Attendance System by Biometric Authorization using

Speech
A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
ARIJIT SAMANTA (21204106005)

SHUBHOJEET GHOSH (21204106040)

ABHISHEK DAS (21204106001)

AJEETH MONY (21204106002)

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree 

of  

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
 

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SRIPERUMBUDUR 

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

 

APRIL 2008
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE 

Certified that this project report “Attendance System by Biometric

Authorization using Speech ” is the bonafide work of “ARIJIT

SAMANTA(21204106005), SHUBHOJEET GHOSH(21204106040),

ABHISHEK DAS(21204106001), and AJEETH MONY(21204106002)”

who carried out the project work under my supervision.

______________________ ______________________
SIGNATURE  SIGNATURE 
Mr SUMAN MISHRA  Mr SUMAN MISHRA 
( HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT)  (SUPERVISOR) 
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,
RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
SRIPERUMBUDUR 602 105 SRIPERUMBUDUR 602 105

_________________________  _________________________ 

EXTERNAL EXAMINER INTERNAL EXAMINER

Abstract: Attendance System by Biometric Authorization using Speech.

The student attendance is generally manual, which is an inconvenient task and

waste of time for a lecturer. To avoid this we have developed an automated

system which would save the time, labour and moreover the system would be

immune to impersonation.

We have used the frequency variation in speech patterns to identify different

individuals. The challenges faced were the detection of voice patterns and

compensating for the ambient noise for successful detection of individuals. To

deal with the limited memory and processing power, we had to remove the

redundancies in the speech pattern data; hence we developed Voiceprinting as a

solution. The compensation for noise was done by accurate approximation of

the ambient noise and calculating for a threshold level based on the same.

The process of detection of voice takes place in two phases. In the first phase

the sample of speech from the individual is taken; the Voiceprint computed and

saved in the database. In the second phase the speech of the individual is

acquired and similarly a Voiceprint is computed and compared against the

database and the appropriate action taken, once a match is found.

The implement was successful for a sample space of three Voiceprints. The

sample space can be expanded using an external memory (ROM).

 
  

The Block Diagram of the System 
1 
 2 
 

1 . Introduction

When we think of programmable speech recognition, we think of calling

customer service call centre with automated voice recognition response systems.
We also think of PC-based speech recognition. Now we took that a step further.
We are talking about speech recognition in a tiny Mega32 microcontroller. We
are talking about real-time speech processing. This was made possible by
implementing band pass filters in assembly language with fixed-point format
onto the microcontroller. In this filter design, not only the output of the filter is
calculated, but its square and accumulation also obtained. Thus much time is
saved so that each speech sample can be processed to get its frequency spectrum
before next new sample comes. In addition, the analysis of the voice is made
using correlation and regression method to compare the voiceprint of different
words. These techniques provide stronger ability to recognize speech. Training
procedure is also used to reduce the random changes due to one word is spoken
different times. The training procedure can get the more accurate frequency
spectrum for one word. The experimental results demonstrate high accuracy for
this real-time speech recognition system.
 3 
 

1.1 The data acquisition module:

The data acquisition module consists of a microphone. The signal from the
microphone is then fed to the amplifier to match the ADC input voltage
requirements in the microcontroller.

Microphone:

A microphone sometimes referred to as a mike or mic is an acoustic-to-electric

transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal.

Signal Conditioner/ Operational Amplifier:

An operational amplifier, often called an op-amp, is a DC-coupled high-gain

electronic voltage amplifier with differential inputs and, usually, a single output.
Typically the output of the op-amp is controlled either by negative feedback,
which largely determines the magnitude of its output voltage gain, or by
positive feedback, which facilitates regenerative gain and oscillation. High input
impedance at the input terminals and low output impedance are important
typical characteristics.
 4 
 

1.2 The Microcontroller:

The microcontroller is 16 bit microcontroller with

1.3 The Template Generation method:

The template generation method involves two steps. The first step is the
calculation of the ambient noise threshold to eliminate noise to a large extent.
The second step is to compute the voiceprint of the speech (the word spoken by
the user for identification). The generated template is then transferred to the
computer. The template is then used to program the microcontroller.

