-2009

TP H CH MINH-7/2009
MC LC
THUT NG V T VIT TT.........................................................................1 CHNG I: GII THIU.....................................................................................3
MNG MY TNH..............................................................................................3 H IU HNH LINUX....................................................................................13 Lch s pht trin........................................................................................13 Tng quan.................................................................................................. 21 Cc thnh phn chnh ca FileSystem.........................................................21 Loi FileSystem..........................................................................................22 Cc thao tc trn FileSystem......................................................................24 T chc h thng tp tin trn Linux............................................................28 Cc lnh thao tc trn h thng tp tin.......................................................28 Cc lnh h thng.......................................................................................34 Mt s lnh qun l ngi dng v nhm...................................................36 ng ng - pipe........................................................................................38 Qun l phn mm...................................................................................39 Bng thng s ca cc my........................................................................45 Ci t v cu hnh dch v sendmail trn Linux.........................................82 GII THIU ROUTER.......................................................................................97 Router l g?..............................................................................................97
u im ca Router....................................................................................98 Nhc im ca Router..............................................................................99 CU HNH CARD MNG................................................................................100 Cu hnh card eth0...................................................................................100 Cu hnh card eth1...................................................................................100 Cu hnh card eth2...................................................................................101 CU HNH NH TUYN................................................................................101 Bt tnh nng nh tuyn..........................................................................101 M t thng tin nh tuyn........................................................................101 Kim tra nh tuyn..................................................................................102 CU HNH NAT TRN IPTABLES.....................................................................102 Gii thiu v iptables................................................................................102 Cu hnh iptables NAT kt ni Internet......................................................106 Cu hnh iptables NAT tnh........................................................................107 CU HNH DHCP SERVER..............................................................................109 Gii thiu..................................................................................................109 Ci t......................................................................................................110 Cu hnh DHCP Server..............................................................................110 Khi ng dch v DHCP...........................................................................112 Kim tra dch v DHCP .............................................................................112
CHNG V: KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN.................................115
LM ......................................................................................................115 TRIN VNG CA N..............................................................................116 HNG PHT TRIN.....................................................................................116 TI LIU THAM KHO...................................................................................117
Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux
THUT NG V T VIT TT
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Protocol: dch sang ting Vit l giao thc. cc my my tnh c th lin lc vi nhau qua mng, chng phi s dng cng 1 ngn ng hay cn gi l 1 giao thc (Protocol). Giao thc l 1 h lut v chun cho php cc my tnh trong mng lin lc vi nhau.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol ): l giao thc iu khin truyn thng /giao thc Internet. TCP/IP khng ch gm 2 giao thc m thc t n l tp hp ca nhiu giao thc. Chng ta gi l 1 h giao thc hay b giao thc (Suite Of Protocols).
LAN (Local Area Network): mng my tnh cc b, l mt h thng mng dng kt ni cc my tnh trong mt phm vi nh nh: nh , phng lm vic, trng hc, ....
WAN (Wide Area Network): c ngha l mng din rng. Dng ni cc LAN li vi nhau (thng qua Router). GAN (Global Area Network ): l mng c phm vi tri rng ton cu. Router: l b inh tuyn, l mt thit b cho php gi cc gi d liu dc theo mng. I/O (Input/Output): thit b vo ra. Topology: cu trc mng, cu trc hnh hc ca cc thc th mng. Client: my trm, my con. Server: my ch. Ext2, ext3(second extended filesystem, third extended filesystem) l loi File System ca Linux ging nh FAT, FAT32 bn Windows Sector (cung t): trn ia mm hoc ia cng, y la mt oan trn mt trong cac ranh ghi ng tm a c ma hoa cua ia o trong qua trinh inh khun thc mc thp. Trong in toan tng thich IBM PC, mt sector thng thng cha 512 byte thng tin.
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Track (rnh ghi): trong ia mm hoc ia cng, y la mt trong cac ng tron ng tm c ma hoa trn ia khi tin hanh inh dang mc thp, va c dung xac inh cac vung lu tr d liu ring bit trn mt ia.
Cylinder (hnh tr): trong cac ia, y la mt n vi lu tr bao gm mt tp cac ranh ghi chim cung vi tri. Trn ia hai mt, mt cylinder se bao gm ranh 1 cua mt trn va ranh 1 cua mt di. Trn cac ia cng sp xp cai nay chng ln cai kia, mt cylinder gm cac ranh trn ca hai mt cua tt ca cac ia.
RPM (RedHat Package Manager): l h thng qun l phn mm c Linux h tr cho ngi dng. N cung cp cho ngi dng nhiu tnh nng duy tr h thng ca mnh.
Zone: Trong h thng DNS ngi ta chia nh thnh nhng phn gn nhng min qun l ring ngi ta gi l Zone. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): l giao thc chuyn i th n gin, l giao thc gi th in t qua mng Internet. POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3), IMAP4(Internet Messenge Access Protocol): 2 giao thc dng ly th in t t Server Mail thng qua kt ni TCP/IP l 2 giao thc thng dng nht ly nhn Email.
DNS (Domain Name System): l h thng phn gii tn min c pht minh vo nm 1984 cho Internet, ch mt h thng cho php thit lp tng ng gia a ch IP v tn min. Dng phn gii a ch thnh tn min v ngc li
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): l giao thc cu hnh ng my ch l mt giao thc c cc thit b trong mng my tnh s dng ly cc tham s cn thit cho vic hot ng trong mt mng s dng giao thc IP. Giao thc ny gim khi lng cng vic qun tr h thng, n cho php b sung thit b vo mng m khng cn hoc ch cn rt t cng cu hnh.
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CHNG I: GII THIU

MNG MY TNH
1. Lch s pht trin ca mng my tnh
Vo gia nhng nm 50, khi nhng th h my tnh u tin c a vo hot ng thc t vi nhng bng n in t th chng c kch thc rt cng knh v tn nhiu nng lng. Hi vic nhp d liu vo cc my tnh c thng qua cc tm ba m ngi vit chng trnh c l sn. Mi tm ba tng ng vi mt dng lnh m mi mt ct ca n c cha tt c cc k t cn thit m ngi vit chng trnh phi c l vo k t mnh la chn. Cc tm ba c a vo mt "thit b" gi l thit b c ba m qua cc thng tin c a vo my tnh (hay cn gi l trung tm x l) v sau khi tnh ton kt qu s c a ra my in. Nh vy cc thit b c ba v my in c th hin nh cc thit b vo ra (I/O) i vi my tnh. Sau mt thi gian cc th h my mi c a vo hot ng trong mt my tnh trung tm c th c ni vi nhiu thit b vo ra (I/O) m qua n c th thc hin lin tc ht chng trnh ny n chng trnh khc. Cng vi s pht trin ca nhng ng dng trn my tnh cc phng php nng cao kh nng giao tip vi my tnh trung tm cng c u t nghin cu rt nhiu. Vo gia nhng nm 60 mt s nh ch to my tnh nghin cu thnh cng nhng thit b truy cp t xa ti my tnh ca h. Mt trong nhng phng php thm nhp t xa c thc hin bng vic ci t mt thit b u cui mt v tr cch xa trung tm tnh ton, thit b u cui ny c lin kt vi trung tm bng vic s dng ng dy in thoi v vi hai thit b x l tn hiu (thng gi l Modem) gn hai u v tn hiu c truyn thay v trc tip th thng qua dy in thoi.
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ng dy Modem in thoi Modem
Thit b u cui
Thit b u cui
Hnh 1.1.1: M hnh truyn d liu t xa u tin.
Nhng dng u tin ca thit b u cui bao gm my c ba, my in, thit b x l tn hiu, cc thit b cm nhn. Vic lin kt t xa c th thc hin thng qua nhng vng khc nhau v l nhng dng u tin ca h thng mng.
Trong lc a ra gii thiu nhng thit b u cui t xa, cc nh khoa hc trin khai mt lot nhng thit b iu khin, nhng thit b u cui c bit cho php ngi s dng nng cao c kh nng tng tc vi my tnh. Mt trong nhng sn phm quan trng l h thng thit b u cui 3270 ca IBM. H thng bao gm cc mn hnh, cc h thng iu khin, cc thit b truyn thng c lin kt vi cc trung tm tnh ton. H thng 3270 c gii thiu vo nm 1971 v c s dng dng m rng kh nng tnh ton ca trung tm my tnh ti cc vng xa. lm gim nhim v truyn thng ca my tnh trung tm v s lng cc lin kt gia my tnh trung tm vi cc thit b u cui, IBM v cc ng ty my tnh khc sn xut mt s cc thit b sau:
o Thit b kim sot truyn thng: c nhim v nhn cc bit tn hiu
t cc knh truyn thng, gom chng li thnh cc byte d liu v chuyn nhm cc byte ti my tnh trung tm x l, thit b ny
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cng thc hin cng vic ngc li chuyn tn hiu tr li ca my tnh trung tm ti cc trm xa. Thit b trn cho php gim bt c thi gian x l trn my tnh trung tm v xy dng cc thit b logic c trng.
o Thit b kim sot nhiu u cui: cho php cng mt lc kim sot
nhiu thit b u cui. My tnh trung tm ch cn lin kt vi mt thit b nh vy l c th phc v cho tt c cc thit b u cui ang c gn vi thit b kim sot trn. iu ny c bit c ngha khi thit b kim sot nm cch xa my tnh v ch cn s dng mt ng in thoi l c th phc v cho nhiu thit b u cui.
Hnh 1.1.2: M hnh trao i mng ca h thng 3270.
Vo gia nhng nm 1970, cc thit b u cui s dng nhng phng php lin kt qua ng cp nm trong mt khu vc c ra i. Vi
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nhng u im t nng cao tc truyn d liu v qua kt hp c kh nng tnh ton ca cc my tnh li vi nhau. thc hin vic nng cao kh nng tnh ton vi nhiu my tnh cc nh sn xut bt u xy dng cc mng phc tp. Vo nhng nm 1980 cc h thng ng truyn tc cao c thit lp Bc M v Chu u v t cng xut hin cc nh cung cp cc dnh v truyn thng vi nhng ng truyn c tc cao hn nhiu ln so vi ng dy in thoi. Vi nhng chi ph thu bao chp nhn c, ngi ta c th s dng c cc ng truyn ny lin kt my tnh li vi nhau v bt u hnh thnh cc mng mt cch rng ri. y cc nh cung cp dch v xy dng nhng ng truyn d liu lin kt gia cc thnh ph v khu vc vi nhau v sau cung cp cc dch v truyn d liu cho nhng ngi xy dng mng. Ngi xy dng mng lc ny s khng cn xy dng li ng truyn ca mnh m ch cn s dng mt phn cc nng lc truyn thng ca cc nh cung cp. Vo nm 1974 cng ty IBM gii thiu mt lot cc thit b u cui c ch to cho lnh vc ngn hng v thng mi, thng qua cc dy cp mng cc thit b u cui c th truy cp cng mt lc vo mt my tnh dng chung. Vi vic lin kt cc my tnh nm trong mt khu vc nh nh mt ta nh hay l mt khu nh th tin chi ph cho cc thit b v phn mm l thp. T vic nghin cu kh nng s dng chung mi trng truyn thng v cc ti nguyn ca cc my tnh nhanh chng c u t. Vo nm 1977, cng ty Datapoint Corporation bt u bn h iu hnh mng ca mnh l "Attached Resource Computer Network" (hay gi tt l Arcnet) ra th trng. Mng Arcnet cho php lin kt cc my tnh v cc trm u cui li bng dy cp mng, qua tr thnh l h iu hnh mng cc b u tin. T n nay c rt nhiu cng ty a ra cc sn phm ca mnh, c bit khi cc my tnh c nhn c s dng mt cnh rng ri. Khi s lng
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my vi tnh trong mt vn phng hay c quan c tng ln nhanh chng th vic kt ni chng tr nn v cng cn thit v s mang li nhiu hiu qu cho ngi s dng. Ngy nay vi mt lng ln v thng tin, nhu cu x l thng tin ngy cng cao. Mng my tnh hin nay tr nn qu quen thuc i vi chng ta, trong mi lnh vc nh khoa hc, qun s, quc phng, thng mi, dch v, gio dc... Hin nay nhiu ni mng tr thnh mt nhu cu khng th thiu c. Ngi ta thy c vic kt ni cc my tnh thnh mng cho chng ta nhng kh nng mi to ln nh:
o S dng chung ti nguyn: Nhng ti nguyn ca mng (nh thit
b, chng trnh, d liu) khi c tr thnh cc ti nguyn chung th mi thnh vin ca mng u c th tip cn c m khng quan tm ti nhng ti nguyn u.
o Tng tin cy ca h thng: Ngi ta c th d dng bo tr my
mc v lu tr (backup) cc d liu chung v khi c trc trc trong h thng th chng c th c khi phc nhanh chng. Trong trng hp c trc trc trn mt trm lm vic th ngi ta cng c th s dng nhng trm khc thay th.
o Nng cao cht lng v hiu qu khai thc thng tin: Khi thng
tin c th c s dng chung th n mang li cho ngi s dng kh nng t chc li cc cng vic vi nhng thay i v cht nh: p ng nhng nhu cu ca h thng ng dng kinh doanh hin i. Cung cp s thng nht gia cc d liu. Tng cng nng lc x l nh kt hp cc b phn phn tn. Tng cng truy nhp ti cc dch v mng khc nhau ang c cung cp trn th gii.
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Vi nhu cu i hi ngy cng cao ca x hi nn vn k thut trong mng l mi quan tm hng u ca cc nh tin hc. V d nh lm th no truy xut thng tin mt cch nhanh chng v ti u nht, trong khi vic x l thng tin trn mng qu nhiu i khi c th lm tc nghn trn mng v gy ra mt thng tin mt cch ng tic.
Hin nay vic lm sao c c mt h thng mng chy tht tt, tht an ton vi li ch kinh t cao ang rt c quan tm. Mt vn t ra c rt nhiu gii php v cng ngh, mt gii php c rt nhiu yu t cu thnh, trong mi yu t c nhiu cch la chn. Nh vy a ra mt gii php hon chnh, ph hp th phi tri qua mt qu trnh chn lc da trn nhng u im ca tng yu t, tng chi tit rt nh.
gii quyt mt vn phi da trn nhng yu cu t ra v da trn cng ngh gii quyt. Nhng cng ngh cao nht cha chc l cng ngh tt nht, m cng ngh tt nht l cng ngh ph hp nht.
2. Nhng khi nim c bn ca mng my tnh

Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc v k thut, hin nay cc mng my tnh pht trin mt cch nhanh chng v a dng c v quy m, h iu hnh v ng dng. Do vy vic nghin cu chng ngy cng tr nn phc tp. Tuy nhin cc mng my tnh cng c cng cc im chung thng qua chng ta c th nh gi v phn loi chng.
a. Mng my tnh l g?
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Mng my tnh l mt tp hp cc my tnh c ni vi nhau bi ng truyn theo mt cu trc mng xc nh v thng qua cc my tnh trao i thng tin qua li cho nhau.
ng truyn l h thng cc thit b truyn dn c dy hay khng dy dng chuyn cc tn hiu in t t my tnh ny n my tnh khc. Cc tn hiu in t biu th cc gi tr d liu di dng cc xung nh
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phn (on - off). Tt c cc tn hiu c truyn gia cc my tnh u thuc mt dng sng in t. Ty theo tn s ca sng in t c th dng cc ng truyn vt l khc nhau truyn cc tn hiu. y ng truyn c kt ni c th l dy cp ng trc, cp xon, cp quang, dy in thoi, sng v tuyncc ng truyn d liu to nn cu trc ca mng. Hai khi nim ng truyn v cu trc l nhng c trng c bn ca mng my tnh.
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Vi s trao i qua li gia my tnh ny vi my tnh khc phn bit mng my tnh vi cc h thng thu pht mt chiu nh truyn hnh, pht thng tin t v tinh xung cc trm thu th ng... v ti y ch c thng tin mt chiu t ni pht n ni thu m khng quan tm n c bao nhiu ni thu, c thu tt hay khng.
c trng c bn ca ng truyn vt l l bng thng (bandwitch). Bng thng ca mt ng chuyn chnh l o phm vi tn s m n c th p ng c. Tc truyn d liu trn ng truyn cn c gi l thng lng ca ng truyn - thng c tnh bng s lng bit c truyn i trong mt giy (Bps). Thng lng cn c o bng n v khc l Baud (ly t tn nh bc hc - Emile Baudot). Baud biu th s lng thay i tn hiu trong mt giy.
Mng my tnh kt ni vi nhau bng cc ng truyn dn v hot ng truyn thng tun theo cc chun m hnh tham chiu OSI. Kin trc mng gm cu trc mng (Topology) v giao thc mng (Protocols). Topology l cu trc hnh hc ca cc thc th mng v giao thc mng l tp cc quy tc chun cc thc th hot ng truyn thng phi tun theo.
b. Phn loi mng my tnh
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Theo khong cch a l: Nu ly khong cch a l lm yu t phn loi mng th ta c mng cc b, mng th, mng din rng v mng ton cu.
o Mng cc b ( LAN - Local Area Network ): l mng c ci t
trong phm vi tng i nh hp nh trong mt to nh, mt x nghip...vi khong cch ln nht gia cc my tnh trn mng trong vng vi km tr li.
o Mng th ( MAN - Metropolitan Area Network ): l mng c ci
t trong phm vi mt th, mt trung tm vn ho x hi, c bn knh ti a khong 100 km tr li.

o Mng din rng ( WAN - Wide Area Network ): l mng c din tch
bao ph rng ln, phm vi ca mng c th vt bin gii quc gia thm ch c lc a.
o Mng ton cu ( GAN - Global Area Network ): l mng c phm vi
tri rng ton cu.

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Theo k thut chuyn mch: Nu ly k thut chuyn mch lm yu t chnh phn loi s c: mng chuyn mch knh, mng chuyn mch thng bo v mng chuyn mch gi.
o Mng chuyn mch knh (circuit switched network): Khi c hai thc
th cn truyn thng vi nhau th gia chng s thit lp mt knh c nh v duy tr kt ni cho ti khi hai bn ngt lin lc. Cc d liu ch truyn i theo con ng c nh . Nhc im ca chuyn mch knh l tiu tn thi gian thit lp knh truyn c nh v hiu sut s dng mng khng cao.
o Mng chuyn mch thng bo (message switched network): Thng
bo l mt n v d liu ca ngi s dng c khun dng c quy nh trc. Mi thng bo c cha cc thng tin iu khin
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trong ch r ch cn truyn ti ca thng bo. Cn c vo thng tin iu khin ny m mi nt trung gian c th chuyn thng bo ti nt k tip trn con ng dn ti ch ca thng bo. Nh vy mi nt cn phi lu gi tm thi c thng tin iu khin trn thng bo, nu thy thng bo khng gi cho mnh th tip tc chuyn tip thng bo i. Tu vo iu kin ca mng m thng bo c th c chuyn i theo nhiu con ng khc nhau
o Mng chuyn mch gi (packet switched network): truyn d liu
dng khi nh, ring bit gi l gi tin (packet) da trn a ch ch cha trong tng packet. a ch ch gi tin s c ni li theo th t thch hp to thnh thng ip. Mng chuyn mch gi c u im l tng hiu sut ng truyn, chuyn i tc d liu, cc gi d liu c nhn ngay khi mng bn v c th phn u tin cho cc thng bo. Ngi ta chia phng thc chuyn mch gi ra lm hai phng thc:
Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo s ri rc: cc gi tin
c chuyn i trn mng mt cch c lp, mi gi tin u c mang a ch ni gi v ni nhn. Mi nt trong mng khi tip nhn gi tin s quyt nh xem ng i ca gi tin ph thuc vo thut ton tm ng ti nt v nhng thng tin v mng m nt c. Vic truyn theo phng thc ny cho ta s mm do nht nh do ng i vi mi gi tin tr nn mm do tuy nhin iu ny yu cu mt s lng tnh ton rt ln ti mi nt nn hin nay phn ln cc mng chuyn sang dng phng chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh.
Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh: trc
khi truyn d liu mt ng i (hay cn gi l ng i o) c thit lp gia trm gi v trm nhn thng qua cc nt ca mng. ng i trn mang s hiu phn bit vi cc ng
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i khc, sau cc gi tin c gi i theo ng thit lp ti ch, cc gi tin mang s hiu ca ng o c th c nhn bit khi qua cc nt. iu ny khin cho vic tnh ton ng i cho phin lin lc ch cn thc hin mt ln.
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Theo kin trc mng s dng

o Kin trc ca mng bao gm hai vn : hnh trng mng (Network
topology) v giao thc mng (Network protocol)

Hnh trng mng: Cch kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau v mt
hnh hc m ta gi l topology ca mng .

Giao thc mng: tp hp cc quy c truyn thng gia cc
thc th truyn thng m ta gi l giao thc (hay nghi thc) ca mng .

o Khi phn loi theo topology mng ngi ta thng c phn loi
thnh: mng hnh sao, trn, tuyn tnh... Phn loi theo giao thc m mng s dng ngi ta phn loi thnh mng: TCP/IP, mng NETBIOS Tuy nhin cch phn loi trn khng ph bin v ch p dng cho cc mng cc b.
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Theo h iu hng mng: Nu phn loi theo h iu hnh mng ngi ta chia ra theo m hnh mng ngang hng, mng client/server hoc phn loi theo tn h iu hnh m mng s dng: Windows NT, Unix, Novell
3. Mc tiu kt ni mng my tnh

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Cng chia s cc ti nguyn dng chung, bt k ngi s dng no cng c quyn khai thc, s dng ti nguyn ca mng m khng ph thuc vo v tr a l ca n.
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Nng cao tin cy ca h thng nh kh nng thay th khi mt s thnh phn ca mng xy ra s c k thut th vn duy tr s hot ng bnh thng ca h thng.
To mi trng giao tip gia ngi vi ngi. Chinh phc c khong cch, con ngi c th trao i, tho lun vi nhau cch xa nhau hng ngn km.
4. Li ch kt ni mng
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C th gim s lng my in, a cng v cc tht b khc. Kinh t trong vic u t xy dng cho mt h thng tin hc ca mt c quan, x nghip, doanh nghip
Dng chung ti nguyn t tin nh my in, phn mm Trnh d tha d liu, ti nguyn mng. C kh nng t chc v trin khai cc n ln thun li v d dng.
Bo m cc tiu chun thng nht v tnh bo mt, an ton d liu khi nhiu ngi s dng ti cc thit b u cui khc nhau cng lm vic trn cc h c s d liu.
Tm li mc tiu kt ni my tnh thnh mng l cung cp cc dch v mng a dng, chia s ti nguyn chung v gim bt cc chi ph v u t trang thit b.
H IU HNH LINUX
Lch s pht trin
b. Unix Gia nm 1969 - 1970, Kenneth Thompson, Dennis Ritchie v nhng ngi khc ca phng th nghim AT&T Bell Labs bt u pht trin mt h iu hnh nh da trn PDP-7. H iu hnh ny sm mang tn Unix, mt s chi ch t mt d n h iu hnh c t trc mang tn MULTICS.
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Vo khong 1972 - 1973, h thng c vit li bng ngn ng C v thng qua quyt nh ny, Unix tr thnh h iu hnh c s dng rng ri nht c th chuyn i c v khng cn phn cng ban u cho n. Cc ci tin khc cng c thm vo Unix trong mt phn ca s tho thun gia AT&T Bell Labs v cng ng cc trng i hc v hc vin.
Vo nm 1979, phin bn th 7 ca Unix c pht hnh, chnh l h iu hnh gc cho tt c cc h thng Unix c hin nay. Sau thi im , lch s Unix bt u tr nn hi phc tp. Cng ng cc trng i hc v hc vin, ng u l Berkeley, pht trin mt nhnh khc gi l Berkeley Software Distribution(BSD), trong khi AT&T tip tc pht trin Unix di tn gi l H thng III v sau l H thng V.
Vo nhng nm cui ca thp k 1980 cho n cc nm u thp k 1990, mt cuc chin tranh gia hai h thng chnh ny din ra ht sc cng thng. Sau nhiu nm, mi h thng i theo nhng c im khc nhau. Trong th trng thng mi, H thng V ginh thng li (c hu ht cc giao tip theo mt chun thng dng) v nhiu nh cung cp phn cng chuyn sang H thng V ca AT&T. Tuy nhin, H thng V cui cng kt hp cc ci tin BSD, v kt qu l h thng tr thnh s pha trn ca 2 nhnh Unix. Nhnh BSD khng cht, thay vo , n c s dng rng ri trong mc ch nghin cu, cho cc phn cng PC, v cho cc server n mc ch (vd: nhiu website s dng mt ngun BSD).
Kt qu l c nhiu phin bn Unix khc nhau, nhng tt c u da trn phin bn th by ban u. Hu ht cc phin bn Unix u thuc quyn
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s hu v c bo v bi tng nh cung cp phn cng tng ng, v d Sun Solaris l mt phin bn ca H thng V c. Linux Vo nm 1991, Linus Torvald, sinh vin nm 2 trng i hc Helsinki Phn Lan, thot u ch vi ngh l vui a c tng l pht trin 1 h iu hnh cho php mi ngi c th cng tham gia pht trin chung vi mnh.
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Cng vic n gin nhng lm nn iu k diu, vo nm cng ng lp trnh vin trn th gii trn h thng mng thng tin Newsnet nhn c 1 thng ip t Linus Torvald nh sau :Hin nay ti ang pht trin 1 h iu hnh m phng nn Unix cho php mi ngi c th sa i ring theo mnh, ch vi thch c nhn, ch khng v mc ch sinh li, ti s rt bit n cho mi s ng gp v gp ca mi ngi. V c nh th hng ngn hng ngn ng gp, pht hin li t cng ng th gii c gi ti hon thin h iu hnh.
25/8/1991, Linus cho ra version 0.01 v thng bo trn omp.os.minix d nh ca mnh v Linux. 1/1992, Linus cho ra version 0.02 vi Shell v trnh bin dch C. Linux khng cn Minix bin dch li h iu hnh ca mnh. Linus t tn h iu hnh ca mnh l Linux. 1994, phin bn chnh thc 1.0 c pht hnh.
Ngy nay, sau khi tri qua 1 thi gian rt di pht trin v hon thin bi cng ng th gii, Linux ngy cng tr nn mnh m, n nh v tin cy cao. Linux l h iu hnh c phn pht min ph, pht trin trn mng Internet, ta Unux v c s dng trn my tnh c nhn(PCs). Linux pht trin nhanh chng v tr nn ph bin trong thi gian ngn. N nhanh chng c nhiu ngi s dng v mt trong nhng l do l
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khng phi tr tin bn quyn. Mi ngi c th d dng ti t Internet hay mua ti cc hiu bn CD.
5. u khuyt im ca h iu hnh Linux

a. u im Trong s nhng h iu hnh thng dng ngy nay. Linux l h iu hnh min ph c s dng rng ri nht. Vi cc PC IBM, Linux cung cp mt h thng y vi nhng chc nng a nhim (multitasking) v a ngi dng (multiuser) lp sn, tn dng c sc mnh x l ca my 386 v cao hn. Linux tch hp sn giao thc TCP/IP gip bn d dng kt ni Internet. Linux cng c Xfree86 cung cp cho bn mt giao din ho GUI y . Nhng phn ny bn khng cn phi mt tin mua, ch cn ti xung t Internet. Tnh tng thch: kh nng tng thch ca mt h iu hnh gip bn chuyn n t mt nn ny sang mt nn khc m vn hot ng tt. Linux tng thch vi nhiu h iu hnh nh DOS, MicroSoft Windows ... Cho php ci t Linux cng vi cc h iu hnh khc trn cng mt cng. Linux th truy nhp n cc file ca h iu hnh cng mt a. Linux cho php chy m phng cc chng trnh thuc cc h iu hnh khc. Linux kh mnh v chy rt nhanh ngay c khi nhiu qu trnh hoc nhiu ca s. Linux c ci t trn nhiu chng loi my tnh khc nhau nh PC, laptop v vic ci t kh thun li. Linux h tr tt cho tnh ton song song v my tnh cm (PC-cluster) l mt hng nghin cu trin khai ng dng nhiu trin vng hin nay.
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H tr ng dng: Linux c hng nghn ng dng, bao gm cc chng trnh bo biu, c s d liu, x l vn bn Ngoi ra, Linux cng c hng lot tr chi gii tr trn nn text hoc ho.
Li ch cho gii in ton: gii in ton s c hng lot cng c pht trin chng trnh, bao gm b bin dch cho nhiu ngn ng lp trnh hng u hin nay, chng hn nh ngn ng C, C++, PL, python
L mt h iu hnh vi m ngun m, c pht trin qua cng ng ngun m nn Linux pht trin rt nhanh. Linux l mt trong mt s t cc h iu hnh c quan tm nht nhiu nht trn th gii hin nay.
Linux l mt h iu hnh h tr a ngn ng mt cch ton din nht. Do Linux cho php h tr cc b m chun t 16 bit tr ln (trong c cc b m ISO10646, Unicode) cho nn vic bn a ho trn Linux l trit nht trong cc h iu hnh.
b. Khuyt im H tr k thut: c l iu tr ngi nht ca Linux l khng c mt cng ty no chu trch nhim pht trin h iu hnh Linux ny. Khi c s c bn khng th gi min ph cho mt b phn h tr k thut no c m ch da vo s hng dn ca cc ng nghip thng qua din n tho lun hoc tr gip ca cc cng c tm kim. Phn mm ng dng chy trn nn Linux tuy phong ph song so vi mt s h iu hnh khc c bit l khi so snh vi MS Windows th vn cn c khong cch. Phn cng: ci t phn cng trn h iu hnh Linux l mt iu rt kh khn cho ngi s dng cng nh ngi qun tr. Ngoi ra, h iu hnh Linux cng h tr hn ch mt s phn cng mi, cc nh sn xut phn cng cng t cung cp b iu khin (driver) trn nn Linux.
6. Cc bn phn phi Linux

