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HA HC HA L POLYMER
3 VHT
TS. Nguyen Quang Khuyen
nqkhuyen@yahoo.com HP: 0908 207020
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Chng 1
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1.1 Lich s phat trin nganh polymer T thi xa xa ngi ta bit s dng si bng, si t tm, si len lm qun o. Cao su thin nhin c pht hin vo cui th k 17 bi nh khoa hc chu u. 1820 Thomas Hancock pht hin ra cn deo cao su, d trn hp vi cht n v d to hnh. 1839 Charles Goodyear nhn thy tnh cht an hi ca cao su t nhin c th tng ln, va dnh b loi bo khi lu ha bng lu huynh. Nm 1833, Gay lussac tng hp c polyester khi un nng acid lactic, Braconot iu ch c Nitroxenloloz bng phng php chuyn ho ng dng.
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n cui th k 19 v u th k 20 vic nghin cu hp cht polymer c pht trin mnh me. 1910 nha Bakelit phenol-formadehyt (Leo Baekeland) l polyme tng hp hon ton c sn xut cng. 1835 Renoult iu ch c vc (vinyl clorua) v 1937 mi a vo sn xut trong cng nghp. 1933 R.O. Gibson v E.N.Faweet ca ICI trng hp etylen thnh polyetylen nhit v p sut cao. 1939 nh my chnh thc hot ng sn xut PE. Cao su nhn to u tin c tng hp t 2,3 dimetyl butadien (BR) c trong chin tranh th gii th I.
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Nhng l thuyt v thc nghim ca Paul Flory v polymer, ng nhn gii Nolben Ho hc 1974 v nhng ng gp lu di v quan trng ca ng trong lnh vc khoa hc polyme. Nm 1953 Staudinger nhn gii Nobel v nhng cng trnh nghin cu tin phong trong lnh vc ny. Mt lng ln nhng polyme tng hp c thng mi ho nh: polystyren, poly(metyl metacrylat), nylon 6,6, PE, PVC, . Ngay nay polymer la vt liu ng gp rt nhiu trong cc lnh lc khoa hc ky thut va i sng: Cc sn phm dn dng, cng nghip, y t, phc v nganh khoa hc ky thut
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Mt s lnh vc ng dng tin tin ca polyme: Polymer chu nhit, oxy ha ng dng trong tau v tr. Nha k thut thay th cho kim loi. Polyme khng chy, gim ti thiu lng khi hoc hi c. Polyme phn hu sinh hc. Polyme ng dng trong sinh hc v d: ch t tiu, c quan ni tng nhn to. Polyme dn in.
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Tinh hinh pht trin nganh nha VN: Nha nhit deo : sn xut t ngun du kh du mo (mo kh du mo v mo kh thin nhin) VD: cng ty misuvina sn xut PVC. Cc trung tm nghin cu vt liu mi v ng dng nha nhit rn c bit nh lp ghp Min Ty Nam B, tu nh bt thy sn xa b bng composite, can Xu th pht trin nghnh polyme vit nam : ngnh nha nhit rn a va ang pht trin gia nhp khi ASIAN tn gi chung cho ngnh l VINAPLAST.
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1.2 inh nghia, khai nim Polymer l hp cht cao phn t c cu to t rt nhiu nhm c cu to ho hc ging nhau lp i lp li v chng ni vi nhau bng lin kt ng ho tr.
PS
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PVC
MaMH 605002
PP
Khi nim v polymer
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Oligomer (polymer) khi lng phn t thp la hp cht trung gian, cha mang nhng c trng tnh cht nh polymer. S phn bit gia oligomer v polymer khng r rng, tuy nhin oligomer khng c s thay i r rng vi nhng tnh cht quan trng.
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Monomer l nhng phn t hu c n gin c cha lin kt kp (i hoc ba, chc) hoc c t nht hai nhm chc hot ng c kh nng phn ng vi nhau to thnh polymer tham gia phn ng trng hp.
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on mch: l mt gi tr trng lng ca cc mc xch lin nhau sao cho s dch chuyn ca mc xch lin sau khng ph thuc vo mc xch ban u.
trng hp (n): biu th s mt xch c s c trong i phn t ca polymer. n = M/m M: khi lng phn t trung bnh ca Polymer. m : khi lng phn t ca mt xch.