1.4 The Speech/Voice Recognition Method.

The Speech/Voice Recognition method is similar to the template generation

method. The only difference is that the voice print is loaded to the Random
Access memory of the microcontroller and is compared with the templates
available in the database. The appropriate action is taken once a match is found.

Summary:

Firstly, we looked at the speech recognition algorithm to understand the

implementation. We then prepared the microphone circuit, and then proceeded
to start sampling and generate the digital data for the speech. Once we have the
data, we started writing the code. We also wrote the digital filters in assembly
code to save the number of cycles necessary for the sampling rate of the speech,
which is at 4K/second. Afterwards, we analyzed the output of the filters to
recognize which word was spoken.
 5 
 

2.1 The Template Generation Methodology.

Since the problem at hand is recognition of speech. A Fast Fourier Transform of

the incoming signal might be an easy method to compare the voice with the
template but it is computation intensive and requires quite a substantial
memory.

Hence we have developed a method to remove the redundancies and retain just
the optimum amount of data to effectively recognize voice.

Figure 1‐Flowchart for Template Generation (160 point data)

The algorithm we have come forth is:

1. Voice Sampling: Sample the voice at 4300Hz which enables us to

resolve up to 2150Hz according to Nyquist Criterion. The higher end of
human voice is 2000 Hz and the lowest end being around 100Hz hence
we have fairly covered the whole human voice spectrum.
2. Adaptive Noise Cancellation: We calculate the threshold ambient noise
level to eradicate noise effectively to the required extent.
 6 
 

3. Bandpass filtering: Next we filter the signals using bandpass filters e.g.
filters are designed with cut-off frequencies from 100Hz-200Hz, 200Hz-
300Hz .... and so on to 1900Hz-2000Hz.
4. Accumulation of the output of bandpass filter: The filter output is then
accumulated and saved to a 160 point vector.
5. Transferring the template data: The 160 point vector data is the
template, which is very small in size but retains enough information to
distinguish voices of different persons. The template data is transferred to
the PC.

2.1.1 Voice Sampling:

Human Voice consists of frequency components from 100-2000Hz .According

to the Nyquist ‘s sampling theorm

Sampling is the process of converting a signal (for example, a function of

continuous time or space) into a numeric sequence (a function of discrete time
or space). The theorem states, in the original words of Shannon (where he uses
"cps" for "cycles per second" instead of the modern unit hertz):

If a function f(t) contains no frequencies higher than W cps, it is completely

determined by giving its ordinates at a series of points spaced 1/(2W) seconds
apart.

Hence we need sampling at the rate of at least 4000Hz . Hence the sampling
time should be ideally 1/4000sec = 250µs.

The voice sampling is achieved by setting the ADC control registers and a timer
which interrupts (triggers) the microcontroller to generate ADC data every
232µs.

The method for sampling consists of the following steps:

• Setup the interrupt for Counter 0 and Counter 1

 7 
 

• Initializing the ADC data available flag to 0.

• Configure the ADMUX register to obtain data from ADC channel 1.
• Setup the timer to interrupt the microcontroller to acquire data from
ADC, every 232µs.
• Receive the ADC data into the Accumulator
• Process the data further as per the Voiceprint generation process.

Algorithm :

1. Set TIMSK watchdog timer control register to 0b00000010 so that it

interrupts every time the timer hits the count.
2. Set the ADC input data register to zero.
3. Set the ADMUX value to 0b00100000 to select channel 1.
4. ADCSR value is set to 0b11000111 to start the conversion and sets the
ADC conversion status flag to1.
5. The timer control register TCCR0=0b00001011 and OCR0=62 so that we
get a sampling rate of 4300Hz.
 8 
 

2.1.2 Adaptive Noise Cancellation:

Noise is an unwanted phenomenon in any system. We have applied a simple

approach to reduce the noise effects to a significant extent.  