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a. Debian Do d n Debian xy dng, l bn phn phi phn mm t do c pht trin t s cng tc ca cc tnh nguyn vin trn khp th gii. K t lc bt u n nay, h thng chnh thc pht hnh di tn gi Debian GNU/Linux c xy dng da trn nhn Linux vi nhiu cng c c bn ca h iu hnh ly t d n GNU. Debian c ting v mi kt gn cht ch vi trit l Unix v phn mm t do. N cng c ting v s phong ph cho cc chn la: phin bn pht hnh hin ti c hn 15.490 gi phn mm cho 11 kin trc my tnh, t kin trc ARM thng gp cc h thng nhng v kin trc mainframe s390 ca IBM cho n cc kin trc thng gp trn my tnh c nhn hin i nh x86 v PowerPC. D n ny t miu t mnh l to h iu hnh ph qut v pht trin h tr cc nhn khc, gm c nhn ca GNU Hurd, NetBSD v FreeBSD. Cc phin bn ny hin cha c pht hnh chnh thc, v vy hin ti Debian ch l bn phn phi GNU/Linux. Debian cng ni ting vi h thng qun l gi ca n, m c th l APT (cng c qun l gi cao cp, Advanced Packaging Tool), chnh sch nghim ngch i vi cht lng cc gi v bn pht hnh, cng nh tin trnh pht trin v kim tra m. Cch thc lm vic ny gip cho vic nng cp gia cc bn pht hnh c d dng m khng cn khi ng li my v vic ci t hay g b cc gi phn mm cng d dng. b. Fedora Core Fedora Core l mt bn phn phi Linux da trn RPM Package Manager, c pht trin da trn cng ng theo d n Fedora (Fedora Project) v c bo tr bi Red Hat.
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D n Fedora nhm ti mc ch to ra mt h iu hnh m ngun m hon chnh s dng cho cc mc ch tng qut. Fedora c thit k c th d dng ci t vi chng trnh ci t mang giao din ho.
Cc gi phn mm b sung c th ti xung v ci t mt cch d dng vi cng c yum. Cc phin bn mi hn ca Fedora c th c pht hnh mi 6 thng hoc 8 thng.
Tn gi Fedora Core l nhm mc ch phn bit gia gi phn mm chnh ca Fedora vi cc gi phn mm ph tr, b sung cho Fedora. H tr k thut ca Fedora a s l n t cng ng (mc d Red Hat c h tr k thut cho Fedora nhng khng chnh thc).
c. Suse -
Suse do hng Nowell pht trin. Suse c cc phin bn chnh thc nh: Suse Linux Enterprise Server, openSuse. Trong s cc phin bn trn th phin bn openSuse min ph. OpenSuse h tr mt s kin trc nh x86, x86-64 bit, PPC, IA64. Kin trc x86 bao gm cc loi b x l: Intel Pentium 1- 4, Celeron, 32bit Xeon, Celeron D, AMD K6, Duron, Athlon, Athlon XP, Athlon MP, Sempron.
Kin trc x86-64 bit bao gm cc b x l: AMD Opteron, Athlon 64, AMD Athlon 64x2, Sempron 64, Turion 64, Intel Xeon, Xeon XP, Pentium 4 Extreme Edition.
d. Ubuntu Ubuntu l bn phn phi Linux ch yu dnh cho my tnh bn da trn Debian GNU/Linux. N c ti tr bi Canonical Ltd, tn ca bn phn phi i th bt ngun t quan im ubuntu ca Nam Phi. Ubuntu hng n vic ch dng phn mm min ph cung cp mt h iu hnh n nh c cp nht cho ngi dng trung bnh.
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Ubuntu c mt cng ng ngi dng v h tr nng ng.
e. Mandrake/Mandriva Mandriva Linux hay cn gi l Mandrakelinux hoc Mandrake Linux l bn phn phi Linux ca Mandriva. Phin bn u tin ca Mandriva da trn Red Hat Linux 5.1 v KDE 1.0 c gii thiu vo 7/1998. f. Centos Centos Community Enterprise Opeating System l bn c xy dng da trn nn tng ca Red Hat Enterprise Linux, h tr dng x86 (i586 v i686), dng x86_64 (AMD64 v Intel EMT64), cc cu trc IA64, Alpha, S390 v S390x. Centos ch yu cung cp cho dng server chuyn dng.
g. ReadHat Enterprise RedHat Enterprise Linux thng c gi l RHEL l mt bn phn phi Linux mang tnh thng mi ca RedHat. Mi phin bn RHEL s c RedHat h tr trong vng 7 nm k t ngy pht hnh u tin. Cc phin bn ca RHEL xut hin sau mi 18 thng. Vo nm 2005 RedHat cho ra i 4 phin bn ca RHEL: o RHEL AS (Advance Server): dnh cho cc h thng ln o RHEL ES (Edge Server hoc Entry-level Server): dnh cho cc h thng trung bnh. o RHEL WS (WorkStation): dnh cho ngi dng c nhn c nhu cu cao. o RedHat Desktop: dnh cho ngi dng c nhn c nhu cu thp.
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Hin nay, RedHat cung cp bng RedHat Enterprise Server 5.0 cung cp cho cc dng my chuyn nghip.
II. H THNG TP TIN V CC LNH CN BN

Tng quan
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Mi h iu hnh c cc cch t chc lu tr d liu ring. mc vt l, a c nh dng t cc thnh phn sector, track, cylinder. mc logic mi h thng s dng cu trc ring, c th dng ch mc hay phn cp c th xc nh c d liu t mc logic ti mc vt l. Cch t chc nh vy gi l h thng tp tin (cn gi l FileSystem).
Linux h tr rt nhiu loi h thng tp tin nh: ext2(second extended filesystem), ext3(third extended filesystem), iso9660, Network File System (NFS). Hin ti rt nhiu h thng Linux s dng ext3 trong c Fedora Core 8.
c im ca ext3:
o c cng b vo thng 11 nm 2001. o S nhn din patition l 0x83. o Kch thc ti a t 16GB-2TB. o Chiu di tn file t 256 k t.
o Kch thc ti a ca partition t 2TB n 32TB.
Cc thnh phn chnh ca FileSystem

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Superblock: l mt cu trc c to ti v tr bt u h thng tp tin. N lu tr thng tin v h thng tp tin nh thng tin v block-size, free block, thi gian gn kt (mount) cui cng ca tp tin.
Inode(256 byte): lu nhng thng tin v nhng tp tin v th mc c to ra trong h thng tp tin nhng chng khng lu tn tp tin v th mc tht s. Mi tp tin to ra s c phn b mt inode lu thng tin sau:
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o Loi tp tin v quyn hn truy cp tp tin. o Ngi s hu tp tin. o Kch thc ca tp tin v s hard link n tp tin. o Ngy v thi gian chnh sa tp tin ln cui cng. o V tr lu ni dung tp tin trong h thng tp tin.
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Storageblock: l vng lu tr d liu tht s ca tp tin v th mc. N chia thnh nhng data block. D liu lu tr vo a trong cc data block. Mi block thng cha 1024byte. Ngay khi tp tin ch c mt k t th cng phi cp pht 1 lu n. Khng c k t kt thc tp tin.
o Data block ca tp tin thng thng lu inode ca tp tin v ni dung
tp tin.
o Data block ca th mc lu danh sch nhng entry bao gm inode number, tn ca
tp tin v nhng th mc con.
Loi FileSystem
Trong Linux tp tin dng cho vic lu tr d liu. N bao gm c th mc v thit b lu tr. Mt tp tin d liu hay mt th mc con u c xem l tp tin. Khi nim tp tin cn m rng dng cho cc thit b nh my in, a cng ngay c b nh chnh cng c coi nh l mt tp tin. Cc tp tin trong Linux c chia lm ba loi chnh:
o Tp tin d liu: y l tp tin theo nh ngha truyn thng, n l d
liu lu tr trn cc thit b lu tr nh a cng, CD-ROM, bn c th lu bt c d liu no vo tp tin ny nh on source chng trnh, tp tin vn bn hay tp tin thc thi dng m my, cc lnh ca Linux cng nh tt c cc tp tin c to ra bi ngi dng.
o Tp tin th mc: th mc khng cha d liu, m ch cha cc thng
tin ca nhng tp tin v th mc con trong n. Th mc cha hai trng ca mt tp tin l tn tp tin v inode number.n.
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o Tp tin thit b: h thng Unix hoc Linux xem cc thit b nh l cc
tp tin, vic xut nhp d liu cho cc thit b tng ng vi vic xut nhp d liu trn file, tt c cc file thit b c h thng Linux t trong th mc /dev. V d: file thit b ca a mm l /dev/fd0, ca a cng l /dev/sda, /dev/had,
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File lin kt: n gin l file tm tr n mt file hoc th mc no v th ngi dng c th truy xut n cc file hoc th mc ny thng qua cc file lin kt ging nh ang truy xut trc tip n file v th mc , nh th, trn Linux mt file c th c nhiu th mc cha khc nhau. Trn Linux thng c 2 dng file lin kt:
o Hard link file: l hnh thc to mt hay nhiu file tm c cng ni
dung vi file ngun, cc file ny cng tr v cng mt a ch lu tr ni dung hay ni cch khc chng c cng idnode number. Khi ta thay i trn bt k file no th ni dung trn nhng file cn li s thay i theo. Khi to hard link th ch s lin kt file cng s tng ln, do khi ta l xo mt file no th vn cn trn nhng file cn li. to mt hard link file ta dng lnh ln theo c php sau: #ln <file ngun> <file lin kt>
o Symbolic link file: l hnh thc to mt lin kt tm dng tr v
file ngun, symbolic link gip cho ngi qun tr c th n gin ho cc thao tc truy cp file h thng, bng cch to ra lin kt file tr v file h thng. Khi , thay v truy cp file h thng th ngi qun tr ch cn truy cp file lin kt, vic thay i ni dung file lin kt tng ng vi vic thay i ni dung ca file ngun. to file lin kt symbolic link ta dng lnh ln s theo c php sau: # ln s <file ngun> <file lin kt>
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o im khc bit gia hard link v symbolic link l khi xo file ngun
th file lin kt theo kiu symbolic link khng cn tc dng nhng file lin kt hard link vn cn ngha v ni dung vn nh c ch c cc ch s lin kt gim i mt n v.
Cc thao tc trn FileSystem

a. Mount v umount FileSystem
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Mount l hnh thc gn kt thit b vo mt th mc trong filesystem ca Linux ngi dng s dng thit b, th mc trn filesystem cn gi l mount point. Sau khi mount hon tt vic sao chp d liu v h thng v mount point tng ng vi vic sao chp gia h thng v thit b. Ta c th mount vo h thng cc loi thit b sau: hdax, sdax, CD-ROM, a mm, usb.
Mount th cng: mount mt h thng tp tin ta dng ln mount theo c php: #mount <tn thit b> <im mount>. Trong :
o
f: lm cho tt c mi th u hin ra nh tht, song n ch gy ra ng tc gi.
v: ch chi tit, cung cp thm thng tin v nhng g mount cn thc hin.
o o o
w: mount h thng tp tin vi quyn c v ghi. r: mount h thng tp tin ch c quyn c m thi. t: Xc nh li h thng tp tin ang c mount, nhng loi hp l l minux, ext2, ext3, msdos , hpfs, proc, nfs
a: mount tt c nhng h thng tp tin c khai bo trong
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/etc/fstab.
o
o remount <fs>: ch nh vic mount li mt filesystem no .
- Mount t ng: tp tin /etc/fstab lit k cc h thng tp tin cn c mount
t ng, mi dng mt h thng tp tin tng ng vi mt gn kt. Cc ct trong mi dng phn cch nhau bng khong trng hoc khong tab. M t c th:
o o
Ct 1: xc nh thit b hoc h thng tp tin cn mount. Ct 2: xc nh im mount cho h thng tp tin. i vi cc h thng tp tin c bit nh swap chng ta dng ch none c tc dng lm cho tp tin swap hot ng nhng nhn vo cy th mc khng thy.
o o o
Ct 3: ch ra loi h thng tp tin nh msdos, vfat, iso9660, ext2 Ct 4: danh sch cc tu chn c ngn cch nhau bng du phy. Ct 5: xc nh khong thi gian lnh dump sao chp (backup) h thng tp tin. Nu trng ny rng, dump gi nh rng h thng tp tin ny khng cn backup.
Ct 6: Khai bo cho lnh fsck bit th t kim tra cc h thng tp tin khi khi ng h thng. H thng tp tin gc (/) phi c gi tr 1. Tt c h thng tp tin khc phi c gi tr 2. Nu khng khai bo khi khi ng, my s khng kim tra tnh thng nht ca h thng tp tin.V d:
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Hnh 1.4.1:File mu /etc/fstab trong mount t ng.

