BI TP: HIROCACBON

Bi 1 . t chy mt hn hp gm 2 hydrocacbon A, B (c M hn km nhau 28g) th thu c 0,3mol CO

2
v 0,5
mol H
2
O. Tm CTPT & tn A, B
GII :
Hydrocacbon A, B c M hn km nhau 28g A, B thuc cng dy ng ng.
Cch 1 :
A, B + O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
67 , 1
3 , 0
5 , 0
n
n
2
2
CO
O H

>1 A, B thuc dy ng ng ankan.
t CTTB A, B :
2 n 2 n
H C
+
: a mol
O 1)H n ( CO n O
2
1 n 3
H C
2 2 2
2 n 2 n
+ +
+
+
+
a a
n
a(
n
+1) (mol)
Ta c
n
1 n
3 , 0
5 , 0
n
n
2
2
CO
O H
+


n
= 1,5
t CTTQ A, B : C
n
H
2n+2
v C
m
H
2m+2

Gi s n< m n< 1,5 n = 1 CTPT A : CH
4
(M = 16)
M
B
= 16 + 28 = 44 CTPT B : C
3
H
8
.
Cch 2 : t CTTQ A, B : C
n
H
2n+2
: a mol v C
m
H
2m+2
: b mol
Cc ptp chy :
O k)H - 1 (n nCO O
2
k - 1 3n
H C
2 2 2 2k - 2 2n n
+ +
+
+
+
a an a(n+1-k) (mol)
O k)H - 1 (m mCO O
2
k - 1 3m
H C
2 2 2 2k - 2 2m m
+ +
+
+
+
b bm b(m+1-k) (mol)
Ta c :

'

+ + +
+
0,5 k)b - 1 (m k)a - 1 (n
0,3 bm an
(a+b)(1-k) = 0,2 k = 0 v ch c k = 0 th phng trnh mi c ngha.
a + b = 0,2 v an + bm = 0,3
Gi s n < m
n(a+b) < m (a+b)
n <
b a
bm na
+
+
< m n <
5 , 1
0,2
0,3

< m
Bin lun tng t cch trn suy ra CTPT A : CH
4
v B : C
3
H
8
.
Bi 2. Cracking ankan A, ngi ta thu c mt hn hp kh B gm 2 ankan v 2 anken. T khi hi ca B so vi
H
2
d
B/H2
= 14,5. Khi dn hn hp kh B qua dung dch Br
2
d, khi lng hn hp kh gim i 55,52%.
a) Tm CTPT ca A v cc cht trong B.
b) Tnh % th tch cc cht kh trong B.
GII
bi ny da vo tnh cht phn ng cracking v p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng tm M
A
kt hp vi
phng php ghp n s gii.
hhB M
=14,5.2 = 29 Theo LBT khi lng : khi lng A em cracking = khi lng hn hp B
m
Atham gia p
= m
B
(1) Phn ng cracking lm tng gp i s mol hydrocacbon nn
n
B
= 2n
A tham gia p
(2)(1) chia (2)
hhB M
= M
A
M
A
= 29.2 = 58 M
A
= 14n + 2 = 58 n= 4
CTPT A l C
4
H
10
Cc ptp cracking A :
1
C
4
H
10
CH
4
+ C
3
H
6
a a a (mol)
C
4
H
10
C
2
H
6
+ C
2
H
4

b b b (mol)
Gi A, B ln lt l s mol A b cracking theo 2 phn ng trn.
hh B gm : CH
4
: a (mol)
C
2
H
6
: b (mol)
C
3
H
6
: a (mol)
C
2
H
4
: b (mol)
Khi dn hh qua dd Br
2
th 2 anken b hp th.
m
2anken
= 55,52%m
B
= 55,52%m
A
mC
3
H
6
+ mC
2
H
4
= 55,52%.58 (a+b)
42a + 28b = 32,2016 (a+b) 9,7984a = 4,2016b b 2,3a (mol)
n
B
= 2(a + b) = 2 (a + 2,3a) = 6,6a (mol)
cng iu kin, t l s mol cng chnh l t l v th tch
%CH
4
= %C
3
H
6
=
% 100 *
6 , 6 a
a
= 15% %C
2
H
6
= %C
2
H
4
=
% 35 % 100 *
6 , 6
3 , 2
% 100 *
6 , 6

a
a
a
b
Bi 3 : t chy 19,2 g hn hp 2 ankan k tip th thu c V lt CO
2
(0
o
C, 2 atm). Cho V lt CO
2
trn qua dd
Ca(OH)
2
th thu c 30g kt ta. Nu tip tc cho dd Ca(OH)
2
vo n d th thu c thm 100g kt ta na.
a) Xc nh CTPT 2 ankan.
b) Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng 2 hydrocacbon.
GII
bi ny, t chy hn hp gm 2 ankan lin tip nn dng phng php trung bnh gii.
a) Xc nh CTPT 2 ankan :
t CTTQ 2 ankan X : C
n
H
2n+2
: a (mol)
Y : C
m
H
2m+2
: b (mol)
CTPT trung bnh 2 ankan
2 2 + n n
H C
Gi s n < m n<
n
< m = n + 1.
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