We sample the ambient sounds i.e. not speaking anything on the microphone.
The microphone records noise and the noise characteristics (amplitude
information and phase information) are determined and then this is used to
remove the noise adaptively when human voice is sampled. This is done by
registering samples only if they are above the threshold of noise value.

Figure 2‐ Adaptive Noise Cancellation 
 9 
 

Major steps involved in noise removal.

• Ambient noise is sampled; the threshold value is calculated based on the

samples taken. We take three average noise values and take the median of
three. This median is set as the threshold value.
• The voice samples from ADC are only accepted if they are 4 times the
threshold value or else are discarded as noise.

The following algorithm implements the above:

1. First sampling is done according to the sampling process mentioned

before in Chapter 2.1.
2. The average value of the samples recorded is stored in a temporary
register.
3. The above step is repeated 3 times to get 3 average values.
4. The median of the obtained 3 average values is calculated.
5. The median calculated is the threshold value of noise.
6. The sampling starts only if the condition ADC value is greater than 4
times the threshold.
7. If the above condition is satisfied the program control is transferred to the
template generation functional block given in Chapter 2.3.
8. Else the program control is transferred to Step 6.

  
 10 
 

2.1.3 Bandpass Filtering:

The filter used here is Chebychev Filter (IIR).

Infinite impulse response (IIR) is a property of signal processing systems.

Systems with that property are known as IIR systems or when dealing with
electronic filter systems as IIR filters. They have an impulse response function
which is non-zero over an infinite length of time. This is in contrast to finite
impulse response filters (FIR) which have fixed-duration impulse responses.
The simplest analog IIR filter is an RC filter made up of a single resistor (R)
feeding into a node shared with a single capacitor (C). This filter has an
exponential impulse response characterized by an RC time constant.

IIR filters may be implemented as either analog or digital filters. In digital IIR
filters, the output feedback is immediately apparent in the equations defining the
output. Note that unlike with FIR filters, in designing IIR filters it is necessary
to carefully consider "time zero" case in which the outputs of the filter have not
yet been clearly defined.

Design of digital IIR filters is heavily dependent on that of their analog

counterparts because there are plenty of resources, works and straightforward
design methods concerning analog feedback filter design while there are hardly
any for digital IIR filters. As a result, mostly, if a digital IIR filter is going to be
implemented, first, an analog filter (e.g. Chebyshev filter, Butterworth filter,
Elliptic filter) is designed and then it is converted to digital by applying
discretization techniques such as Bilinear transform or Impulse invariance.

Example IIR filters include the Chebyshev filter, Butterworth filter, and the
Bessel filter.
 11 
 

Bandpass Filter Design:

This is an important part for generating a voice template for the voice. This step
removes the redundancies in voice and stores the signature in a 160 point vector
data.

The bandpass filter is a Second order Chebychev IIR filter. The coefficients for
the filter are calculated using MATLAB.

In order to analyze speech, we needed to look at the frequency content of the

detected word. To do this we used several 4th order Chebyshev band pass
filters. To create 4th order filters, we cascaded two second order filters using the
following "Direct Form II Transposed" implementation of a difference
equations.

Figure 3‐Transposed‐Direct‐Form‐II implementation of a second‐order IIR digital filter (input on the right, output on the left)

The filter expressions can be now written as.

 12 
 

The assembly language code is then written to implement the filter is written
taking care that the filter is able to calculate within 2100 system cycles that is
before the next sample arrives. Hence to optimize the following process we
have optimized the data format from float to fixed point `see APPENDIX I for
more details ` 2’complement form which has improves the performance of the
program and helps to compute within the required number of system clock
cycles.

Filter Coefficient Calculation.

The filter coefficient is calculated using the Signal Processing Blockset of

MATLAB® Version 7.5.0.