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Nh vy, khi mun mount cc h thng tp tin lc khi ng, bn nn s dng tp tin etc/fstab thay v dng lnh mount. Umount: loi b mt filesystem khi h thng. C cc dng sau:
o o
#umount thit b <im mount>: loi b c th mt filesystem. #umount a: loi b tt c cc filesystem ang mount.
b. nh dng FileSystem nh dng mt h thng tp tin trn Linux ta s dng cc cng c sau: #mkfs.ext2: nh dng partition theo loi ext2. #mksf.ext3: nh dng partition theo loi ext3. Ta cng c th dng lnh mkfs nh dng cho mi h thng tp tin (ext2, ext3) C php: #mkfs t <fstype> <filesystem> V d: mkfs t ext2/dev/hda1
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Tng ng vi lnh: #mkfs.ext2 /dev/hda1 c. Qun l dung lng a qun l v theo di dung lng a ta c th s dng nhiu cch khc nhau, thng thng hay s dng lnh df v fdisk. C php: #df <option> #fdisk <option> <parameters> d. Kim tra FileSystem vi fsck
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Qun tr h thng chu trch nhim duy tr tnh nht qun ca cc h thng tp tin. Cng vic thng lm l thnh thong kim tra xem c tp tin no hng khng. Linux s t ng kim tra h thng tp tin lc khi ng nu chng c gi tr ln hn 0 v c xc nh trong trng pass number ca tp tin /etc/fstab. C php: #fsck [tu chn] <h thng tp tin>
Cc tu chn:
o
-A: duyt khp tp tin /etc/fstab v c gng kim tra tt c cc h thng tp tin ch trong mt ln duyt. Nu chn A, bn khng cn ch ra h thng tp tin.
o o o
-V: ch chi tit, cho bit lnh fsck ang lm g. -t loai-fs: xc nh loi h thng tp tin cn kim tra. -a: t ng sa cha nhng hng hc trong h thng tp tin m khng cn hi.
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o o o
-l: lit k tt c cc tn tp tin trong h thng tp tin. r: hi trc khi sa cha h thng tp tin. s: lit k tt c cc superblock trc khi kim tra h thng tp tin.
T chc h thng tp tin trn Linux

/etc /usr/bin /dev /usr/man : : : : Cu hnh h thng cc b theo my. Cha hu ht cc lnh ngi dng . Cc tp tin thit b. Cha ti liu trc tuyn. Cha cc tp tin include chun ca C. Cc tp tin lu gi thng tin lm vic hin hnh ca ngi dng. /home /usr/lib
-
/usr/include : /var/log :
: :
Cha cc th mc con ca cc user. Cha cc tp tin th vin ca cc chng trnh ngi dng.
Khi truy cp vo h thng, th mc lm vic ca ngi dng c xem nh l th mc ch. V d: Th mc ch ca user01 s l /home/user01. Nu ng dn bt u bng du /, th h thng xem nh l mt tn ng dn y bt u t th mc gc.
Cc lnh thao tc trn h thng tp tin

Cc tham s lun bt u bi du -, v trong hu ht cc trng hp nhiu tham s mt ch ci c th kt hp dng mt du . V d: Thay v dng lnh ls l F ta c th dng lnh tng ng ls lF.
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K t *?[ ] & ; \ > < >> | $

-
Chc nng K t i din hay theo mu. Chy ng dng ch nn, tr li du nhc cho h thng cho cc tc v khc. Du phn cch nhiu lnh trn mt dng lnh. Tt tc dng ca nhng k t c bit nh: *, ?, [, ], &, >, <, |. nh hng d liu xut ra file. nh hng d liu nhp t file. nh hng d liu xut ra cui file nu file tn ti. nh hng d liu xut l d liu nhp cho lnh tip theo. S dng bin mi trng.
To mi th mc C php: mkdir <dir1> <dir2> <dirN> <dir1> <dirN> l tn cc th mc cn to. V d: [user01@linux user01]$ mkdir baitap [user01@linux user01]$ mkdir baitap/bt1 [user01@linux user01]$ mkdir baitap/bt2
Thay i th mc hin hnh C php: cd <directory <directory> l th mc mun chuyn n. V d: [user01@linux user01]$ cd baitap
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[user01@linux user01]$ cd /home [user01@linux user01]$ cd

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Xem th mc lm vic hin hnh C php: pwd V d: [user12@linux user12]$ pwd /home/user12 [user12@linux user12]$
Xem thng tin v tp tin v th mc C php: ls <file1> <file2> <fileN> <tham s> <file1><fileN> l danh sch tp tin hay th mc. <tham s> : -F: dng hin th mt vi thng tin v kiu ca tp tin. -l(long): lit k kch thc ca tp tin, ngi to ra, cc quyn ngi s dng. V d: [user12@linux user12]$ ls -lF total 75 drwxrwxr-x 2 user12 user12 1024 Apr 7 09:41 baitap/ drwxrwxr-x 2 user12 user12 1024 Apr 7 09:41 doc/
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-rwxrwxr-x 1 user12 user12 71 Mar 31 10:39 hello* -rw-rw-r-- 1 user12 user12 126 Apr 7 09:26 baitho.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 user12 user12 70 Apr 7 08:26 hello.c [user12@linux user12]$
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Di chuyn mt hay nhiu tp tin C php: mv <file1> <file2 ><fileN> <destination> <file1> <fileN> l danh sch tn tp tin cn di chuyn. <destination > l tp tin hay th mc ch. Lnh mv c th dng i tn tp tin. Chuyn nhiu tp tin: $ mv * directory
Di chuyn th mc [user01@linux user01]$ mkdir ctrinh [user01@linux user01]$ ls -lF [user01@linux user01]$ mv ctrinh baitap
Sao chp tp tin C php : cp <source> <destination> Sao chp tt c cc tp tin vo mt danh mc: $ cp * <directory>
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V d: [user01@linux user01]$ cd baitap [user01@linux baitap]$ vi tho.txt [user01@linux baitap]$ mv tho.txt baitho.doc [user01@linux baitap]$ ls baitho.doc [user01@linux baitap]$ cp baitho.doc ~/document
-
To lin kt vi tp tin To lin kt vi tp tin l to thm cho tp tin tn mi v ng dn tng ng. C php: ln <source> <dectination> Ls l: xem s lin kt ca tp tin. Mun xa mt tp tin ta phi xa tt c cc lin kt ca n.
Tm kin mt tp tin Lnh find cho php tm kim mt tp tin hay nhiu tp tin trong mt cy danh mc.
o Tm theo tn: find <path> -name <filename> o Tm theo s i-node ca tp tin: find <path> -inum <number> o Tm theo tn ngi s hu: find <path> -user <username>
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trnh cc thng bo li a ra mn hnh ta c th i hng u ra li chun ti mt tp tin rng: $ find / -name filename - print 2>/dev/null -Xa th mc rng C php: rmdir <dir1> <dir2> ... <dirN> <dir1> ... <dirN> l tn th mc cn xa. Xa cc tp tin v th mc C php: rm <file1> <file2> ... <fileN> Xem hng dn s dng lnh C php: man <command> Hoc: <command> --hepl <command> /? Trong <command> l tn ca lnh cn xem hng dn.
-
Hin th ni dung ca cc tp tin C php: more <file1> <file2> ... <fileN> <file1> ... <fileN> l nhng tp tin cn hin th.
Ni cc tp tin C php: cat <file1> <file2> ... <fileN> [>filename] Lnh dng hin th ton b ni dung ca nhiu tp tin cng mt lc.
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<file1> ... <fileN> l nhng tp tin cn ni. [>filename] l tn tp tin cn ni.

-
Xut ni dung thng bo C php: echo <arg1> <arg2> ... <argN> Trong <arg1> ... <argN> l cc i s dng lnh.
Nn v gii nn tp tin C php: gzip <filename>
Cc lnh h thng
Lnh at Thc hin lnh theo thi gian nh trc [user12@linux user12]$ at 8:15am Feb 27 echo Happy birthday | mail emily <CR> [user12@linux user12]$atrm jobnumber: xa lnh trong hng i. [user12@linux user12]$at l: hin th danh sch cc lnh trong hng i.
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Lnh hostname Hin th tn my tnh ang lm vic. H thng lu thng tin v tn my tnh trong tp tin /etc/hosts. [user12@linux user12]$ hostname Serverlinux
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Lnh ps Xem danh sch cc tin trnh ang hot ng trn h thng. [user12@linux user12]$ ps PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND 4516 p4 S 0:00 -bash 4703 p4 S 0:00 /usr/bin/mc -P 4705 r0 S 0:00 bash -rcfile .bashrc 4727 R 0:00 ps [user12@linux user12]$ kill 4703 //Hy b tin trnh mc c s hiu 4730.
Lnh clear: Xa mn hnh. Lnh date: Hin th ngy thng hin hnh ca h thng. Lnh cal <month> <year>: Xem lch tng ng vi thng v nm ch nh. Lnh mount: C php: mount [-t <type>] <device> <mountpoint> Lnh dng kt ni h iu hnh vi cc thit b khc trn h thng. Lnh ny ch thc hin c khi vo h thng vi quyn root. type l kiu tp tin. Device l tp tin iu khin thit b kt ni.
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Mountpoint l v tr th mc trn h iu hnh dng kt ni vi file thit b .

o To kt ni vi a logic1: #mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/hdisk o To kt ni vi a mm MS-DOS: #mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy o To kt ni vi a CDROM: #mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/cdrom o Hy kt ni vi a mm: #umount /dev/fd0
-
Tin ch mc: tin ch mc trn linux c giao din lm vic ging nh trnh NC Command ca MS-DOS. khi ng g lnh nh sau: # mc
Mt s lnh qun l ngi dng v nhm

To ti khon ngi dng C php: #useradd [-c m t] [-d th mc ci nhn] [-m] [-g nhm] [tn ti khon] Tham s -m dng to th mc ci nhn nu n cha tn ti, v ch c root mi c php s dng lnh ny. Dng lnh passwd <tn ti khon> t mt khu cho ti khon. V d: To ti khon u1. #useradd u1 #passwd u1 New UNIX password: Retype new UNIX password:
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Thay i thng tin ca ti khon C php: #usermod [-c m t] [-d th mc ci nhn] [-m] [-g nhm] [tn ti khon] V d: gn ti khon u1 vo nhm admin # usermod g admin u1
Xa ti khon C php: # userdel <tn ti khon> V d: xa user u1. #userdel u1
To nhm C php:# groupadd [tn nhm] V d: To nhm kinhdoanh. # groupadd kinhdoanh
Thm ti khon vo nhm C php:# usermod g < tn nhm> <tn ti khon> V d: thm ti khon u1 v nhm kinhdoanh. # usermod g kinhdoanh u1
Xem ti khon v nhm C php: #id <option> <tn ti khon>

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Xa nhm C php: # groupdel <tn nhm>
ng ng - pipe Linux cung cp c ch ng ng cho php ta c th y d liu xut
ca lnh ny lm d liu nhp cho lnh khc x l. V d: #ls l |more Kt qu ca lnh ls khng xut ra mn hnh m chuyn cho lnh more x l nh d liu u vo. c im:
o Cc ng ng ch mang tnh cht tm thi, ch tn ti trong thi gian
thc hin ca mt tin trnh to ra n.

o Mun to ra mt ng ng phi bt u bng mt lnh c bit: pipe(). o Nhiu tin trnh c th vit v c trn cng mt ng ng. Tuy nhin,
khng c mt c ch no phn bit thng tin cho cc tin trnh u ra.

o Dung lng ng dn b hn ch (khong 4KB). Do khi chng ta c
gng vit khi ng ng b y th s gp phi trng hp tc nghn.

o Cc tin trnh lin lc qua ng ng phi c mi quan h h hng v
cc ng ng phi c m ra trc khi to ra cc tin trnh con.

o Khng th t thay i v tr thng tin trong ng.
-
Thao tc vi ng ng: To mt ng ng: int p_desc[2]; int pipe(p_desc); Gi tr tr v 0 nu thnh cng, -1 nu tht bi.
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p_desc[0]: cha cc s hiu miu t nh c th c trong ng ng. p_desc[1]: cha cc s hiu miu t nh c th vit trong ng ng. Nh vy vic vit trong p_desc[1] l truyn d liu trong ng v vic c trong p_desc[0] l nhn ra d liu trong ng.
Qun l phn mm
e. Gii thiu rpm
-
RPM (RedHat Package Manager) l h thng qun l phn mm c Linux h tr cho ngi dng. N cung cp cho ngi dng nhiu tnh nng duy tr h thng ca mnh.
Ngi dng c th ci t, xo hoc nng cp cc package trc tip bng lnh. RPM qun l mt c s d liu cha cc thng tin ca cc package ci v cc tp tin ca chng. Nh vy, RPM cho php bn truy vn cc thng tin cng nh xc thc cc package trong h thng.
Trong qu trnh nng cp package, RPM thao tc trn tp tin cu hnh rt cn thn, do vy m bn khng bao gi b mt cc la chn trc ca mnh.
f. c im rpm
-
Kh nng nng cp phn mm: vi RPM bn c th nng cp cc thnh phn ring bit ca h thng m khng cn phi ci li. Khi c mt phin bn mi ca h iu hnh da trn RPM (nh RedHat Linux) th chng ta khng phi ci li h thng m ch cn nng cp thi. RPM cho php nng cp h thng mt cch t ng, thng minh, cc tp tin cu hnh c gn gi cn thn qua cc ln nng cp, v th bn khng s thay i cc tu chn sn c ca h thng c nng cp.
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Truy vn thng tin hiu qu: RPM cng c thit k cho mc ch truy vn cc thng tin v cc package trong h thng. Bn c th tm kim thng tin cc package hoc cc tp tin ci t trong ton b c s d liu. Bn cng c th hi tp tin c th thuc v package no v n u. Package RPM c cc tp tin cha cc thng tin rt hu ch v package ny v ni dung ca package. Cc tp tin ny cho php ngi dng tm kim thng tin d dng trong mt package ring l.
Kim tra h thng: mt c tnh rt mnh ca RPM l cho php bn kim tra li cc package. Nu nghi ng mt tp tin b xo hay b thay th trong package, bn c th kim tra li rt d dng.
g. S dng rpm
-
Ci t phn mm: ci t phn mm ta dng lnh rpm -i C php :#rpm i <package>. V d: rpm ivh bind-9.5.0-16.a6.fc8.i386.rpm Thm tu chn vh kim tra phn mm trc khi ci t.
Loi b phn mm: dng lnh rpm e C php: #rpm e <tn package> V d: rpm e bind-9.5.0-16.a6.fc8.i386.rpm
Nng cp phn mm: dng lnh rpm u C php: #rpm uvh <package> V d: #rpm uvh bind-9.5.0-16.a6.fc8.i386.rpm.
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Truy vn phn mm: l hnh thc kim tra v tm kim xem thng tin cc phn mm ci t trong h thng. Ta c th xem danh sch cc gi phn mm c ci t trong h thng bng lnh rpm qa, hoc xem c th phn mm no c ci t trong h thng hay khng bng lnh rpm qa <tn package > V d: kim tra sendmail : # rpm qa sendmail sendmail-8.14.1-4.2.fc8
C th s dng thm mt s tham s khc kt hp vi q xc nh thng tin c th ca package.
o a: truy vn tt c cc package. o f: tp-tin: truy vn nhng package cha tp-tin. Khi xc nh tp
tin phi ch r ng dn.

o p:tn-tp-tin-package: truy vn package tn-tp-tin-package. o i: xc nh cc thng tin v package bao gm: tn, m t, phin
bn, kch thc, ngy to, ngy ci t, nh sn xut

o l: hin th nhng tp tin trong package. o s: hin th trng thi ca cc tp tin trong package. o d: hin th danh sch tp tin ti liu cho package. o c: hin th danh sch tp tin cu hnh
Lit k cc phn mm c ci t trong h thng: # rpm qa |more
h. Kim tra phn mm

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Cc thng tin dng kim tra l: kch thc, MD5, checksum, quyn hn, loi tp tin, ngi s hu, nhm s hu tp tin.
o rpm V <tn package>: kim tra tt c cc tp tin trong package. o rpm vf <tn-file>: kim tra tp tin tn-file. o rpm Va: kim tra tt c cc package ci. o rpm
-Vp <tn-tp-tin-RPM>: kim tra mt package vi tp tin
package xc nh, thng s dng trong trng hp c s d liu ca RPM b hng.
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CHNG II: M HNH MNG V CI T H IU HNH LINUX

