CHNG 6

TNH TON HIU QU DFT:

BIN I FOURIER NHANH (FFT)
Ta bit l bin i Fourier ri rc DFT cn thit cho nhiu ng dng, bao
gm lc tuyn tnh, phn tch tng quan, v phn tch ph. Do , cn c thut
ton hiu qu tnh DFT.
Chng ny m t thut ton tnh ton hiu qu DFT, vi hai hng khc
nhau. Mt l hng chia v chim theo DFT c kch thc N, vi N l s a hp,
c rt thnh vic tnh ton cc DFT b hn, t DFT phi tnh. c bit, chng
cng gii thiu thut ton tnh Fourier nhanh FFT dng tnh DFT khi kch thc N
l s ly tha ca 2 v khi l ly tha 4.
Hng th hai l tnh DFT nh tc ng lc tuyn tnh trn chui d liu.
Hng ny c hai thut ton, thut ton Goertzel v thut ton z chirp tnh DFT
dng lc tuyn tnh chui d liu.
6.1 TNH TON HIU QU DFT: THUT TON FFT
V c bn, bi ton tnh DFT l tnh chui {X(k)} ca N gi tr phc t chui
x(n) c chiu di N, theo cng thc

1 0 , ) ( ) (
1
0

N k W n x k X
N
n
kn
N
(6.1.1)
Vi
N j
N
e W
/ 2
(6.1.2)
Thng thng, chui d liu x(n) thng c gi s c gi tr phc
Tng t, IDFT thnh

1 0 , ) (
1
) (
1
0

N n W k X
N
n x
N
k
kn
N
(6.1.3)
Do DFT v IDFT c cng dng tnh ton, nn thut ton tnh DFT cng dng
c cho IDFT.
Ta thy vi tng gi tr ca k, vic tnh X(k) cn s N php nhn phc (4N
php nhn thc) v N 1 php cng phc (2N 2 php cng phc). Do , tnh
c mi gi tr N ca DFT th cn N
2
php nhn phc v N
2
N php cng phc.
Vic tnh ton trc tip ca DFT v c bn l khng hiu qu do khng khai
thc c tnh i xng v tnh tun hon ca tha s pha W
N
. c bit, c hai c
tnh sau:
c tnh i xng
k
N
N k
N
W W
+ 2 /
(6.1.4)
c tnh tun hon
k
N
N k
N
W W
+ 2 /
(6.1.5)
Thut ton tnh hiu qu FFT khai thc hai c tnh c bn ca tha s pha.
6.1.1.Tnh trc tip DFT
Chui phc x(n) ca DFT N im c vit thnh

1
]
1

+
1
0
2
sin ) (
2
cos ) ( ) (
N
n
I R R
N
kn
n x
N
kn
n x k X

(6.1.6)

1
]
1

1
0
2
cos ) (
2
sin ) ( ) (
N
n
I R I
N
kn
n x
N
kn
n x k X

(6.1.7)
Vic tnh ton trc tip (6.1.6) v (6.1.7) cn:
1. 2N
2
php tnh lng gic.
2. 4N
2
php nhn s thc.
3. 4N(N 1) php cng s thc.
4. Mt s php nh ch s v nh a ch.
Cc php tnh trn l tiu biu cho thut ton DFT. Cc php tnh mc 2 v 3 tm
gi tr DFT ca X
R
(k) v X
I
(k). Cc php nh ch s v nh a ch cn cho vic tm
d liu x(n), 0 n N 1, v cc tha s pha ri lu tr kt qu. Cc bin th ca
thut ton DFT nhm ti u ha qu trnh tnh ton c thc hin theo nhiu cch
khc nhau.
6.1.2 Hng chia v chim khi tnh ton DFT.
Hng ny dng cch chia DFT N im thnh nhiu DFT nh lin tip nhau.
Hng ny dn n thut ton tnh hiu qu c gi chung l thut ton bin i
Fourier nhanh FFT.
minh ha nim ny, ta tnh DFT N im, vi N c th c phn thnh
tch ca hai s nguyn, tc l
N = LM (6.1.8)
Gi s N khng phi l s nguyn t, khng nghim ngt.
Xt tip chui x(n), 0 n N 1, c th c lu trong mng (array) mt
chiu c ch s theo n hay mng hai chiu c ch s l v m, 0 l L 1, v 0 m
M 1 nh v trong hnh 6.1. Ch l l l ch s hng cn m l ch s ct. Do
x(n) c lu trong mng hnh ch nht vi nhiu cch khc nhau, ty thuc cc
nh x ch s n vo (l, m).
Th d, gi s ta chn nh x
N = Ml + m (6.1.9)
iu ny dn n sp xp theo hng th nht gm M phn t u tin ca x(n),
hng th hai gm M phn t k tip ca x(n), v tip tc, nh v trong hnh 6.2(a).
Mt khc, nh x
n = l +mL (6.1.10)
lu L phn t u tin ca x(n) trong hng th nht, v L phn t k tip ca x(n)
trong hng th nh, v tip tc nh trong hnh 6.2(b).
Sp xp tng t c dng lu cc gi tr DFT tnh c. c bit, nh
x t ch s k sang cp ch s (p,q), trong 0 p L 1, v 0 q M 1, nu
ta chn nh x
k = Mp +q (6.1.11)
th DFT c lu theo hng hng, theo hng th nht cha M phn t u ca
DFT X(k), hng th nh cha tp M phn t k tip, v tip tc. Mt khc, nh x
k = qL + p (6.1.12)
to php lu theo hng ct ca X(k), theo L phn t u c lu trong ct th
nht, tp L phn t th hai, cha trong ct th hai, v tip tc.

Gi s l x(n) c nh x vo mng vung x(l,m) v X(k) c nh x vo
mng vung tng ng X(p,q). Vy c th biu din DFT thnh tng kp ln cc
thnh phn ca mng vung nhn vi tha s pha tng ng. c bit, khi ta chn
nh x theo hng ct cho x(n) trong (6.1.10) v nh x theo hng hng cho DFT
cho bi (6.1.11), th

+ +

1
0
1
0
) )( (
) , ( ) , (
M
m
L
l
l mL q Mp
N
W m l x q p X
(6.1.13)
Nhng
lq
N
Mpl
N
mLq
N
Mlmp
N
l mL q Mp
N
W W W W W
+ + ) )( (
(6.1.14)
Tuy nhin
1
Nmp
N
W
,
mq
M
mq
L N
mqL
N
W W W
/
v
pl
L
pl
M N
Mpl
N
W W W
/
T , vit li (6.1.13)

lp
L
L
l
M
m
mq
M
lq
N
W W m l x W q p X

'

1
]
1

1
0
1
0
) , ( ) , (
(6.1.15)
Biu thc (6.1.15) trnh by cch tnh DFT c chiu di M v chiu di L. Vic tnh
ton ny c chia thnh ba bc sau:
1. u tin, tnh DFT M im

1
0
, ) , ( ) , (
M
m
mq
M
W m l x q l F

1 0 M q
(6.1.16)
Cho tng hng l = 0, 1, . . . , L 1
2. Th hai, tnh mng vung mi G(l,q) c nh ngha l
) , ( ) , ( q l F W q l G
lq
N
(6.1.17)
1 0 L l
1 0 M q

3. Sau cng, tnh DFT L im

lq
L
L
l
W q l G q p X

1
0
) , ( ) , (
(6.1.18)
Cho tng ct q = 0, 1, . . . , M 1 ca mng G(l,q)
Ta hy xem xt phc tp ca cc php tnh trong (6.1.15). Bc th nht gm
vic tnh L php DFT, M im, cn c LM
2
php nhn phc v LM(M 1) php
cng phc. Bc th hai cn LM php nhn phc. Bc th ba cn ML
2
php nhn
phc v LM(L 1) php cng phc. Do , phc tp l
Php nhn phc N(M + L + 1)
Php nhn phc N(M + L 2) (6.1.19)
Vi N =ML. S lng php nhn c gim t N
2
cn N(M + L 2), cn php
cng gim t N(N 1) cn N(M + L 2).
Th d, gi s N = 1000 v ta chn L = 2 v M = 500. Nn, thay v thc hin
10
6
php nhn phc khi tnh trc tip DFT, hng ny gim xung cn 503.000
php nhn phc, tc l gim i khong 2 ln. S lng php cng cng gim tng
ng vo khong 2 ln.
Khi N l s hn hp, tc l c th phn tch theo dng s nguyn t dng

v
r r r N
2 1

(6.1.20)
Th php phn trn c th c lp li ti hn (v 1) ln. Phng php ny lm
DFT b hn, cho php tnh ton hiu qu hn.
Vic phn on u tin chui x(n) thnh mng vung c M ct vi L phn
t trong mi ct to DFT c kch thc L v M. Phn on d liu hn na to cc
mng vung b hn, tc l DFT b hn. Qu trnh ny chm dt khi N c phn
tch thnh cc tha s nguyn t.
Th d 6.1.1
minh ha cc bc tnh ton, xt vic tnh DFT 15 im. Do N = 5 x 3 =15, ta
chn L =5 v M =3. Ni cch khc, ta lu tr chui 15 im x(n) theo hng ct
nh sau:
Hng 1: x(0,0) = x(0) x(0,1) = x(5) x(0,2) = x(10)
Hng 2: x(1,0) = x(1) x(1,1) = x(6) x(1,2) = x(11)
Hng 3: x(2,0) = x(2) x(2,1) = x(7) x(2,2) = x(12)
Hng 4: x(3,0) = x(3) x(3,1) = x(8) x(3,2) = x(13)
Hng 1: x(4,0) = x(4) x(4,1) = x(9) x(4,2) = x(14)
Tip tc tnh DFT ba im cho tng hng, tc l mng 5 x 3:
F(0,0) F(0,1) F(0,2)
F(1,0) F(1,1) F(1,2)
F(2,0) F(2,1) F(2,2)
F(3,0) F(3,1) F(3,2)
F(4,0) F(4,1) F(4,2)
Bc k tip l nhn tng tha s F(l,q) vi tha s pha ,
15
lq lq
N
W W 0 l 4 v
0 q 2. Tnh ton ny to mng 5 x 3:
Ct 1 Ct 2 Ct 3
G(0,0) G(0,1) G(0,2)
G(1,0) G(1,1) G(1,2)
G(2,0) G(2,1) G(2,2)
G(3,0) G(3,1) G(3,2)
G(4,0) G(4,1) G(4,2)
Bc cui l tnh DFT nm im cho ba ct, c tr DFT c dng
X(0,0) = X(0) X(0,1) = X(1) X(0,2) = X(2)
X(1,0) = X(3) X(1,1) = X(4) X(1,2) = X(5)
X(2,0) = X(6) X(2,1) = X(7) X(2,2) = X(8)
X(3,0) = X(9) X(3,1) = X(10) X(3,2) = X(11)
X(4,0) = X(12) X(4,1) = X(13) X(4,2) = X(14)
Hnh 6.3 minh ha cc bc tnh ton
iu th v l nn xem cc chui d liu phn on v DFT theo mng
mt chiu. Khi chui vo x(n) v chui ra DFT X(k) nm trong mng hai chiu c
c theo hng 1 n hng 5, ta c cc chui sau:
MNG VO
x(0) x(5) x(10) x(1) x(6) x(11) x(2) x(7) x(12) x(3) x(8) x(13) x(4) x(9) x(14)
MNG RA
X(0) X(1) X(2) X(3) X(4) X(5) X(6) X(7) X(8) X(9) X(10) X(11) X(12) X(13) X(14)
Ta thy chui d liu vo c c sp xp li khi tnh ton DFT, cn
chui ng ra th theo ng th t. Trng hp ny vic b tr li mng d liu vo
l do vic phn on mng mt chiu thnh mng vung v theo th t tnh ton
DFT. Vic thay i th t ca chui vo hay chui ra ca DFT l c tnh ca hu
ht thut ton FFT.
Tm li, thut ton va trnh by gm cc bc tnh ton sau:
Thut ton 1
1. Lu tn hiu theo hng ct
2. Tnh DFT M im theo tng hng
3. Nhn chui kt qu vi tha s pha
lq
N
W
4. Tnh DFT L im theo tng ct
5. c mng kt qu theo hng hng
Mt thut ton c cu trc tnh ton tng t, khi tn hiu vo c lu theo
hng hng, to kt qu bin i theo hng ct. Trng hp ny, ta chn
n = Ml + m
k = qL + p (6.1.21)
Vic la chn ch s dn n cng thc mi ca DFT