The parameters for the bandpass filters are 100-200Hz,200-400Hz to 1800-

2000Hz(for 8 bandpass filters).

The gain for the passband is 20dB and the rolloff is quite steep as two IInd Order
Chebychev bandpass filter are cascaded in series.
 13 
 

Figure 4 ‐ Signal Processing Block Parameters for designing the Filter.
 14 
 

Figure 5 – Window showing the Designed Filter Coefficients.
 15 
 

The code for the data conversion is given below.*

#define int2fix(a)   (((int)(a))<<8)            //Convert char to fix. a is a char 
#define fix2int(a)   ((signed char)((a)>>8))    //Convert fix to char. a is an int  
#define fix2uint(a)   ((unsigned char)((a)>>8))    //Convert fix to char. a is an int  
#define float2fix(a) ((int)((a)*256.0))  
#define fix2float(a) ((float)(a)/256.0) 

*Details in Appendix 1

The optimized filter algorithm such that all the filter activities are completed
before the next sample arrives from the ADC i.e roughly 2000 system cycles.

The Algorithm:

1. The filter co-efficient b1 is loaded to the RAM.

2. Load the input sample from the stack.
3. Convert the sample from integer to fixed point data.
4. Convert the co-efficient from float to fixed point data.
5. Multiply the converted co-efficient to the sample according to the
difference equation for Direct Form II Transposed Chebychev’s IInd order
Bandpass filter.
6. Similarly the other co-efficients are multiplied with the time shifted
samples to get the bandpass filter output.
7. The output of the first bandpass operation is again fed to the same
bandpass filter. This is how the cascading of the filter in series is done to
obtain a IVth Order bandpass filter.
8. The above six steps are run 7 more times with their respectively designed
filter co-efficients.
9. Hence 8 bandpass filters are implemented with different bandpass
frequency parameters.
 16 
 

10. The fixed point output of the bandpass filter is accumulated(summed up)
according to the process given in Chapter 2.4.

  

 
 

Figure 6‐ Frequency Response of the digital filter for 400‐600 Hz BANDPASS 
 17 
 

2.1.4 Accumulation of the output of bandpass filter:

The output of the bandpass filters is summed to get the 160 point vector data
which is in fixed format. It is then converted to 16 bit integer format.

The algorithm for summing up:

1. The first output from a bandpass filter is obtained and stored in a register.
2. The subsequent outputs from the same bandpass filter are added to the
register where the first value of the same bandpass filter is stored.
3. The above step is repeated for the rest of the bandpass filters.
4. The fixed point data is then converted to 16 bit integer format .
5. The sampled time i.e the time required to sample a spoken word is
divided into 20 parts in time. Hence we obtain 160 (20 X 8 = 160) 16 bit
data vector which is the template.

Hence the template is finally generated.

 
 18 
 

Figure 7‐ The Fourier Spectrum of the word “Hello” 

Figure 8‐ The Fourier Spectrum of the word “Hello” 

. 
 19 
 

2.2 The Speech/Voice Recognition Method.

The Speech/Voice Recognition method is similar to the template generation

method. The only difference is that the voice print is loaded to the Random
Access memory of the microcontroller and is compared with the templates
available in the database. The appropriate action is taken once a match is found.

The algorithm for recognizing the spoken word is given below:

1. Generation of Voiceprint: The Voice is Sampled and passed through the

bandpass filter and is accumulated to obtain a 160 point vector data. This
is same as the template generation process.
2. Comparison of the Voiceprint with the stored templates: Once the
data for the spoken word is obtained, it is compared with the data in the
database.
3. Appropriate Action: Taking the appropriate action once the match is
found.

Generation of the Voiceprint:

The Voiceprint is the 160 point data obtained from the sampled speech. The
method used is exactly the same as the generation of 160 point template.
 20 
 

2.2.1 Comparison of the Voiceprint with the stored templates:

Once the voice print is obtained the Voiceprint is compared against the stored
templates.

