PHN I.

CC MT M I XNG

CHNG 2

2.1 M hnh m ho i xng 2.2 Cc k thut thay th 2.3 Cc k thut chuyn dch 2.4 My Rotor 2.5 Steganography 2.6 c thm v cc trang Web 2.7 Thut ng, Cu hi, v Bi tp

= 31 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

Cc vn chnh M ha i xng l mt hnh thc ca h thng b mt m trong m ha v gii m c thi hnh vi cng mt kha. N cn c gi l m ha qui c. M ha i xng bin i vn bn thnh mt m qua mt kha b mt v mt thut ton m ha. Cng kha , km theo mt thut ton gii m tng ng, mt m s c phc hi tr li vn bn. Hai kiu tn cng vo thut ton m ha gm phn tch gii m, da vo cc tnh cht ca thut ton m ha, v brute-force, l kiu tn cng bng cch th tt c cc kha c th. Cc k thut m ha i xng c in (tin my tnh) dng phng php thay th v/hoc chuyn dch. K thut thay th thc hin nh x cc phn t ca ti liu (theo k t, bit) sang cc phn t m ha. K thut chuyn dch s o ch cc phn t trong ti liu mt cch c h thng. My rotor l cc thit b phn cng tin my tnh s dng cc k thut thay th.

Steganography l mt k thut che giu ti liu b mt bn trong mt thng ip ln hn sao cho k khc khng th nhn bit c s c mt hay khm ph c ni dung thng ip .

M ha i xng cn c gi l m ha qui c hay m ha kha n, l kiu m ha c s dng trc s pht trin ca kha-cng-khai trong nhng nm 1970. N vn cn c s dng rt lu sau di hai dng m ha. Phn I trnh by mt s phng php m ha i xng. Trong chng ny, chng ta bt u vi mt m hnh chung cho qu trnh m ha i xng, cho php ta hiu ng cnh m trong cc thut ton c p dng. Tip theo, ta s kho st mt tp kh a dng cc thut ton c s dng trc k nguyn my tnh. Cui chng, mt phng php phi my tnh cng c trnh by tham kho, steganography. Chng 3 s nghin cu DES, mt k thut m ha i xng tng c p dng rng ri nht. Trc khi bt u, chng ta nh ngha vi thut ng. Mt thng ip gc, bn r, ta gi l plaintext. Chng no thng ip gc cn dng m ha, ta gi l bn m ciphertext. Qu trnh chuyn i t plaintext sang ciphertext ta gi l m ha. Phc hi tr li vn bn ban u, ta gi l gii m. Cc lc s dng trin khai m ha trong khun kh nghin cu gi l m . Kt qu ca m gi l mt m. Cc k thut s dng nhm gii m mt thng ip, m khng c mt cht tri thc chi tit no khi bt u, gi l d m. D m l thut ng chuyn mn gi l b m . Cc lnh vc lin quan n m ha v gii m, gi l khoa hc mt m.

= 32 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

Hnh 2.1 M hnh m ha quy c n gin

2.1 M HNH M HO I XNG

Mt hnh thc m ho i xng in hnh c nm b phn hp thnh (hnh 2.1): Plaintext: Bn r, c c hoc l d liu u vo cho thut ton m ho. Thut ton m ha: Thi hnh cc thay th v dch chuyn mt cch c h thng trn plaintext. Mt kha: Kha b mt, cng l u vo ca thut ton m ha. Mt kha mang mt gi tr c lp vi plaintext v thut ton. Thut ton s cho kt qu khc nhau ty thuc vo ni dung mt kha s dng. Php thay th, chuyn dch ng n ca thut ton ty thuc vo mt kha. Ciphertext: Bn m, l ti liu c bin i, l u ra ca thut ton m ho. Ni dung ca n ph thuc vo plaintext v mt kha. Cho trc mt thng ip, hai mt kha khc nhau s a ra hai ciphertext khc nhau. Ciphertext l mt thng ip mang mt dng v ngu nhin, thy c nhng khng th hiu ni dung. Thut ton gii m: Mang bn cht ngc li vi qu trnh thi hnh ca thut ton m ha. N nhn ciphertext v mt kha, phc hi tr li vn bn gc.

C hai i hi an ninh trong s dng m ha qui c: Chng ta cn mt thut ton m ha mnh. t nht, thut ton mong mun phi bo m c rng: cho d k bit c thut ton v k c khi hn truy cp c mt hay nhiu on ciphertext cng khng th gii m hay tm c mt kha. i hi ny cn c pht biu anh thp hn: ch th khng th gii m c ciphertext, khng th khm ph ra mt kha k c khi hn c chim c mt s ciphertext cng vi mt s plaintext sinh ra ciphertext.

= 33 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

Ngi gi v ngi nhn phi nhn c c cc bn sao mt kha mt cch an ton v phi gi chng b mt. Nu k no khm ph c mt kha v bit thut ton, tt c giao dch s dng kha ny s b phi by.

Chng ta gi thit rng khng th gii m mt thng ip m ch da trn ciphertext cng vi cc kin thc v thut ton m ha v gii m. Ni cch khc, chng ta khng cn gi b mt thut ton, m ch cn gi b mt i vi mt kha. c im ny ca m ha i xng lm cho n c s dng rng ri. Thc t, khng cn gi kn thut ton, c ngha rng, cc nh sn xut c th c php pht trin cc chip thi hnh thut ton m ha v gii m vi gi thnh thp. Cc chip ny c cung cp rng ri v phi hp vi cc sn phm khc. Vi vic s dng m ha i xng, nguyn tc bo mt l duy tr b mt ca mt kha. Hy tip cn gn hn na vo bn cht ca tng thnh phn trong m hnh m ha i xng, qua hnh 2.2. Mt ngun trong h thng, cung cp mt plaintext X, vi X = [X1, X2, ..., XM]. M phn t ca X l cc k t trong mt bng ch ci hu hn no , chng hn, ngun ny dng bng ch ci ting Anh vi 26 ch hoa. Ngy nay, bng ch ci nh phn {0, 1} thng c s dng. m ha, mt mt kha K, c dng K = [K1, K2, ..., KJ] c sinh ra. Nu kha ny c sinh ra bi ngun pht thng ip, th n cng phi c giao ti ch bng mt knh bo mt no . Mt s la chn khc l, mt bn tin cy th ba s sinh mt kha v giao n cho c hai bn giao dch l ngun v ch mt cch b mt. Ly thng ip X v mt kha K lm u vo, thut ton m ha thit lp ciphertext, Y, m Y = [Y1, Y2, ..., YN]. Chng ta c th vit qu trnh m ha ny theo dng Y = E(K, X)

Hnh 2.2 M hnh m ha qui c

= 34 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

K hiu ny biu th rng, Y c to ra bng cch s dng thut ton m ha E l hm nhn cc i s gm plaintext X v mt kha K. u kia, ngi nhn mong mun, vi vic s hu mt kha, h kh nng nghch o qu trnh m ha nhn li c thng ip gc X = D(K , X) Mt k b m, nu c chim c Y nhng khng bit K hay X s c mi cch c c K hay X, hoc c hai. Gi s, hn bit thut ton m ha (E) v gii m (D); v gi s, hn ch quan tm n mi thng ip ny, th mi c gng s dnh cho vic khi phc X bng cch to ra mt plaintext d on, X . Nhng thng khng dng li , hn cng rt quan tm n kh nng c c cc thng ip sau ny na, nn hn s c gng phc hi cho c mt kha, v c th y s to ra c mt kha d on, K .

2.1.1 K thut mt m
Cc h thng m ha bao gi cng c trng bi ba yu t c lp: Phng php bin i plaintext sang ciphertext: Tt c cc thut ton m ha u da trn hai nguyn tc c bn: thay th, mi phn t ca plaintext (bit, k t, hay nhm cc bit hoc nhm cc k t) c nh x n phn t khc; v, hon v, cc phn t trong plaintext c sp xp li. Yu cu c bn l khng mt thng tin (tc l, tt c cc hnh ng u phc hi c). Hu ht cc h thng, thng gi l cc h thng sn xut, bao gm nhiu giai on thay th v hon v. S mt kha s dng: Nu c ngi gi v ngi nhn s dng cng mt mt kha, th h thng gi l m ha i xng, kha n, mt kha, hay m ha qui c. Nu ngi gi v ngi nhn dng cc kha khc nhau, th h thng c gi l bt i xng, hai kha, hay m ha kha-cng-khai. Cch thc gia cng plaintext: Mt tin trnh m ha khi (block cipher) th u vo cho mi ln thc hin gm mt khi cc phn t, v cng a ra mt khi mt m tng ng. Mt tin trnh m ha lung (stream cipher) c u vo lin tc, x l mi ln mt phn t v cng tng ng kt xut mt phn t .

2.1.2 Phn tch gii m

Ni chung, mc tiu tn cng vo h thng m ha l c chim c mt kha, t d dng phc hi plaintext. C hai phng php chung tn cng mt h thng m ha quy c: Phn tch m: Cc tn cng gii m da trn cu trc t nhin ca thut ton, cng vi mt s kin thc no v cc tnh cht chung ca plaintext hay da trn cc cp plaintext-ciphertext mu. Kiu tn cng ny khai thc c trng ca thut ton c suy lun plaintext c th hay suy lun ra mt kha ang dng. Tn cng th bo brute-force: K tn cng th tt c cc kh nng c th ca mt kha trn tng phn ca ciphertext cho n khi hn t c iu g c th nhn thc c. Trung bnh, thnh cng, mt na s kh nng kha phi c th.