I. M HNH MNG
1. Phn tch m hnh mng
Vi yu cu ca n ta xy dng m hnh mng nh sau:
H thng mng chng ta gm c hai nhnh mng ni b th hin chc nng nh tuyn ca Router, c th y ta xy dng nhnh mng 1 l 192.168.10.0/24 v nhnh mng 2 l 192.168.20.0/24.
Mt my Linux lm Router c 3 card mng. Hai card gn vo hai nhnh
mng ni b, card cn li dng kt ni vi Internet. Router ny thc hin cc chc nng sau: o nh tuyn cho hai nhnh mng ni b c th lin lc c vi nhau.
o
NAT cho hai mng ni b c th truy cp c Internet, v cc my ngoi Internet c th truy cp c Web Server trong mng ni b. Lm DHCP Server cp pht a ch IP ng cho hai nhnh mng ni b.
Mt my Linux lm Server. Server ny gm c nhng chc nng chnh sau
y:
o
DNS Server dng phn gii tn min cho Web Server, Mail Server .
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Web Server lm ni t trang web cho php cc my trong v ngoi mng truy cp. Mail Server lm h thng mail cho cc ngi dng ni b trao i thng tin trong v ngoi mng.
Cc my tnh dng h iu hnh Linux hoc h iu hnh Window kt ni vo hai mng ni b.
2. M hnh mng
Hnh 2.2.1: M hnh mng.
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Bng thng s ca cc my
Tn my Router Linux Server Linux Card Eth0 Eth1 Eth2 Eth0 Ip address Subnet mask Default Gateway 203.113.245.10 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.254 255.255.255.0 192.168.20.254 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.254 192.168.10.1 DNS Server
II. CI T H IU HNH LINUX PHIN BN
FEDORA CORE 8
1. Yu cu phn cng
Linux khng i hi my c cu hnh mnh. Tuy nhin, nu phn cng c cu hnh thp qu th c th khng chy c X window hay cc ng dng c sn. Cu hnh ti thiu nn dng vi phin bn Fedora Core 8: CPU (b vi x l ): ti thiu Pentium 200MHz cho cc ch text, Pentium II 400MHz cho ch ho. RAM (b nh chnh): 128MB tr ln cho ch text mode, 192MB cho mode graphics, khuyn co 256MB.
o HDD(a cng): Dung lng a cn ph thuc vo loi ci t:
Server: khong 1.1 GByte. Personal Destop: khong 2.3 GByte. Workstation: khong 3 GByte.
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Custom Installation(ti thiu): 620MByte, ti a khong 10GByte.
2. Phn vng a
a cng c phn ra nhiu vng khc nhau gi l patition. Mi patition s dng mt h thng tp tin v lu tr d liu. Mi a chng ta ch chia c ti a 4 patition chnh (primary patition), gii hn nh vy l do Master Boot Record ca a ch ghi ti a 4 ch mc ti 4 patition. to nhiu patition lu tr d liu (hn 4) ngi ta dung partition m rng (extended patition). Thc ra, patition m rng cng l primary patition nhng cho php to cc partition con c gi l logical patition. Linux s dng c ch truy xut a thng qua tp tin, mi a c gn vi mt tp tin trong th mc /dev. K t fd cho mm, hd cho cng, sd dnh cho SCSI, k t a, b, c, d gn thm vo xc nh cc a khc nhau cng loi. Hai phn vng cn thit cho Linux:
o o o
Phn vng / l phn vng chnh cha th mc gc ca h thng. Phn vng /boot cha boot loader, boot image ca h iu hnh. Phn vng swap c dng lm khng gian hon i d liu khi vng nh chnh c s dng ht. Kch thc ca phn swap s dng tu thuc h thng mnh s dng t hay nhiu ng dng. Kch thc vng swap c khuyn co ln hn hay bng dung lng RAM.
3. Ci t h iu hnh Linux bn phn phi Fedora Core 8

-
Boot t a DVD Fadora Core 8: Xut hin mn hnh gii thiu mt s tu chn mn hnh u tin.Chn Install or upgrade an existing system v nhn Enter v i h thng ti.
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Hnh 2.3.1: Mn hnh khi ng ca Fedora.
- La chn Skip b qu bc kim tra ca Fedora v nhn Enter.
Hnh 2.3.2: Mn hnh kim tra ca Fedora.
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Sau khi nhn Enter s nhn thy mn hnh cho mng ca Fedora. Hy chn Next tip tc.
Hnh 2.3.3: Mn hnh cho mng ca Fedora.

- Phn chn ngn ng, chng ta chn English v nhn Next.
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Hnh 2.3.4: La chn ngn ng ci t.

- La chn bn phm U.S.English v nhn Next sang bc tip theo.
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Hnh 2.3.5: La chn kiu bn phm. - Tip n l ci t cc thit lp mng. Trong phn Host name chn Automaticaly via DHCP thit lp t ng. Nhn Next sang bc tip theo.
Hnh 2.3.6: Ci t cc tu chn v mng.

- La chn quc gia, vng lnh th, thnh ph. Chn Asia/Saigon v nhn Next.
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Hnh 2.3.7: Chn quc gia, thnh ph.

-
Ca s k tip yu cu nhp Password cho ti khon root. Hy nhp li Password Confirm v nhn Next.
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Hnh 2.3.8: Nhp mt khu qun tr h thng.

- Bc quan trng. Nu tip tc nhn Next tc l giao ph cc thit lp cho
Fedora 8. Mi phn vng s b xa to ra 1 cng trng hon ton nhm ci Fedora 8. Chn ly phn vng ti thiu l 10GB. Hy nhn vo du mi tn tr xung th Remove all partitions on selected and create defauld layout chn Create custom layout sau hy nhn Advanced Storage thit lp.
Hnh 2.3.9: Phn vng cng ci t Fedora.

-
Nhn Yes tip tc.
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Hnh 2.3.10: Chn phn vng ci t.
Ngay sau bc ny cc phn vng to ra bc trn s c nh dng ci Fedora 8.
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Hnh 2.3.11: nh dng phn vng ci t. - Gi c th la chn nhng gi phn mm cn ci t.
Hnh 2.3.12: Chn cc phn mm cn ci t.

Trang 54
- Nhn Next ci t Fedora 8.
Hnh 2.3.13: Mn hnh ci t ca Fedora.

- Khi ci t hon tt. Nhn Reboot khi ng li h thng.
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Hnh 2.3.14: Khi ng li h thng, qu trnh ci t thnh cng.

-
Sau khi khi ng li h thng, nhp username v password ng nhp h thng, nhp tn root v mt khu vo h thng vi quyn cao nht. Giao din sau khi ng nhp thnh cng nh hnh 3.15.
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Hnh 2.3.15: Mn hnh giao din ca Fedora.
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CHNG III: CI T V CU HNH MY SERVER LINUX

Gm cc ni dung chnh nh sau: Ci t v cu hnh DNS. Ci t v cu hnh Apache Webserver.
Ci t v cu hnh Mail Server .
I. CI T V CU HNH DNS
1. Khi nim
-
DNS (Domain Name System) l h thng phn gii tn min c pht minh vo nm 1984 cho Internet, ch mt h thng cho php thit lp tng ng gia a ch IP v tn min.
DNS l mt h thng t tn theo th t cho my vi tnh, dch v, hoc bt k ngun lc tham gia vo Internet. N lin kt nhiu thng tin a dng vi tn min c gn cho nhng ngi tham gia.
DNS chuyn tn min c ngha cho con ngi vo s nh danh (nh phn), lin kt vi cc trang thit b mng cho cc mc ch nh v v a ch ha cc thit b khp th gii.
H thng tn min gip cho n c th ch nh tn min cho cc nhm ngi s dng Internet trong mt cch c ngha, c lp vi mi a im ca ngi s dng.
DNS to thnh tn min internet d nh hn cc a ch IP nh l 208.77.188.166 (IPv4) hoc 2001: db8: 1f70:: 999: de8: 7648:6 e8 (IPv6).
2. Chc nng DNS
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Mi Website c mt tn (l tn min hay ng dn URL:Universal Resource Locator) v mt a ch IP. a ch IP gm 4 nhm s cch nhau bng du chm(Ipv4). Khi m mt trnh duyt Web v nhp tn website, trnh duyt s n thng website m khng cn phi thng qua vic nhp a ch IP ca trang web.
Qu trnh "dch" tn min thnh a ch IP cho trnh duyt hiu v truy cp c vo website l cng vic ca mt DNS Server. Cc DNS tr gip qua li vi nhau dch a ch "IP" thnh "tn" v ngc li. Ngi s dng ch cn nh "tn", khng cn phi nh a ch IP (a ch IP l nhng con s rt kh nh).
3. Nguyn tc lm vic ca DNS

Mi nh cung cp dch v vn hnh v duy tr DNS Server ring ca mnh, gm cc my bn trong phn ring ca mi nh cung cp dch v trong Internet. Tc l, nu mt trnh duyt tm kim a ch ca mt website th DNS Server phn gii tn website ny phi l DNS Server ca chnh t chc qun l website ch khng phi l ca mt t chc (nh cung cp dch v) no khc. INTERNIC (Internet Network Information Center) chu trch nhim theo di cc tn min v cc DNS Server tng ng. INTERNIC l mt t chc c thnh lp bi NFS (National Science Foundation), AT&T v Network Solution, chu trch nhim ng k cc tn min ca Internet. INTERNIC ch c nhim v qun l tt c cc DNS Server trn Internet ch khng c nhim v phn gii tn cho tng a ch. DNS c kh nng tra vn cc DNS Server khc c c mt ci tn c phn gii. DNS Server ca mi tn min thng c hai vic khc bit. Th nht, chu trch nhim phn gii tn t cc my bn trong min v cc a ch Internet, c bn trong ln bn ngoi min n qun l. Th hai, chng tr li cc DNS Server bn ngoi ang c gng phn gii nhng
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ci tn bn trong min n qun l. - DNS Server c kh nng ghi nh li nhng tn va phn gii. dng cho nhng yu cu phn gii ln sau. S lng nhng tn phn gii c lu li ty thuc vo quy m ca tng DNS.
4. Cch s dng DNS

Do cc DNS c tc bin dch khc nhau, c th nhanh hoc c th chm, do ngi s dng c th chn DNS Server s dng cho ring mnh. C cc cch chn la cho ngi s dng nh:
o S dng DNS mc nh ca nh cung cp dch v (internet), trng
hp ny ngi s dng khng cn in a ch DNS vo network connections trong my ca mnh.

o S dng DNS Server khc (min ph hoc tr ph) th phi in a
ch DNS Server vo network connections. a ch DNS Server cng l 4 nhm s cch nhau bi cc du chm.
5. Ci t DNS
BIND trong Fedora/Redhat hot ng trong h thng di dng tin trnh named do user c tn named lm ch s hu. Package bind-9.5.016.a6.fc8.i386.rpm xem th mc /var/named l th mc gc (lu tr cc file c s d liu), file /etc/named.conf l file cu hnh chnh (khai bo zone), cc file /etc/rndc.key v /etc/rndc.conf ln lt l cc file h tr cho vn chng thc v to kha chung, kha ring trong named. Kim tra ci t bng lnh: #rpm qa bind* C nhiu cch ci t nhng ch yu l 3 cch sau y:
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o Ci t khi ni mng bng lnh: yum install bind caching-
nameserver.
o Ci t package dng source code v ti gi ny v t trang web
ca GNU.
o y ta s dng gi bind-9.5.0-16.a6.fc8.i386.rpm cho Fedora 8.
Ta chy lnh sau ci t: # rpm ivh bind-9.5.0-16.a6.fc8.i386.rpm. Caching Name Server: khng c bt k tp tin CSDL no. N c chng nng phn gii tn my trn nhng mng xa thng qua nhng Name Server khc. N lu tr li nhng tn my c phn gii trc , n gp phn lm tng tc phn gii bng cch s dng cache, lm gim bt gnh nng phn gii tn my cho Name Server ng thi gim vic lu thng trn nhng mng ln. Cn ci t thm gi caching-nameserver cha nhng file mu chng ta c th cu hnh dch v DNS d dng. Mt s file mu nh localhost.zone m t zone thun ca localhost v named.local m t zone nghch ca localhost, chng ta c th chnh sa 2 file ny cu hnh DNS cho my ch DNS ca chng ta.
6. Cu hnh DNS
a. Mt s nh ngha
-
Zone: Trong h thng DNS ngi ta chia nh thnh nhng phn gn nhng qun l ring, chng hn cng mt cng ty nhng l cng ty cc ln v cn nhiu ngi qun l cc vng khc nhau, cn phi chia ra cc Zone m bo vic qun l DNS mt cch d dng hn - ni cch khc khi mt h thng tn min c chia ra cc phn nh hn d qun l l cc zone. C 3 loi zone:
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Primary Zone: Mt my ch cha d liu Primary Zone l my ch c th ton quyn trong vic update d liu zone. Secondary Zone: L mt bn copy ca Primary Zone, do n cha d liu zone nn cung cp kh nng phn gii cho cc my c yu cu. Mun cp nht d liu zone phi ng b vi my ch Primary. Stub Zone: D liu ca Stub Zone ch bao gm d liu NS record trn my ch Primary Zone m thi, vi vic cha d liu NS my ch Stub Zone c vai tr chuyn cc yu cu d liu ca mt zone no n trc tip my ch c thm quyn ca zone .
Name Server: l my ch cha d liu Primary Zone. SOA (Start Of Authority): Trong mi tp tin c s d liu phai co mt va chi mt record SOA. Record SOA chi ra rng may chu Name Server la ni cung cp thng tin t d liu co trong zone.
Domain: tn domain ma DNS quan ly. V d: cdth06.com. Dns-server: tn server quan ly min. Serial number: ap dung cho moi d liu trong zone va la mt s nguyn. Khi may chu Secondary lin lac vi may chu Primary no se so sanh s nay va s serial cua no, nu s serial cua may secondary nho hn s cua primary tc la d liu zone trn Primary a c thay i, nh vy may secondary se sao chep d liu mi t may Primary thay cho d liu ang co hin hanh.
Refresh: chi ra khoan thi gian may chu secondary kim tra d liu zone trn may primary cp nht nu cn. Gia tri nay thay i tuy theo tn sut thay i d liu trong zone.
Retry: nu may chu secondary khng kt ni c vi may chu Primary theo thi han m ta trong refresh (do may primary bi shutdown) vao luc o thi may chu secondary phai tim cach kt ni lai vi may chu primary
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theo mt chu ky thi gian m ta trong retry. Thng thng gia tri nay nho hn refresh.
-
Expire: nu sau khoan thi gian nay ma may chu secondary khng kt ni c vi may primary thi d liu zone trn may secondary se bi qua han, luc nay may secondary se khng tra li moi truy vn v zone nay na. Gia tri expire nay phai ln hn gia tri refresh va retry.
NS (Name Server): Record tip theo cn co trong zone la NS record. Mi name server cho zone se co mt NS record. A (Address): l mt record cn bn v quan trng nhm nh x, din dch mt domain thnh a ch IP. V d: nh x www.cdth06.com thnh 203.113.245.10.
PTR (Pointer): Record PTR dng nh x a ch IP thnh tn my.
b. Cu hnh tp tin /etc/named.conf.
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Hnh 3.6.1: tp tin khai bo zone /etc/named.conf Trong file #/etc/named.conf khai bo 2 zone phn gii DNS thun l zone cdth06.com, phn gii DNS nghch l zone 10.168.192.in-addr.arpa, u c tc dng phn gii tn min sang a ch IP. Type master: Trong zone cdth06.com:
o Khai bo tn min cn m t l cdth06.com. o Tn file c s d liu lu tr cho file thun l thuan.localhost.
Trong zone 10.168.192.in-addr.arpa:

o Zone nghch da vo ip ca my ch DNS, my ch DNS ca chng
ta chnh l my ServerLinux c a ch l 192.168.10.1 chng ta s ly ngc li NetID l 10.168.192.in-addr.arpa.