The Euclidean distance is found between the Voiceprint and the templates using
the Euclidean distance formula.

Euclidean Distance:

In mathematics, the Euclidean distance or Euclidean metric is the "ordinary"

distance between two points that one would measure with a ruler, which can be
proven by repeated application of the Pythagorean theorem. By using this
formula as distance, Euclidean space becomes a metric space (even a Hilbert
space). Older literature refers to this metric as Pythagorean metric. The
technique has been rediscovered numerous times throughout history, as it is a
logical extension of the Pythagorean theorem.

The Euclidean distance between points and

, in Euclidean n-space, is defined as:

Which can be simplified to.

Where i = 1 to 160

pi is the ith data point in the Voiceprint vector.

 21 
 

qi is the ith data point in the Template vector.

Now we have the Euclidean distance calculated for suppose 5 template data
vectors, we analyse that which data vector has the minimum Euclidean distance.
The minimum Euclidean distance Vector is then chosen as the detected word
and appropriate action taken.

Algorithm for determining the minimum Euclidean Distance.

1. Let Pi for i=1 to 160 be the voiceprint under test.

2. Let Qni for i=1 to 160 be the nth template in the database where n belongs
to 1 to the number of database entries.
3. Pi is squared.
4. Qni is squared.
5. Pi 2 - Qi 2 is calculated.
6. The square root of Pi 2 - Qni 2 is then calculated.
7. The above value is accumulated in a register.
8. Steps 3 to 7 are repeated for every value of i for i = 1 to 160.
9. The Euclidian distance is hence obtained in the register.
10. Steps 2 to 8 is repeated for every template i.e the first template to the nth
template.
11. The minimum value of the Euclidian distance for a given template is
found out by comparing all the n Euclidian distances.
12. Hence the template corresponding to the minimum Euclidian distance is
found out.
13. Once a match is found the control is transferred to the control code block
for appropriate action.
 22 
 

2.2.2 Appropriate Action:

The match is obtained from the speech/voice comparison block from the
previous chapter. The required action is then taken according to the control
block.

The control block:

The control block is a simple switch case where actions are determined
according to the template with the minimum Euclidian distance.

Algorithm for the control block:

1. If template 1 is the nearest match found. Display “Template 1 is the word

spoken” or if template 1 is defined as “TURBO” then it might be
displayed as “TURBO is the word spoken”.
2. Similar steps are taken if any other template is the nearest match and if it
is defined as the word “XXXXXXXX” then “XXXXXXXX is the word
spoken” is displayed on the screen.
 23 
 

2.3 The Hardware Design:

 
Figure 9‐ The Hardware Schematic. 

2.3.1 AtMega32 8 bit Microcontroller

Figure 10  Pinouts ATmega32 microcontroller (PDIP) 

 
 24 
 

The ATmega32 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR

enhanced. RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single
clock cycle, the ATmega32 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz
allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing
speed.
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working
registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single
instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code
efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional
CISC microcontrollers.

Combined features of atmega 32

General features
¾ High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
¾ Advanced RISC Architecture
¾ Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories
¾ In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
¾ True Read-While-Write Operation
¾ 1024 Bytes EEPROM ,Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
¾ 2K Byte Internal SRAM
¾ Programming Lock for Software Security
Peripheral Features
¾ Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare
Modes
¾ One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare
Mode, and capture Mode
 25 
 

¾ Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

¾ 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
I/O and Packages
¾ 32 Programmable I/O Lines
¾ 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP
Operating Voltages
¾ 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega32
Speed Grades
¾ 0 -16 MHz for ATmega32

Pin description

Pins Description

VCC Digital supply voltage.