= 35 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

Nu mt trong hai cch tn cng trn thnh cng trong vic suy lun mt kha, th hu qu tt yu l: tt c cc phn cn li ca thng ip v nhng thng ip tng lai vn dng mt kha s l din. Trc ht, chng ta xem xt vn phn tich m, ri s tho lun cc tn cng bruteforce. Bng 2.1 tm tt cc kiu tn cng b m da trn mt lng thng tin thu c bi k ph m. Kh b m nht l khi ch c ciphertext. Trong mt s trng hp, k c thut ton cng khng bit, nhng chng ta vn c gi thit rng i phng bit thut ton m ha dng. Mt kh nng tn cng trong cc tnh hung ny l phng php brute-force, th tt c kh nng ca mt kha. Nu kch thc kha rt ln, kiu tn cng ny s khng thc t. Do , i phng phi da vo phn tch ciphertext, thng thng l p dng cc hnh thc kim tra thng k cho n. s dng phng php ny, i phng phi c mt vi tng m h v plaintext ang b che giu, chng hn nh bit thng ip c dng ting Anh, hay Php, mt tp tin EXE, mt tp tin ngun Java, mt tp tin ti chnh v.v Chng li tn cng ch c ciphertext l d dng nht, bi v i phng c t thng tin nht. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp, k b m c nhiu thng tin hn th. K gii m c th bit c mt hay nhiu thng ip dng plaintext cng vi cc bn m ha tng ng ca chng. Hoc, k gii m c th bit cht t v khun dng thng ip. Chng hn, mt tp tin c m ha di dng Postscript th lun bt u vi cng mt khun mu, hoc cng rt c th l mt header tiu chun, hay mt bng qung co cho mt giao dch ngn hng in t v, v.v Tt c cc v d loi ny gi l tn cng bit plaintext. Vi kin thc ny, k gii m rt c th suy lun mt kha da trn c s ca phng php m ha plaintext ang s dng.

Bng 2.1 Cc kiu tn cng vo cc thng ip m ha Kiu tn cng

Ch bit ciphertext bit plaintext

Thng tin cn b m
Thut ton m ha Ciphertext Thut ton m ha Ciphertext Mt hay nhiu cp plaintext-ciphertext cng vi mt kha Thut ton m ha Ciphertext Thng ip di dng plaintext c chn bi k b m, cng vi ciphertext tng ng Thut ton m ha Ciphertext Ciphertext thng gp chn bi k b m, cng vi plaintext c gii m tng ng Thut ton m ha Ciphertext Plaintext c chn trc bi k b m, cng vi ciphertext ca n sinh t cng kho Cc ciphertext thng gp la chn bi k b m, cng vi plaintext c gii m tng ng

Plaintext la chn

Ciphertext la chn

Vn bn la chn

= 36 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

Quan h mt thit vi tn cng bit plaintext, l mt kiu gi l tn cng t chc chn. Nu k phn tch m lm vic vi mt bi vn xui chung chung, hn ta c th bit cht kin thc no trong thng ip. Ri bng cch ny hay cch khc, vi phn ca thng ip cng c th b h l. V d, nu ton b tp tin ti chnh c truyn i, i phng c th bit chc chn v tr sp t ca cc t kha trong header ca tp tin. Hoc nh trong mt v d khc, m ngun ca mt chng trnh pht trin bi cng ty X, rt c th n bao gm cc pht biu v tc quyn mt s v tr tiu chun. Nu k gii m xm nhp c vo h thng ngun chn vo h thng mt thng ip m hn ta chun b sn, th mt tn cng plaintext-la chn l c th xy ra. Mt v d v th on ny l gii m vi sai, s c gii thiu n trong Chng 3. Mt cch tng qut, nu k gii m c kh nng la chn thng ip v gi n vo vn bn m ha, th sau , ti phm c th ly n lm mu phn tch v khm ph ra cu trc ca mt kha. Bng 2.1 lit k hai kiu tn cng khc na l ciphertext-la chn v vn bn-la chn. Chng t c s dng nhng khng c ngha l khng c th. Ch nhng thut ton yu km l khng chu ng c tn cng ch c-ciphertext. Thng thng, mt thut ton m ha c thit k chng li tn cng bit-plaintext. Hai khi nim na cng ng ch vo lc ny. Mt phng thc m ha l an ton tuyt i nu ciphertext c sinh ra bi phng thc khng cha y thng tin xc nh tnh duy nht tng ng i vi plaintext, khng cn bit bao nhiu ciphertext c sinh ra. Tc l, khng cn quan tm n thi gian m i phng c, khng th gii m ciphertext, n gin bi v cc thng tin hn mong mun khng c mt . Loi tr mt phng thc gi l m mt ln (onetime pad, m t cui chng ny), khng c mt phng thc no l an ton tuyt i. Cho nn, tt c ngi dng thut ton m ha u phn u v mt thut ton no m n t c mt hoc c hai tiu ch di y: Chi ph ph m vt qu gi tr ca thng tin m ha. Thi gian i hi cho ph m vt qu thi gian c ch ca thng tin.

Mt phng thc m ha c ni l an ton tnh ton nu t c mt hoc c hai tiu ch nu trn. S cn tr b m l da trn vic rt kh xc nh c nhng n lc cn c gii m thnh cng.

Bng 2.2 Thi gian cn d tm kha theo thut ton vt cn

Kch thc kha (bit) 32 56 128 168 26 k t (hon v) S lng kha ti a 232=4,3 109 256=7,2 1016 2128= 3,4 1038 2168= 3,7 1050 26! = 4 1026 Thi gian cn cho my 1 php gii m /s 231s= 35,8 pht 255s= 1142 nm 2127s = 5,4 1024 nm 2167s = 5,9 1036 nm 2 1026s =6,4 1012 nm Thi gian cn cho my 106 gii m /s 2,15 milli giy 10,01 gi 5,4 1018nm 5.9 1030 nm 6,4 106 nm

= 37 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

Tt c cc hnh thc b m i vi m ha i xng u c thit k khai thc mt thc t rng du vt ca cu trc hay hnh mu plaintext vn cn tn ti u v c th nhn thy c trong ciphertext. iu ny s tr nn r rng khi chng ta kho st cc k thut m ha i xng trong chng ny. Chng ta s thy trong Phn II rng, ngi b m cc mt m kha-cngkhai s tin hnh t cc gi thuyt khc nhau ca cc tnh cht ton trn cp kha, t c th suy lun t kha ny ra kha kia. Mt tn cng th bo brute-force bao gm vic th mi kha c th cho n khi thu c bn dch c c t ciphertext. Trung bnh, na s kha phi c th. Bng 2.2 trnh by lng thi gian cn thit cho mt s khng gian kha khc nhau. Cc kt qu minh ha bn kch thc kha nh phn. Kch thc kha 56 bit c dng cho thut ton DES (Data Encryption Standard), kha 168 bit cho 3DES. Kch thc nh nht cho AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) l 128 bit. Cc kt qu cng minh ha cho ci gi l cc m thay th m n s dng mt kha trong 26-k t (s bn n sau), trong , tt c cc hon v c th t 26 k t s p ng nh cc kha. Vi mi kch thc kha, cc kt qu minh ha u gi thit rng: s mt 1 s thc thi mt bc gii m, l mt thi gian hp l c tnh i vi cc c my gii m ngy nay. Bng vic s dng cc t chc vi x l song song, rt c th tc x l gii m c rt ngn ng k. Ct cui cng ca bng 2.2 xem xt cc kt qu i vi mt h thng c th x l 1 triu kha trn mt mili giy. Nh bn thy, cp thi hnh ny, DES khng cn c coi l an ton tnh ton na.

2.2 CC K THUT THAY TH

Trong mc ny v tip theo, chng ta kho st mt tp k thut mt m c in. Nghin cu cc k thut ny gip ta hiu cc phng php m ha i xng c bn s dng ngy nay v thy trc c cc kiu tn cng ph m. Hai khi c bn ca cc k thut m ha gm thay th v hon v s c chng ta nghin cu trong hai phn lin tc sau y. Sau na, s l tho lun v mt h thng t hp c hai k thut thay th v hon v. Thay th l mt k thut m trong cc k t ca plaintext c thay th bi cc k t khc hay bng mt s k hiu. Nu plaintext c xem xt nh mt tp tun t cc bit, th s thay th mu bit plaintext bng mu bit ciphertext.

