Ton 2

Ton 2
I/ L THUYT :
1. nh ngha.
2. nh thc ca mt s ma trn c bit.
3. Tnh cht ca nh thc.
4. Tnh nh thc bng khai trin Laplace.
II/ BI TP :

III/ P S & HNG DN :

Ton 2
a/ nh thc cp 1 :
1. NH NGHA
1. nh ngha :
Cho ma trn
nh thc ca ma trn A l 1 s v c k
hiu l hay
A
( )
n
A M K e
( )
det A
( )
11
A a =
11
det A a = Ta nh ngha :
Ton 2
b/ nh thc cp 2 :
1. NH NGHA
11 12
21 22
a a
A
a a
| |
=
|
\ .
11 22 12 21
det . . A a a a a =
Ta nh ngha :
c/ nh thc cp 3 :
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
a a a
A a a a
a a a
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
Ta khai trin nh thc theo hng 1
Ton 2
Khi :
1. NH NGHA
( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1 2
22 23 21 23
11 12
32 33 31 33
1 3
21 22
13
31 32
det . 1 . . 1 .
. 1 .
a a a a
A a a
a a a a
a a
a
a a
+ +
+
= +
+
Ch : tnh nh thc ca mt ma trn vung
ta c th khai trin nh thc theo
hoc
1 2
, , ... h h
1 2
, , ... c c
Ton 2
1. NH NGHA
d/ nh thc cp n :
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
...
...
...
...
n
n
n n n n
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
Ta khai trin nh thc theo hng 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ +
= + +
1 1 1
11 11 1 1
det . 1 .det ... . 1 .det
n
n n
A a C a C
Ton 2
1. NH NGHA
y :
t :
( )
( )

1 det
i j
i j i j
A C
+
=
c gi l phn b i s ca phn t
i j
A
i j
a
C
ij
l ma trn vung cp (n 1) c c t ma
trn A bng cch b hng th i v ct th j
Ton 2
1. NH NGHA
- VD 1:
Tnh nh thc ca ma trn
2 1 0
3 1 2
4 5 0
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
Khai trin nh thc theo ct 3 ta c
( ) ( )
2 3
2 1
2. 1 . 2 6 12
4 5
A
+
= = =
Ton 2
a/ nh thc ca ma trn ng cho :
2. NH THC CA MT S
MA TRN C BIT :
2. nh thc ca mt s ma trn c bit :
Ln lt khai trin nh thc theo hng 1 ta s
c kt qu :
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
11
22

0 0 ... 0
0 0 ... 0
...
0 0 0 ...
n n
a
a
A
a
=
11 22
det . ...
n n
A a a a
H qu :
( )
det 1
n
I =
Ton 2
b/ nh thc ca ma trn tam gic trn :
2. NH THC CA MT S
MA TRN C BIT :
Ln lt khai trin nh thc theo ct 1 ta s c
kt qu :
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
11 12 1
22 2

...
0 a ...
...
0 0 ...
n
n
n n
a a a
a
A
a
=
11 22
det . ...
n n
A a a a
Ton 2
c/ nh thc ca ma trn tam gic di:
2. NH THC CA MT S
MA TRN C BIT :
Ln lt khai trin nh thc theo hng 1 ta s
c kt qu :
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
11
21 22
1 2
0 ... 0
... 0
...
...
n n n n
a
a a
A
a a a
=
11 22
det . ...
n n
A a a a
Ton 2
Nu ma trn A c 2 hng (hay 2 ct) t l
th
d/
Nu ma trn A c 2 hng (hay 2 ct) ging
nhau th
c/
3. TNH CHT CA NH THC :
3. Tnh cht ca nh thc :
a/
det det
T
A A =
det 0 A=
det 0 A=
Nu ta i ch 2 hng (hay 2 ct) ca nh
thc th nh thc i du.
b/
Ton 2
Nu ma trn A c 1 hng ( hay 1 ct ) bng
khng th
f/
3. TNH CHT CA NH THC :
( )
det . det .det AB A B =
nh thc khng i nu ta thm vo 1 hng
(hay 1 ct) mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc
hng khc (hoc ct khc).
h/
Cho A v B l 2 ma trn vung cng cp.
Khi :
i/
g/ Tha s chung ca 1 hng hay 1 ct c th
em ra khi nh thc.
det 0 A=
Ton 2
3. TNH CHT CA NH THC :
11 12 13 11 12 13
21 22 23 21 22 23
31 32 33 31 32 33
=
a a a b b b
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
+
11 11 12 12 13 13
21 22 23
31 32 33