1
]
1

1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
M
m
mp
N
L
l
lp
L
mq
M
M
m
L
l
qm
M
pl
L
pm
N
W W m l x W W W W m l x q p X
(6.1.22)
Ta c thut ton th hai:
Thut ton 2
1. Lu tn hiu theo hng hng
2. Tnh DFT L im theo tng ct
3. Nhn chui kt qu vi tha s pha
pm
N
W
4. Tnh DFT M im cho tng hng
5. c mng kt qu theo hng ct.
Hai thut ton ni trn c cng mc phc tp. Tuy nhin, li khc nhau v
cch sp xp cc php tnh. Phn tip theo ta khai thc hng chia v chim (divide
and conquer) tm thut ton nhanh khi kch thc ca DFT c gii hn theo s
ly tha 2 hay ly tha 4.
6.1.3 Thut ton FFT c s 2
Trong phn trc, ta m t bn thut ton tnh hiu qu DFT dng hng chia
v chim. Hng ny p dng c khi s N cc im d liu khng phi l s
nguyn t. c bit, hng ny rt hiu qu khi N l s hn hp, tc l khi N c th
phn tch thnh N = r
1
r
2
r
3
. . . r
v
vi {r
j
} l s nguyn t.
Mt trng hp c bit khi r
1
= r
2
= . . . . = r
v
r , sao cho N = r
v
.
Trng hp ny, DFT c kch thc r, vic tnh DFT N im c dng cn i.
S r c gi l c s ca thut ton FFT.
Trong phn ny, ta m t thut ton c s 2, l dng thng dng trong thut
ton FFT, phn tip theo trnh by v thut ton c s - 4.
Xt vic tnh DFT c N = 2
v
im dng hng chia v chim trnh by t
(6.1.16) n (6.1.18). Chn M = N/2 v L = 2. Chn la ny chia chui d liu N
im thnh hai chui N/2 im l f
1
(n) v f
2
(n), tng ng vi chui cc mu th t
chn v chui cc mu th t l ca x(n), tc l
f
1
(n) = x(2n)
f
2
(n) = x(2n + 1), n = 0, 1, . . . , (N/2) 1 (6.1.23)
Vy f
1
(n) v f
2
(n) c c bng cch phn chia x(n) theo c s 2, nn thut ton FFT
ny cn c gi l thut ton phn chia theo thi gian.
Vit DFT N im theo DFT ca cc chui phn chia nh sau:
1 , , 1 , 0 , ) ( ) (
1
0

N k W n x k X
N
n
kn
N

(6.1.24)

+

+ + +
le n
k m
N
N
m
mk
N
N
m
kn
N
chan n
kn
N
W m x W m x W n x W n x k X
_
) 1 2 (
1 ) 2 / (
0
2
1 ) 2 / (
0 _
) 1 2 ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) (

Nhng
2 /
2
N N
W W , vit li (6.1.24)

+ +
1 ) 2 / (
0
2 1 2 / 2 2 /
1 ) 2 / (
0
1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
N
m
k
N
km
N
k
N
km
N
N
m
k F W k F W m f W W m f k X
;
k = 0,1, . . , N 1 (6.1.15)
vi F
1
(k) v F
2
(k) l DFT N/2 im ca cc chui f
1
(k) v f
2
(k).
Do F
1
(k) v F
2
(k) l tun hon, c chu k N/2, ta c F
1
(k+N/2) = F
1
(k) v
F
2
(k+N/2) = F
2
(k). Hn na, tha s
k
N
N k
N
W W
+ 2 /
. Do , (6.1.25) vit thnh
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
k F W k F k X
k
N
+ . 1
2
, , 1 , 0
N
k (6.1.26)
) ( ) ( )
2
(
2 1
k F W k F
N
k X
k
N
+ . 1
2
, , 1 , 0
N
k (6.1.27)
Ta thy vic tnh trc tip F
1
(k) cn c (N/2)
2
php nhn phc. Tng t, cho
trng hp tnh F
2
(k). Hn na, cn c thm N/2 php nhn phc dng tnh
) (
2
k F W
k
N
. Do , vic tnh X(k) cn 2(N/2)
2
+ N/2 = N
2
/2 + N/2 php nhn phc.
Kt qu bc u gim s lng php nhn t N
2
thnh N
2
/2 +N/2 cho php
gim khong 2 ln php tnh.
nh ngha
. 1
2
, , 1 , 0 ); ( ) (
1 1

N
k k F k G
. 1
2
, , 1 , 0 ); ( ) (
2 2

N
k k F W k G
k
N

Vit li DFT X(k)
. 1
2
, , 1 , 0 ); ( ) ( ) (
2 1
+
N
k k G k G k X
. 1
2
, , 1 , 0 ; ) ( ) ( )
2
(
2 1
+
N
k k G k G
N
k X (6.1.28)
Cc php tnh c minh ha trong hnh 6.4.

Sau khi thc hin xong vic phn chia theo thi gian, ta c th lp li qu
trnh ny cho cc chui f
1
(n) v f
2
(n). Vy f
1
(n) to hai chui N/4 im
. 1
4
, , 1 , 0 ) 2 ( ) (
1 11

N
n n f n v
. 1
4
, , 1 , 0 ) 1 2 ( ) (
1 12
+
N
n n f n v (6.1.29)
Vy f
2
(n) to hai chui
. 1
4
, , 1 , 0 ) 2 ( ) (
2 21

N
n n f n v
. 1
4
, , 1 , 0 ) 1 2 ( ) (
2 22
+
N
n n f n v (6.1.30)
Khi tnh ton DFT N/4 im, ta c DFT N/2 im F
1
(k) v F
2
(k) t h thc
. 1
4
, , 1 , 0 ); ( ) ( ) (
12 2 / 11 1
+
N
k k V W k V k F
k
N

. 1
4
, , 1 , 0 ); ( ) ( )
4
(
12 2 / 11 1
+
N
k k V W k V
N
k F
k
N
(6.1.31)
. 1
4
, , 1 , 0 ); ( ) ( ) (
22 2 / 21 2
+
N
k k V W k V k F
k
N

. 1
4
, , 1 , 0 ); ( ) ( )
4
(
22 2 / 21 2
+
N
k k V W k V
N
k F
k
N
(6.1.32)
Vi {V
ij
(k)} l DFT N/4 im ca chui {v
ij
(k)}.

tnh {V
ij
(k)}, ta cn 4(N/4)
2
php nhn, nn tnh F
1
(k) v F
2
(k) cn N
2
/4
+ N/2 php nhn phc. Cn thm N/2 php nhn phc tnh X(k) t F
1
(k) v F
2
(k).
Do , tng s php nhn xp x 2 ln cn N
2
/4 + N.
Vic phn chia chui d liu c th c lp li nhiu ln cho n khi chui
kt qu gim xung cn chui mt im. Khi N = 2
v
, phn chia ny c th thc hin
n v = log
2
N ln. Do , tng s php nhn phc gim cn (N/2)log
2
N. S php
cng l Nlog
2
N. Bng 6.2 trnh by so snh s lng php tnh nhn phc khi tnh
FFT v khi tnh trc tip DFT.
minh ha, hnh 6.5 v DFT vi N = 8 im. Ta thy tnh ton c thc
hin thnh ba bc, bt u l tnh bn DFT hai im, ri hai DFT bn im, v sau
cng l DFT tm im. T hp cc DFT nh to DFT ln hn nh trong hnh 6.6
vi N = 8.