o
Tn file c s d liu lu tr cho file nghch l
nghich.loopback. c. Cu hnh zone file Zone thuan.localhost

o
File thuan.localhost c to bng cch sao chp file localhost.zone trong th mc #/var/named v i tn thnh thuan.localhost m t thng tin phn gii DNS thun phn gii t tn min thnh a ch IP.
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Hnh 3.6.2: Khai bo zone phn gii thun.

o Khai bo record SOA gm tn ca NameServer DNS l
svr.cdth06.com v ch nh root l root.cdth06.com.

o Khai bo NameServer ng vi zone cdth06.com l svr.cdth06.com. o Tng ng vi tn DNS ny (svr) th c a ch l 192.168.10.1. o Tng ng vi 1 SOA bn zone thun ta to 1 PTR bn zone nghch
phn gii t a ch thnh tn min. Zone nghich.loopback
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Hnh 3.6.3: Khai bo zone phn gii nghch.

o
File nghich.loopback c to bng cch sao chp file named.local trong th mc #/var/named v i tn thnh nghich.loopback m t thng tin phn gii DNS nghch t a ch IP thnh tn min.
Tng ng vi record A bn zone thun s c 1 record PTR bn zone nghch gip phn gii tn min thnh a ch IP.
d. Khi ng, dng hay khi ng li dch v DNS # service named start # service named stop # service named restart
Hnh 3.6.4: Khi ng dch v DNS. e. Kim tra dch v DNS

-
Khai bo DNS client cho my: tm n file #/etc/resolv.conf m t domain l tn min DNS cn phn gii cdth06.com v Name Server l a ch IP ca my ch DNS 192.168.10.1.
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Hnh 3.6.5: Khai bo DNS client.

-
Kim tra xem cu hnh DNS c li hay khng bng lnh: # tail /var/log/messages
Hnh 3.6.6: Kim tra li cu hnh DNS.
Trang 67
Dng lnh #host t ns cdth06.com kim tra hot ng ca DNS phn gii tn min cdth06.com
Hnh 3.6.7: Kim tra phn gii DNS.

- Kim tra thy tn min cdth06.com c Name Server l svr.cdth06.com.
Ta cng c th dng lnh ping kim tra.
Hnh 3.6.8: Kim tra phn gii DNS.
II. CI T V CU HNH APACHE WEBSERVER

1. Gii thiu
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Web l mt nhu cu khng th thiu hin nay. N l mt trong nhng phng tin mi ngi trn th gii c th trao i thng tin. ng v phng din no th Web c th xem nh mt t bo in t, n cha ng cc thng tin mi ngi c th nm bt mt cch d dng. N c u im hn bo ch bnh thng thng tin cha ng trn nhiu hn, hnh nh c sc hnN cn cho php ngi xem c th tng tc phn hi v c bit n tin li rt nhiu trong vic tm kim thng tin. N tht s l mt cng c khng th thiu i vi chng ta. c mt trang web ta cn phi c mt Web Server. Web Server l ni cha nhng trang web. Web Server cn mt nhim v l qun l, bo v cc trang web.
ci t Web Server th chng ta cn mt phn mm h tr lm iu ny. Chng ta c th chn Apache. y l phn mm c nhiu tnh nng mnh v linh hot dng ci Web Server.
2.c im
- H tr y nhng giao thc trc y nh HTTP/1.1 - C th cu hnh v m rng tnh nng.
- Cung cp m ngun y vi bn quyn khng hn ch.
- Chy trn nhiu h iu hnh Windows NT/9x, Netware 5.x, OS/2 v trn hu ht cc h iu hnh Unix. i vi phin bn phin bn trn Linux, thng th chng ta s ci t ngay t u lc m chng ta ci t h iu hnh.
- Chng ta c th ci t t cc gi to sn vi ui file thng l deb hoc
rpm deb l cc gi ca Debian, dnh cho cc distro nh: Debian, SuSe, Ubuntu cn rpm l cc gi ci t dnh cho Red Had, vit tt t cm t RedHat Package Management. Tuy c ui file l nh vy nhng chng ta c th ci t trn nhng distro khc ngoi n v d nh cc gi ui deb vn c th ci t trn Red Hat hoc cc gi rpm vn c th ci t trn Debian hay
Trang 69
Ubuntu , ch cn c trnh qun l n. V d nh vi cc gi ui rpm th ta c trnh qun l n l rpm cn cc gi deb th c apt-get qun l.
3. Ci t
-
Gi Apache-1.3.xx-y.i386.rpm thng c tch hp trn mi a linux, hoc ta c th ti gi Apache ph hp vi h iu hnh trn trang ch www.apache.org.
Trn Fedora 8 ng nhp vi quyn root v g lnh: rpmivh apache0.12.6-3.fc8.i386.rpm
Hnh 2.3.1: Ci t Apache Web Server.
4. Khi ng, dng, khi ng li dch v Apache

khi ng hay tm dng hay ti khi ng apache ta dng script sau: #service httpd start: khi ng Apache. #service httpd stop: dng Apache.
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#service httpd restart: khi ng li Apache.
Hnh 2.3.2: Khi ng Apache Web Server.
5. Kim tra dch v Apache

M trnh duyt web g vo a ch: http://127.0.0.1 hoc http://locallhost.
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Hnh 2.3.3: Kim tra hot ng ca Apache.
6. Cc th mc cu hnh Apache
-
/etc/httpd/conf: th mc lu gi cc tp tin cu hnh nh httpd.conf,
magic
-
/etc/httpd/modules: lu gi cc module ca WebServer: mod_actions.so, mod_alias.so /etc/httpd/logs: lu cc tp tin log ca Apache. /var/www/html: lu cc trang web. /var/www/cgi-bin: lu cc script s dng cho cc trang web.
7. Cu hnh Apache Webserver

a. Cu hnh DNS phn gii tn min cho website
-
To website cn lm WebServer. t tn trang ch ca website l index.html. Chn tn min l www.cdth06.com v tin hnh ng k website trong DNS. To record A c tn l www trong zone thun c a ch 192.168.10.1.
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Hnh 2.6.1: Cu hnh phn gii thun DNS cho Web Server.
-
To 1 record PTR trong zone nghch phn gii t a ch 192.168.10.1 thnh tn min www.cdth06.com .
Hnh 2.6.2: Cu hnh phn gii DNS nghch cho Web Server.
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Sau kim tra DNS phn gii tn min www.cdth06.com thnh cng hay cha bng lnh ping www.cdth06.com.
Hnh 2.6.3: Kim tra phn gii DNS cho Web Server.
-
File #/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf gm cc gi tr sau:

o User Apache, Group Apache: Tham s User v Group cho bit apache l ch
ca WebServer. iu ny s an ton hn v n khng cn nhng quyn nh root.

o ServerAdmin: a ch email ca ngi qun tr h thng
C php: ServerAdmin <a ch email> V d: ServerAdmin webmaster@CDTH06.com.

o
DocumentRoot: cu hnh th mc lu tr ni dung ca website. Web Server s ly nhng tp tin trong th mc ny phc v cho yu cu ca client. C php: DocumentRoot <ng dn th mc> V d: DocumentRoot /usr/web
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<Directory> </Directory>: cu hnh quyn th mc hay th mc con. Th u tin s t quyn cho tt c th mc: <Directory /> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None </Directory> Di y l nhng Options p dng ln th mc l:
All: chp nhn tt c Option tr MultiViews. All l gi tr mc nh. FollowSymLinks: cho php link symbolic trong th mc. Includes: cho php SSI (Server Side Includes). IncludesNOEXEC: cho php SSI nhng khng cho php lnh #exec v
#include cho CGI scripts

Indexes: cho Server tr v danh sch th mc v tp tin nu khng c
index.html.
MultiViews: cho php tm kim MultiViews. None: tt ht nhng option cho th mc v th mc con.
SymLinksIfOwnerMatch: ch cho Server ng dn i din ca nhng tp tin v th mc ca user. <Directory /var/www/html> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order allow.deny
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Allow from all </Directory>

Mc AllowOverride ni cho Server bit c quyn truy cp nhng tp
tin c qui nh bi AccessFileName (AccessFileName .htaccess trong trng hp trn). Nu chn None Server s b i tp tin access file. Nu chn All tp tin AccessFileName .htaccess s c hiu lc Order iu khin th t p c quyn hn cho nhng ti nguyn. Order c cc gi tr:
Order Deny.Allow: Xt quyn Deny trc Allow sau, mc nh cho php truy cp. Client khng b Deny v c Allow th c truy cp. Order Allow.Deny: Xt quyn Allow trc Deny sau v mc nh l Deny. Client nu khng Allow hoc b Deny th khng c truy cp. Order Mutual-failure: ch nhng Client c trong danh sch Allow v khng c trong danh sch Deny th c truy cp.
Ci t quyn hn cho file v th mc rt quan trng cho Apache chy
n nh v bo mt. Root s lm ch file httpd.conf v th mc bin. Nhng User (web) s lm ch th mc log

o
ServerType: quy nh cch np chng trnh. C 2 cch:

inetd: chy t cc init level. standalone: chy t h thng.
C php: ServerType <inetd/standalone> V d: ServerType standalone

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ServerRoot: ch dn v tr ci t chng trnh Apache. C php: ServerRoot <v tr ci t Apache> V d: ServerRoot /user/local/apache
TimeOut: quy nh thi gian sng ca mt kt ni (c tnh bng giy). C php: TimeOut <thi gian ti a cho mt kt ni> V d: TimeOut 300.
KeepAlive: cho php hoc khng cho php client gi c nhiu yu cu da trn mt kt ni n vi Web Server. C php: KeepAlive <On/Off> V d: KeepAlive On
MaxKeepAliveRequests: s yu cu ti a trn mt kt ni. C php: MaxKeepAliveRequests <s yu cu> V d: MaxKeepAliveRequests 100.
KeepAliveTimeout: quy nh thi gian ch mt Request k tip t cng mt client trn cng mt kt ni (c tnh bng giy). C php: KeepAliveTimeout <thi gian> V d: KeepAliveTimeout 15.
MaxClients: quy nh s yu cu ti a t cc client c th gi ng thi n server.
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C php: MaxClients <s kt ni ti a cho php> V d: MaxClients 256

o
Listen: quy nh a ch IP hoc cng m Apache nhn kt ni t Client. C php: Listen <s Port/IP> V d: Listen 80
M t tp tin httpd.conf cho website www.cdth06.com
Hnh 2.6.4: File cu hnh httpd.conf cho website www.dth06.com.
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Trong file cu hnh httpd.conf ta thay i cc gi tr cho ph hp vi mc ch v mun xy dng website ca mnh. C bn nht y chng ta thay i cc gi tr sau:
o
ServerName: Khai bo tn WebServer ca chng ta l www.cdth06.com v cng kt ni l 80. DocumentRoot: ng dn th mc cha trang web. y l /var/www/website. DirectoryIndex: Ch nh trang ch Web Server s c hin th vi a ch www.cdth06.com, y trang ch ca chng ta l index.html. Directory: Cp quyn cho th mc /var/www/website. C cc thng s sau:
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks: cho php link symbolic trong th
mc.
AllowOverride None: Khng c quyn truy cp nhng tp tin c
qui nh bi AccessFileName.
Order Allow.Deny: Xt quyn Allow trc Deny sau v mc nh l
Deny. Client nu khng Allow hoc b Deny th khng c truy cp.

Allow from all: Cho php t tt c cc trng hp cn li.
Khi ng li dch v #service httpd restart
Hnh 2.6.5: Khi ng dch v Apache Web Server.
Trang 79
- Cp quyn cho ngi dng truy cp th mc /etc/www/website:
Dng lnh: chmod R 755 /website Cp quyn truy cp cho th mc website v ton b cc th mc con bn trong th mc website.
- Kim tra: M trnh duyt web nh vo a ch website www.cdth06.com .
website c ti ln thnh cng.
Hnh 2.6.6: Kim tra hot ng website www.cdth06.com.