a b a b a b
A a a a
a a a
+ + +
=
j/
Ton 2
3. TNH CHT CA NH THC :
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a b
a a b
a a b
a a a
a a a
a a a
+ =
k/
33 32 31 31
23 22 21 21
13 12 11 11
a a b a
a a b a
a a b a
A
+
+
+
=
Ton 2
Ta s a ma trn A v dng ma trn tam gic trn
3. TNH CHT CA NH THC :
1 2 3 4
2 3 3 2

3 5 7 2
1 3 5 4
A

=
- V d 2 :
Tnh nh thc
Ton 2
3. TNH CHT CA NH THC :
2 2 1
______________________
3 3 1
4 4 1
1 2 3 4
2
0 1 9 10

0 1 2 10 3
0 1 2 0
h h h
A
h h h
h h h
+


Ton 2
3. TNH CHT CA NH THC :
70 =
4 4 3
______________________
1 2 3 4
0 1 9 10

0 0 7 0
0 0 0 10
h h h +

3 3 2
___________________
4 4 2
1 2 3 4
0 1 9 10

0 0 7 0
0 0 7 10
h h h
h h h
+


Ton 2
Do ct 1 v ct 2 t l vi nhau.
3. TNH CHT CA NH THC :
1
1
1
a b c
A b a c
c a b
+
= +
+
- V d 3 :
Tnh nh thc
2 2 3
___________________
1
1 0
1
a b c b c
c c c
A a b c a c
a b c a b
+ + +
+
+ + + =
+ + +
Ton 2
3. TNH CHT CA NH THC :
2 3 1
2 7 8
5 5 0
A =
- V d 4 :
Khng tnh nh thc, chng minh rng:
l mt s chia ht cho 15
Ton 2
3. TNH CHT CA NH THC :
x
3 5 3
3 5 2 7 8
1 1 0
A =
1 1 2 3
___________________________
9 15 9
2 7 8
5 5 0
h h h h
A
+ +
t tha s chung hng 1 l 3 v tha s chung
hng 3 l 5. Ta c :
iu phi chng minh
Ton 2
a/ nh l Laplace :
nh thc ca ma trn A bng tng ca cc tch
mi nh thc con rt ra t k hng (hoc k ct)
vi phn b i s tng ng ca n.
4. TNH NH THC BNG
KHAI TRIN LAPLACE :
IV. Tnh nh thc bng khai trin Laplace :
b/ Nhn xt :
T nh l trn ta nhn thy khi tnh detA, ta
nn khai trin nh thc theo k hng (hay k ct)
no c cng nhiu s khng cng tt.
Ton 2
4. TNH NH THC BNG
KHAI TRIN LAPLACE :
1 1 1 0 0 0
2 3 4 0 0 0
3 6 10 0 0 0

4 9 14 1 1 1
5 15 24 1 5 9
0 24 38 1 25 81
A =
- V d 5 :
Tnh nh thc
Ton 2
Khai trin nh thc theo 3 hng u ta c
4. TNH NH THC BNG
KHAI TRIN LAPLACE :
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 4 . 1 . 1 5 9 128
3 6 10 1 25 81
S
A = =
( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3 s= + + + + + y :
Ton 2
4. TNH NH THC BNG
KHAI TRIN LAPLACE :
0 0 2 1 4
0 0 3 1 2
0 0 1 2 1
2 3 1 4 6
3 2 1 3 2
A =
- V d 6 :
Tnh nh thc
Ton 2
Khai trin nh thc theo 3 hng u ta c
4. TNH NH THC BNG
KHAI TRIN LAPLACE :
( )
2 1 4
2 3
3 1 2 . 1 . 65
3 2
1 2 1
S
A = =
( ) ( )
1 2 3 3 4 5 s= + + + + + y :
Ton 2
4. TNH NH THC BNG
KHAI TRIN LAPLACE :
1 2 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 0 0 0
3 5 2 1 0 0