2.2.1 Mt m CAESAR
Mt m thay th c bit sm nht, v cng n gin nht c sng to bi Julius Caesar. N thay th mt k t trong bng ch ci bng mt k t khc cng bng, cch sau n ba v tr. Quy c sau y p dng trong cun sch ny. V d:
plaintext: ciphertext: meet me after the toga party PHHW PH DIWHU WKH WRJD SDUWB

Ch , bng ch ci l ni vng, ngha l, k t sau Z l A. Chng ta c th nh ngha s bin i bng cch lit k tt c cc kh nng c th, nh sau:
plaintext: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

= 38 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

cipher:

D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C

V, hy gn mi k t bng mt s nguyn tng ng:

a 0 n 13 b 1 o 14 c 2 p 15 d 3 q 16 e 4 r 17 f 5 s 18 g 6 t 19 h 7 u 20 i 8 v 21 j 9 w 22 k 10 x 23 l 11 y 24 m 12 z 25

Hnh 2.3 Ph m Ceasar bng k thut brute-force

= 39 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

Th thut ton c th c biu din nh sau. Vi mi k t p trong plaintext, c thay th bi k t C tr thnh ciphertext C = E(3, p) = (p + 3) mod 26 Mt gi tr dch chuyn k c th nhn bt c mt gi tr no, nh vy, thut ton Caesar tng qut c th c vit thnh C = E(k, p) = (p + k) mod 26 vi k nhn cc gi tr trong khong 1 n 25. Thut ton gii m n gin l p = D(k, C) = (C k) mod 26 Nu bit ciphertext l mt m Caesar, th mt phn tch m brute-force rt d dng thc hin, n gin ch l th tt c cc kh nng kha. Hnh 2.3 minh ha kt qu vic p dng chin lc ny i vi ciphertext v d. Trong trng hp ny, plaintext xut hin ngay ti dng th 3. Ba c im quan trng gip phn tch gii m brute-force thnh cng: bit cc thut ton m ha v gii m. Ch c 25 kha th. Ngn ng ca plaintext bit v d dng nhn ra.

Trong hu ht cc tnh hung nghin cu, chng ta u gi thit rng cc thut ton u bit. iu quan trng nht m chng ta mong mun l s dng mt thut ton vi mt khng gian mt kha ln n mc lm cho tn cng brute-force tr nn phi thc t. V d, thut ton 3DES s nghin cu trong Chng 6 s dng mt kha 168 bit, a ra mt khng gian kha vi 2168 hay ln hn 3,71050 kh nng kha khc nhau. c im th ba cng rt quan trng. Nu khng nm c ngn ng th hin plaintext, th kt xut plaintext ca cc tn cng cng kh nhn ra c. Hn na, plaintext u vo c th c vit tt, hay nn theo mt dng no , cng cho vic nhn dng thm kh khn gp bi. V d, hnh 2.4 cho thy mt phn ca tp tin vn bn dng nn s dng thut ton ZIP. Nu tp tin nn ny c m ha vi ch mt thut ton thay th n gin (nhiu hn 26 k t), th plaintext kh m nhn ra c bi phn tch brute-force.

Hnh 2.4 Mt on vn bn nn mu

= 40 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

2.2.2 Mt m Monoalphabetic
Ch vi 25 kh nng kha, mt m Caesar khng thc s an ton. Mt khng gian kha rng hn nhiu ln bng cch cho php thay th bt k. Thc hin li k thut gn trong mt m Caesar:
plain: cipher: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C

Thay v thay th nh mt m Caesar, nu lung ciphertext l bt k hon v no ca bng ch ci 26 k t, th khng gian kha c ti 26! gi tr khc nhau, hay 41026 kha. Khng gian ny ln hn khong 10 ln so vi khng gian kha cho DES v dng nh loi tr c cc k thut tn cng brute-force ca i phng. Phng php ny gi l mt m thay th monoalphabetic, bi v mt bng mt m ch ci c s dng cho thng ip (nh x t bng ch c c sang bng ch mt m). Tuy nhin, cn c mt ng tn cng khc. Nu i phng bit trng thi t nhin ca plaintext (chng hn ting Anh, khng nn), th hn c th phn tch cc tnh cht t nhin ca ngn ng. xem mt phn tch nh vy thc hin th no, chng ta a ra mt phn v d, m c ch ra trong [SINK66]. Ciphertext cn gii quyt l:
UZQSOVUOHXMOPVGPOZPEVSGZWSZOPFPESXUDBMETSXAIZVUEPHZHMDZSHZOW SFPAPPDTSVPQUZWYMXUZUHSXEPYEPOPDZSZUFPOMBZWPFUPZHMDJUDTMOHMQ

Bc u tin, quan h tn sut ca cc k t c xc nh v so snh vi mt tn sut chun ca ting Anh [LEWA00], nh trong hnh 2.5. Nu thng ip di, c th ch cn k thut ny l c th p ng, nhng v thng ip trn kh ngn, kh c th trng ch mc chnh xc cn thit. Trong trng hp ny, thng k quan h tn sut ca cc k t trong ciphertext (tnh bng %) nh sau:

P 13.33 Z 11.67 S 8.33 U 8.33 O 7.50 M 6.67

H 5.83 D 5.00 E 5.00 V 4.17 X 4.17

F 3.33 W 3.33 Q 2.50 T 2.50 A 1.67

B 1.67 G 1.67 Y 1.67 I 0.83 J 0.83

C 0.00 K 0.00 L 0.00 N 0.00 R 0.00

= 41 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

12

8.167

6.996

6.749

8
6.049

7.507

6
4.253

2.782

2.228

2.406

2.758

4.025

5.987

6.327

9.056

10

12.702

14

2.015

2.36

0.153

0.772

0.095

0.978

1.492

1.929

1.974

0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P

Hnh 2.5 Quan h tn sut ca cc k t xut hin trong vn bn ting Anh [LEW000]

So snh thng k ny vi hnh 2.5, dng nh k t ciphertext P v Z l tng ng vi cc k t e v t trong plaintext, nhng cha chc chn lm. Cc k t S, U, O, M v H l cc quan h tn sut cao, v chc rng chng s p ng c vi tp k t plaintext {a, h, i, n, o, r, s). Cc k t vi tn sut thp nht (gm A, B, G, Y, I, J) l rt c th bao gm trong tp {b, j, k, q, v, x, z}. C mt s cch c th tin hnh gii m vo thi im ny. Ta c th gn thm d v bt u in vo plaintext gi nh xem, c th n s to thnh mt b xng ca thng ip. Mt cch tip cn h thng hn l tm n tnh quy tc ca ngn ng. V d, mt s t chc chn phi c trong vn bn nh cc t kha. Hoc l, c th tm n s lp i lp li nhiu ln ca cc k t mt m, v th suy lun plaintext tng ng. Mt cng c hiu qu, y l tm tn sut ca t hp hai-k-t (digram) thng i i vi nhau. Mt bng tng t nh bng 2.5 c th c thit lp. Digram thng xut hin nht trong ting Anh l th. Trong ciphertext cho, digram xut hin ti ba ln l ZW, vy ta gi nh Z tng ng vi t v W l h. Ri, bng cc gi thuyt trc , ta coi P l e. By gi ch n tun t xut hin ZWP trong ciphertext, v ta c th dch chng thnh the. y l tn s xut hin nhiu nht ca t hp ba-k-t (trigram) trong ting Anh, mt du hiu cho thy ta ang i ng hng. Tip theo, ch n tun t ZWSZ ngay dng u tin. Ta khng bit chc rng bn k t ny c phi mt t hon chnh hay khng, nhng nu l nh vy th chng phi c dng th_t. Th th S c th s l a.

= 42 =

0.074

0.15

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

n y ta c:
UZQSOVUOHXMOPVGPOZPEVSGZWSZOPFPESXUDBMETSXAIZ t a e e te a that e e a a

VUEPHZHMDZSHZOWSFPAPPDTSVPQUZWYMXUZUHSX e t ta t ha e ee a e th t a

EPYEPOPDZSZUFPOMBZWPFUPZHMDJUDTMOHMQ e e e tat e the t

Mi ch c bn k t c nhn din, nhng chng ta bit mt cht v thng ip ri. Tip tc phn tch tn sut, cng vi cc php th tng ng, rt d dng thu c li gii. Ton b plaintext vi cc khong trng chn thm vo gia cc t s c ni dung th no? Chng ti xin nhng li bn c tip tc trin khai nh mt bi tp c gi . Cc mt m monoalphabetic d dng b b, bi v chng phn nh tn s v bng ch ci gc. Mt bin php i ph l a ra s thay th bi s, gi l ng m (homophones ), i vi mt k t. V d, k t e c th c gn mt s k hiu mt m khc nhau, nh l 16, 74, 35 v 21 vi mi k t ng m s dng xoay vng, hoc ngu nhin. Nu s k hiu gn cho mt k t l cn xng vi tn s quan h ca k t , th thng tin tn s ca k t n hon ton c xa sch. Nh ton hc v i Carl Friedrich Gauss cho rng ng tm ra mt mt m khng th ph c m c s dng k t ng m. Tuy nhin, k c vi ng m, mi phn t ca plaintext ch tc ng n mt phn t ciphertext, nhng tn s xut hin digram hay trigram vn tn ti trong ciphertext. Hai phng php ch yu c s dng trong k thut thay th lm gim thng tin cu trc ca plaintext trong ciphertext gm: Mt phng php l m ha a k t, v phng php kia l s dng nhiu bng ch mt m. Chng ta s ln lt kho st.