Khi cho thm dd Ca(OH)
2
vo n d :
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
2CaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O
p dng LBT khi lng th mCO
2
= mCO
2
(trong
3
CaCO )
nCO
2
= nCaCO
3
= 3 , 1
100
100 30

+
(mol) mCO
2
= 1,3 x 44 = 57,2 (g)
O H n CO n O
n
H C
n n
2 2 2
2 2
) 1 (
2
1 3
+ +
+
+
+

M
44
n
19,2 57,2
Ta c t l :
2 , 57
44
2 , 19
2 14
2 , 57
44
2 , 19
n n n M

+

n
= 2,6
Ta c n <
n
= 2,6 < m = n+1 n = 2 v m =3
Vy CTPT 2 ankan l C
2
H
6
v C
3
H
8
b) Tnh % cc hydrocacbon trn :
C
2
H
6
+ 7/2O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
a 2a (mol)
C
3
H
8
+ 5O
2
3CO
2
+ 4H
2
O
b 3b (mol)
n
CO2
= 2a + 3b = 1,3 (1)
m
hh
= 30a + 44b = 19,2 (2) (1) , (2) a = 0,2 ;b = 0,3 (mol)
%C
2
H
6
=
% 25 , 31 % 100 *
2 , 19
2 , 0 . 30
% 100 *
2 , 19
30

a
% C
3
H
8
=
% 75 , 68 % 100 *
2 , 19
3 , 0 . 44
% 100 *
2 , 19
44

b
2
Bi 4 : t chy hon ton V lt hn hp 2 hirocacbon ng ng lin tip thu c 1,12 lt kh CO
2
( ktc) v
1,26g H
2
O. Gi tr ca V l :
A . 0,112 lt B . 0,224 lt C . 0,448 lt D. 0,336 lt
Gii:
2 2
1,12 1, 26
0, 5( ); 0, 07( )
22, 4 18
CO H O
n mol n mol
2 2
0, 07 0, 05 0, 02( )
ankan H O CO
n n n mol
0, 02.22, 4 0, 448
ankan
V (lt)
Bi 5 : t chy 560cm
3
hn hp kh (ktc) gm 2 hydrocacbon c cng s nguyn t cacbon ta thu c 4,4g CO
2
v 1,9125g hi nc.
a) Xc nh CTPT cc cht hu c.
b) Tnh %khi lng cc cht.
c) Nu cho lng CO
2
trn vo 100 ml dd KOH 1,3M; Tnh C
M
mui to thnh.
GII
bi ny, ta dng phng php s nguyn t H trung bnh kt hp vi phng php bin lun gii.
a) Xc nh CTPT cc hydrocacbon :
t CTPT 2 hydrocacbon trn :

'

y' x
y x
H C : B
H C : A
CTPT trung bnh 2 hydrocacbon trn :
y x
H C
Gi s y < y y < y < y
S mol hn hp kh n
hh
=
025 , 0
4 , 22
56 , 0

mol
nCO
2
= 4,4/44 = 0,1 (mol)
nH
2
O = 1,9125/18 = 0,10625 (mol)
O H
2
y
CO x O
4
y
x H C
2 2
t
2
y x
0
+

,
_

+ +
0,025 0,025x 0,025 y /2

'

'

8,5 y
4 x
0,10625
2
y
0,025 n
0,1 x 0,025 n
H2O
CO2
CTPT A, B c dng : A : C
4
H
y
v B : C
4
H
y

Ta c y < y < y hay y < 8,5 <y (1)
Bin lun tm CTPT B :
8,5 < y chn
y 2x + 2 = 2.4 + 2 = 10 y =10 CTPT B : C
4
H
10

Tng t bin lun tm CTPT A :
y < 8,5
y chn
y 2 4 6 8
A C
4
H
2
C
4
H
4
C
4
H
6
C
4
H
8
Vy c 4 cp nghim :

'

10' 4
2 4
H C : B
H C : A
v

'

10' 4
4 4
H C : B
H C : A
v

'

10' 4
6 4
H C : B
H C : A
v

'

10' 4
8 4
H C : B
H C : A
c) Tnh C
M
cc mui to thnh :
n
KOH
= V.C
M
= 0,1.1,3 = 0,13 (mol)
Ta c :
2
CO
KOH
n
n
=
3 , 1
1 , 0
13 , 0

