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TONG QUAN VE HE THONG GSM

1. GII THIEU CHUNG VE HE THONG GSM He thong thong tin di ong GSM 900 la he thong thong tin di ong dung bang tan xung quanh bang tang 900MHz( 890 960MHz) c chia thanh hai day tang: Day tan t 890 915MHz dung cho ng len t MS en BTS (Uplink) Day tan t 935 960MHz dung cho ng xuong t BTS en MS (Downlink) Khoang cach gia cac song mang trong he thong GSM la 200KHz ma he thong GSM 900 co 2 bang tang rong 25MHz bao gom 25MHz/200KHz=125 kenh. Trong o kenh 0 la day bao ve con cac kenh 1 124 c goi la kenh tan so vo tuyen tuyet oi. Viet Nam bang tang GSM900 c cap cho 3 nha khai thac vi s phan chia nh sau:

PHAN I

Ra dio Ne twork P la nning Fre que ncy P la nning


Vietels GSM Frequency Bands: Width: Number of channels: Uplink: Downlink:

8.2 MHz 39 + 3 guard bands (from 42 to 83) 898.4 MHz to 906.6 MHz 943.4 MHz to 951.6 MHz

Vinaphone Operator A
1 41
42

V I E T E L 43 54
12 BCCH 55

Mobilephone Operator B
82
Joker 83

56 81
26 TCH

84 124

2. CAU TRUC HE THONG CON CHUYEN MACH: (SSS)

Cu trc h thng thng tin GSM/DCS-PLMN


Switching System
SS
AUC GMSC HLR EIR

SMS-GMSC SMS-IWMSC DTI MSC/ VLR BSS BSC OSS

Base Station System


Information transmission Call connections and information transmission

Abis
BTS

Giao tip v tuyn Um


MS

2.1 MSC (Mobile Switching Centre): Trung tam chuyen mach dch vu di ong MSC chu trach nhiem ve viec thiet lap s ket noi cac kenh lu thong: + Ti tram goc BSS + Ti he thong chuyen mach di ong MSC khac + Va ti nhng mang chuyen mach khac (chang han ti PSTN, PSDN) MSC con thc hien chc nang quan ly nhng vung nh v, x ly nhng dch vu c s, dch vu bo sung, thc hien qua trnh tnh cc. 2.2 HLR(Home Location Register): Bo ghi nh v thng tru: no quan ly toan bo d lieu thue bao cua vung phu, cua mang. HLR la mot c s d lieu ni ma nhng thue bao di ong c tao ra, c tach ra, c cam hoac c xoa i bi ngi ieu hanh. 2.3 VLR(Visitor Location Register): (c ket hp vi MSC) Trong thi gian MS cap nhat v tr, d lieu thue bao c chuyen t HLR ti VLR hien tai. D lieu nay c lu tr trong VLR trong suot thi gian ma MS di chuyen trong vung nay. VLR se cung cap d lieu cho thue bao bat ky luc nao no can cho viec x ly mot cuoc goi. Neu mot thue bao di ong di chuyen en vung phuc vu VLR khac th mot cap nhat v tr xay ra lan na, VLR mi yeu cau d lieu thue bao t HLR chu trach nhiem ve thue bao di ong.

2.4 AuC(Authencation Centre) va EIR(Equipment Identification register): Mot thue bao muon truy cap mang, VLR kiem tra Sim card cua no co c chap nhan hay khong, ngha la no thc hien mot s nhan thc. VLR s dung nhng thong so nhan thc c goi la nhng bo ba, no c tao ra mot cach lien tuc va rieng biet cho moi thue bao di ong c cung cap bi trung tam nhan thc AC. AC c ket hp vi HLR. EIR kiem tra tnh hp le cua thue bao da tren yeu cau ac tnh thiet b di ong quoc te IMEI t MS sau o gi no ti bo ghi nhan dang thiet b EIR. Trong EIR, IMEI cua toan bo thiet b di ong c s dung th phai c phan chia thanh ba danh sach. + Danh sach mau trang: cha thiet b di ong c chap nhan. + Danh sach mau xam: cha thiet b di ong c theo doi. + Danh sach mau en: cha thiet b di ong khong c chap nhan. EIR kiem tra IMEI co thch hp vao mot trong ba danh sach hay khong va chuyen ket qua ti MSC. 3. HE THONG CON VO TUYEN: He thong con vo tuyen bao gom: + Thiet b di ong ME + He thong tram goc BSS He thong tram goc BSS bao gom: - Tram thu phat goc BTS - Bo ieu khien tram goc BSC - Bo chuyen ma va chuyen oi toc o TRAU 3.1 BSC: Bo ieu khien tram goc BSC cung cap nhng chc nang thong minh ieu khien moi hoat ong cua he thong tram goc (BSS). Mot BSC co the ieu khien nhieu BTS. No phan phoi s ket noi cac kenh lu lng (Traffic channel) t he thong chuyen mach ti cac cell vo tuyen BTS, ngoai ra no con thc hien qua trnh chuyen giao cung vi MSC. 3.2 BTS: BTS c thiet lap tai tam cua moi te bao, no thong tin en cac MS thong qua giao dien vo tuyen Um, ngha la no cung cap nhng ket noi vo tuyen gia MS va BTS. BTS c xac nh bang cac thong so mo ta nh kha nang truyen dan, ten cua cell, bang tan vo tuyen 3.3 He thong chuyen ma va chuyen oi toc o TRAU: TRAU gom hai khoi chc nang:

Thc hien viec chuyen oi luong d lieu 64kb/s (tieng noi, d lieu) t MSC thanh luong d lieu co toc o tng oi thap tng ng vi giao dien vo tuyen 16kb/s. Thc hien qua trnh tach ghep luong 4. HE THONG OSS: Tat ca moi s hoat ong, s kiem tra va s bao tr cho tat ca nhng thanh phan mang SSS, BSS (BSC, BTS, TRAU) co the c thc hien trung tam OMS, goi la trung tam van hanh va bao dng. He thong OMS bao gom mot hoac nhieu OMC (OMC R, OMC S). OMC c lien ket vi nhng phan t SSS va BSS thong qua mot mang d lieu goi X25. 5. HE THONG GPRS: + oi vi he thong GSM toc o truyen d lieu c gii han la 9,6kbit/s, vi hnh thc chuyen mach mach. + He thong GPRS (General packet radio sevice) se la giai phap e ap ng oi hoi cho viec truyen d lieu toc o cao da tren mang chuyen mach goi. Toc o d lieu co the len en 160kbit/s. Khi toc o d lieu tang len th ta co the tch hp c nhieu dch vu so tren mang. Luc nay tren mang PLMN ton tai 2 he thong song song: - He thong chuyen mach mach cho thoai. - He thong chuyen mach goi cho d lieu. Thanh phan cua he thong GPRS. MFS: Multi BSS fast packet sever - Thc hien nhng chc nang ieu khien goi. - Quan ly tai nguyen vo tuyen cho GPRS cho mot vai BSS. - Quan ly giao dien vi mang GPRS. SGSN: serving GPRS support node. - nh tuyen goi MS - ieu khien tham nhap, ieu khien bao ve - Giao dien vi HLR - VLR cho GPRS GGSN: Gateway GPRS support node - La phan cua mang GPRS - nh tuyen IP, link ti mot hoac vai mang d lieu - Lam viec vi mang chuyen mach goi ben ngoai

PHAN 2

TONG QUAN VE HE THONG BTS


1. GII THIEU CHUNG VE BTS 1.1 Khai niem ve BTS BTS la mot thiet b dung e phat tn hieu ra moi trng vo tuyen en cac may d ong va thu tn heu t cac may di ong cung thong qua moi trng vo tuyen. No thong tin en cac MS thong qua giao dien vo tuyen Um va ket noi vi bo ieu khien tram goc BSC(Base Station Controller) thong qua giao dien Abis. 1.2 V tr cua BTS trong he thong GSM
C AU TR UC M AN G G SM

BSS
BTS
R adio tower

T C

M SC

PSTN

BSC
M F S
OM C-R

H LR

BTS
R adio tower

INTER NE T

SG N

IP G PRS BA CK BO NE

G G SN

S o tren mo ta v tr cua BTS trong he thong mang GSM. Cac BTS c at khap ni trong vung co ke hoach phu song va no c ket noi ti bo ieu khien tram goc BSC (Base Station Controller). Ngoai ra v tr cua BTS con phu thuoc vao cau hnh ket noi ti BSC, chang han nh co cac cau hnh sau: -Sectorised configuration -Multipion configuration -Chain configuration -Star configuration