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Khi lng phn t ca polymer Khi lng phn t trung bnh s Mn:
Khi lng phn t trung binh s th hin phn s hc cc mch hin din trong hn hp. Khi lng phn t trung binh khi Mw: :phn khi lng ca mch phn t c trng hp i.
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Khi lng trung bnh khi l tng khi lng cc thnh phn tnh trung bnh theo phn khi lng ca tng loi mch c trng hp khc nhau. Ch s a phn tn IP: c trng cho phn tn ca mu polymer. IP = 1 ng nht v trng hp trong toan mu polymer (iu nay khng c thc). IP > 1 : mu polymer c a phn tn , IP cn ln mu cng phn tn (VD: IP cao su tng hp va NR = 2 va tng ng5.
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Danh Phap: Danh php ca polymer ch yu da vo tn ca monomer, hp cht tng hp thnh polymer v c thm vo pha trc t poly. Ethylene ( polyethylene). Propylene ( polypropylene). Polyester c hinh thanh t phn n ca di alcol v di acid.
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Copolyme l polyme c to thnh t hai hay nhiu monome khc nhau. Rt nhiu polyme tng hp c gi tr thng mi, v du: ABS, NBR
S sp xp ca cc monome trn mch copolyme ph thuc vo phng php v c ch tng hp. C th chia thnh cc loi sau (cc v d sau trong trng hp copolyme c cha 2 loi mt xch c bn khc nhau).
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Copolyme u n
Copolyme khi
Copolyme ghp
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mch nhnh
hnh cy
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1.3 Phn loai Polymer c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau: Phn loi theo ngun gc: polymer thin nhin (cao su), polymer tng hp, polymer nhn to (nitrocellulose, CAB). Phn loi theo thnh phn ho hc ca mch chnh ca polymer: o Polymer mch carbon: mch phn t c cu thnh t nguyn t carbon. Polymer ny c hnh thnh t cc olyfine hay cc dn xut ca hydrocarbon. o Polymer d mch: mch chnh c hnh thnh t carbon v cc nguyn t ph bin nh : S, O, N, P o Polymer v c: mch chnh ca polymer khng phi l carbon.
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polyoxymetylen polyeste
H2C O
O
n
CH2
C O
CH2
C
y
O C O O
polyuretan
C O R
NH
CH2
NH
CH2
O
y n
polysiloxan Si R O
n
Phn loi theo cu trc mch phn t: o Polymer khng phn nhnh. o Polymer phn nhnh. o Polymer mch c cu trc khng gian.
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Polymer nhit do
Cao Su
Polymer nhit rn
Tinh th
V nh hnh
Phn loi theo lnh vc ng dng: cht deo, ph bo v, sn, si, cao su, keo dn, polymer composite
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1.4 S khac nhau gia hp cht cao phn t va hp cht thp phn t V quan im ho hc: hp cht cao phn t khng khc g so vi hp cht thp phn t. nhng cc hp cht cao phn t c kch ln, cng knh kh dch chuyn chnh v th kh nng phn ng ca cc nhm chc l chm so vi nhm chc ca hp cht thp phn t.
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Dung dch polymer c nht cao, ngay c trong dung dch long ca polymer nht cng cao hn nht ca dung dch c ca hp cht thp phn t. Khi ho tan polymer vo dung mi th qu trnh ho tan thng chm v phi qua giai on trung gian l trng ln trc sau mi ho tan. Thm ch c nhng polymer khng tan trong dung mi no. S khc nhau c bn gia hp cht cao phn t v thp phn t l tnh cht vt l. Cc polymer c khi lng phn t ln, lc tng tc gia cc phn t ln cho nn nhit si, nhit nng chy, t khi cao hn hp cht thp phn t nht l i vi polymer c tnh phn cc ln.
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Cc si, mng polymer c bn c hc khc nhau, khc vi hp cht thp phn t, c bit ph thuc vo hnh dng, cu trc v bn cht phn b tng h ca cc phn t v nhit . Khi c ngoi lc tc dng th cc hp cht cao phn t khng bin dng hon ton ngay nh hp cht thp phn t m phi tri qua thi gian nht nh. Thi gian ny cng di nu nhit thp. mt s polymer nh cao su s bin dng thun nghch gp hang nghn ln so vi hp cht thp phn t.
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