4 7 3 1 0 0
6 5 2 3 1 1
2 3 4 1 1 2
A

=
- V d 7 :
Tnh nh thc
Ton 2
Khai trin nh thc theo 2 hng u ta c
4. TNH NH THC BNG
KHAI TRIN LAPLACE :
( )
2 1 0 0
1 2 3 1 0 0
. 1 .
2 1 2 3 1 1
4 1 1 2
S
A

=
y :
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 s= + + +
Ton 2
Tip tc khai trin nh thc sau theo 2 hng u ta
c
4. TNH NH THC BNG
KHAI TRIN LAPLACE :
( ) ( )
1 2 2 1 1 1
. 1 . . 1 . 15
2 1 3 1 1 2
S k
A

= =
y :
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 k = + + +
Ton 2
Ton 2
BI 1 :
Tnh
II/ BI TP NH THC :
2 1 3
0 2 4
0 0 1

| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
B
1 0 0
3 1 0 ,
2 1 3
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
A
Cho
( )
det 3. . AB
Ton 2
BI 2 :
II/ BI TP NH THC :
1 1 2 3
0 1 1 0

3 1 0 1
0 2 1 0

A
Tnh nh thc :
Ton 2
BI 3 :
Tm iu kin ca m
II/ BI TP NH THC :
1 0
2 1 2 2
1 0 2
=
m
A m
Cho
0 > A
Ton 2
BI 4 :
II/ BI TP NH THC :
' '
' '
' '
+
= +
+
x x ax bx
A y y ay by
z z az bz
Tnh nh thc :
Ton 2
BI 5 :
II/ BI TP NH THC :
1 1 2 1 3
2 3 1 1 0
1 2 1 0 0
2 1 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0

A
Tnh nh thc :
Ton 2
BI 6 :
Tnh
II/ BI TP NH THC :
det A
Cho
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0 0 1
0 2 1
3 2 1
3 0 0
3 2 0
3 2 1
. A
Ton 2
BI 7 :
II/ BI TP NH THC :
2
1 2
1 2 4 4
0
1 1 2 1
2 3 1 1
=

x x x
Gii phng trnh :
Ton 2
Ton 2
BI 1 :
III/ P S & HNG DN
( )
3
det 3. . 3 .det .det = AB A B
( )
det 3. . 324 = AB
Nh cng thc ( )
det . .det o o =
n
n n
A A
HD :
Ton 2
HD : a ma trn A v dng bc thang.
Hoc tnh nh thc bng cch khai trin
Laplace theo hng 2 v hng 4.
BI 2 :
III/ P S & HNG DN
det 30 = A
BI 3 : K: m < 2 th |A| > 0
Ton 2
HD :
BI 4 :
III/ P S & HNG DN
det 36 = A
det 0 = A
HD : Tnh nh thc bng cch tch ct 3.
Ta s c tng ca 2 nh thc cp 3.
BI 5 :
det 6 = A
BI 6 :
( )
det det .det 6. 6 36 = = = A B C
Ton 2
D dng nhn thy nghim ca phng trnh ny l
Phng trnh ny l phng trnh bc 2 theo bin x
BI 7 : Nghim ca phng trnh ny l
III/ P S & HNG DN
HD:
Do vi hng 1 v hng 2 ging nhau nn nh
thc bng 0.
vi hng 1 v hng 3 ging nhau nn
nh thc bng 0.
2 = x
1 = x
x = 2 v x = -1
x = 2 v x = -1
Ton 2
Ton 2