1.3 Phan loai BTS Thiet BTS b ma cong ty ta s dung khu vc pha nam la loai thiet b A9100 cua hang ALCATEL no gom co 2 loai chnh o la: 1.3.1.MBI: La loai BTS dung trong phong kn, trong loai BTS nay lai chia thanh 2 dang, o la dang nho MBI3, no ch gom co 3 subrack vi trong lng ln nhat la 150kg; loai con lai la MBI5 no gom co 5 subrack vi trong lng toi a la 270kg. Kch thc va hnh dang c c mo ta nh sau:

Ngoai nhng subrack chnh dung e lap at nhng thiet b chnh cua BTS th no con co nhng khe nho xen gia nhng subrack dung e lap at cac quat e lam mat cho thiet b cua BTS va mot khu vc dung cho viec au noi cap tn hieu va cap canh bao cho BTS... 1.3.2. MBO: La loai BTS co the at ngoai tri va cung giong nh BTS MBI no cung co 2 dang la MBO1 vi trong lng ln nhat la 255kg va MBO2 la dang m rong cua MBO1 vi trong lng toi a la 425kg. Kch thc va hnh dang c mo ta mo ta nh sau:

Cung tng t nh MBI, MBO cung co nhng tang quat va khu vc dung e au noi cap tn hieu va cap canh bao. Ngoai ra no con co them cac khu vc dung e lap at ac qui va nhng khu vc dung cho viec lap at cac thiet b truyen dan. 2. CAU TRUC CUA HE THONG BTS 2.1 Cau truc chung cua he thong BTS
KIEN TRU C CA C KHO I CH C N A N G CU A HE TH O N G B TS

SUM

CLO CK

A b is

T R A N S OMU

TRE

AN

B T S -T E

He thong BTS gom co cac khoi chc nang sau : + SUMA + TRE + AN 2.2 Cau truc va chc nang cua cac khoi trong he thong BTS 2.2.1. Khoi SUMA

KIEN TRUC SUMA

XCLOCK

CLKI Transmission 2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s BSII & Clock SWITCH

Abis 1 2 Mbit/s

BSII 0,1

MMI

O&M

XBCB

RI

BCB Internal interface

External interface

XCLK (External clock): la ong ho ben ngoai CLKI: la he thong ong ho chu c phan phoi ti TRE vaAN MMI: thong qua serial link e ket noi ti BTS Terminal, thc hien quan ly loi, tac ong trc tiep en he thong bang mot so lenh n gian. XBCB: External BTS control bus BCB: BTS control bus (trang thai, cau hnh, canh bao) BSII: mang thong tin TCH, RSL, OML,IOM-CONF SUMA: la khoi trung tam cua mot BTS, mot BTS ch co mot SUMA bat ke so sector va TRX la bao nhieu

Nhng chc nang SUMA: - Quan ly link truyen dan Abis (len en 2 giao dien Abis) - Tao xung ong ho cho tat ca cac modul BTS, cac ong ho nay co the c ong bo t mot ong ho tham chieu ben ngoai: Abis link, GPS, BTS khac, co the c tao ra trong kieu xung roi bi mot bo phat tan so ben trong.

Thc hien chng nang van hanh va bao dng cho BTS Quan ly ghep cac d lieu TCH, RSL, OML, QMUX ieu khien chc nang AC/DC khi chung c tch hp ben trong BTS ieu khien nguon (dung lng, ien ap, nhiet o) Thiet lap ien ap va dong cho viec nap pin.

2.2.2.Khoi TRE

KIEN TRUC C S CUA TRE


BCB BSII CLKI TRED PSWITCH LEDS DEBUG

RCD RFI

CUI

I2CA

TREA

PSI

TREP

RFI: giao dien nay c s dung e loop vong PSI: giao dien nay e cung cap nguon PRI: Power Supply & Remote Interface c s dung e phan phoi nguon. CUI: giao dien nay c s dung e tham nhap trc tiep en cac thanh phan khac nhau cua TRE (truyen d lieu ieu khien, cau hnh gia TRED va TREA) - CUI cung mang nhng tn hieu ong ho tham chieu en cac thanh phan cua TRE - I2CE: giao dien nay c s dung e TRED nhan d lieu c lu tr tren TREA - RCD: giao dien nay c s dung e thong bao viec kiem tra tn hieu DC t giao dien RFI (TREA) en TRED - ADR (Addressing) - DEBUG: giao dien nay c s dung trong suot qua trnh phat trien e kiem tra cac TRE (t MMI) Modul TRE thc hien nhng chc nang Telecom