Ta thy php tnh c bn c thc hin ti tng bc, nh v trong hnh
6.6, ly hai s phc, cp (a,b), nhn b vi
p
N
W , ri cng v tr tch vi a to hai
s phc mi (A,B). Php tnh c bn ny, c v trong hnh 6.7 c gi l bm,
do lu ging hnh bm.
Thng thng, mi bm gm mt php nhn phc v hai php cng phc.
Khi N = 2
v
, ta c N/2 bm trong tng bc trong qu trnh tnh v c log
2
N tng.
Do , s lng php nhn phc l (N/2)log
2
N v s php cng phc l Nlog
2
N.
Sau khi thc hin bm cho mt cp s phc (a, b) to (A, B), th khng
cn thit lu cp vo (a, b). Do , ta c th lu kt qu (A, B) vo cng v tr vi
(a, b). Do ch cn lng lu tr khng i, l 2N thanh ghi, lu kt qu (N s
phc) tnh ton trong tng bc. Do 2N v tr lu tr ny c dng trong sut qu
trnh tnh ton DFT N im, nn y l phng php tnh ti ch. Quan st
quan trng th hai lin quan n chui d liu vo sau khi phn chia (v 1) ln. Th
d, nu ta xt trng hp N = 8, ta bit l phn chia th nht cho ta chui x(0), x(2),
x(4), x(6), x(1), x(3), x(5), x(7), cn phn chia th hai cho chui x(0), x(2), x(4), x(6),
x(1), x(5), x(3), x(7). Vic thay i th t chui d liu vo nh quan st trong hnh
6.8, theo trnh by phn chia ca chui tm im. Dng cch biu din ch s n,
trong chui x(n) theo dng nh phn. Ta thy rt d ly th t ca d liu c
phn chia, nh c bin din nh phn ca ch s n theo th t ngc li. Do ,
im d liu x(3) x(011) t ti v tr m=110 hay m = 6 trong mng phn chia.
Nn ta ni l d liu x(n) sau khi chia c lu tr theo th t bit nghch.
Lu chui d liu vo theo th t bit ngc v tnh ton ti ch theo hnh
bm, ta c chui DFT ra X(k) theo th t t nhin (k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1). Mt khc,
ta thy l cng c th sp xp thut ton FFT sao cho ng vo theo th t t nhin
v c ng ra DFT theo th t bit ngc. Hn na, ta c th gii hn c chui vo
x(n) v chui ra DFT X(k) theo th t t nhin, v tm thut ton FFT khng thc
hin ti ch thut ton. Nn thut ton ny cn thm b nh.
Mt thut ton quan trng khc ca FFT c s 2, c gi l thut ton phn
chia theo tn s, dng hng chia v chim m t trong phn 6.1.2 vi chn la
M = 2, v L = N/2. La chn cc tham s ny tao hng lu tr theo ct cho chui
d liu vo. tm thut ton, ta bt u chia cng thc DFT thnh hai tng, mt l
tng N/2 im d liu u v hai l N/2 im d liu cui. Ta c:

+ + +
1 ) 2 / (
0
1 ) 2 / (
0
2 /
1
2 /
1 ) 2 / (
0
)
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
N
n
kn
N
N
n
Nk
N
kn
N
N
N n
kn
N
N
n
kn
N
W
N
n x W W n x W n x W n x k X
(6.1.33)
Do
k kN
N
W ) 1 (
2 /
, vit li (6.1.33)

1
]
1

+ +
1 ) 2 / (
0
)
2
( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
N
n
kn
N
k
W
N
n x n x k X
(6.1.34)
Ta tip tc phn chia X(k) thnh cc mu theo th t chn v l,

1
]
1

+ +
1 ) 2 / (
0
2 /
)
2
( ) ( ) (
N
n
kn
N
W
N
n x n x k X
1
2
, , 1 , 0
N
k (6.1.35)
v

'

1
]
1

+ +
1 ) 2 / (
0
2 /
)
2
( ) ( ) 1 2 (
N
n
kn
N
n
N
W W
N
n x n x k X
1
2
, , 1 , 0
N
k (6.1.36)
Vi
2 /
2
N N
W W
nh ngha chui N/2 im g
1
(n) v g
2
(n) l

,
_

+ +
2
) ( ) (
1
N
n x n x n g

n
N
W
N
n x n x n g
1
]
1

,
_

+ +
2
) ( ) (
2
1
2
, , 2 , 1 , 0
N
n (6.1.37)
Th

1 ) 2 / (
0
2 / 1
) ( ) 2 (
N
n
kn
N
W n g k X

+
1 ) 2 / (
0
2 / 2
) ( ) 1 2 (
N
n
kn
N
W n g k X
(6.1.38)
Tnh g
1
(n) v g
2
(n) theo (6.1.37) v vic tnh cc chui DFT N/2 im c v trong
hnh 6.9. Ta thy cc bc tnh c bn trong hnh ny a n cc php ton bm
trong hnh 6.10.
Phng php tnh c th c c th c lp li qua phn chia DFT N/2
im, X(2k) v X(2k +1). Ton qu trnh cn n v = log
2
N bc phn chia, mi
bc N/2 bm l dng c v trong hnh 6.10. Do , vic tnh DFT N im
dng thut ton FFT, phn chia theo tn s, cn c (N/2)log
2
N php nhn phc v
Nlog
2
N php cng phc, ging nh trng hp thut ton phn chia theo thi gian.
minh ha, thut ton phn chia theo tn s tm im c v trong hnh 6.11.


Trong hnh 6.11, ta thy d liu x(n) xut hin theo th t t nhin, nhng
ng ra DFT th theo th t bit ngc. Ta cng thy l thut ton c tnh ti ch.
Tuy nhin, ta c th ti cu hnh thut ton phn chia theo tn s chui vo theo
th t bit ngc, cn chui ra DFT th theo th t t nhin. Hn na, nu ta b i
yu cu l phi tnh ti ch, th c th sp xp c ng ra v ng vo theo th t t
nhin.
Khi s im d liu N trong DFT l s ly tha ca 4 (N = 4
v
), ta vn c th
tnh theo thut ton c s 2. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny, tnh ton hiu qu
hn khi ta dng thut ton FFT c s 4.
Hy bt u dng php phn chia theo thi gian vi c s 4, c t cch chn
L = 4 v M = N/4 theo hng chia v chim m t trong phn 6.1.2. Vic la chn
L v M ny, ta c l, p = 0, 1, 2, 3; m, q = 0, 1, . . . , N/4 1; n = 4m + l; v k =
(N/4)p + q. Nn ta chia hay phn chia chui vo N im thnh bn chui con, x(4n),
x(4n +1), x(4n +2), x(4n +3), n =0, 1, . . . , N/4 1.
Dng (6.1.15), ta c

[ ]
lp
i
lq
N
W q l F W q p X
4
3
0
) , ( ) , (

3 , 2 , 1 , 0 p
(6.1.39)
vi F(l,q) c cho bi (6.1.16), tc l

. 1
4
, , 2 , 1 , 0
3 , 2 , 1 , 0
) , ( ) , (
1 ) 4 / (
0
4 /

N
q
l
W m l x q l F
N
m
mq
N

(6.1.40)
v

) 4 ( ) , ( l m x m l x +
(6.1.41)
)
4
( ) , ( q p
N
X q p X + (6.1.42)
Nn, bn DFT N/4 ly t (6.1.40) c tng hp theo (6.1.39) c DFT N im.
Biu thc (6.1.39) t hp DFT N/4 im nh ngha bm c s 4, phn chia theo
thi gian, c vit theo dng ma trn.

1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

) , 3 (
) , 2 (
) , 1 (
) , 0 (
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
) , 3 (
) , 2 (
) , 1 (
) , 0 (
3
2
0
q F W
q F W
q F W
q F W
j j
j j
q X
q X
q X
q X
q
N
q
N
q
N
N
(6.1.43)
Bm v trong hnh 6.12(a) v dng gn hn v trong hnh 6.12(b). Do
1
0

N
W , nn mi bm gm ba php nhn phc v 12 php cng phc.
Phng php phn chia theo thi gian c th lp li n v ln. Do , thut
ton FFT gm c v tng, mi tn c N/2 bm. Do , mc tnh ton ca thut
ton l 3vN/4 =(3N/8)log
2
N php nhn phc v (3N/2)log
2
N php cng phc. Nh
th s php nhn gim c 25%, nhng s php cng tng 50% t Nlog
2
N ln
(3N/2)log
2
N .
y tuy l im ng ch , nhng php cng li thc hin theo hai bc,
nn c th gim s php cng trong hnh bm t 12 xung 8. iu ny c thc
hin bng cch vit theo ma trn php bin i tuyn tnh trong (6.1.43) thnh tng
ca hai ma trn, nh sau:

1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

) , 3 (
) , 2 (
) , 1 (
) , 0 (
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 0 1
) , 3 (
) , 2 (
) , 1 (
) , 0 (
3
2
0
q F W
q F W
q F W
q F W
j
j
q X
q X
q X
q X
q
N
q
N
q
N
N
(6.1.44)
Nh th, mi php nhn ma trn gm bn php tnh cng trong tng s tm php
tnh cng. Nn tng s php cng phc gim cn Nlog2N, tng t nh trong thut
ton FFT c s 2. S php tnh gim c 25% php tnh nhn.
Hnh 6.13 v thut ton FFT theo c s 4, N = 16, phn chia theo thi gian.
Ch l trong thut ton ny, chui vo theo th t t nhin, cn th t chui ra th
b thay i. Trong thut ton FFT c s 4, khi phn chia theo 4, th t cc chui
phn chia c th c xc nh bng cch o ngc th t ca s biu din ch s
n khi trong h m 4 (t 0, 1, 2, 3).
Thut ton FFT, c s 4. phn chia theo tn s, vi cch chn L=N/4, M=4,
l, p = 0, 1, . . , N/4 1; m, q = 0, 1, 2, 3; n = (N/4)m + l; v k = 4p + q. T ,
phng trnh tng qut (6.1.15) vit li thnh

1 ) 4 / (
0
4 /
) , ( ) , (
N
l
lp
N
W q l G q p X
(6.1.45)
Vi

1
4
, , 1 , 0
3 , 2 , 1 , 0
) , ( ) , (

N
l
q
q l F W q l G
lq
N

(6.1.46)
V

1
4
, , 1 , 0
3 , 2 , 1 , 0
) , (
3
0
4

N
l
q
W q l F
n
mq

(6.1.47)
Ta thy l X(p, q) = X(4p + q), q =0, 1, 2, 3. Do , DFT N im c phn chia
thnh bn DFT N/4 im, ta c thut ton DFT phn chia theo tn s. Tnh ton
(6.1.46) v (6.1.47) nh ngha c s bm ca thut ton phn chia theo tn s.
Ch l php nhn vi
lq
N
W xut hin sau khi t hp cc im d liu x(l, m), ging
trng hp thut ton phn chia theo tn s, c s 2.
Thut ton FFT 16 im, c s 4, phn chia theo tn s c v trong hnh
6.14. Ng vo c th t t nhin, v ng ra theo th t o. Thut ton c cng mc
tnh ton nh trng hp thut ton FFT, phn chia theo thi gian, c s 4.
minh ha, ta th tm thut ton phn chia theo tn s, c s 4 nhm bin
cng thc DFT N im thnh cc DFT b hn. Ta c:

1
0
) ( ) (
N
n
kn
N
W n x k X

+ + +
1
4 / 3
1 4 / 3
2 /
1 2 /
4 /
1 4 /
0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
N
N n
kn
N
N
N n
kn
N
N
N n
kn
N
N
n
kn
N
W n x W n x W n x W n x k X

kn
N
N
n
kN
N
kn
N
N
n
kN
N
W
N
n x W W
N
n x W

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
1 4 /
0
2 / 3
1 4 /
0
2 /
2
3
2
(6.1.48)
T nh ngha ca tha s xoay, ta c

k kN
N
k kN
N
k kN
N
j W W j W ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
4 / 3 2 / 4 /
(6.1.49)
Th (6.1.49) vo (6.1.48), ta c
nk
N
N
n
k k k
W
N
n x j
N
n x
N
n x j n x k X