GND Ground

Port A (PA7..PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to

the A/D Converter. Port A also serves
as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port,

Port B (PB7..PB0) Serve as SPI Bus Serial Clock, SPI Bus

Master Input/Slave Output, Analog
Comparator Negative Input ,
Timer/Counter0 Output Compare
 26 
 

Match Output, USART External Clock

Input/Output

Port C (PC7..PC0) Acts as Timer Oscillator Pin 2, JTAG

Test Mode Select, Two-wire Serial
Bus Data Input/Output Line)

Port D (PD7..PD0) Acts as Timer/Counter2 Output

Compare Match Output, External
Interrupt 1 Input, USART
Output/input Pin

RESET A low level on this pin for longer than

the minimum pulse length will
generate a reset, even if the clock is
not running

XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator

amplifier and input to the internal
clock operating circuit

XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator

amplifier.

AVCC A supply voltage pin for Port A and

the A/D Converter. should be
externally connected to VCC, even if
the ADC is not used.else it should be
connected to VCC through a low-pass
filter.

AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the

A/D Converter.
Table 1  Description of  combined pin configuration in ATmega 32 microcontroller 
 27 
 

2.3.2 Analog to digital convertor

Features :

¾ 10-bit Resolution
¾ Up to 15 kSPS at Maximum Resolution
¾ 8 Multiplexed Single Ended Input Channels
¾ 7 Differential Input Channels
¾ 2 Differential Input Channels with Optional Gain of 10x and 200x(1)
¾ Optional Left adjustment for ADC Result Readout
¾ 0 - VCC ADC Input Voltage Range
¾ Selectable 2.56V ADC Reference Voltage
¾ ADC Start Conversion by Auto Triggering on Interrupt Sources

ADC Timing Diagram

 

 
Figure 11  ADC Timing Diagram, First Conversion (Single Conversion Mode)
 28 
 

ADC multiplexer selection register –( ADMUX)

 
 

Figure 12  ADC Multiplexer Selection(ADMUX)

Bit 7:6 – REFS1:0: Reference Selection Bits

These bits select the voltage reference for the ADC, as shown in Table 83. If
these bits are changed during a conversion, the change will not go in effect until
this conversion is complete (ADIF in ADCSRA is set). The internal voltage
reference options may not be used if an external reference voltage is being
applied to the AREF pin.

Bit 5 – ADLAR: ADC Left Adjust Result

The ADLAR bit affects the presentation of the ADC conversion result in the
ADC Data Register. Write one to ADLAR to left adjust the result. Otherwise,
the result is right adjusted. Changing the ADLAR bit will affect the ADC data
register immediately, regard-less of any ongoing conversions.

Bits 4:0 – MUX4:0: Analog Channel and Gain Selection Bits

The value of these bits selects which combination of analog inputs are
connected to the ADC. These bits also select the gain for the differential
channels for details. If these bits are changed during a conversion, the change
will not go in effect until this conversion is complete (ADIF in ADCSRA is
set).
 29 
 

ADC Control and Status(Register A – ADCSRA)

 
 

Figure13   ADC Control and Status(Register A – ADCSRA)

Bit 7 – ADEN: ADC Enable

Writing this bit to one enables the ADC. By writing it to zero, the ADC is
turned off. Turning the ADC off while a conversion is in progress, will
terminate this conversion.

Bit 6 – ADSC: ADC Start Conversion

In Single Conversion mode, write this bit to one to start each conversion. In
Free Running Mode, write this bit to one to start the first conversion. The first
conversion after ADSC has been written after the ADC has been enabled, or if
ADSC is written at the same time as the ADC is enabled, will take 25 ADC
clock cycles instead of the normal 13. This first conversion performs
initialization of the ADC.ADSC will read as one as long as a conversion is in
progress. When the conversion iscomplete, it returns to zero. Writing zero to
this bit has no effect.