III.
CI T V CU HNH MAIL SERVER

1. Gii thiu
-
Th in t, electronic mail, email, l dch v c th ni l quan trng nht i vi ngi s dng Internet. Do tnh ph cp ca email, vic cu hnh tt Mail
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Server , to iu kin cho ngi s dng c th trao i Email l cng vic u tin v quan trng nht ca ngi qun tr. Mt cu hnh sai email c th dn n tnh trng khng gi hoc nhn c th, hoc t hn l mt th m khng c phn hi.
-
Hot ng ca dch v mail gn rt cht ch vi cu hnh ca DNS. Chng ta th hnh dung qu trnh gi mail hiu v c ch hot ng ca h thng email. u tin, chng ta phi c mt chng trnh son tho mail. C rt nhiu chng trnh thc hin nhim v ny: Internet Explorer, Eudora, Netscape cho Windows; eml, netscape, mail cho Unix a ch ngy nay c dng Tn-nginhn@tn-domain.tn-min. V d: TranDien@cdth06.com.
Sau , chng ta son tho ni dung th v gi i bng mt lnh hay mt nhp chut. Khi , chng trnh mail client s theo cu hnh lm, tm mt SMTP Server. SMTP l vit tt ca Simple Mail Transfer Protocol v server s dng giao thc SMTP c gi l SMTP Server. Ngi ta cn thng quen dng l Mail Server .
Khi khai bo SMTP Server chng ta thng dng tn v nh vy chng ta phi s dng DNS Server m my bn phi khai bo t trc nh phn gii v tm a ch IP tng ng. Sau khi tm ra a ch IP ca SMTP Server, chng trnh mail s thc hin mt kt ni TCP/IP vi SMTP Server vo cng 25, l cng quy nh cho SMTP Server. Hai tin trnh mail client v Mail Server s trao i thng tin vi nhau thng qua SMTP protocol.
Nu mi vic thng sut, email s c chp nhn lu tr trn SMTP Server v chng trnh mail client kt thc phin lm vic. Cng vic tip theo l SMTP Server tm cch gi mail ti ngi nhn. lm vic ny, SMTP Server thc hin 2 thao tc:
o Tm Mail Server ca ngi nhn Email. o Gi Email n Mail Server ca ngi nhn trong Email ca chng ta.
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Thao tc u tin hon ton da vo DNS Server. C th l SMTP ca chng ta s ng vai tr mt DNS client hi DNS Server ca min ca bn xem ai l Mail Server ca min cdth06.com ? Qu trnh tra hi ny a n vic tm ra mt record c dng cdth06.com. IN MX 10 mailserver.cdth06.com. nm trong CSDL ca mt DNS Server no , thng l DNS Server ca min cdth06.com.
Nu qu trnh ny khng thnh cng, th ca chng ta s khng gi i c v chng ta s nhn c mt thng bo tr li rng email ca chng ta khng gi i c v host unknown. Nu ngc li, SMTP ca bn s m mt kt ni TCP/IP n mailserver.cdth06.com vo cng 25 gi email ca bn. Lc ny SMTP ca bn ng vai tr mt mail client. Giao thc SMTP li c s dng chuyn th trong khu ny.
Nu thnh cng, email ca bn s c lu tr trn mailserver.cdth06.com v ngi nhn TranDien s phi kt ni vi mailserver.cdth06.com ly th v my ca mnh v c th. Trn y l miu t mt qu trnh gi mail in hnh trn Internet. Trn thc t, qu trnh ny c th phc tp v thay i kh nhiu ph thuc vo cu hnh ca tng mng. chnh l yu t lm phc tp ha rt nhiu h thng Email v kh khn i vi cng tc qun tr dch v email.
Ci t v cu hnh dch v sendmail trn Linux

a. Gii thiu sendmail -
C nhiu chng trnh SMTP Server, nhng sendmail c l l chng trnh SMTP Server ni ting nht trn Unix t lu nay bi tnh nng mnh v cng bi tnh phc tp ca n.
Chng trnh sendmail c vit bi Eric Allman khi ng l mt sinh vin ca University of California at Berkeley vo nm 1979. RedHat Linux c hai chng trnh Mail Server l smail v sendmail. Nhn chung smail thch hp cho mt mng n gin, cn sendmail th c th dng
Trang 82
cho c hai. y, chng ta s nghin cu chng trnh sendmail. Chng trnh sendmail c th c gi ln b nh bi hai cch:
o
Cch th nht: sendmail c gi ln bi chng trnh Mail Client. Khi sendmail s m mt kt ni gi mail i. y l cu hnh sendmail nu my ca bn khng phi l SMTP Server. Cch th hai: sendmail c hot ng theo kiu daemon, tc l thng tr trn b nh. Khi , daemon sendmail nghe sau cng 25 cc kt ni n. Mi khi c kt ni n cng 25, sendmail daemon sinh ra mt tin trnh sendmail con tip nhn kt ni ny, cn bn thn mnh th tip tc ch i cc kt ni khc. Vi lnh netstat n ta c th hin th cc kt ni ang trong thc hin.
b. Ci t v cu hnh - Tin hnh ng k phn gii tn min mail trong DNS. o
Trong zone thuan.localhost: Phn gii tn min mail thnh a ch IP ca my ch Mail Server l 192.168.10.1.
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Hnh 3.2.1:Khai bo zone phn gii thun cho Mail Server .

o
Trong zone nghich.lookback:Phn gii a ch IP 192.168.10.1 thnh tn min mail l mail.cdth06.com
Hnh 3.2.2: Khai bo zone phn gii nghch cho Mail Server .
Trang 84
Kim tra DNS phn gii tn min cdth06.com bng lnh:
# nslookup
Hnh 3.2.3: Kim tra hot ng DNS phn gii Mail Server . - Kim tra phn mm sendmail c ci t hay cha: C php: #rpm qa sendmail
Hnh 3.2.4: Kim tra phn mm sendmail c c ci t khng? Phn mm sendmail c ci t l gi sendmail-8.14.1.-4.2.fc8.
- Ch nh c ch phn gii cc b: cu hnh tp tin #/etc/hosts. Trang 85
C php: <a ch IP> <tn my> <tn min>
Hnh 3.2.5: Ch nh c ch phn gii min cc b. Ta khai bo a ch IP ca my Mail Server l 192.168.10.1 c tn my l server v c tn min cc b l server.cdth06.com. Cu hnh # /etc/mail/sendmail.cf: ch nh tn min cc b v cng kt ni.
Hnh 3.2.5: Ch nh tn min v cng kt ni.

Trang 86
Thay i thng tin tn min cc b Cwlocalhost cdth06.com, cu hnh sendmail nhn mail cho min cdth06.com. 0 DaemonportOption =port=smtp: khng cho php kt ni smtp, khng cho php kt ni qua cng 25 v t client gi n. Ta c th chnh sa li cho php kt ni smtp, kt ni qua cng 25 v t client gi n bng nhiu cch, nhng cch n gin nht l v hiu ho dng trn.
- Cu hnh RELAY mail chp nhn c ch gi nhn th cho min cc b
C php: #gedit etc/mail/access
Hnh 3.2.6: Cu hnh RELAY mail. o C ba trng hp xy ra l:

RELAY: chp nhn gi v nhn cc th trong min qua my Mail
Server .
REJECT: cm gi v nhn mail, tuy nhin ngi gi mail n i
tng ny s nhn c thng bo rng i tng ny b ngn chn mail n v mail i.

DISCARD: cm gi v nhn mail.
Mc nh i tng no khng c trong tp tin ny l RELAY.

Trang 87
Cp nht li c s d liu vo tp tin access.db C php: Makemap hash access.db<access Cp nht cc thng tin va m t vo file access.db sendmail c file access.db v x l.
Hnh 3.2.7:Cp nht li thng tin cho file access.db. o Khi ng li dch v sendmail C php: service sendmail restart
Hnh 3.2.8: Khi ng li dch v sendmail.

- Cu hnh dovecot qun l mailbox ca ngi dng(pop3) o
Kim tra phn mm dovecot c ci hay cha: rpm qa dovecot
Trang 88
Hnh 3.2.9: Kim tra dovecot c c ci hay khng?

o
Cu hnh tp tin dovecot.conf : gedit /etc/dovecot.conf qun l gi v nhn th, phn phi th cho client.
Hnh 3.2.10: Cu hnh tp tin dovecot.conf. Khai bo cc giao thc c php s dng trn dovecot l imap, imaps, pop3, pop3s.
o
Khi ng li dch v dovecot: #service dovecot restart.
Trang 89
Hnh 3.2.11: Khi ng dch v dovecot.

o
Kim tra tin trnh hot ng ca cc cng kt ni. C php: #netstat an|more
Hnh 3.2.12: Kim tra cng kt ni Mail Server .

Cng 25: cng ng dng ca smtp, chp nhn smtp client, smtp
server trao i qua cng ny.

110: chp nhn tt c kt ni bn ngoi kt ni vo port ny. 143: cng kt ni cho imap. Trang 90
995: cng kt ni cho imaps. 993: cng kt ni cho pop3s.
C th coi trong #gedit /etc/services.
- Kim tra tin trnh gi v nhn mail

o
To 2 user mailtest1, mt khu l mailtest1@ v mailtest2 c mt khu
l mailtest2@ trong my Mail Server . C php: useradd mailtest1 passwd mailtest1 useradd mailtest2 passwd mailtest2
Hnh 3.2.13: To ngi dng kim tra gi v nhn mail.
Trang 91
- Kim tra hot ng Mail Server o
Dng 2 my client ca 2 lp mng 192.168.10.0/24 v 192.168.20.0/24. C 2 my client u dng Outlock Express. To ti khon mail trn 2 my ln lt l mailtest1@cdth06.com v mailtest2@cdth06.com.
Hnh 3.2.14: To ti khon mailtest1@cdth06.com.
Trang 92
Hnh 3.2.15: To ti khon mailtest2@cdth06.com.

o
T my Mail Server 192.168.10.1/24 gi th n 2 my client to ti khon mailtest1@cdth06.com v mailtest2@cdth06.com.
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Hnh 3.2.16: Gi th n 2 my client.

o
Kt qu 2 my client nhn c th t my Mail Server nh hnh.
Hnh 3.2.17: My client thuc 192.168.10.0/24 nhn c th.
Trang 94
Hnh 3.2.18: My client thuc 192.168.20.0/24 nhn c th.

o
Kim tra vic gi th gia 2 my client c ti khon th c ci t l mailtest1@cdth06.com v my mailtest2@cdth06.com.
Hnh 2.3.19: Gi th t my 192.168.10.1/24 cho 192.168.20.0/24.
Trang 95
Hnh 2.3.20: Vic gi th gia 2 my client thnh cng.
Trang 96
CHNG IV: THIT LP CHC NNG ROUTER TRN H THNG MNG LINUX
Gm cc chc nng chnh nh sau:
Cu hnh nh tuyn trn Cu hnh NAT trn Router Ci t v cu hnh dch v
Router Linux.
Linux.
DHCP trn Router Linux.
GII THIU ROUTER

Router l g?
Router l mt thit b cho php gi cc gi d liu dc theo mng. Mt Router c kt ni ti t nht l hai mng, thng thng hai mng l LAN, WAN hoc l mt LAN v mng ISP ca n.
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Router c nh v cng vo, ni m c hai hoc nhiu hn cc mng kt ni v l thit b quyt nh duy tr cc lung thng tin gia cc mng v duy tr kt ni mng trn internet. Khi d liu c gi i gia cc im trn mt mng hoc t mt mng ti mng th hai th d liu lun lun c thy v gi trc tip ti im ch bi Router. Chng hon thnh n bng cch s dng cc trng mo u (header) v cc bng nh tuyn ch ra ng tt nht cho vic gi cc gi d liu, v chng s dng cc giao thc nh l ICMP d lin lc vi nhau v cu hnh nh tuyn tt nht gia bt k hai my trm.
Router l thit b mng lp 3 ca m hnh OSI (Network Layer). Router kt ni hai hay nhiu mng IP vi nhau. Cc my tnh trn mng phi "nhn thc" c s tham gia ca mt Router, nhng i vi cc mng IP th mt trong nhng quy tc ca IP l mi my tnh kt ni mng u c th giao tip c vi Router.
u im ca Router
Phn cch cc mng my tnh thnh cc segment ring bit gim Kt ni cc mng my tnh hay kt ni cc user vi mng my tnh
hin tng ng , gim broadcast hay thc hin chc nng bo mt. cc khong cch xa vi nhau thng qua cc ng truyn thng: in thoi, ISDN, T1, X.25 Cng vi s pht trin ca switch, chc nng u tin ca Router ngy nay c switch m nhn mt cch hiu qu. Router ch cn phi m nhn vic thc hin cc kt ni truy cp t xa (remote access) hay cc kt ni WAN cho h thng mng LAN. Do hot ng tng th 3 ca m hnh OSI, Router s hiu c cc protocol quyt nh phng thc truyn d liu. Cc a ch m Router hiu l cc a ch gi c quy nh bi cc protocol. V d nh a ch IP i vi protocol TCP/IP, a ch IPX i vi protocol IPX Do ty theo
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cu hnh, Router quyt nh phng thc v ch n ca vic chuyn cc packet t ni ny sang ni khc. Mt cch tng qut Router s chuyn packet theo cc bc sau:
c packet. G b dng format quy nh bi protocol ca ni gi. Thay th phn g b bng dng format ca protocol ca ch n. Cp nht thng tin v vic chuyn d liu: a ch, trng thi ca ni
gi, ni nhn.
Gi packet n ni nhn qua ng truyn ti u nht.
Router c th kt ni vi cc loi mng khc li vi nhau, t nhng Ethernet cc b tc cao cho n ng dy in thoi ng di c tc chm.
Nhc im ca Router
Router chm hn Bridge v chng i hi nhiu tnh ton hn tm ra cch dn ng cho cc gi tin, c bit khi cc mng kt ni vi nhau khng cng tc . Mt mng hot ng nhanh c th pht cc gi tin nhanh hn nhiu so vi mt mng chm v c th gy ra s nghn mng. Do , Router c th yu cu my tnh gi cc gi tin n chm hn. Cc Router c c im chuyn bit theo giao thc ngha l cch mt my tnh kt ni mng giao tip vi mt Router IP th s khc bit vi cch n giao tip vi mt Router Novell hay DECnet. Hin nay vn ny c gii quyt bi mt mng bit ng dn ca mi loi mng c bit n. Tt c cc Router thng mi u c th x l nhiu loi giao thc, thng vi chi ph ph thm cho mi giao thc.
Trang 99
CU HNH CARD MNG

Cu hnh card eth0
Ta cu hnh cc thng s ca card eth0 tp tin ifcfg-eth0.conf trong #/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts nh sau:
Hnh 4.2.1: Cu hnh card eth0.
Cu hnh card eth1

Cng nh card eth0 ta cu hnh cc thng s ca card eth1 tp tin ifcfgeth1.conf trong #/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts nh sau:
Trang 100
Cu hnh card eth2

Tng t ta cu hnh cc thng s ca card eth2 tp tin ifcfg-eth2.conf trong #/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts nh sau:
CU HNH NH TUYN
Bt tnh nng nh tuyn
-
Hiu chnh thng s net.ipv4.ip_forward =1 trong tp tin #/etc/sysctl.conf Bt tnh nng nh tuyn qua lnh: #echo 1>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
M t thng tin nh tuyn

#route add net n 192.168.10.0/24 dev eth1 #route add net n 192.168.20.0/24 dev eth2
Trang 101
Lnh th nht: M t mi ng mng mun i n c mng 192.168.10.0/24 th phi ra cng eth1.
Lnh th hai: M t mi ng mng mun i n c mng 192.168.20.0/24 th phi ra cng eth2.
Kim tra nh tuyn

kim tra thng tin nh tuyn, hay xem bng nh tuyn ca Router ta s dng lnh route hoc lnh netstat rn:
Hnh 3.3.1: Bng nh tuyn Router Linux.
CU HNH NAT TRN IPTABLES

Gii thiu v iptables
-
iptables l mt package firewall/NAT c s dng rng ri nht hin nay v c tch hp sn hay ci t s dng trn cc h iu hnh ca Redhat. iptables l mt tng la lm nhim v bo mt cho Mail Server, Web server, DNS Server v h thng mng ni b. ng thi iptables s dng chc nng NAT chuyn i mt my linux thnh mt thit b dn ng (Router) .
Cc chc nng chnh ca iptable:

o
Quan st k tt c cc gi d liu. iu ny cho php firewall theo di mi mi kt ni thng qua n, v d nhin l xem xt ni dung
Trang 102
cc lung d liu t tin liu hnh ng k tip ca cc giao thc.