1
]
1

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
1 4 /
0
4
3
) (
4
) 1 (
4
) ( ) ( ) (

(6.1.50)
H thc (6.1.50) khng phi l DFT N/4 im do tha s xoay ph thuc vo
N, ch khng vo N/4. chuyn thnh DFT N/4 im, ta chia chui DFT thnh 4
chui con N/4 im l X(4k), X(4k +1), X(4k +2) v X(4k +3); vi k =
0,1,..,N/4 1. Ta c cc chui c s 4 l
kn
N N
N
n
W W
N
n x
N
n x
N
n x n x k X
4 /
0
1 4 /
0
4
3
2 4
) ( ) 4 (

1
]
1

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
(6.1.51)
kn
N
n
N
N
n
W W
N
n jx
N
n x
N
n jx n x k X
4 /
1 4 /
0
4
3
2 4
) ( ) 1 4 (

1
]
1

,
_

+ +

,
_

,
_

+ +
(6.1.52)
kn
N
n
N
N
n
W W
N
n x
N
n x
N
n x n x k X
4 /
2
1 4 /
0
4
3
2 4
) ( ) 2 4 (

1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
(6.1.53)
kn
N
n
N
N
n
W W
N
n jx
N
n x
N
n jx n x k X
4 /
3
1 4 /
0
4
3
2 4
) ( ) 3 4 (

1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ + +
(6.1.54)
Trong , ta dng c tnh
kn
N
kn
N
W W
4 /
4
. Ch l ng vo ca tng DFT N/4 l t
hp tuyn tnh ca bn tn hiu ly mu t l theo tha s xoay. Thut ton ny c
thc hin v ln, vi v = log
4
N.
6.1.5 Thut ton FFT chia c s.
Khi xem xt lu thut ton c s 2, phn chia theo tn s v trong hnh 6.11, ta
thy cc im nh s chn ca DFT c th c tnh c lp vi cc im nh s
l. iu ny cho thy kh nng dng nhiu phng php tnh ton khc nhau cho
cc phn c lp ca thut ton vi mc ch gim thiu s lng tnh ton. Thut
ton FFT chia c s SRFFT (Split radix FFT) khai thc tng ny bng cch
dng c phn tch c s 2 v c s 4 trong cng thut ton FFT.
Ta minh ha tng ny dng thut ton SRFFT phn chia theo tn s ca
Duhamel (1986). u tin, nhc li l thut ton FFT, c s 2, phn chia theo tn
s, c cc mu th t chn ca DFT N im l

1
2
, , 1 , 0 )
2
( ) ( ) 2 (
1 ) 2 / (
0
2 /

1
]
1

+ +

N
k W
N
n x n x k X
N
n
nk
N

(6.1.55)
Ch l cc im DFT ny c th c t DFT N/2 im m khng cn thm php
nhn no c. Do , c s 2 l cho php tnh ny.
Cc mu th t l {X(2k+1)} ca DFT cn tnh ton s b php nhn ca
chui vo vi tha s xoay .
n
N
W i vi cc mu ny th c s 4 c th cho hiu
qu tnh ton tt hn do DFT bn im c bm khng cho php nhn ln hn. Do
, khi dng cc c s ln hn 4 th cng khng gim ng k mc tnh ton.
Nu ta dng thut ton FFT, c s 4, phn chia theo thi gian cho cc mu l
ca DFT N im, ta c cc DFT N/4 im sau:

+ + + +
1 ) 4 / (
0
4 /
]} 4 / 3 ( ) 4 / ( [ )] 2 / ( ) ( {[ ) 1 4 (
N
n
kn
N
n
N
W W N x x N n x j N n x n x k X

(6.1.56)

+ + + + +
1 ) 4 / (
0
4 /
3
]} 4 / 3 ( ) 4 / ( [ )] 2 / ( ) ( {[ ) 3 4 (
N
n
kn
N
n
N
W W N x x N n x j N n x n x k X

(6.1.57)
Do DFT N im c chia thnh mt DFT N/2 im khng cn thm tha s
xoay no, v hai DFT N/4 im c thm tha s xoay. DFT N im c ly ln
lt dng cc phn chia ny cho n cc bc tnh cui cng. Vy, ta c c thut
ton SRFFT phn chia theo tn s.
Hnh 6.15 v lu cho thut ton SRFFT 32 im, phn chia theo tn s v
tnh ti ch. Ti bc A ca tnh ton khi N =32, th 16 im pha trn to chui

15 0 ) 2 / ( ) ( ) (
0
+ + n N n x n x n g
(6.1.58)
l chui cn cho tnh ton X(2k). Tm im k to nn chui

7 0 ) 2 / ( ) ( ) (
1
+ n N n x n x n g
(6.1.59)
Tm im pha di to chui jg
2
(n), vi

7 0 ) 2 / 3 ( ) 4 / ( ) (
2
+ + n N n x N n x n g
(6.1.60)
Cc chui g
1
(n) v g
2
(n) c dng tnh X(4k + 1) v X(4k + 3). Do , ti bc A
ta hon thnh phn chia th nht cho thnh phn c s 2 ca thut ton. Ti bc
B, tm im pha di dng cho tnh ton [ ]
n
W n jg n g
32 2 1
) ( ) ( + , 7 0 n , dng cho
php tnh X(4k + 3), 7 0 n . Nh th, ti bc B, ta hon thnh vic phn chia
th nht dng cho thut ton c s 4, to ra hai chui 8 im. Do , hnh bm
c bn c dng ch L nh v trong hnh 6.16.

Tip tc cc bc tnh, bt u vi 16 im pha trn ti bc A, lp li phn
chia cho DFT 16 im, tc l ta phn tch thnh DFT 8 im, c s 2 v hi DFT 4
im, c s 4. Ti bc B, tm im pha trn to chui (vi N = 16)

7 0 ) 2 / ( ) ( ) (
0 0 0
+ + n N n g n g n g
(6.1.61)
V tm im cui to hai chui bn im
) (
1
n g
v
) (
2
n g j
, vi

3 0 ) 2 / ( ) ( ) (
0 0 1
+ n N n g n g n g


3 0 ) 2 / 3 ( ) 4 / ( ) (
0 0 2
+ + n N n g N n g n g
(6.1.62)
16 im trn ca bc B c dng hai DFT 8 im, Do , tng DFT 8 im c
chia thanh DFT 4 im, c s 2 v DFT 4 im, c s 4. Trong bc cui, tnh ton
cn kt hp cc chui hai im.
Bng 6.2 trnh by so snh s cc php nhn v cng thc khng tm
thng, cn thit thc hin d liu DFT N im vi gi tr phc, dng thut ton
FFT c s 2, c s 4, c s 8 v php chia c s. Ch l thut ton SRFFT cn s
lng php nhn v php cng thp nht. Do , c dng trong nhiu ng dng.

Mt dng SRFFT khc do Price pht trin (1990). Trng hp ny cc tha
s DFT, c s 4 X(4k + 1) v X(4k + 3) bao hm DFT N/4 im ca cc chui
n
N
W n jg n g )] ( ) ( [
2 1
v
n
N
W n jg n g
3
2 1
)] ( ) ( [ + . Do , cc chui g
1
(n) v g
2
(n) c
nhn vi tha s (vector) ) , 1 ( ) , 1 (
8
32
W j v
n
N
W tnh X(4k + 1), cn khi tnh
X(4k + 3) cn tha s ) , 1 ( ) , 1 (
8
32

W j v
n
N
W
3
. Thay vo , c th sp xp li cc
php tnh tha s ca X(4k + 3) l ) 1 , ( ) 1 , (
8
32

W j . Sau khi xoay pha xong,

tha s xoay trong php tnh X(4k + 3) tr thnh ng X(4k + 1), tr vic chng
xut hin theo th t phn chiu. Th d, trong bc B ca hnh 6.15, cc tha s
xoay W
21
, W
18
, . . . , W
3
, ln lt c thay bng W
1
, W
2
, . . . , W
7
. Tnh i xng
phn chiu ny xut hin ti cc bc k tip ca thut ton. Do , s lng cc
tha s xoay phi c tnh v lu tr c gim khong 2 ln khi so snh vi
thut ton ca Duhamel. Nn thut ton cn gi l thut ton FFT phn chiu MFFT
(mirror FFT).
C th gim thm 2 ln lng lu tr cc tha s xoay c th thc hin bng
cch a thm dch pha offset 90
0
ti im gia ca tng mng xoay. iu ny ci
thin c thut ton SRFFT (hay MFFT) to nn mt thut ton mi, cng do
Price (1990) ra, cn c gi l thut ton FFT pha (PFFT).
6.1.6 Thit lp thut ton FFT
Phn ny xem xt vic thit lp cc thut ton FFT, ch cc thut ton c s 2, c
s 4 v cc c s bc cao hn.
V c bn, thut ton FFT, c s 2 ly hai im d liu ti mt im t b
nh, thc hin tnh bm v gi kt qu tr v b nh. Thut ton ny c lp li
nhiu ln ((Nlog
2
N/2) ln) khi tnh DFT N im.
Vic tnh bm cn c tha s xoay } {
k
N
W ti cc bc khc nhau theo th
t t nhin hay theo th t bit ngc. Trong mt thit lp hiu qu thut ton th cc
tha s pha c tnh cng lc v lu tr trong bng, theo th t t nhin hay theo
th t ngc, ty theo thit lp c th ca thut ton.
Yu cu b nh cng l mt yu t cn c xem xt. Nu tnh ton c
thc hin ti ch, s nh cn c l 2N do l s phc. Tuy nhin, ta c th tng i
nh ln 4N, lm gim cc php tnh ch s v iu khin trong thut ton FFT.
Trng hp ny ta thay th hai tp t v tr nh ti mt bc trong thut ton
FFT sang sang v tr khc. Tng i b nh cng cho php ta cho chui ng vo v
chui ng ra theo th t t nhin.
Mt d cc thut ton FFT gii thiu u nhm tnh ton hiu qu DFT,
nhng chng cn c th dng tnh ton IDFT, tc l

1
0
) (
1
) (
N
k
nk
N
W k X
N
n x
(6.1.63)
iu khc bit duy nht gia hai bin i l tha s chun ha 1/N v du
ca tha s pha W
N
. Do , thut ton FFT tnh DFT, c th c chuyn thnh
thut ton FFT tnh IDFT bng cch thay i du mi tha s pha v chia kt
qu sau cng ca thut ton cho N.
Thc ra, nu ta dng thut ton phn chia theo thi gian trong phn 6.1.3,
vic thay i chiu lu , thay i du ca tha s pha, hon v cc ng vo ra, v
sau cng chia ng ra cho N, ta c thut ton FFT bng cch phn chia theo tn s
tnh IDFT. Ni cch khc, nu ta bt u vi thut ton FFT phn chia theo tn s
trong phn 6.1.3, ri lm li cc thay i ni trn, ta c c thut ton FFT phn
chia theo thi gian tnh IDFT. iu tht n gin tnh IDFT dng thut
ton FFT.
Cui cng, iu cn nhn mnh khi tho lun v thut ton FFT vi c s 2,
c s 4, v chia c s. Khi s im d liu khng phi l ly tha ca 2 hay 4, th
n gin nht l m thm vo chui x(n) cc s khng N = 2
v
hay N = 4
v
.
Ngoi cc vn v mc tnh ton, th cn quan tm n kin trc b x
l, tp lnh, v cu trc d liu lu tr cc tha s xoay, cng cc yu t khc.
Trong mt my tnh thng thng, yu t chi ph tnh ton l quan trng, cc
thut ton FFT c s 2, c s 4 v chia c s, l rt thch hp. Tuy nhin, trong cc
b x l s DSP chuyn dng th cc thut ton ni trn vn cn thch hp, cn
thut ton SRFFT li khng thch hp lm do c cu trc khc bnh thng.