Bit 5 – ADATE: ADC Auto Trigger Enable

When this bit is written to one, Auto Triggering of the ADC is enabled. The
ADC will start a conversion on a positive edge of the selected trigger signal.
The trigger source is selected by setting the ADC Trigger Select bits, ADTS in
SFIOR.
 30 
 

Bit 4 – ADIF: ADC Interrupt Flag

This bit is set when an ADC conversion completes and the Data Registers are
updated. The ADC Conversion Complete Interrupt is executed if the ADIE bit
and the I-bit in SREG are set. ADIF is cleared by hardware when executing the
corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, ADIF is cleared by
writing a logical one to the flag. Beware that if doing a Read-Modify-Write on
ADCSRA, a pending interrupt can be disabled. This also applies if the SBI and
CBI instructions are used.

Bit 3 – ADIE: ADC Interrupt Enable

When this bit is written to one and the I-bit in SREG is set, the ADC
Conversion Complete .Interrupt is activated.
 31 
 

2.3.3 MAX232 DUAL DRIVERS/RECEIVERS

 
 

Figure 14  Pin Outs of MAX 232 

FEATURES OF MAX 232 CHIP

¾ Operate With Single 5-V Power Supply

¾ Operate Up to 120 kbit/s
¾ Two Drivers and Two Receivers
¾ ±30-V Input Levels
¾ Low Supply Current . . . 8 mA Typical
¾ Designed to be Interchangeable With
¾ Maxim MAX232

Applications

¾ Battery-Powered Systems
¾ Terminals
¾ Modems
¾ Computers
 32 
 

2.3.4 LM 358 DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

 
 

Figure 15  Pin outs of LM 358 chip 

Features of LM 358

¾ Wide Supply Range: Single Supply . . . 3 V to 32 V

¾ Low Supply-Current Drain,
¾ Independent of Supply Voltage . . . 0.7 mA Typ
¾ Common-Mode Input Voltage Range
¾ Low Input Bias and Offset Parameters:
¾ Input Offset Voltage . . . 3 mV Typ
¾ Open-Loop Differential Voltage
¾ Amplification . . . 100 V/mV Typ
¾ Internal Frequency Compensation

Description :

These devices consist of two independent, high-gain, frequency-compensated

operational amplifiers designed to operate from a single supply over a wide
range of voltages. Operation from split supplies also is possible if the difference
between
 33 
 

the two supplies is 3 V to 32 V (3 V to 26 V for the LM2904), and VCC is at

least 1.5 V more positive than the input common-mode voltage. The low
supply-current drain is independent of the magnitude of the supply voltage.
Applications include transducer amplifiers, dc amplification blocks, and all the
conventional operational amplifier circuits that now can be implemented more
easily in single-supply-voltage systems.
For example, these devices can be operated directly from the
standard 5-V supply used in digital systems and easily can provide the required
interface electronics without additional +_5-V supplies.

Typical Testing Parameter

We can test the dual mode operation amplifiers in a particular test parameters
“operating conditions, VCC = +_15 V, TA = 25°C”

PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS TYP UNIT

SR Slew rate at unity gain RL = 1 MΩ, CL = 30 pF, 0.3 V/⎧s

VI = +_10 V

B1 Unity-gain bandwidth RL = 1 MΩ, CL = 20 pF 0.7 MHz

Vn Equivalent input noise RS = 100 Ω, VI = 0 V, f = 1 40 nV/√Hz

voltage kHz

Table 2   Testing condition of LM 358 

 
 34 
 

3 Results

Since we had to pass the ADC output through all of the filters faster than our
sample time; the time it took do all the filter calculations was very important.
We were able to run through 9 filters in under 4000 cycles, which is the amount
of cycles available when sampling from the ADC at 4 KHz. The fingerprint
comparison function did not have a speed requirement and so the cycle time for
that was unimportant. The program was able to recognize five words, but
sometimes it would become confused and match the incorrect word if the word
that was spoken varied too much from the word stored in the dictionary. As a
rough estimate the program recognized the correct word about 70% of the time
a valid word was spoken. The program achieved success using Arijit’s voice,
and with sufficient practice a person could say the same word with a small
enough variation for the program to recognize the spoken word most of the
time. For the general person though the recognition program would have a
much lower percentage of success. Also the words in the dictionary are words
spoken by only one person. If someone else said the same words it is unlikely
the program would recognize the correct word most of the time, if at all.
 35 
 