o
Lc gi da trn a ch MAC v cc c trong TCP header. iu ny gip ngn chn vic tn cng bng cch s dng cc gi d dng v ngn chn vic truy cp t ni b n mt mng khc bt chp IP.
o Ghi chp h thng cho php vic iu chnh mc bo co. o H tr vic tch hp cc chng trnh Web proxy . o
-
Ngn chn cc kiu tn cng t chi dch v.
Cc Queues ca iptable: queues l mt bng tun t dng sn cc giao thc m iptables dng kim tra lc gi d liu.
Loi Queues
Filter
Chc nng Quy tc

Lc gi
FORWARD
Mc ch
Lc gi d liu da trn cc server khc kt ni trn cc NIC khc.
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NAT
Bin dch a ch mng.
INPUT OUTPUT PREROUTING POSTROUTING OUTPUT
Lc gi n. Lc gi ra. Thay i a ch trc khi ch ng. Thay i a ch sau khi ch ng. Nat s dng cho cc gi d liu xut pht t firewall. iu chnh cc bit quy nh cht lng dch v trc khi dn ng.
Mangle
Chnh sa ICP header
PREROUTING POSTROUTING OUTPUT INPUT FORWARD
Cc target m iptable thng dng:
Targets ngha
ACCEPT iptables ngng x l gi d liu v
Ty chn
Trang 104
chuyn tip n vo ng dng cui hoc DROP h iu hnh s l. iptables ngng x l gi d liu v gi d liu b chn, DNAT hy b. Dng chuyn i --to-destination a ch mng ch. ipaddress a ch ch ca gi d liu s c vit li. SNAT iptables s vit li a ch IP v a ch ch ca
gi d liu. Dng chuyn i --to-source ipaddress a ch mng ngun. Vit li a ch mng ngun ca gi d liu. Miu t IP m iptables vit li.
MASQUERADE
Dng chuyn i --to-ports a ch mng ngun. Mc nh th a ch IP s ng nh IP ngun ca firewall. Ghi r tm cc port ngun m port ngun gc c th nh x c.
Cc tham s chuyn mch quan trng ca iptables:
Tham s
-t <table> -j <target>
ngha
Kt ni n cc table. C 3 loi table: Filter, nat, mangle. Nhy n chui target khi gi d liu ph
Trang 105
-A -F -p (protocol) -s (source) -d (destination) -i (input) -o (output)
hp vi quy lut hin ti. Ni thm mt quy lut vo cui chui. Xa ht mi quy lut chn trong bng chn. Ph hp vi giao thc. Thng l: icmp, tcp, udp, v all Ph hp vi ip ngun. Ph hp vi ip ch. Ph hp vi iu kin khi gi d liu i. vo firewall. Ph hp vi iu kin khi gi d liu i ra khi firewall.
Cc iu kin m rng ca iptables: -m --state <state> (m: multiport)
Cc trng thi thng s dng:

o o
NEW: Gi d liu l bt u ca mt kt ni mi. ESTABLISHED: Gi d liu l mt phn ca kt ni c thit lp bi c 2 hng. RELATED: Gi d liu l bt u ca mt mi kt ni ph. Thng thng y l c im ca cc giao thc nh FPT.
Cu hnh iptables NAT kt ni Internet

Ta c hai mng 192.168.10.0/24 v 192.168.20.0/24, hai mng ny kt ni c vi internet qua cng eth0 ca Router linux ta cu hnh iptables nat nh sau: #iptables t nat A POSTROUTING s 192.168.10.0/24 d 0/0 o eth0 j SNAT --to-source 203.113.245.10
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#iptables t nat A POSTROUTING s 192.168.20.0/24 d 0/0 o eth0 j SNAT --to-source 203.113.245.10
- Lnh u tin: chuyn i a ch IP ngun ca cc gi d liu thuc
mng 192.168.10.0/24 thnh a ch 203.113.245.10 tc khi truy xut ra cc mng bn ngoi qua card mng eth0.
- Lnh th hai: chuyn i a ch IP ngun ca cc gi d liu thuc mng
192.168.20.0/24 thnh a ch 203.113.245.10 tc khi truy xut ra cc mng bn ngoi qua card mng eth0. Hoc ta cng c th cu hnh qua cc lnh sau: #iptables t nat A POSTROUTING s 192.168.10.0/24 d 0/0 o eth0 j MASQUERADE #iptables t nat A POSTROUTING s 192.168.20.0/24 d 0/0 o eth0 j MASQUERADE
- Lnh u tin: chuyn i a ch IP ngun ca cc gi d liu thuc
mng 192.168.10.0/24
mt cch t ng tc khi truy xut tt ra cc
mng bn ngoi qua card mng eth0.

- Lnh th hai: chuyn i a ch IP ngun ca cc gi d liu thuc mng
192.168.20.0/24 mt cch t ng tc khi truy xut ra cc mng bn ngoi qua card mng eth0. Cui cng dng lnh sau lu li nhng cu hnh trn: #iptables-save >/etc/sysconfig/iptables
Cu hnh iptables NAT tnh

-
Ta c mt WebServer c a ch 203.113.245.10/24 v hai mng ni b l 192.168.10.0/24 v 192.168.20.0/24. cc my ngoi internet kt ni
Trang 107
c vi Web Server v Mail Server, hai mng ni b kt ni c vi internet ta cu hnh iptables nat nh sau: #iptables t nat A PREROUTING d 203.113.245.10 i eth0 j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.10.1 #iptables t nat A POSTROUTING s 192.168.10.1 o eth0 j SNAT --to-source 203.113.245.10 #iptables A FORWARD t filter m state--state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED i eth0 j ACCEPT #iptables A FORWARD t filter m state--state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED o eth0 j ACCEPT #iptables-save >/etc/sysconfig/iptables
Lnh th nht: Chuyn i a ch mng ch ca gi d liu t bn ngoi card eth0 i vo c a ch mng ch l 203.113.245.10 thnh a ch mng ch 192.168.10.1
Lnh th hai: Chuyn i a ch mng ngun ca gi d liu t bn trong i ra c a ch mng ngun l 192.168.10.1 thnh a ch mng ngun 203.113.245.10 v ra card eth0.
Lnh th ba: To lut cho php cc gi tin t bn ngoi vo trong mng ni b. Lnh th t: To lut cho php cc gi tin t trong mng ni b ra bn ngoi.
Lnh cui cng l lu thng tin cu hnh v tp tin cu hnh ca iptables.
Trang 108
CU HNH DHCP SERVER

Gii thiu
-
Khi qun tr mt h thng mng, thng ta phi cung cp mt a ch IP cho mi my tnh khc nhau cc my ny c th lin lc c vi nhau. Vi m hnh mng tng i nh (khong 10 n 20 my), vic cung cp IP cho mi my tnh trong mng th tng i d dng cho mt ngi qun tr, ch vic s dng vi thao tc quen thuc trong vic gn cc a ch IP. Nhng nu i vi mt m hnh mng ln ( t 20 my tr ln ) th vic cung cp IP nh th l tht s mt mi v kh khn, thnh thong nu c vn di chuyn thng xuyn gia nhng my tnh vi nhau th y l mt cng vic kh phc tp v ph sc.
Chnh v nhng l do nh th m ngy nay, hu ht trn tt c cc h iu hnh u cung cp cho chng ta mt dch v gii quyt vn cn thit trn, l dch v cung cp a ch IP ng DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ).
Khng nhng cung cp c IP m dch v trn cn a ra cho chng ta nhiu tnh nng cung cp nhng yu t khc cho cc my client, v d nh cung cp a ch ca my tnh dng gii quyt tn min DNS, a ch ca mt Gateway Router, a ch my WINS .v.v...
Thnh phn ca mt DHCP Server bao gm bn mc chnh sau :

o
Options: Dng cung cp cc yu t cho pha client nh a ch IP, a ch subnet mask, a ch Gateway, a ch DNS .v.v Scope: Mt on a ch c quy nh trc trn DHCP server m chng ta s dng gn cho cc my client. Reservation: L nhng on a ch dng dnh trong mt scope m chng ta quy nh trn.
Lease: Thi gian cho thu a ch IP i vi mi client.
Trang 109
Ci t
-
s dng c dch v DHCP, ta phi ci t vo h thng thng thng bng gi dch v c sn trn a CD c phn ui m rng l .rpm, ngoi ra chng ta c th ci t gi dng source code.
-
Ta s dng gi dhcp-3.0.6-10.fc8.i386.rpm cho Fedora 8. Chy lnh sau ci t: # rpm ivh dhcp-3.0.6-10.fc8.i386.rpm
Cu hnh DHCP Server

- Sau khi hon tt xong qu trnh ci t, chng ta s cu hnh dch v
DHCP bng cch to v sa i file #/etc/dhcpd.conf. Ta cn mt DHCP Server cp ip cho hai mng l: Mng 192.168.10.0/24 v mng 192.168.20.0/24 nn tp tin cu hnh ni dung sau:
Trang 110
Hnh 5.3.1: Cu hnh file httpd.conf.

o
Dns-update-style interim: Khng cho php my ch DHCP cp nht ng DNS. Ignore clien-update : DHCP b qua cc yu cu cp nht DHCP t cc my con. Default-lease-time: L khong thi gian m nhng tham s n nh ca my ch DHCP cho my con c hiu lc i vi nhng my con khng yu cu gia hn thi gian s dng (expiration time). Max lease-time: L khong thi gian ln nht m nhng tham s n nh ca my ch DHCP cho my con c hiu lc i vi nhng my con c yu cu gia hn thi gian s dng. Option subnet-mask: l a ch Subnet Mask, m my ch DHCP cp cho my con.
Trang 111
Option Routers: l a ch Default Gateway m my ch DHCP cp cho my con. Option domain-name-server: l a ch DNS Server m my ch DHCP cp cho my con. Range: L khong IP m my ch DHCP cp cho cc my con.
Khi ng dch v DHCP

Ta chy cc lnh sau khi ng, ngng hay khi ng li dch v dhcp: # service dhcpd start # service dhcpd stop # service dhcpd restart
Kim tra dch v DHCP

-
T my client ca 2 lp mng 192.168.10.0/24 v 192.168.20.0/24 ch t ng cp nht IP:
Trang 112
Hnh 5.5.1: Ch IP ng ca my client.

-
Kim tra a ch IP c cp bi DHCP
Hnh 5.5.2: Lp 192.168.10.0/24 c cp IP.
Trang 113
Hnh 5.5.2: Lp 192.168.20.0/24 c cp IP.
Trang 114
CHNG V: KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN

LM
-
Tm hiu, gii thiu c nhng vn c bn trn Linux nh:

o o o
Lch s pht trin h iu hnh Linux. u khuyt im ca h iu hnh Linux. Cc bn phn phi Linux.
o H thng tp tinh ca Linux. o Cc lnh c bn trong Linux.

-
Ci t v cu hnh c mt s dch v c bn trn Fedora Core 8 gm:

o
DHCP: Cung cp a ch IP ng cho cc my trong h thng mng ni b.
o o o
DNS Server: Phn gii tn min cho h thng mng. Web Server: cung cp Website cho mi ngi truy cp. Mail Server: Qun l, phn phi Mail cho ngi dng.
Ci t v cu hnh Router s dng Fedora Core 8 thc hin mt s chc nng sau: o nh tuyn cho php cc mng ni b lin lc c vi nhau.
Trang 115
o NAT cho cc my trong ni b truy cp Internet. o NAT cho php cc my ngoi internet truy xut c Web Server v Mail Server. n gii quyt v p ng c tng i nhng yu cu t ra. Tuy nhin v c thc thc hin trong mt khong thi gian ngn m cc vn v Linux li v cng rng ln nn n cn nhiu hn ch v thiu st. Chng em rt mong nhn c s gp t cc thy c, anh ch v cc bn c th pht trin n v sau.
TRIN VNG CA N
-
H thng mng xy dng trn c th c trin khai cho cc cng ty c mt hay nhiu mng LAN.
H thng mng dng h iu hnh Linux m ngun m, min ph s tit kim c chi ph cho vic mua bn quyn phn mm, dng PC lm Router tit kim c chi ph v phn cng. Do vic ng dng h thng mng vo thc t c nhiu trin vng hn.
HNG PHT TRIN

Tm hiu thm mt s dch v trn Linux nh: Samba, NFS h thng mng c y cc chc nng nh h thng mng s dng h iu hnh khc. Tm hiu v t chc phn vng d liu trong h thng d dng x l khi gp s c v to d liu d phng v khi phc d liu khi b mt hay b h hng. Tm hiu v vn bo mt trn Linux gip h thng mng chng ta an ton hn, chng li cc mi e da t bn ngoi v bn trong h thng mng.
Trang 116
TI LIU THAM KHO

Gio trnh h iu hnh Linux NXB H Quc Gia TPHCM. H iu hnh Unix v mt s vn qun tr mng - TS L Tun- HBK H Ni. Gio trnh h thng mng Linux Ths. Phan Tn Khi HBK Nng. Gio trnh Linux MCSE - Ths.L Quc Tun . http://vi.wikipedia.org. http://forum.t3h.vn.
Trang 117

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TI:

THIT LP ROUTER TRN H IU HNH LINUX

GVHD: NGUYN V DZNG SVTH : Trn Sn in

Lp : CTH06 Kha : 2006-2009

CHNG V: KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN.................................115

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

CHNG I: GII THIU

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

ng dy Modem in thoi Modem

Hnh 1.1.1: M hnh truyn d liu t xa u tin.

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Hnh 1.1.2: M hnh trao i mng ca h thng 3270.

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

2. Nhng khi nim c bn ca mng my tnh

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

b. Phn loi mng my tnh

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

t trong phm vi mt th, mt trung tm vn ho x hi, c bn knh ti a khong 100 km tr li.

tri rng ton cu.

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Theo kin trc mng s dng

topology) v giao thc mng (Network protocol)

hnh hc m ta gi l topology ca mng .

thc th truyn thng m ta gi l giao thc (hay nghi thc) ca mng .

3. Mc tiu kt ni mng my tnh

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

5. u khuyt im ca h iu hnh Linux

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

6. Cc bn phn phi Linux

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Ubuntu c mt cng ng ngi dng v h tr nng ng.

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

II. H THNG TP TIN V CC LNH CN BN

o Kch thc ti a ca partition t 2TB n 32TB.

Cc thnh phn chnh ca FileSystem

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

tp tin v nhng th mc con.

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

o Tp tin thit b: h thng Unix hoc Linux xem cc thit b nh l cc

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Cc thao tc trn FileSystem

f: lm cho tt c mi th u hin ra nh tht, song n ch gy ra ng tc gi.

a: mount tt c nhng h thng tp tin c khai bo trong

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

o remount <fs>: ch nh vic mount li mt filesystem no .

- Mount t ng: tp tin /etc/fstab lit k cc h thng tp tin cn c mount

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Hnh 1.4.1:File mu /etc/fstab trong mount t ng.

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

T chc h thng tp tin trn Linux

Cc lnh thao tc trn h thng tp tin

Thit lp Router trn h iu hnh Linux

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