6.2 NG DNG CA THUT TON FFT
Cc thut ton FFT va nu c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc t lc tuyn
tnh, tng quan, v phn tch ph. V c bn th thut ton FFT l mt phng tin
hiu qu tnh DFT v IDFT.
Phn ny xem xt vic dng thut ton DFT trong lc tuyn tnh v tnh
tng quan v t tng quan ca hai chui.
6.2.1 Tnh ton hiu qu DFT ca hai chui thc.
Thut ton FFT c thit k thc hin cc php nhn v php cng phc, ngay
c khi d liu vo c gi tr thc. L do c bn trong tnh hung ny l tha s pha
l s phc, nn sau bc tnh th nht ca thut ton th mi bin u c gi tr
phc.
Xt kh nng tnh ton ca DFT vi hai chui thc nh sau. Gi s c hai
chui thc x
1
(n) v x
2
(n) c di N, v x (n) l chui phc c nh ngha l

1 0 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
+ N n n jx n x n x
(6.2.1)
Php tnh DFT l tuyn tnh nn c th vit thnh

) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
k jX k X k X +
(6.2.2)
Vit x
1
(n) v x
2
(n) theo x (n)

2
) ( ) (
) (
1
n x n x
n x

+
(6.2.3)

2
) ( ) (
) (
2
n x n x
n x

(6.2.4)
V DFT tng ng l
)]} ( [ )] ( [ {
2
1
) (
1
n x DFT n x DFT k X

+ (6.2.5)

)]} ( [ )] ( [ {
2
1
) (
2
n x DFT n x DFT
j
k X


(6.2.6)
Vi DFT ca x*(n) l X*(N k), th
)] ( * ) ( [
2
1
) (
1
k N X k X k X + (6.2.7)

)] ( * ) ( [
2
1
) (
2
k N X k X
j
k X
(6.2.8)
Vy, khi tnh DFT ca chui phc x(n), ta c DFT ca hai chui thc vi
mt lng tnh thm b khi tnh X
1
(k) v X
2
(k) t X (k) dng (6.2.7) v (6.2.8).
6.2.2 Tnh ton hiu qu DFT ca chui thc N im.
Gi s g(n) l chui thc vi 2N im. Ta chng t l c th tm DFT 2N
im ca g(n) t php tnh mt DFT N im c d liu phc. Trc ht, nh ngha:

) 1 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) (
2 1
+ n g n x n g n x
(6.2.9)
Ta chia nh chui thc 2N thnh hai chui thc mt N. Dng phng php xt
trc y, ta c:

) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
n jx n x n x +
(6.2.10)
Ta c

)] ( * ) ( [
2
1
) ( )] ( * ) ( [
2
1
) (
2 1
k N X k X
j
k X k N X k X k X +
(6.2.11)
Sau cng, vit DFT 2N im theo hai DFT N im, X
1
(k) v X
2
(k). Ta dng
thut ton FFT phn chia theo thi gian, l

+ + +
1
0
2
1
0
1
1
0
) 1 2 (
2
1
0
2
2
) ( ) ( ) 1 2 ( ) 2 ( ) (
N
n
nk
N
N
n
nk
N
N
n
k n
N
N
n
nk
N
W n x W n x W n g W n g k G
Do
1 , , 1 , 0 ), ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1
+ N k k NX W k X k G
L

1 , , 1 , 0 ), ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1
+ N k k NX W k X N k G
L
(6.2.12)
Vy ta tnh c DFT 2N im ca chui thc dng mt DFT N im v mt s
php tnh thm t (6.2.11) v (6.2.12)
6.2.3 Dng FFT trong lc tuyn tnh v tng quan.
Mt ng dng quan trng ca thut ton FFT l lc FIR tuyn tnh cho chiu d liu
di. Trong chng 5, ta trnh by hai phng php: overlap add v overlap
save. Phn ny ra cch dng hai phng php trn cng vi thut ton FFT
tnh DFT v IDFT. ngh c gi tham kho thm.

6.3 HNG LC TUYN TNH DNG TNH FFT
Thut ton FFT ly N im ca d liu vo v to chui ra N im tng ng vi
DFT ca d liu vo. Ta bit l thut ton FFT c s 2 thc hin tnh DFT vi
(N/2)log
2
N php nhn v Nlog
2
N php tnh cng ca chui N im.
Trong mt s ng dng th ch cn chn mt s gi tr ca DFT, khng cn
ton b gi tr ca DFT. Trng hp ny, thut ton FFT khng cn hiu qu so vi
cch tnh trc tip cc gi tr DFT. Thc ra, khi s gi tr mong mun ca DFT b
hn log
2
N, th tnh ton trc tip cc gi tr mong mun hiu qu hn.
Tnh trc tip DFT c th c to lp nh vic tnh lc tuyn tnh ca chui
d liu vo. Nh ta s thy, lc tuyn tnh ly dng di song song ca b cng
hng theo tng b cng hng chn mt trong cc tn s
k
= 2k/N vi k =
0, 1, . . . , N 1, tng ng vi N tn s ca DFT.
Trong ng dng phi tnh bin i z ca chui hu hn ti im khc vng
trn n v. Nu tp cc im mong mun trong mt phng z c mt s tnh chnh
quy (regularity), th cng c th tnh bin i z nh lc tuyn tnh.
Trong phn ny, ta gii thiu mt thut ton khc, gi l bin i z chirp,
thch hp tnh bin i z ca tp cc d liu nhiu chu tuyn khc nhau trong
mt phng z. Thut ton ny c to lp nh lc tuyn tnh tp d liu vo. Do ,
thut ton FFT c th c dng tnh bin i z chirp v tnh bin i z ti cc chu
tuyn khc nhau trong mt phng z, k c vng trn n v.
6.3.1 Thut ton Goertzel
Thut ton Goertzel khai thc tnh tun hon ca tha s pha { }
k
N
W v cho php ta
biu din vic tnh DFT thnh lc tuyn tnh. Do 1
kN
N
W , ta c th nhn DFT vi
tha s ny, v

1
0
) (
1
0
) ( ) ( ) (
N
m
m N k
N
N
m
km
N
kN
N
W m x W m x W k X
(6.3.1)
Ta thy (6.3.1) c dng tng chp, v nu nh ngha y(n) theo

1
0
) (
) ( ) (
N
m
m n k
N k
W m x n y
(6.3.2)
Th y
k
(n) l tng chp ca chui hu hn vo x(n) c chiu di N vi b lc c p
ng xung
) ( ) ( n u W n h
kn
N k

(6.3.3)
Ng ra ca b lc ti n = N cho gi tr ca DFT ti tn s
k
= 2k/N. Tc l,

N n
n y k X

) ( ) (
(6.3.4)
C th kim nghim li t (6.3.1) v (6.3.2)
B lc vi p ng xung h
k
(n) c hm h thng

1
1
1
) (

z W
z H
k
N
k
(6.3.5)

B lc ny c cc trn vng trn n v ti tn s
k
= 2k/N. Do , ton DFT c
th c tnh bng cch cho khi d liu vo di song song ca N b lc n cc
(cng hng), vi mi b lc c cc ti tn s tng ng ca DFT.
Thay v tnh DFT theo (6.3.2) dng tng chp, ta c th dng phng trnh
sai phn tng ng vi b lc (6.3.5) tnh qui y
k
(n). Ta c:
0 ) 1 ( ); ( ) 1 ( ) ( +

y n x n y W n y
k
k
N k
(6.3.6)
Ng ra cn c l X(k) = y
k
(N), khi k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. thc hin tnh ton ny,
c th tnh cng lc v lu tr tha s pha
k
N
W

.
C th trnh c cc php nhn v cng phc trong (6.3.6) bng cch kt
hp cp cc b cng hng c cp cc phc lin hp. iu ny, dn ti b lc hai
cc vi hm h thng c dng

2 1
1
) / 2 cos( 2 1
1
) (

z z N k
z W
z H
k
N
k

(6.3.7)

Dng thc hin trc tip II ca h thng c v trong hnh 6.17, c m t bng
phng trnh sai phn
) ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
2
cos 2 ) ( n x n v n v
N
k
n v
k k k
+

(6.3.8)
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( n v W n v n y
k
k
N k k
(6.3.9)
Vi iu kin u v
k
( 1) = v
k
( 2) = 0
Quan h qui (6.3.8) c tnh lp vi n = 0, 1, . . . , N, nhng phng
trnh (6.3.9) ch c tnh ti thi im n = N. Mi bc tnh lp cn mt php nhn
thc v hai php cng. Do , vi chui vo thc x(n), thut ton cn N + 1 php
nhn thc khng ch cho X(k), m do tnh i xng, cn dng cho X(N k).
Thut ton Goertzel c bit hp dn khi DFT c tnh vi s M tng i
b, vi M log
2
N. Cn li th thut ton FFT hiu qu hn.
6.3.2 Thut ton bin i z chirp
DFT ca chui d liu N im x(n) c th xem l bin i z ca x(n) c tnh ti N
im cch u nhau tren vng trn n v. Ngoi ra, cn c xem l N mu cch
u nhau ca bin i Fourier ca chui d liu x(n). Trong phn ny, ta tnh X(z)
trn cc chu tuyn khc trong mt phng z, k c vng trn n v.
Gi s, ta mun tnh cc gi tr bin i z ca x(n) ti tp cc im {z
k
}, th