2.2.2.1.Chc Nang Cac Khoi Trong TRE a. TRED: He thong TRED chieu trach nhiem ve phan so cua TR: + X ly ieu khien va bao hieu, no chu trach nhiem quan ly cac chc nang O&M cua TRE + Ghep kenh, nhay tan, mat ma va giai mat ma + Ma hoa (DEC) + Giai ieu che (DEM) + Ma hoa va phat (ENCT) + au cuoi BCB b. TREA: + ieu che + ieu khien va bien oi cao tan phan phat (TXRFCC) + Tong hp phan phat (TXSYN) + Bien oi trung tan phan thu (RXIF) + Tong hp phan thu (RXSYN) + Giai ieu che trung tan (ISD) + RF loop + TRE PA board bao gom bo khuech ai cong suat, no am nhiem khuech ai cong suat tn hieu cao tan bi TXRFCC. No cung cung cap VSWR va kiem tra nguon, RF loop c. TREP: Cung cap nguon cho TRE (DC/DC) 2.2.3.Khoi ANC
ANTA

CO M B IN IN G M O D E

ANTB

D uplex er

D uplex er

F ilter F ilter LNA S pliter

F ilter F ilter LNA S p liter

W BC

S pliter

S p liter

S pliter

S p liter

W BC

B rid ge

TX RX RXd

TX RX RXd

RXd RX TX

RXd RX TX

B rid g e

TRE 1

TRE 2

TRE 3

TRE 4

ANC ket noi 4 may phat en 2 antenna. Phan phoi tn hieu nhan c t moi antenna en 4 may thu (thu thng va thu phan tap) Modul nay bao gom 2 cau truc giong nhau, moi cau truc bao gom: +Antenna: no co chc nang la phat song ra moi trng vo tuyen va thu song t may di ong phat en. + Mot khoi duplexer: dung e ket hp hai hng phat va thu tren cung mot antenna. + Mot khoi LNA: khoi nay co chc nang khuech ai tn hieu ma antenna thu c len mc u ln e cho TRE co the x l c. + Hai khoi Spliter: khoi nay co chc nang tach tn hieu thu cua 2 TRE. + WBC: bo nay co chc nang ket hp hai ng phat lai vi nhau e i tren cung mot ng en bo duplexer. Thc te ta ch dung bo nay khi ta dung hn 2 TRX tren cung mot sector, neu khong dung ket hp th ta phai g cau ra va ket noi trc tiep vi duplexer ma khong thong qua bo WBC. Khi qua bo ANC tn hieu se b suy hao la 3.3dBm 3. NGUYEN LY HOAT ONG CUA BTS 3.1. Ket noi cac khoi chc nang trong he thong BTS Giao tiep ben trong BTS c thc hien thong qua cac bus BCB va BSII.
KET NOI BEN TRONG
EBCB
TRE FW /SW O&M /TELECOM

BSII 2

TCH/RSL

ISL ANx FW
OM L/IOM /IOM -CONF

TRE

ISL BSII 1 ISL

ANx

BTS TERM

OM U

ISL pilot

ANy

BSC Abis

TRANS& CLOCK

FACB ISL

AC/DC&BATTEIES ISL

3.1.2. BCB(Base Station Control Bus): BCB: Bus ieu khien BTS dc ket noi den tat ca cac module trong BTS. No c s dung e trao oi thong tin gia SUMA va cac module khac. Bus nay ch s dung cho muc ch van hanh va bao dng. Luong thong tin Bus BCB c xac lap hai che o o la master bus hay la slave bus. Master c goi la pilot, slave c goi la terminal. Mot dung cu ac biet ben ngoai c ket noi en XBCB co the c s dung nh la mot pilot. Cho moi module, viec them vao hay lay ra c kiem tra bi viec quet cac bus ieu khien. Viec mat bat c ac tnh nao c cung cap bi BCB th khong gay ra loi trong qua trnh hoat ong cua BTS nh la: canh bao, truy nhap remote inventory Thong tin ve ban kiem ke module co the truy nhap tham ch khi module switch off. Nhng ma SUMA phai c switch on. 3.1.2. BSII (Base Station Internal Interface): BSII la giao dien chnh ben trong BTS Luong thong tin BSII c s dung e mang cac loai thong tin sau: TCH RSL OML cho SUM_OMU Cac bao hieu ben trong: phat quang ba t SUM_OMU en cac thc the c ket noi en BSII cac thong tin IOM_CONF(thong tin ve cau hnh ), nhng thong iep O&M ben trong gia OMU va TRE/Anx/TRANS&CLOCK, nhng thong iep cho kiem tra. 3.2 Nguyen ly hoat ong cua BTS Nguyen ly hoat ong cua BTS da tren qua trnh x ly cac tn hieu ma no nhan c t may di ong va t BSC. 3.2.1.Tn Hieu T BSC Gi en Tn hieu t BSC a ti BTS thong qua giao dien Abis tren ng truyen PCM gom co cac tn hieu sau: -tn hieu thoai TCH (traffic channel) -tn hieu bao hieu RSL (radio signalling link) -tn hieu van hanh bao dng OML (operation maintenance link) -tn hieu truyen dan Qmux Cac tn hieu nay c phan bo tren khung PCM nh sau:

CAU TRUC KHUNG PCM TREN GIAO DIEN ABIS

TS0 Qmux TCH TCH

SYN

TCH TCH RSL

TCH TCH

TCH TCH

OML TS31

Trong cau truc khung PCM th khe thi gian TS0 c s dung cho muc ch ong bo. TS1 dc s dung e truyen tn hieu Qmux. Cac khe thi gian con lai c s dung e truyen d lieu TCH, tn hieubao hieuvo tuyen va tn hieu van hanh bao dng( RSL/OML). Cac khe thi gian trong khung PCM c chia thanh 4 nibble moi nibble 16Kbps c s dung cho mot kenh lu lng TCH. Trong khung PCM giao dien Abis th mot RSL chiem toan bo mot khe thi gian trong khung va so RSL phu thuoc vao so TRX ma mot BTS co. Tc la so lng cua RSL se bang so TRX. Trong khung PCM con co tn hieu OML tn hieu nay s dung trong qua trnh khai thac va bao dng. Mot OML se chiem mot TS trong khung PCM va so lng ng OML se phu thuoc vao so BTS. Moi OML se phuc vu ch cho mot BTS. Ngoai ra trong BTS cai tien cung cap ghep kenh thong ke. Tc la s dung khe thi gian 64Kbps s dung truyen cho 4RSL va 1OML, tc la thc hien qua trnh ghep 4 RSL vi 1OML. Cung cap ng truyen Qmux qua giao dien abis: o Trong qua trnh hoat ong ngoai nhng thong tin bao hieu va thong tin ve van hanh va bao dng th BTS cung can c ieu khien bi BSC. Qua trnh ieu khien nay c thc hien bi khoi TSC cua BSC. Lenh ieu khien nay c a vao khung thi gian PCM khe thi gian TS1. Tn hieu nay chiem 1 nibble 16Kbps. Thong qua giao dien Abis no se gii tn hieu ieu khien en khoi TRANS.

Cac tn hieu nay au tien c a en khoi SUMA va ket cuoi tai phan truyen dan cua khoi nay, sau o no a en cac khoi chc nang khac e s ly nh sau: Tn hieu Qmux c ket cuoi tai phan truyen dan, e thc hien qua trnh ieu khien truyen dan. Cac tn hieu ve van hanh bao dng th ket cuoi tai khoi OMU, khoi nhan thong tin O&M, x ly va a ra cac lenh lien quan en qua trnh van hanh bao dng. Cac tn hieu ve lu lng va bao hieu se c a en khoi TRE ay se thc hien qua trnh x ly thoai va sau o a en ANC roi ti antenna roi phat ra moi trng vo tuyen. 3.2.2. Tn Hieu Thu T May Di ong MS (Mobile Station)

Tn hieu thu c t MS qua antenna cua BTS va sau o c truyen xuong khoi Anc, khoi nay se loc, khuech ai tap am thap(LNA) va chia cac tn hieu thu (spliters), sau khi c x ly khoi Anc tn hieu tiep tuc c a en khoi th hai o la khoi TRE, ay la khoi chu trach nhiem chu yeu ve qua trnh x ly thoai nh la giai ieu che, giai nh dang cum, giai ma hoa kenh va giai ma hoa thoai. Tn hieu sau o c a en khoi SUMA tai ay no thc hien qua trnh ghep cac tn hieu cac tn hieu lai tren khung PCM, qua trnh nay c thc hien tai phan truyen dan(transmission) sau o qua giao dien Abis se gi en BSC.

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