2.2.3 Mt m Playfair
Trong k thut mt m a k t, Playfair c bit n rng ri nht, n x l cc digram trong plaintext nh cc n v ring r v dch chng sang digram trong ciphertext. Mt m ny c pht minh bi nh khoa hc ngi Anh, ngi Charles Wheatstone vo nm 1854 nhng mang tn bn mnh, ng Baron Playfair ca St. Andrews, nh qun qun mt m ha ca B Ngoi giao Anh. Thut ton Playfair s dng mt ma trn k t 55, c xy dng da trn mt t kha. y l mt v d c thc hin bi Lord Peter Wimsey trong Dorothy Sayers's Have His Carcase, cun sch ny trnh by mt cuc tn cng t-chc chn ht sc hp dn. Trong v d ny, t kha l monarchy. Ma trn c xy dng bng cch ln lt vit tng k t ca t kha vo, nhng b qua trng lp, t tri sang phi, t trn xung di, sau , vit nt phn cn li ca ma trn vi cc k t cn li trong bng ch ci theo th t. Cc k t I v J c coi nh mt k t.

= 43 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

M C E L U

O H F P V

N Y G Q W

A B I/J S X

R D K T Z

Plaintext c thc hin m ha theo tng i k t, tun theo cc quy tc sau: Cc k t ging nhau ca plaintext trong cng mt cp th c cch ly bng mt k t i din, chng hn l x. Theo , t balloon s c dch l ba lx lo on. Cp k t plaintext m ri vo cng mt dng ca ma trn th mi k t c thay th bi k t bn phi n. Nu k t plaintext ri vo ct cui cng, th ciphertext ca n l k t cng hng ct u tin. V d, ar s c m ha thnh RM. Cp k t plaintext ri vo chung mt ct ca ma trn th mi k t c thay th bi k t ngay st di. Nu k t plaintext ri vo hng cui cng, th ciphertext ca n l k t cng ct, hng u tin. V d, mu c m ha thnh CM. Ngoi ra, mi k t trong cp plaintext s c m ho bng k t nm cng hng vi n, nhng cng ct vi k t kia. Theo , hs s tr thnh BP v ea tr thnh IM (hay JM, ty theo b c m).

Hnh 2.6 Quan h tn sut xut hin ca cc k t

= 44 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

Mt m Playfair c u im ln so vi cc mt m monoalphabetic. Vi 26 k t, s c 2626 = 676 digram, nn s nhn bit i vi mt digram c th thm phc tp. Hn na, tn s quan h ring ca cc k t ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc digram khin cho vic phn tch tn s kh hn nhiu. V cc l do ny, mt m Playfair c coi l khng th b gy trong mt thi gian rt di. N c s dng nh h thng chun trong qun i Anh, qun i M v lc lng ng minh trong chin tranh th gii th II. Hnh 2.6 cng chng t rng phn b tn sut xy ra khi vn bn c m ha s dng mt m Playfair. n gin ha th, s ln xut hin ca mi k t trong ciphertext, mt ln na c chia cho s ln xut hin k t e trong plaintext. V vy, th kt qu th hin phm vi tn s ca cc k t cn che giu qua m ha, v cng l cch m n gii quyt cc mt m thay th mt cch n gin. Nu thng tin phn phi tn s c che y hon ton trong tin trnh m ha, th th tn s ca ciphertext s kh bng phng, v k phn tch gii m ch trn ciphertext thc s khng thc hin c. Nh minh ha trong hnh, th ciphertext c phn b phng hn so vi plaintext. Nhng thc s vn cn h l nhiu thng tin cu trc cho phn tch gii m thi hnh.

2.2.4 Mt m Hill
Mt mt m a k t ng ch khc l mt m Hill, pht trin bi nh ton hc Lester Hill vo nm 1929. Thut ton m ha nhn m k t lin tip ca plaintext v thay th cho chng bng m k t ciphertext. Php thay th c xc nh bng m phng trnh tuyn tnh, trong mi k t c gn mt gi tr s (a = 1, b = 2 , z = 25). Vi m = 3, h thng c th m t nh sau: c1 = (k11P1 + k12P2 + k13P3) mod 26 c2 = (k21P1 + k22P2 + k23P3) mod 26 c3 = (k31P1 + k32P2 + k33P3) mod 26 V c th biu din di dng vc t ct v ma trn:

c1 k11 c2 = k 21 c k 3 31

k12 k 22 k32

k13 p1 k 23 p2 mod 26 hay l C = KP mod 26 k33 p3

vi C v P l cc vc t ct chiu di 3, biu din plaintext v ciphertext, v K l mt ma trn 33 biu din mt kha. S hot ng l thi hnh php chia ly d mod 26. Xt v d, plaintext l paymoremoney v s dng vi mt kha

17 17 5 K = 21 18 21 2 2 19
Ba k t u tin ca plaintext c biu din bng vc t:

= 45 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

15 15 375 11 0 th K 0 = 819 mod 26 = 13 = LNS . C tip tc tin hnh theo cch ny th ciphertext 24 24 486 18
ca ton b plaintext s l LNSHDLEWMTRW. Qu trnh gii m ngc li bng cch ly nghch o ma trn K. Nghch o ma trn K-1 ca ma trn K c nh ngha bng phng trnh KK 1=K 1K=I, vi I l ma trn n v m tt c cc phn t l 0, loi tr cc phn t trn ng cho chnh (thng t gc trn tri n gc di phi). Ma trn nghch o khng phi lc no cng tn ti, nhng khi tn ti, n s tha mn phng trnh trn.

4 9 15 1 Trong trng hp ny, ma trn nghch o l: K = 15 17 6 24 0 17

Biu din nh sau:

17 17 5 4 9 15 443 442 442 1 0 0 21 18 21 15 17 6 = 858 495 780 mod 26 = 0 1 0 2 2 19 24 0 17 494 52 365 0 0 1

Rt d thy rng nu ma trn K 1 c p dng cho ciphertext, th plaintext s khi phc c. gii thch lm sao nghch o mt ma trn, chng ta tm i chch sang lnh vc i s tuyn tnh mt cht. Cho mt ma trn vung (mm) bt k, nh thc bng tng cc tch ca mi phn t trn dng vi mt phn t trn mi ct, v t thm du tr vo trc tch . Vi mt ma trn 22

k11 k 21

k12 k 22

c nh thc l k11k22 k12k21.

Vi ma trn 33, gi tr ca nh thc l k11k22k33 + k21k32k13 + k31k12k23 k31k22k13 k21k12k33 k11k32k23. Nu mt ma trn vung A c mt gi tr nh thc khc 0, th ma trn nghch o ca n c tnh l [A 1]ij =(1)i+j(Dij)/det(A), vi Dij l nh thc con to bi vic xa dng th i v ct th j ca A v det(A) l nh thc ca A. Tt c cc nh thc c chia ly d cho 26. Mt cch tng qut, h thng mt m Hill c th biu din nh sau: C = E(K, P) = KP mod 26 P = D(K, P) = K1C mod 26 = K1KP = P Ging nh Playfair, sc mnh ca mt m Hill ch n che giu hon ton tn s k t n. Thc s vi Hill, vic s dng mt ma trn cng ln th cng che giu thng tin tn s tt hn. Do , mt ma trn mt m Hill 33 chng nhng giu c tn s k t n, m cn giu c thng tin tn s digram.

= 46 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

Mc d mt m Hill rt mnh khi chng li tn cng ch bit-ciphertext, nhng n li d dng b b gy vi mt tn cng bit-plaintext. Cho mt ma trn mm mt m Hill, gi s chng ta c m cp plaintext-ciphertext, mi cp c chiu di m, chng ta nh nhn

Pj c1 j 1 P2 j c2 j Pj = v C j = sao cho Cj=KPj vi 1 j m v vi mt ma trn kha K cha ... ... P c mj mj bit. By gi ta nh ngha hai ma trn mm X=(pij) v Y = (cij). Th ta c th thit lp phng trnh ma trn Y = KX. Nu X l mt ma trn nghch o, th ta c th xc nh K= YX 1. Nu X khng nghch o, th mt phin bn mi ca X c th xy dng vi vic a thm cp plaintextciphertext vo cho n khi thu c mt X nghch o.
Chng ta s dng mt v d da trn [STIN02]. Gi s rng plaintext friday c m ha bng mt ma trn mt m Hill 22 thu c ciphertext PQCFKU. Vy, ta bit rng

5 15 8 2 0 10 K mod 26 = ; K mod 26 = ; K mod 26 = 17 16 3 5 24 20

S dng hai cp plaintext-ciphertext u tin, ta c

15 2 5 8 16 5 = K17 3 mod 26
Th nghch o ca X c th tnh:

5 8 9 2 17 3 = 1 15 15 2 9 2 137 60 vy, K = 16 5 1 15 = 149 107 mod 26 = 7 8 19 3

-1

Kt qu ny c xc nhn bng cch kim tra cp plaintext-ciphertext cn li.

2.2.5 Mt m Polyalphabetic
Monoalphabetic ch s dng mt bng m. Mt cch ci thin k thut nhm vo monoalphabetic n gin l s dng nhiu bng m monoalphabetic thay th khc nhau cho tng phn t thng ip plaintext. Phng php ny gi l mt m thay th polyalphabetic. Tt c cc k thut trong phng php ny c chung cc c im sau: Mt tp nhiu quy tc quan h thay th monoalphabetic c s dng. Mt kha nhm xc nh quy tc no thc s c chn i vi mt qu trnh bin i cho trc.