. 1 , , 1 , 0 ; ) ( ) (
1
0

N k z n x z X
N
n
n
k k

(6.3.10)
Th d, nu chu tuyn l vng trn n v, bn knh r v z
k
l N im cch u nhau,
th
1 . , 2 , 1 , 0 ;
/ 2
N k re z
N kn j
k

1 , , 2 , 1 , 0 ; ] ) ( [ ) (
1
0
/ 2

N k e r n x z X
N
n
N kn j n
k

(6.3.11)
Trong trng hp ny, thut ton FFT c th dng cho chui bin i x(n)r
n
.
Tng qut hn, gi s cc im z
k
trong mt phng z ri vo trong mt cung
c bt u bi cc im

0
0 0
j
e r z
V ng xon c i v gc hay ri khi gc sao cho cc im {z
k
} c nh
ngha l
1 , , 1 , 0 ) (
0 0
0 0
L k e R e r z
j j
k


(6.3.12)
Ch , nu R
0
< 1, cc im ri vo chu tuyn l hnh xon i v gc v R
0
> 1, chu
tuyn l hnh xon ri khi gc. Nu R
0
= 1, chu tuyn l cung c bn knh r
0
. Nu
r
0
= 1 v R
0
= 1, chu tuyn l cung ca vng trn n v. Chu tuyn ny cho php ta
tnh cc tn s trong chui x(n) ca tp dy cc tn s L trong tm do cung bao ph
m khng phi tnh ht DFT ln, tc l DFT ca chui x(n) c thm thm cc s
khng c phn gii cn thit cho DFT. Cc dng chu tuyn c v trong
hnh 6.18.
Khi cc im {z
k
} trong (6.3.12) c thay vo biu thc bin i z, ta c

nk
N
n
N
n
n j n
k k
N e r n x z n x z X

1
0
1
0
0
) )( ( ) ( ) (
0

(6.3.13)
Vi
0
0
j
e R V (6.3.14)
Vit (6.3.13) theo dng tng chp, vi ch l
] ) ( [
2 2 2
2
1
n k k n nk + (6.3.15)
Thay (6.3.15) vo (6.3.13), ta c

1
0
2 / ) ( 2 /
0
2 /
2 2
0
2
] ) )( ( [ ) (
N
n
n k n n j k
k
V V e r n x V z X

(6.3.16)
nh ngha chui mi g(n) l

2 /
0
2
0
) )( ( ) (
n n j
V e r n x n g

(6.3.17)
Th

1
0
2 / ) ( 2 /
2 2
) ( ) (
N
n
n k k
k
V n g V z X
(6.3.18)
Tng (6.3.18) c th vit thnh tng chp ca chui g(n) v p ng xung h(n) ca
b lc, vi

2 /
2
) (
n
V n h (6.3.19)
Vit li (6.3.18)

1 , , 1 , 0 ;
) (
) (
) ( ) (
2 /
2


L k
k h
k y
k y V z X
k
k

(6.3.20)
Vi y(k) l ng ra ca b lc

1
0
) ( ) ( ) (
N
n
n k h n g k y
(6.3.21)
cho ta L im c gi tr v N 1 im b trm.
Phn ca h(n) cn cho tnh ton ny tng ng vi gi tr ca h(n) khi
) 1 ( ) 1 ( L n N
, chnh l chiu di ca M = L + N 1, nh trong (6.3.21).
nh ngha chui h
1
(n) c chiu di M l:

1 , , 1 , 0 ); 1 ( ) (
1
+ L n N n h n h
(6.3.22)
Tnh DFT M im ca n dng thut ton FFT c H
1
(z). T x(n) ta tnh g(n) theo
(6.3.17), m vo g(n) bng L 1 s khng, ri tnh DFT M im c G(k). IDFT
ca tch Y
1
(k) = G(k)H
1
(k) cho chui M im y
1
(n), n = 0, 1, . . , M 1. N 1 im
ca y
1
(n) b trm v b loi. Gi tr mong mun l y
1
(n) khi 1 1 L n N , tng
ng vi tm 1 0 L n trong (6.3.21).

1 , , 1 , 0 ); 1 ( ) (
1
+ L n N n y n y
(6.3.23)
Mt khc, khi nh ngha chui h
2
(n) l

'

1 ) 1 (
1 0 ) (
) (
2
M n L L N n h
L n n h
n h
(6.3.24)
DFT M im ca h
2
(n) cho H
2
(k), v khi nhn vi G(k) th Y
2
(k) = G(k) H
2
(k). Tnh
IDFT ca Y
2
(k) cho ta chui y
2
(k) khi 1 0 M n . Vy, tr y
2
(n) nm trong tm
1 0 L n , tc l

1 , , 1 , 0 ) ( ) (
2
L n n y n y
(6.3.25)
Cui cng, gi tr phc ca X(z
k
) dng cch chia y(k) cho h(k), k = 0,1, . . , L 1,
theo (6.3.30).
Thng thng, mc phc tp ca thut ton bin i z chirp theo m t
trn l Mlog
2
M php nhn phc, vi M = N + L 1. Con s ny khi so snh vi tch
N.L ca php tnh trc tip ca bin i z . R rng, nu L b, php tnh trc tip
hiu qu hn. Tuy nhin, nu L ln, th thut ton bin i z chirp hiu qu hn.
Bin i z chirp c thit lp trn phn cng my tnh tnh DFT ca
tn hiu. tnh DFT, ta cho r
0
= R
0
= 1,
0
= 0,
0
= 2/N v L = N. Trng hp
ny th:

N
n
j
N
n
e V
N n j n
2 2
/ 2 /
sin cos
2 2

(6.3.26)
Mch lc chirp c p ng xung

N
n
j
N
n
V n h
n
2 2
2 /
sin cos ) (
2
+ (6.3.27)
c thit lp nh mt cp ca lc FIR c h s ln lt l h
r
(n) v h
r
(n). Cc linh
kin SAW (surface acousitc wave) v CCD (charge coulped devices) u dng c
cho lc FIR. Chui sin v cos trong (6.3.26) cn cho cc php nhn trc
(premultiplications) v nhn sau (postmultiplications), thng c trong ROM my
tnh. Ngoi ra, do ch cn c bin ca DFT, nn php nhn sau khng cn thit,
trng hp ny

1 , , 1 , 0 ) ( ) ( N k k y z X
k

(6.3.28)
Nh v trong hnh 6.19. Do , hng lc FIR dng cho bin i z chirp c
thit lp cho tnh ton DFT.
6.4 NH HNG CA LNG T TRONG PHP TNH FFT
6.4.1 Sai s lng th khi tnh trc tip DFT
Cho chui hu hn {x(n)}, 1 0 N n c DFT l

1
0
1 , , 1 , 0 ) ( ) (
N
n
kn
N
N k W n x k X
(6.4.1)
Vi .
/ 2 N j
N
e W

Thng thng, {x(n)} l chui c gi tr phc. Gi s tip l cc
thnh phn thc v phc ca {x(n)} c biu din dng b bit. Do , vic tnh tch
kn
N
W n x ) ( cn c bn php nhn thc. Mi php nhn thc c lm trn t 2b thnh
b bit, nn c bn sai s lng t cho tng php nhn phc.
Khi tnh trc tip DFT, ta c N php nhn phc ti mi im ca DFT. Do
, tng s php nhn thc trong tnh ton ti mt im trong DFT l 4N. Do , c
4N sai s lng t.
Tnh phng sai ca sai s lng t trong php tnh DFT dng du chm c
nh. u tin, gi s c c tnh thng k ca sai s lng t l:
1. Sai s lng do lm trn l bin ngu nhin phn b u trong tm (/2, /2)
vi = 2
b
.
2. 4N sai s lng t l tng h, khng tng quan
3. 4N sai s lng t khng tng quan vi chui {x(n)}.
Do sai s lng t c phng sai

12
2
12
2 2
2
b
c

(6.4.2)
Nn phng sai ca sai s lng t trong 4N php nhn l

b
e p
N
N

2 .
3
4
2 2
(6.4.3)
Do phng sai ca sai s lng t t l vi kch thc DFT. Ch khi N l s
ly tha ca 2 (N = 2
p
) th phng sai c th vit thnh

3
2
) 2 / ( 2
2
v b
p
N

(6.4.4)
Biu thc ny cho thy c tng kch thc N ca DFT, cn thm bit khi tnh chnh
xc offset c sai s lng t ph.
gim trn hng (overflow), chui vo DFT cn c t l. R rng, vi
bin trn ca
) (k X
l

1
0
) ( ) (
N
n
n x k X
(6.4.5)
Nu di ng khi tnh cng l ( 1, 1) th
1 ) ( < k X
cn iu kin

<
1
0
1 ) (
N
n
n x
(6.4.6)
Nu t l x(n) ban u x(n) <1 vi mi n, th mi im trong chui c th
chia cho N nhm bo m tha (6.4.6).
iu kin v t l ca (6.4.6) l rt nghim ngt. Th d, gi s chui tn hiu
{x(n)} l tn hiu trng, nn sai khi t l, tng tr {x(n)} ca chui l phn b ng
u trong tm ( 1/N, 1/N). Nn phng sai ca chui tn hiu l

2
2
2
3
1
12
) / 2 (
N
N
x
(6.4.7)
V phng sai ca cc h s DFT ng ra {X(k)} l

N
N
x X
3
1
2 2
(6.4.8)
Do , t s cng sut tn hiu /nhiu l

2
2
2
2
2
N
b
q
X

(6.4.9)
Ta thy vic t l lm gim t s SNR i N ln v khi kt hp php t l v sai s
lng t th ta gim n N
2
ln. Do , t l chui vo {x(n)} theo (6.4.6) gy
nh hng nng n ln t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca DFT.
Th d 6.4.1
Dng (6.4.9), xc nh s bit cn thit tnh DFT ca chui 1024 im vi SNR
l 30 dB.
Gii
Kch thc ca chui l N = 2
10
. Do , SNR l

20 2
10
2
2
10
2 log 10 log 10

b
q
X

Vi SNR l 30dB, ta c 3(2b 20) b = 15 bit
Ch : 15 bit l chnh xc ca c php nhn v php cng.
Thay v t l chui tn hiu vo {x(n)}, gi s ta ch yu vu l x(n) < 1. Th
ta cn cung cp di ng ln cho php cng sao cho {X(k)} < N. Trong trng
hp ny th phng sai ca chui { x(n) } l
3
1
2