Increasing the accuracy of recognition:

If trained properly the designed system gives an accuracy of 95 % for three

words

 
Words  Percentage accuracy

Arijit  95%

Turbo  92%

Mony  97 %

                                                                        Table 1‐ Accuracy of recognition 

To increase the accuracy we have taken the template sample 20 times and
calculated and computed the geometric mean of the vectors.

Screen Shots:

The Template Generation Process.

On starting the Template Generation process the program initializes the required
variables and performs the measurement of Noise Threshold.
Starting .... 

  Noise Measurement Done ......! 

   
 36 
 

Starting .... 

  Noise Measurement Done ......! 

    Sampling Started...! 

      Noise1 = 22345 

        Noise2 = 21367 

          Noise3 = 20456 

Threshold = 21498 

0 

234 

123 

6783 

The output screen when the noise threshold calculation and the sampling is
completed and the program starts to generate the 160 point template
vector.
 37 
 

Starting...... 

           GetSample..... 

                     Recognized Voice is of ‘Turbo’ 

             GetSample 

                      Recognized Voice is Of ‘Mony’ 

  GetSample 

           Recognized Voice is of ‘Arijit’ 

The voice detection screen where it shows when the sampling starts and
then shows the match.
 38 
 

APPENDIX 1

FLOAT TO FIX POINT REPRESENTATION

Floating point arithmetic is too slow for small, 8-bit processors to handle,
except when human interaction is involved. Scaling a human input in floating
point is generally fast enough (compared to the human). However in fast loops,
such as IIR filters or animation, you are going to need to use fixed point
arithmetic. Numbers are stored in 2's complement form.

Fixed Point representation

This section will concentrate on numbers stored as 16-bit signed ints, with the
binary-point between bit 7 and bit 8. There will be 8 bits of integer and 8 bits of
fraction, so we will refer to this as fixed point. This representation allows a
dynamic range of +/- 127, with a resolution of 1/256=0.00396. Sign
representation will be standard 2's complement. For instance to get the fixed
point representation for -1.5, we can take the representation for +1.5, which is
0x0180, invert the bits and add 1. So inverting, we get 0xfe7f and adding one
(to the least significant bit) we get 0xfe80.

Table 4 Example showing the fixed to float conversion example values 

Decimal Value Fixed Representation

0.0 0x0000
1.0 0x0100
1.5 0x0180
1.75 0x01c0
1.00396 0x0101
-1.0 0xff00
-1.5 0xfe80
-2 0xfe00
-127 0x8100
 39 
 

BASIC ALGORITHM:

Fixed arithmetic functions were initially defined as macros rather than

functions. While useful for summarizing the technique and for testing, it turned
out to be much faster to implement the fixed point multiply as a function (see
below). We will need to convert integers to fixed, float to fixed, fixed to
integers, perfrom addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, as well as
other operations. Addition and subtraction can just use the standard C operators.

Type conversions of the above

#define int2fix(a) (((int)(a))<<8) //Convert char to fix. a is a char

#define fix2int(a) ((signed char)((a)>>8)) //Convert fix to char. a is an int

#define float2fix(a) ((int)((a)*256.0)) //Convert float to fix. a is a float

#define fix2float(a) ((float)(a)/256.0) //Convert fix to float. a is an int

 40 
 

REFERENCES:

S.Salivahanan, A Vallavaraj ,Vallavaraj, Digital Signal Processing, Tata

Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company Limited (2000).

1. Softwares includes MATLAB 7.5.0( R2007B).

2. http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/s2006/avh8

_css34/avh8_css34/index.html

3. ATMEGA32 Data sheet at http://www.atmel.com.

4. Fixed Point Math.

http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/Math/index.html