= 47 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

c bit n rng ri nht v cng n gin nht l thut ton c tn l mt m Vigenre. y, tp quy tc quan h thay th gm c 26 mt m Caesar vi cc bc chuyn dch v tr t 0 n 25. Mi mt m c biu din bng mt k t kha, n l k t ciphertext thay th cho k t a ca plaintext. Do , mt mt m Caesar vi mt bc dch chuyn 3 k t c biu th bng gi tr kha d. gip nm c phng php ny v s dng n, mt ma trn gi l bng Vigenre c xy dng (bng 2.3). Mi mt m trong 26 mt m c t theo chiu ngang vi k t kha cho mi mt m t bn tri n. Mt bng ch ci thng thng dng cho plaintext c vit ngang trn nh. Tin trnh m ha rt n gin. Cho trc mt k t kha x v mt k t plaintext y, th k t ciphertext tm c ti giao im ca hng cha kha x v ct cha plaintext y; trong trng hp ny, ciphertext l V. m ha mt ti liu, cn mt kha vi chiu di tng t vi n. Thng thng, kha l mt t kha lp i lp li. V d, nu t kha l deceptive, thng ip "we are discovered save yourself" c m ha nh sau :
Key: plaintext: ciphertext: deceptivedeceptivedeceptive wearediscoveredsaveyourself ZICVTWQNGRZGVTWAVZHCQYGLMGJ

Gii m cng n gin nh vy, k t kha li c dng tm hng. V tr ca k t ciphertext trong hng s xc nh ct, v k t plaintext chnh l tn ct . Sc mnh ca mt m ny l c nhiu k t ciphertext i vi mi k t plaintext, mi k t ciphertext tng ng vi ch duy nht mt k t kha. Do vy, thng tin tn s c che giu. Tuy vy, khng phi l tt c thng tin cu trc ca plaintext thc s trit tiu trong ciphertext. V d, hnh 2.6 cho thy phn phi tn s cho mt m Vigenre vi chiu di ca t kha l 9. C s ci thin so vi mt m Playfair, nhng vn cn tn ti ng k cc thng tin v tn s v cu trc plaintext. Xng ng tm tt thnh bi hc v phng php b mt m ny, bi n mang mt s nguyn tc ton hc c p dng trong phn tch gii m. Trc ht, gi s i phng tin rng ciphertext c m ha s dng hoc mt php thay th monoalphabetic hoc mt m Vigenre. Mt php kim tra n gin xc nh. Nu l mt php thay th monoalphabetic c s dng, th cc tnh cht thng k ca ciphertext phi ging vi tnh cht thng k ca ngn ng plaintext. Cho nn, theo hnh 2.5, phi tn ti mt k t mt m vi tn s quan h ca s kin khong 12,7%, mt k t khc l 9,06%, v.v... Nu ch c cung cp mt thng ip phn tch th khng mong ch g c vo s ph hp gia mu thng k vi k t . Nhng nu k t tng ng gn vi so snh, ngi ta c th gi thit v mt php thay th monoalphabetic c dng. Mt khc, nu nghi ng l mt m Vigenre, th tin trnh s ph thuc vo vic xc nh chiu di ca t kha.

= 48 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

Vigenre Bng 2.3 Bng

hin i

= 49 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

By gi, chng ta tp trung vo vic lm sao xc nh c chiu di kha. Tm quan trng ca vic nhn thu ni dung dn ti mt gii php nh sau: Nu hai k t plaintext tun t ging ht nhau xy ra trong mt khong cch ng vi mt s nguyn l bi s ca t kha, chng s to ra hai k t ciphertext ging ht nhau vi cng khong cch ca. Trong v d ni trn, hai trng hp tun t red xut hin cch nhau 9 v tr k t. Bi vy, trong c hai trng hp, r c m ha bi k t kha e, cn e c m ha s dng k t kha p, v d th m ha bng k t kha t. Do , c hai trng hp th tun t ciphertext l VTW. Ngi ph m by gi s ch tm trong ciphertext pht hin s lp li tun t VTW vi cc khong cch 9 v tr, v s gi thit l t kha s ch di hoc l 3 hay 9 k t. S xut hin hai ln ca VTW c th ch l tnh c v khng phn nh cc k t m ha ging ht nhau bng cc k t kha. Nhng, nu thng ip di, s c mt s trng hp m ciphertext lp li tun t nh th. Bng cch quan st cc yu t v khong cch k t trong nhiu tun t, k phn tch m rt c th d on c chnh xc chiu di kha. Gii php ca mt m by gi tr nn ph thuc vo kh nng suy lun. Nu nh t kha c chiu di N, th theo , mt m bao gm N mt m thay th monoalphabetic. V d, vi t kha DECEPTIVE, k t v tr 1, 10, 19 v.v u m ha vi cng mt mt m monoalphabetic. Do vy, ta c th s dng cc c trng tn s bit ca ngn ng plaintext tn cng vo tng mt m monoalphabetic mt cch ring bit. Tun hon t nhin ca t kha c th c loi tr bng cch s dng cc t kha khng lp li, tc l, n cng di nh thng ip. Viginre ngh mt ci gi l h thng kha t ng, vi n, mt t kha c ni vi plaintext a ra mt mt kha. i vi v d nu:
key: plaintext: ciphertext: deceptivewearediscoveredsav wearediscoveredsaveyourself ZICVTWQNGKZEIIGASXSTSLVVWLA

K c vi cch ny vn d tn thng bi k phn tch m. Bi v, kha v plaintext chia x cng mt tn s phn phi ca cc con ch, mt k thut thng k c th p dng gii m n. Chng hn, k t e c m ha bi e, nh hnh 2.5, hon ton c th trng ch xy ra i vi tn s 0,1272 0,016, trong khi t c m ha bi t thng ch c c kt qu vo khong mt na con s nu trn. Tnh u n nh vy c th c khai thc gii m thnh cng. Phng thc phng v cui cng chng li cch phn tch m nh trn l chn mt t kha di nh plaintext v khng cha quan h c tnh thng k vi n. Mt h thng nh vy c gii thiu bi mt k s tn Gilbert Vernman ca AT&T vo nm 1918. H thng ca ng ta lm vic trn d liu nh phn ch khng phi cc k t. H thng ny c th biu din sc tch nh sau y: ci = pi ki , trong pi = bit th i ca plaintext ki = bit th i ca mt kha ci = bit th i ca ciphertext

Php XOR

= 50 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

Theo , ciphertext c sinh ra bi php hiu chnh bit XOR ca plaintext vi mt kha. Do tnh cht ca php XOR, php gii m ha n gin ch cn thi hnh li php XOR thm mt ln na: pi = ci ki Bn cht ca k thut ny l cch thc xy dng mt kha. Vernam ngh s dng mt bng t chy i chy li lp li mt kha. Nh th, h thng lm vic vi mt t kha lp nhiu ln, rt di. Du vi h thng dng mt mt kha di nh vy, dng nh khng th b ni, th trn thc t, n vn b b nu i phng thu c ciphertext di, hay h tn dng nhng thng tin bit hoc bt c kh nng tun t c th no hin din trong plaintext.

2.2.6 One-Time Pad

Mt s quan in bo qun i M, Josseph Mauborgne, ci tin mt m Vernam. Mauborgne ngh dng mt kha ngu nhin di nh thng ip mt kha khng lp i lp li. Hn na, mt kha ch s dng m ha v gii m ha cho mt thng ip, ri thay th ci khc. Mi thng ip mi i hi mt mt kha mi, cng di nh ti liu. Nh th gi l n mt ln, v khng th ph c. Phng thc ny a ra kt xut ngu nhin v khng mang cc quan h c tnh cht thng k i vi plaintext. Bi v ciphertext khng cha bt c thng tin no v plaintext, khng c cch no ph m ny. Mt v d minh ha cho nhng g m chng ta va ch ra. Gi s ta dng m Vigenre 27 k t, hay gi l khng gian 27 k t, nhng dng kha n One-Time cng di nh thng ip. Nh th, bng 2.3 m rng thnh 2727. Xt ciphertext sau :
ANKYODKYUREPFJBYOJDSPLREYIUNOFDOIUERFPLUYTS

By gi ta vit ra y kt qu gii m dng hai kha khc nhau:

ciphertext: ANKYODKYUREPFJBYOJDSPLREYIUNOFDOIUERFPLUYTS key: plaintext: pxlmvmsydofuyrvzwc tnlebnecvgdupahfzzlmnyih mr mustard with the candlestick in the hall

ciphertext: ANKYODKYUREPFJBYOJDSPLREYIUNOFDOIUERFPLUYTS key: plaintext: mfugpmiydgaxgoufhklllmhsqdqogtewbqfgyovuhwt miss scarlet with the knife in the library

Gi s k no xoay x c c c hai mt kha ny, hai plaintext ng tin cy c a ra. Lm th no m hn ta quyt nh c plaintext no l ng (hay, mt kha no ng)? Nu mt kha thc s ngu nhin, th k phn tch khng th ni rng mt kha ny chnh xc hn ci kia. Hn khng c cch quyt nh mt kha no l chnh xc v cng v th khng bit plaintext no ng. Thc s, mt plaintext no c di bng ciphertext, th chc chn c mt kha a ra plaintext . Cho nn, nu ta thi hnh mt php tm kim vt cn tt c cc kh nng kha, ta s kt thc vi rt nhiu plaintext d c, v khng c cch bit plaintext no l thc. Nn, m ny khng th ph.