, nn phng sai ca X(k) l

3
2 2
N
N
x X
(6.4.10)
Do , SNR l

b
q
X 2
2
2
2

(6.4.11)
Nu lp li tnh ton trong th d 6.4.1, ta thy s bit cn SNR = 30 dB l
b = 5 bit, Tuy nhin, ta cn thm 10 bit cho b tch ly (mch cng) thch hp
vi vic tng di ng ca php cng. Mc d cha rt di ng ca php cng,
nhng ta gim chnh xc trong php nhn t 15 bit xung cn 5 bit, iu ny
rt c ngha.
6.4.2 Sai s lng t trong thut ton FFT
Nh bit, thut ton FFT cn t php nhn hn so vi tnh DFT trc tip. T ,
ta c th kt lun l vic tnh DFT dng FFT cho sai s lng t thp hn. Thc ra
th khng phi nh th, nh trong phn m t tip theo.
Xt trng hp dng php tnh s hc vi du chm tnh khi tnh FFT c s
2. c bit, khi ta chn thut ton c s 2, phn chia theo thi gian nh trong hnh
6.20 vi N = 8. Kt qu l sai s lng t cho trng hp FFT c s 2 ny cng
ging nh trng hp c s 2 hay cc thut ton c c s cao hn.
Ta thy vi tng php tnh bm cn mt php nhn phc hay tng ng
vi bn php nhn thc. Ta b qua vic mt s bm c cc php nhn tm
thng vi t 1. Nu ta xt gi tr bm nh hng ln php tnh ca mt tr bt k
ca DFT, ta thy l thng c N/2 trong bc u tin ca FFT, N/4 cho bc th
hai, N/8 cho bc th ba, v.v., cho n bc sau cng, ch cn li mt m thi.
Do , s bm cho mt im ra l
[ ] 1 ] ) ( 1 [ 2 ) ( ) ( 1 2 1 2 2 2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1 2 1
+ + + + + + +

N
v v v v v v
(6.4.12)
Th d, cc bm nh hng ln tnh ton ca X(3) trong thut ton FFT tm im
trong hnh 6.20 c v trong hnh 6.21.
Sai s lng t i vo tng bm ri lan truyn n ng ra. Ch l sai s
lng t i vo bc th nht ri lan truyn qua (v 1) bc, khi i vo bc hai
lan truyn qua (v 2) bc, v.v. . Khi cc sai s lng t ny lan truyn qua s cc
bc k nhau, chng b di (quay) pha do tha s pha .
kn
N
W Cc quay pha khng
lm thay i c tnh thng k ca sai s lng t v c bit ln phng sai ca
tng sai s lng t khng i.
Nu gi s sai s lng t trong tng bm khng tng quan vi sai s ca
cc bm khc, th c 4(N 1) sai s nh hng ln ng ra ca tng im ca FFT.
Do , phng sai ca ton sai s lng t ti ng ra l

3 12
) 1 ( 4
2 2
2

N
N
q
(6.4.13)
Vi = 2
b
. Do

b
q
N
2 2
2
3

(6.4.14)
y ng l kt qu c c khi tnh trc tip DFT.

Kt qu trong (6.4.14) khng ng kinh ngc. Thc t, thut ton FFT khng
lm gim s lng tnh ton khi tnh cho mt im ca DFT. Thut ton FFT khai
thc tnh tun hon ca
kn
N
W , nn gim c s php tnh nhn khi tnh ton khi N
im trong DFT.
Ging trng hp tnh trc tip DFT, ta phi t l chui ng vo trnh trn
hng (overflow). Nhc li l nu x(n) < 1/N, 0 n N 1, th X(k) < 1/N, 0
k N 1. Vy, ta trnh c overflow. T php t l ny, cc quan h trong (6.4.7),
(6.4.8) v (6.4.9), c khi tnh DFT trc tip, cng dng c cho thut ton FFT.
Do , c cng SNR c khi tnh FFT.
Do thut ton FFT gm chui ca cc bc, vi mi bc cha bm gm
cp cc im, nn c th tm cc chin lc t l khc m khng phi chia nghim
ngt tng im vo cho N. Chin lc t l ny ly t quan st l cc gi tr trung
gian X
n
(k) trong n =1, 2, . . , v bc trong thut ton FFT tha c iu kin
(xem bi tp 6.35).

[ ] [ ] ) ( , ) ( max ) ( , ) ( max
1 1
l X k X l X k X
n n n n

+ +

[ ] [ ] ) ( , ) ( max 2 ) ( , ) ( max
1 1
l X k X l X k X
n n n n

+ +
(6.4.15)
Theo quan im ca cc quan h ny, ta c th phn b tng t l ca 1/N vo
tng bc trong thut ton FFT. c bit, nu x(n) < 1, ta dng tha s t l l
vo bc th nht, sao cho x(n) < . Vy ng ra ca cc bc k nhau trong thut
ton FFT phi c t l vi , sau v bc ta c tha s t l tng l ()
v
=1/N.
T trnh c overflow khi tnh DFT.
Phng thc t l ny khng nh hng ln mc tn hiu ti ng ra ca thut
ton FFT, nhng li gim ng k phng sai ca sai s lng t ti ng ra. c
bit, tng tha s gim gim phng sai ca tha s sai s lng t i vi t l
. Nn 4(N/2) sai s lng t i vo bc th nht c gim i ()
v 1
, v.vDo
, phng sai tng ca sai s lng t ti ng ra ca thut ton FFT l

'

+ +

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

4
4
1
2
4
4
1
2
4
4
1
2
4
12
3 2 1
2
2

v v v
q
N N N

b
v v v
q
2
2
2 1
2
2
2 .
3
2
2
1
1
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
3

1
1
]
1

,
_

'

+ + +

,
_

,
_

(6.4.16)
Trong tha s ()
v
b b qua
Ta thy l (6.4.16) khng cn t l vi N. Mt khc, tn hiu c phng sai
, 3 / 1
2
N
X
nh trong (6.4.8). Do , SNR l

1 2 2
2
2
2 2
2
1


v b b
q
X
N

(6.4.17)
Vy, khi phn b u t l 1/N qua thut ton FFT, ta thc hin c SNR t l
nghch vi N thay v N
2
.
Th d 6.4.2
Tm s bit cn thit tnh FFT 1024 im vi SNR l 30dB khi t l c phn b
nh phn trn.
Gii.
Kch thc ca FFT l N = 2
10
. Do theo (6.4.17) th
30 2 log 10
1 2
10

v b

30 ) 11 2 ( 3 b
) 11 ( ,
2
21
bit b
iu ny c th so snh vi 15 bit cn thit nu mi t l c thc hin trong bc
th nht ca thut ton FFT.
6.5 TM TT V TI LIU THAM KHO
Chng tp trung v hiu qu tnh ton ca DFT. Ta minh ha l nh u im
ca c tnh i xng v tnh tun hon ca tha s m
kn
N
W , nn gim thiu c
s php nhn phc cn thit khi tnh DFT t N
2
thnh Nlog
2
N khi N l ly tha 2.
Mt s chui c th c m thm cc s khng, c N = 2
v
.
Trong nhiu thp k qua, thut ton dng FFT lun l mi quan tm ca cc
nh ton hc khi mong mun tnh bng tay chui Fourier. Tuy nhin, iu ny ch
thc hin c nh cc cng trnh ca Cooley v Tukey (1965) v tnh ton hiu
qu DFT. Tip n, l thut ton do Singleton (1967, 1969) gy nh hng ln
trong vic dng DFT trong php tng chp, tng quan v phn tch ph.
Thut ton FFT chia c s SRFFT trong phn 6.6.5 c t cng trnh ca
ca Duhamel v Hollman (1984, 1986). Thut ton FFT gng MFFT v pha
FFT, MFFT do R. Price m t. Vic khai thc tnh i xng ca d liu gim thiu
tnh ton theo thi gian do Swarztrauber (1986).
Trong nhiu nm, nhiu cng trnh do Brigham v Morrow (1967),
Cochran (1967), Bergland (1969) v Cooley (1967, 1969), nhm tha nhn vai tr
ca DFT khi tnh tng chp tuyn tnh. Goertzel (1968) cho thy c th th tnh
dng lc tuyn tnh, vi cng trnh ca Bluestein (1970), tip n l cng trnh ca
Rabiner (1969) pht trin thut ton bin i z chirp.
Ngoi cc thut ton dng trong chng ny, cn c nhiu thut ton hiu
qu tnh DFT, mt s gim c s php nhn, nhn li lm tng s php cng.
BI TP
6.1 Chng t l mi s trong
. 1 0
) / 2 (
N k e
k N j

Tng ng vi nghim n v th N. V cc s trn v phasor trong mt phng
phc v t hnh v, minh ha tnh trc giao

'

l k
l k N
e e
N j
N
n
kn N j
0
ln
ln ) / 2 (
1
0
) / 2 (


6.2 (a) Chng t cc tha s pha c th c tnh qui dng

) 1 (

l q
N
q
N
ql
N
W W W
(b) Thc hin tnh ton dng php tnh mt du chm ng v bn s c
ngha (signficant). Ch v sai s tch ly trong trng hp th hai
(c) Chng t l c th ci thin kt qu phn (b) bng cch reset li kt qu
v gi tr ng j, mi khi ql =N/4.
6.3 Gi x(n) l chui thc N im (N = 2
v
). Pht trin phng php tnh DFT N
im X(k), ch cha cc hm l [X(k) = 0, nu k l chn] ch dng mt DFT N/2
im thc.
6.4 Mt nh thit k c mt s chip DFT tm im. Cho bit phng thc kt ni
cc chip ny c DFT 24 im.
6.5 Bin i z ca chui x(n) = u(n) u(n 7) c ly mu nm im trn vng
trn n v theo

4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 ) ( ) (
5 / 2

k z X k x
k j
e z

Tm bin i nghch DFT ca x(n) ca X(k). So snh vi x(n) ri gii thch kt qu.
Tm chui hu hn x(n), 0 n 7, c bin i z l X(z). Ta mun tnh X(z) ti tp
cc gi tr sau

[ ]
7 0 8 , 0
) 8 / ( ) 08 / 2 (

+
k e z
k j
k


(a) V cc im {z
k
} trong mt phng phc.
(b) Tm chui s(n) c DFT to cc mu X(z).
6.7 Tm thut ton FFT c s 2, phn chia theo thi gian, cho bi (6.1.26) v
(6.1.27) l trng hp c bit ca cc tnh thut ton tng qut cho t (6.1.16) n
(6.1.18).
6.8 Tnh DFT tm im ca chui

'

khc n cc
n
n x
_ _ 0
7 0 1
) (

dng thut ton FFT phn chia theo tn s.
6.9 Tm lu tn hiu ca thut ton FFT, N = 16, c s 4, phn chia theo thi
gian vi ng vo theo th t t nhin v tnh ton ti ch.
6.10 Tm lu tn hiu ca thut ton FFT, N = 16, c s 4, phn chia theo thi
gian vi ng vo theo th t bit ngc v ng ra DFT theo th t t nhin.
6.11 Tm DFT tm im ca chui

'

0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ,
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
) (n x

dng thut ton phn chia theo thi gian, c s hai, tnh ti ch v dng thut
ton phn chia theo tn s. Dng ng lu tn hiu v ghi nhn y cc i
lng trung gian vo lu .
6.12 Tnh DFT 16 im ca chui
15 0
2
cos ) ( n n n x


dng thut ton phn chia theo thi gian, c s 4, tnh ti ch.
6.13 Xt DFT tm im, phn chia theo thi gian, c lu theo hnh 6.6.
(a) Cho bit li ca ng tn hiu ni t x(7) n X(2)?
(b) C bao nhiu ng dn t ng vo n mu ng ra cho trc? iu ny c
ng vi mi mu khng?
(c) Tnh X(3) dng cch tnh t lu .
6.14 V lu cho thut ton phn chia theo tn s SRFFT khi N = 16. Cho bit s
cc php nhn khng tm thng?
6.15 Tm v v thut ton khi N = 8 cho thut ton SRFFT phn chia theo tn s. So
snh lu vi thut ton FFT phn chia theo tn s, c s 2 v trong hnh 6.11.
6.16 Chng t l tch ca hai s phc (a + jb) v (c + jd) c th c thc hin dng
ba php nhn thc v nm php cng dng thut ton

b d c d b a x
R
) ( ) ( +

b d c d b a x
I
) ( ) ( + +

Vi
) )( ( jd c jb a jx x x
I R
+ + +
6.17 Gii thch vic dng DFT tnh N mu cch u nhau ca bin i z, ca
chui N im, trn vng trn n v, bn knh r.

6.18 Chui N im, gi tr thc x(n) c gi l DFT c bng thng gii hn nu
c DFT l X(k) = 0 khi k
0
k N k
0
. Thm vo (L 1)N s khng vo gia ca
X(k) c DFT L.N im nh sau

'

+ +

1 1 ) (
0
1 0 ) (
) ( '
0
0 0
0
LN k k LN LN N k X
k LN k k
k k k X
k X
Chng t l
1 0 ) ( ) ( ' N n n x Ln Lx
vi

) ( ' ) ( ' k X n x
LN
DFT

Gii thch ngha ca dng x l ny dng th d vi N = 4, L = 1 v
} 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 { ) ( k X

6.19 Gi X(k) l DFT N im ca chui
. 1 0 ), ( N n n x
Tm DFT ca chui
. 1 0 ), ( ) ( N n n X n x
6.20 Gi X(k) l DFT N im ca chui
. 1 0 ), ( N n n x
Ta nh ngha chui
2N im y(n) l

'

,
_

le n
chan n
n
x
n y
_ 0
_
2
) (
Tm DFT 2N im ca y(n) theo X(k).
6.21 (a) Tm bin i z l W(z) ca ca s Hanning
( ) 2 / cos 1 ) (
1
2

N
n
n w

.
(b) Tm cng thc tnh DFT N im X
w
(k) ca tn hiu x
w
(n) = w(n) x(n), vi
0 n N 1 t DFT N im X(k) ca tn hiu x(n).
6.22 Lp bng cc h s DFT ch dng N/4 nh lu tr mt phn t u tin
ca tn hiu sin (gi s N chn).
6.23 Tm mc tnh ton ca thut ton (6.2.12) ri so snh vi mc tnh cn cho
DFT 2N im ca g(n), Gi s thut ton FFT dng c s 2.
6.24 Xt h IIR m t bng phng trnh sai phn


+
M
k
k
N
k
k
k n x b k n y a n y
0 1
) ( ) ( ) (
M t phng thc tnh p ng tn s
1 , , 1 , 0
2

,
_

N k k
N
H

dng thut
ton FFT (N = 2
v
).
6.25 Pht trin thut ton FFT, c s 3, phn chia theo thi gian khi N = 3
v
v v lu
tng ng khi N = 9. Cho bit s php tnh nhn phc?Thut ton c th tnh ti
ch c khng?
6.26 Lm li bi 6,25 dng cch phn chia theo tn s.
6.27 Ng vo FFT v ng ra lt bt (pruning). Trong mt s ng dng, ta ch
mun tnh mt s im M ca DFT N im ca chui hu hn c di L (tc l
M << N v L << N).
(a) V lu thut ton FFT, c s 2, phn chia theo tn s khi N = 16 v ta bt
mi ng tn hiu xut pht t ng vo khng, vi gi s l ch c x(0) v x(1) l
khc khng.
(b) Lm li phn (a) vi thut ton c s 2, phn chia theo thi gian.
(c) Cho bit thut ton no tt hn khi ta mun tnh mi im ca DFT? Nu ta ch
cn tnh X(0), X(1), X(2) v X(3) th sao? Thit lp lut lut la chn gia cch lt
bt bng cch phn chia theo thi gian v phn chia theo tn s, ty thuc vo gi
tr ca M v L.
(d) Cho mt c lng v lu tr khi tnh cc tha s M, L v N.
6.28 Tnh ton DFT song song. Gi s, ta cn tnh DFT N = 2
p
2
v
im dng b x l
DSP 2
p
. n gin, gi s p = v = 2. Trong trng hp ny mi DSP thc hin
mi php tnh cn thit tnh DFT 2
v
im.
(a) Dng lu c s 2, phn chia theo tn s, chng t l trnh xo trn d liu,
th ton chui x(n) nn c nh trong tng DSP.
(b) Tm v v li phn lu c DSP thc hin tnh cc mu DFT X(2),
X(10), X(6) v X(14)>
(c) Chng t l nu dng DSP M = 2
p
, th tng tc ca tnh ton S c nh
ngha l

) 1 ( 2 log log
log
2 2
2
+

M M N
N
M S

6.29 Pht trin thut ton IFFT c s 2, phn chia theo thi gian dng t nh
ngha. V lu tnh ton ri so snh vi lu tng tng ca php FFT trc
tip. C th tm lu IFFT t thut ton FFT c khng?
6.30 Lm li 6.29 cho trng hp phn chia theo tn s.
6.31 Chng t l FFT ca d liu c tnh i xng Hermit c th tm bng cch o
ngc lu ca FFT khi d liu thc.
6.32 Tm hm h thng H(z) v phng trnh sai phn ca h thng dng thut ton
Goertzel tnh cc gi tr DFT X(N k).
6.33 (a) Gi s x(n) l hu hn vi N = 1024 im. Mun tnh bin i z ca chui
ti cc im
1000 , , 200 , 100 , 0
) 1024 / 2 (
k e z
k j
k


dng phng php hay thut ton no hiu qu nht c th. M t thut ton thc
hin hiu qu cc php tnh. Gii thch kt qu dng vi nhiu thut ton.
(b) Lm li phn (a) nu X(z) c tnh ti
999 , , 2 , 1 , 0 ) 9 , 0 ( 2
] 2 / ) 5000 / 2 [(

+
k e z
k j k
k


6.34 Lm li phn tch phng sai ca sai s lng t, trong phn 6.4.2, khi dng
thut ton FFT, c s 2, phn chia theo tn s.
6.35 Bm c s trong thut ton FFT, c s 2, phn chia theo thi gian l
) ( ) ( ) (
1
l X W k X k X
n
m
N n n
+
+

) ( ) ( ) (
1
l X W k X l X
n
m
N n n

+
(a) Nu cn c
2
1
) ( < k X
n
v
2
1
) ( < l X
n
, chng t l

1 )] ( Re[ 1 )] ( Re[
1 1
< <
+ +
l X k X
n n

1 )] ( Im[ 1 )] ( Im[
1 1
< <
+ +
l X k X
n n
th khng b overflow
(b) Chng t l
[ ] [ ] ) ( , ) ( max ) ( , ) ( max
1 1
l X k X l X k X
n n n n

+ +

[ ] [ ] ) ( , ) ( max 2 ) ( , ) ( max
1 1
l X k X l X k X
n n n n

+ +
6.36* Tnh ton DFT. Dng cc chng trnh con FFT tnh cc DFT sau, ri v bin
X(k) ca DFT
(a) DFT 64 im ca chui

'

khc n cc
N n
n x
L
_ _ 0
) 16 ( 15 , , 1 , 0 1
) (

(b) DFT 64 im ca chui

'

khc n cc
N n
n x
L
_ _ 0
) 8 ( 7 , , 1 , 0 1
) (

(c) DFT 128 im ca chui trong phn (a)
(d) DFT 64 im ca chui

'

khc n cc
N n e
n x
L
n j
_ _ 0
) 64 ( 63 , , 1 , 0 10
) (
) 8 / (

Tr li cc cu hi sau
(1) Cho bit khong tn s gia cc mu k nhau trong th phn (a), (b), (c) v
(d)?
(2) Cho bit gi tr ph ti tn s khng (tr dc) c c t th phn (a), (b), (c)
v (d)?
T cng thc

1
0
) / 2 (
) ( ) (
N
n
nk N j
e n x k X

, tnh tr l thuyt ca tr dc, ri so snh vi kt qu c
(3) Trong th (a), (b) v (c), tm khong tn s gia cc gi tr null trong ph?
Cho bit quan h gia N
1
ca chui x(n) v khong tn s gia cc khong null?
(4) Gii thch khc bit gia cc th t phn (a) v (c).
6.37* Nhn dng v tr cc trong h thng. Xt h thng c phng trnh sai phn
) ( ) 2 ( ) (
2
n x n y r n y +
(a) Cho r = 0,9 v x(n) = (n). Tm chui ra y(n) khi 0 n 127. Tnh DFT vi
N =128 im Y(k), ri v { Y(k) }.
(b) Tnh DFT N =128 im ca chui w(n) = (0,92)
n
y(n) vi w(n) l chui c
to nn t phn (a). V th tr DFT W(k) . Kt lun g t th phn (a) v (b)
(c) Cho r = 0,5 v lm li phn (a)
(d) Lm li phn (b) cho chui w(n) = (0,55)
n
y(n) vi vi y(n) l chui c to
nn t phn (c). Kt lun g t th phn (c) v (d)?
(e) Chui phn (c) b nhim nhiu Gauss c trung bnh z r v phng sai
2
=0,1
Lm li phn (c) v (d) vi tn hiu nhim nhiu ny.