= 51 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

An ninh ca one-time pad l trn vn do tnh ngu nhin ca mt kha. Nu mt lung k t kha c thit lp thc s ngu nhin, th lung ciphertext cng thc s ngu nhin. Theo , khng c khun mu hay tnh quy tc no k gii m c th li dng tn cng ciphertext. Mt m one-time pad cho php bo m an ninh ton vn, nhng trong thc tin, tn ti hai kh khn c bn: S lng kha ln. H thng, vn nng n, lun i hi sinh ra hng triu k t ngu nhin. p dng cc gii php sinh k t thc s ngu nhin trong hon cnh nh th s l mt tc v ln ng k. Chuyn giao mt kho. Thc s nn khi phi i mt vi vn phn phi v bo qun mt kha. Mi thng ip, cn mt kha vi cng chiu di cho c ngi gi v ngi nhn. Do , vn phn phi mt kha tr nn s.

Do cc kh khn ny, one-time pad ch c tn dng hn ch v ch yu c ch cho cc knh thng nng thp hay knh ring m i hi an ninh rt cao.

2.3 CC K THUT CHUYN DCH

Tt c cc k thut m chng ta kho st i hi s thay th ca mt k hiu ciphertext cho mt k hiu plaintext. Mt cch nh x rt khc c c bng cch thc hin cc hon v trn cc k t plaintext. K thut ny c coi nh mt mt m chuyn dch, hon v. Mt m chuyn dch n gin nht l k thut rain-fence, trong , plaintext c vit dch xung tun t theo cc ng cho v ri c trnh t theo cc hng. V d, m ha thng ip "meet me after the toga party" vi mt su rain fence 2, ta vit nh sau:
m e e t m e a f t e r t h e t o g a p a r t y

V thng ip m ha, ciphertext, l : MEMATRHTGPRYETEFETEOAAT Phng thc ny tht tm thng i vi cc k thut gii m. Mt hnh thc m ha khc phc tp hn l vit thng ip trong mt hnh ch nht, tng hng mt ri c thng ip theo tng ct, nhng hon i trt t. Trt t ca cc ct s tr thnh kha cho thut ton. V d
Key: Plaintext: 4 3 1 2 5 6 7 a t t a c k p o s t p o n e d u n t i l t w o a m x y z Ciphertext: TTNAAPTMTSUOAODWCOIXKNLYPETZ

Mt mt m dch chuyn thun ty rt d nhn ra bi n c cng tn s xut hin k t nh plaintext. i vi kiu hon v ct va nu trn, phn tch m khng my kh khn. Bng tn s

= 52 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

digram v trigram l rt hu ch. Mt m dch chuyn c th c to ra kh nng bo mt tt hn bng cch thc hin nhiu hn mt giai on i ch. Kt qu l mt php hon v phc tp hn khng d dng xy dng li. Theo , nu thng ip k trn c m ha li s dng chnh thut ton , s l :
Key: Input: 4 3 1 2 5 6 7 t t n a a p t m t s u o a o d w c o i x k n l y p e t z Output: NSCYAUOPTTWLTMDNAOIEPAXTTOKZ

mng tng kt qu ca hon v kp ny, ta gn cc k t trong thng ip gc bi cc s ch v tr ca chng. Theo , vi 28 k t trong thng ip th tun t cc k t l
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Sau ln hon v u tin, chng ta c

03 10 17 24 04 11 18 25 02 09 16 23 01 08 15 22 05 12 19 26 06 13 20 27 07 14 21 28

Cu trc ca n vn c g u u. Nhng sau hon v th hai

17 09 05 27 24 16 12 07 10 02 22 20 03 25 15 13 04 23 19 14 11 01 26 21 18 08 06 28

rt t cu trc hon v nh bn thy v kh hn nhiu phn tch m.

2.4 MY ROTOR
V d nu trn cho thy rng nhiu giai on m ha c th a ra mt thut ton lm kh cho vic phn tch m mt cch ng k. iu ny th cc mt m thay th cng ging nh mt m chuyn dch. Trc khi gii thiu DES, chng ti trnh by mt ng dng, mt lp h thng rt quan trng, "my rotor". Nguyn tc c bn ca my rotor c trnh by trong hnh 2.7. My c cha mt tp cc xilanh quay c lp vi nhau nhng cc xung in p i thng qua nhau. Mi xilanh c 26 chn vo v 26 chn ra, cc dy dn bn trong ni mi chn vo vi mt chn ra. n gin, ch c ba kt ni dy dn ni ti c minh ha trong hnh v. Nu gn mi cp chn u vo v u ra bi mt k t trong bng ch ci, th mt xilanh nh ngha mt php thay th monoalphabetic. Nh trong hnh 2.7, nu ngi iu khin bm phm k t A, mt tn hiu in c a vo chn u tin ca xilanh th nht, qua dy dn n chn ra 25.

= 53 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

Xt mt my vi ch mt xilanh. Sau mi phm u vo c bm, xilanh quay i mt v tr, cc kt ni ni ti s dch chuyn theo. Theo mt m thay th monoalphabetic khc li c nh ngha. Sau 26 k t ca plaintext, xilanh s tr li v tr ban u. Nh th, ta c mt thut ton thay th monoalphabetic vi chu k 26. H thng mt xilanh l qu n gin v khng th hin iu g gh gm i vi cc hot ng phn tch m. Sc mnh thc s ca my rotor l s dng nhiu xilanh, trong , cc chn ra ca mt xilanh c kt ni vi cc chn vo ca xilanh k tip. Hnh 2.7 minh ha h thng ba xilanh. Na bn tri minh ha mt v tr m tn hiu u vo do ngi vn hnh nhp cho chn u tin (k t plaintext a) i thng qua ba xilanh xut hin ti u ra chn th hai (k t ciphertext B). Vi h thng nhiu xilanh, xilanh nhp - gn ngi vn hnh nht xoay i mt v tr sau mi ln bm phm. Na bn phi ca hnh 2.7 minh ha cu hnh ca h thng sau mt ln bm phm. Sau mi ln xilanh bn tri hon thnh mt vng quay, xilanh gia nhch ln mt nc. Cui cng, sau mi vng quay ca xilanh gia, xilanh ngoi cng bn phi dch ln mt chn. Kiu hot ng ny ging ht nh mt ng h o khong cch. Kt qu l c 262626=17.576 b k t thay th n khc nhau c s dng trc khi h thng lp li. Thm vo xilanh th t, th nm (thc t l 5), s k t thay th tng ng ln lt l 456.976 v 11.881.376.

Hnh 2.7 My ba rotor vi dy dn biu din bi cc s

= 54 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

David Kahn, khi ni v my rotor nm xilanh hng hn tuyn b: Mt chu k di nh th s cn tr bt c hot ng ph m no da trn cc gii php lin quan n tn s k t. Gii php chung ny cn duyt khong hn 50 k t trn mt k t mt m, c ngha rng c nm rotor phi qua chu trnh t hp ca chng 50 ln cho mt k t. D ciphertext c di nh tt c cc bi din thuyt ca cc Nguyn lo Thng vin trong ba phin Quc hi lin tc. Khng k ph m no c th b ti s thnh cng trong i hn. Tm quan trng ca my rotor ngy nay l ch n ch ng cho mt m tng c s dng rng ri: Chun m ha d liu DES. Chng ta s nghin cu trong Chng 3.

2.5 STEGANOGRAPHY
Chng ta s kt thc chng ny bng tho lun v mt k thut m, ni cho ng, khng phi l m ha, l steganography. C hai iu m mt thng ip c th cn phi c che giu. Steganography che y s tn ti ca thng ip, trong khi cc phng php m ha c lm cho thng ip khng th hiu c i vi ngi khc bng cc php bin i. Steganography l mt t c m David Kahn "lm sng li" v dng cho n ngy nay. Mt dng n gin ca steganography, nhng tn thi gian xy dng, l sp xp cc t hay cc k t thng ip trong mt vn bn m nhn b ngoi nh v thng v pht. V d, cc k t u tin ca mi t trong ton vn bn s c nh vn tun t thnh thng ip cn che giu. Hnh 2.8 minh ha mt v d m mt tp con cc t ca ton vn bn c dng ngy trang cho thng ip b mt.

Hnh 2.8 Mt b n vi Thanh tra Morse

= 55 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

Nhiu k thut khc nhau c s dng trong lch s, mt s c v d di y [MYER91]: Mt n k t: Cc k t c la chn trong bn in hay vn bn nh my c ghi bng bt ch. Cc mt n khng hin th theo cch thng thng tr khi t giy in c gi nghing mt gc nh sng no . Mc v hnh: Mt s vt cht c th c s dng vit m khng li du vt cho n khi c nung nng hay dng mt s ha cht bi ln n. Chm kim: Cc l kim nh m vo cc k t chn thng khng nhn thy c cho n khi giy c a ra trc mt ngun sng. Ru-bng xa ca my ch: Vn bn cn che du c g trc ri che bng ru-bng xa, vn bn ngu trang g bi ru-bng mu en ln. Kt qu l vn bn cn che giu ch nhn thy c di mt ngun sng mnh.

Du cc k thut ny li thi, c xa, nhng l k thut ph hp ng i. [WAYN93] ngh mt cch che giu thng ip s dng cc bit thp (LSB), t ngha trn cc nh mu s. V d, phn gii cao nht ca nh dng nh Kodak mu l 20483072 pixel, mi pixel gm 24 bit thng tin mu RGB. Bit t ngha nht (LSB) ca mi 24-bit pixel c th thay i m khng nh hng nhiu n cht lng nh. Kt qu l bn c th giu mt thng ip 2 3MB trong mt bc nh s. Hin nay c mt s gi phn mm thc hin phng php steganography ny v gi l k thut watermark hay thu vn. Stegnography c rt nhiu nhc im khi so snh vi m ha. Du vi kiu che giu thng tin staganography nu trn c to ra c hiu qu no , nhng n i hi nhiu ph tn che giu mt s t bit thng tin. Thm na, khi mt k thut no b pht hin, n s tr nn v dng. Vn ny cng c th c gii quyt nu cch thc chn ph thuc vo mt vi kiu mt kha no (v d, xem bi tp 2.11). Mt cch thay th khc, mt thng ip c th trc ht c m ha, sau che giu bng k thut steganography. u im ca steganography l n c th c s dng bi cc bn lin quan m gia h c iu g thiu tin cy, hay mt i s tin cy cn thit. Trong giao tip gia h, s tht v cc iu cn che giu c th b khm ph, nhng iu c th khng quan trng. K thut ny cn c dng m ha cc c hin trng giao thng mng, ring t, hoc nhn din ngi gi, ngi nhn mt cch ngm ngm.

2.6 C THM V CC TRANG WEB

2.6.1 c thm
Ai quan tm n lch s sng to m v nghin cu b m, sch c l [KAHN96]. Du n lin quan nhiu ti nh hng ca khoa hc mt m vi i sng hn l vic pht trin k thut ca n, th cng l mt s gii thiu hay v khin ngi c th v. Mt ghi nhn khc dnh cho

= 56 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

[SING99]. Gii quyt ngn gn bao trm cc k thut gii thiu trong chng ny, v hn th na, l [GARD72]. C rt nhiu sch cp n cc k thut m ha c in mang tnh k thut hn, hay nht l [SINK66]. [KORN96] l mt cun sch th v v n cha mt mc di v cc k thut m ha c in. Hai cun v khoa hc mt m cha mt khi lng ln cc kin thc v cc k thut c in l [GARR01] v [NICH99]. Nu thc s quan tm, cun sch hai tp [NICK96] cha nhiu v chi tit nht cc mt m c in, n cung cp nhiu ciphertext phn tch b m km theo cc li gii. Nghin cu tuyt vi v my rotor, bao gm c cc tho lun v cc cuc ph m c tm thy trong [KUMA97]. [KATZ00] trnh by thu o v steganography. Mt cun hay na l [WAYN96].
GARD72 Gardner, M. Codes, Ciphers, and Secret Writing. New York: Dover, 1972. GARR01 Garrett, P. Making, Breaking Codes: An Introduction to Cryptology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. KAHN96 Kahn, D. The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing. New York: Scribner, 1996. KATZ00 Katzenbeisser, S., ed. Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking. Boston: Artech House, 2000. KORN96 Korner, T. The Pleasures of Counting. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1996. KUMA97 Kumar, I. Cryptology. Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1997. NICH96 Nichols, R. Classical Cryptography Course. Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1996. NICH99 Nichols, R. ed. ICSA Guide to Cryptography. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. SING99 Singh, S. :The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography. New York: Anchor Books, 1999. SINK66 Sinkov, A. Elementary Cryptanalysis: A Mathematical Approach. Washington, DC: The Mathematical Association of America, 1966. WAYN96 Wayner, P. Disappearing Cryptography. Boston: AP Professional Books, 1996.

2.6.2 Cc trang Web

Hip hi Khoa hc Mt m Hoa K, mt hip hi ca cc mt m vin khng chuyn. Website bao gm cc thng tin v lin kt n cc trang lin quan v m ha c in. Crypto Corner, l trang web ca Simon Singh. Rt nhiu thng tin hay, cng vi cc cng c tng tc nghin cu khoa hc mt m. Staganography, mt tuyn tp kh y cc lin kt v ti liu.

= 57 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

2.7 THUT NG, CU HI V BI TP

2.7.1 Thut ng
block cipher brute-force attack Caesar cipher cipher ciphertext computationally secure conventional encryption cryptanalysis cryptographic system cryptography cryptology deciphering decryption enciphering encryption Hill cipher monoalphabetic cipher one-time pad plaintext Playfair cipher polyalphabetic cipher rail fence cipher single-key encryption steganography stream cipher symmetric encryption transposition cipher unconditionally secure Vigenre cipher

2.7.2 Cu hi
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Nu nhng thnh phn cn thit ca mt mt m i xng? Hai chc nng c bn i hi trong cc thut ton m ha l g? Cn bao nhiu mt kha cho hai ngi giao tip bng mt mt m? S khc nhau gia mt m khi v mt m lung l g? Hai phng php chung tn cng mt mt m l g? Lit k v nh ngha ngn gn cc kiu tn cng b m da trn nhng thng tin m k tn cng bit? Khc bit gia mt m an ton tuyt i v an ton tnh ton l g? Tm tt hot ng ca mt m Caesar? Tm tt hot ng ca mt m Playfair? Tm tt hot ng ca mt m Monoalphabetic? S khc nhau gia mt m Monoalphabetic v Polyalphabetic? Hai kh khn m mt m One-time Pad gp phi l nhng g? Mt m dch chuyn l g? Th no l steganography?

= 58 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

2.7.3 Bi tp
2.1 Mt th h m ho sau Caesar, c gi l mt m h hng Caesar, affine Caesar cipher, c dng: Thay k t plaintext p, bi mt k t ciphertext C:

C = E([a, b], p) = (ap + b) mod 26

i hi bt c thut ton m ha l phi thay th 1-1. Ngha l, nu pq th E(k,p) E(k,q). Ngoi ra, khng th gii m, bi v c hn mt k t plaintext nh x n cng k t ciphertext. Mt m h hng Caesar li khng phi l thay th 1-1 cho tt c gi tr a. V d, cho a = 2 v b = 3 th E([a,b],0)= E([a,b],13)= 3. 1. C hn ch no vi gi tr ca b? Trnh by l do? 2. Hy xc nh gi tr no m a khng c php nhn? 3. Pht biu nhn xt tng qut v cc gi tr c php v khng c php ca a. Chng minh pht biu. 2.2 2.3 2.4 C bao nhiu mt m h hng Caesar thay th 1-1? Mt ciphphertext c sinh ra bi mt mt m affine. Tn sut xut hin ln nht trong ciphertext l "B", tip thep l "U". Hy b m ny. Ciphertext sau c sinh ra t mt thut ton thay th n gin. Hy b m ny.
53305))6*;4826)4 .)4 );806*;48 860))85;;]8*;: *8 83(88)5* ;46(;88*96*?;8)* (;485);5* 2:* (;4956*2(5*-4)88*;4069285);)6 8)4 [ddagger];1( 9;48081;8:8 1;48 85;4)485 528806*81( 9;48;(88;4( ?34;48)4 ;161;:188; ?;

Gi : 1. Nh bn bit, tn s xut hin ln nht trong ting Anh l k t e. V th, k t xut hin nhiu th nht hay th hai (hay c th l th ba) trong thng ip rt c th l e. Li cng bit rng, ch e thng hay i cp vi nhau, chng hn meet, fleet, speed, seen, agree v.v C tm mt k t trong ciphertext gii m l e. 2. T thng dng nht trong ting Anh l "the". S dng u mi ny phn on cc k t i din cho t v h. 3. Gii m cc t cn li ca thng ip bng cch suy din thm cc t khc. Ch : thng ip kt qu bng ting Anh nhng c th c nhiu ngha trong nhng ln c u tin. 2.5 Mt cch chuyn giao mt kha trong h thng l dng mt dng t cun sch m c ngi gi v ngi nhn u c. in hnh l trong cc tiu thuyt trinh thm, cu u tin ca cun sch ng vai tr mt kha. C th, n xut pht t mt trong cc tiu thuyt ly k nht cp n mt m, Talking to Strange Men do Ruth Rendell vit. Hy gii bi tp sau, khng cn t vn bi cun sch y.

= 59 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

Xt ciphertext: SIDKHKDM AF HCRKIABIE SHIMC KD LFEAILA Ciphertext l sn phm m n dng cu u tin trong cun sch The Other Side of Silence (ni v ip vin Kim Philby): The snow lay thick on the steps and the snowflakes driven by the wind looked black in the headlights of the cars. Mt php thay th n gin c dng. 1. Thut ton m ha l g? 2. Mc an ton nh th no? 3. vic phn pht mt kha tr nn n gin, cc bn tham gia c th cng chp thun s dng cu u hay cu cui ca cng mt cun sch lm mt kha. thay i mt kha, h ch cn ng s dng mt cun sch khc. Vic s dng cu u tin c th c a dng hn so vi vic s dng cu cui. Ti sao? 2.6 Mt ln, thm t Sherlock Holmes phi i mt vi thng ip sau:
534 C2 13 127 36 31 4 17 21 41 DOUGLAS 109 293 5 37 BIRLSTONE 26 BIRLSTONE 9 127 171

Mc d Watson bi ri, nhng Holmes ngay lp tc suy lun ra loi mt m c dng. Cn bn? 2.7 y l mt v d c thc t lc lng qun s c bit ca M. Mt bn sao c cung cp ti ftp://shell.shore.net/members/w/s/ws/Support/Crypto/FM-31-4.pdf 1. Dng hai mt kha cryptography v network security, m ha thng ip sau : Be at the third pillar from the left outside the lyceum theatre tonight at seven. If you are distrustful bring two friends. Nu cc gi thit hp l v vic lm th no x l cc k t khng cn thit, cc k t tha trong cc t d nh, v lm sao i ph vi cc khong trng v du chm cu. Minh ha v iu bn gi thit. Ghi ch: Thng ip trn trch t tiu thuyt Sherlock Holmes, The Sign of Four. 2. Gii m ciphertext. Minh ha iu bn lm. 3. Bnh lun v nhng tnh hung c th s dng k thut ny v nhng u im ca n. 2.8 Nhc im chung ca mt m monoalphabetic l c ngi gi v ngi nhn phi k thc tun t dch chuyn ca mt m cho b nh my tnh. K thut chung trnh iu ny l dng mt t kha m da vo n t tun t dch chuyn ca mt m c th c sinh ra. Th d, dng t kha CIPHER, vit ra t kha v vit tip cc k t cha s dng n theo trt t thng thng v so khp vi cc k t trong plaintext:

= 60 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

plaintext:

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

ciphertext: CIPHERABDFGJKLMNOQSTUVWXYZ

Nu thy tin trnh ny khng to c s pha trn tha ng, hy vit cc k t cn li trn cc dng lin tip, ri sinh m bng cch c theo tun t t trn xung di theo cc ct:
C I P H E R A B D F G J K L M N O Q S T U V W X Y Z
....

T thu c chui: CAKSYIBLTZPDMUHFNVEGOWRJQX Mt h thng nh vy c dng trong v d mc 2.2. Hy xc nh t kha trong v d . 2.9 Khi hi thuyn M PT-109, di s ch huy ca i y Hi qun John F. Kennedy b nh chm bi mt tu khu trc Nht, mt thng ip nhn c ti mt i v tuyn in ca ngi c bng m Playfair, nh sau:
KXJEY UREBE ZWEHE WRYTU HEYFS KREHE GOYFI WTTTU OLKSY CAJPO BOTEI ZONTX BYBNT GONEY CUZWR GDSON SXBOU YWRHE BAAHY USEDQ

Mt kha c dng trong thng ip ny l royal new zealand navy. Gii m thng ip ny. Dch TT thnh tt. 2.10 1. Xy dng mt ma trn Playfair vi mt kha largest. 2. Xy dng mt ma trn Playfair vi mt kha occurrence. To ra mt gi thit ph hp v vic lm sao ng x vi cc k t tha trong mt kha. 2.11 1. S dng ma trn Playfair
M U Z E D F N V L S H O W A T I/J P X R B K Q Y G C

= 61 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

m ha thng ip sau y Must see you over Cadogan West. Coming at once. Ghi ch: Thng ip ly t truyn Sherlock Holmes, The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans 2. Lp li phn (a) nhng s dng ma trn Playfair ca bi 2.10a. 3. Lm th no bn theo di c kt qu ca bi tp ny. Bn c th khi qut kt lun ca ring mnh? 2.12 1. Khng gian mt kho ti a ca mt m Playfair l bao nhiu? B qua trng hp m mt s mt kha c th cho kt qu m ha ging ht nhau. Trnh by tr li di dng xp x ly tha c s 2. 2. By gi hy quan tm n mt s tht rng mt s mt kha Playfair a ra kt xut ging nhau. Bao nhiu mt kha ca Playfair thc s c hiu qu (khng a kt qu m ha ging ht nhau). 2.13 2.14 H thng thay th no s xy ra khi chng ta s dng ma trn Playfair 25 1? 1. Gii m thng ip YITJP GWJOW FAQTQ XCSMA ETSQU SQAPU SQGKC

5 1 PQTYJ bng mt m Hill vi mt kha nghch o 2 7 . Minh ha tnh ton v kt qu.

2. Gii m thng ip MWALO LIAIW WTGBH JNTAK QZJKA ADAWS SKQKU AYARN CSODN IIAES OQKJY B s dng mt m Hill vi mt kha

2 23 nghch o 21 7 . Minh ha tnh ton v kt qu.

2.15 1. M ha thng ip "meet me at the usual place at ten rather than eight oclock"

9 4 bng mt m Hill vi mt kha 5 7 . Minh ha tnh ton v kt qu.

2. Minh ha cc tnh ton gii m tng ng t ciphertext phc hi c plaintext cn thit. 2.16 Chng ta chng minh rng mt m Hill khng chng li c s tn cng bit plaintext nu k b m c nhiu cp plaintext-ciphertext tng ng. Cn d dng gii quyt mt mt m Hill hn na nu cuc tn cng vo plaintext chn c th c c gii ha. Hy m t mt tn cng nh th.

2.17

a b C th chng minh rng mt m Hill vi ma trn c d i hi rng (adbc) c quan h nguyn t vi 26; ngha l (adbc) v 26 ch c tha s chung l 1. Theo , nu

= 62 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

(adbc) = 13 hay chn th ma trn khng c tha nhn. Xc nhn s lng mt kha hp l cho mt m Hill vi ma trn (22) m khng cn phi m, theo cc bc sau: 1. Tm s ma trn m nh thc l chn do mt hoc c hai hng l chn. (Mt hng s l chn nu c hai phn t ca hng l chn). 2. Tm s ma trn m nh thc l chn do mt hoc c hai ct l chn. (Mt ct s l chn nu c hai phn t ca ct l chn). 3. Tm s ma trn m nh thc l chn do tt c cc phn t l chn. 4. Loi b cc trng lp. Tm tng s cc ma trn m c nh thc chn. 5. Tm s ma trn m nh thc l bi s ca 13 do ct th nht l mt bi ca s 13. 6. Tm s ma trn c nh thc l bi s ca 13 vi ct u tin khng phi l bi ca 13 nhng ct th hai li l bi ca ct th nht v chia ht cho 13. 7. Tm tng s ma trn c nh thc l bi s ca 13. 8. Tm tng s ma trn c nh thc l bi s ca 26 do chng ph hp vi cc trng hp (a) v (e) ; (b) v (e) ; (c) v (e) ; (a) v (f) ; (b) v (f) v.v 9. Tm tng s ma trn m nh thc tng ng khng phi l bi ca 2, cng khng phi l bi ca 13. 2.18 2.19 Dng mt m Vigenre m ha t "explanation" vi mt kha leg. Bi tp ny khm ph vic dng mt phin bn one-time pad ca mt m Vigenre. Trong , mt kha l mt lung ngu nhin cc s nguyn trong phm vi t 0 n 26. Chng hn, nu mt kha l 3 19 5, th k t u tin ca plaintext c m ha bng cch dch chuyn 3 k t, k t plaintext th hai dch 19 k t, k t plaintext th ba dch 5 v.v 1. M ha plaintext sendmoremoney vi lung mt kha 9 0 1 7 23 15 21 14 11 11 2 8 9 2. S dng ciphertext cho trong phn (a), tm mt kha khi gii m, ciphertext ny cho plaintext l cashnotneeded 2.20 2.21 Thng ip nhng trong hnh 2.8 l g? Mt trong nhng b n ca Dorothy Sayer, Hun tc Peter i mt vi thng ip trong hnh 2.9. ng ta cng khm ph ra mt kha cho thng ip, l mt chui cc s nguyn:
787656543432112343456567878878765654 3432112343456567878878765654433211234

1. Hy gii m thng ip. Gi : S nguyn ln nht l s my?

= 63 =

CHNG 2. CC K THUT M HO C IN

2. Nu bit thut ton, nhng khng bit mt kha, mc an ton s ra sao? 3. Nu bit mt kha, cn thut ton th khng, mc an ton ca phng php ny th no?

Hnh 2.9 Mt b n i vi Hun tc Peter

Bi tp lp trnh
2.22 2.23 2.24 Vit chng trnh m ha v gii m s dng mt m Caesar tng qut. N cng tng c gi l mt m cng. Vit chng trnh m ha v gii m s dng mt m h hng trong bi tp 2.1. Vit chng trnh t ng thi hnh mt tn cng tn s k t vo mt m cng m chng trnh t n khng cn s can thip ca ai. Phn mm ca bn s a ra tt c cc plaintext c th khng theo trt t no. S rt hay nu phn mm ca bn h tr giao din ngi dng m n cho php la chn "give me the top 10 possible plaintexts" Tm dch: "Hin th 10 plaintext c kh nng ng nht". Vit chng trnh t ng thi hnh mt tn cng tn s k t vo bt c mt m thay th mt bng ch ci monoalphabetic no m khng cn thm s can thip ca ngi dng. Phn mm ca bn s a ra tt c cc plaintext c th khng theo trt t no. Rt hay nu nh phn mm ca bn h tr giao din cho ngi dng "give me the top 10 possible plaintexts". Vit phn mm thi hnh m ha v gii m dng mt m Hill 22.

2.25

2.26

= 64 =

PHN I. CC MT M I XNG

2.27

Vit chng trnh thi hnh mt tn cng nhanh bit plaintext vo mt m Hill vi ma trn cp m bit trc. Thut ton ca bn nhanh ra sao, c phi l hm ca m khng?

= 65 =