To thnh 2 mui.
3
CO
2
+ 2KOH K
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
a 2a a (mol)
CO
2
+ KOH KHCO
3

b b b (mol)
Ta c :

'

+
+
13 , 0 n b 2a
1 , 0 n b a
KOH
CO
2

'

0,07 b
0,03 a
(mol)
C
M(K2CO3 )
=
3 , 0
0,1
0,03

(M) C
M(KHCO3)
=
7 , 0
0,1
0,07

(M)
Bi 6. t chy hon ton hn hp gm ankin (A) v ankan (B) c V = 5,6 lt (kc) c 30,8g CO
2
v 11,7g H
2
O .
Xc nh CTPT A,B. Tnh % A,B. Bit B nhiu hn A mt cacbon
GII
bi ny, t chy hn hp 2 hydrocacbon khng phi l ng ng ca nhau nn khng dng phng php
trung bnh c m s dng phng php ghp n s v bin lun gii.
Gi 5,6 l hh :

'

+
b
a
: H C : B
: H C : A
2 2m m
2 - 2n n
(mol) (n 2; m 1)
O 1)H (n nCO O
2
3n
H C
2 2 2 2 - 2n n
+ +
a an a(n-1) (mol)
O 1)H m ( mCO O
2
1 3m
H C
2 2 2 2 2m m
+ +
+
+
+
b bm b(m + 1) (mol)
n
hn hp
= a+ b =
25 , 0
4 , 22
6 , 5

(mol) (1)
n

CO
2
= an + bm = 7 , 0
44
8 , 30
(mol) (2)
n

H
2
O = a(n-1) + b(m + 1) = 65 , 0
18
7 , 11
(mol) (3)
(2), (3) an - a + b(m + 1) = 0,65
<=> 0,7 + b - a = 0,65 a b = 0,05 mol
0,15n + 0,1m = 0,7 m = 7 + 1,5n
Bin lun :
n 1 2 3 4
m L 4 L 1
Vy m = 3 n =2 Vy CTPT A, B:

'

10 4
2 2
:
:
H C B
H C A
Bi 7 : t chy hon ton m (g) hn hp X gm CH
4
, C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
10
thu c 4,4g CO
2
v 2,52g H
2
O, m c gi tr
no trong s cc phng n sau ?
A. 1,48g B. 2,48 g C. 14,8g D. 24,7 g
Hng dn:
Cch gii nhanh:
Bi 8 : t chy m gam hirocabon A thu c 2,688 lt CO
2
( ktc) v 4,32g H
2
O. Cng thc phn t ca A l:
A / C
2
H
6
B / C
2
H
4
C / C
2
H
2
D / CH
4
Gii :
2 2
2, 688 4, 32
0,12( ); 0, 24( )
22, 4 15
CO H O
n mol n mol
;
2 2
CO H O
n n <
Dy ng ng ca ankan
2 2 n n
C H
+
2 2 2 2 2
( 1)
o
t C
n n
C H O nCO n H O
+
+ + +
4
+ + +
X C H
4, 4 2,52
m m m .12 .2 1,2 0,28 1, 48(g)
44 18
Theo p/ ta c 1 mol n ( n+ 1) mol
Theo u bi 0,12 0,24 mol
1
1
0,12 0, 24
n n
n
+

cng thc phn t ca ankan l CH
4
Bi 9 : t chy hon ton hn hp 2 hirocacbon mch h, lin tip trong dy ng ng thu c 22,4 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 25,2g H
2
O. CTPT 2 hirocacbon l:
A. CH
4
, C
2
H
6
*B. C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
8
C. C
3
H
8
, C
4
H
10
D. C
4
H
10
, C
5
H
12
Gii :
2 2 2 2
22, 4 25, 2
1( ); 1, 4( )
22, 4 18
CO H O CO H O
n mol n mol n n <
Dy ng ng ca ankan. Hai ankan k tip
nhau trong dy ng ng cng thc chung ca 2 ankan l
2 2 n n
C H
+
2 2 2
2 2
( 1)
o
t C
n n
C H O nCO n H O
+
+ + +
Theo p/ ta c 1 mol
n
(
n
+ 1) mol
Theo u bi 1 1,4 mol
1
2, 5
1 1, 4
n n
n
+
n
1
= 2 <
n
=2,5< n
2
= 3 cng thc ca 2 ankan l C
2
H
6
v C
3
H
8
Bi 10 . T khi hi ca hn hp kh C
3
H
8
v C
4
H
10
i vi hiro l 25,5. Thnh phn % th tch ca hn hp l:
A - 50%;50% * B - 25%; 75%
C - 45% ; 55% D - 20% ; 80%
p dng qui tc ng cho ta c :
Bi 11: t chy mt s mol nh nhau ca 3 hydrocacbon L, L, M ta thu c lng CO
2
nh nhau v t l s mol
H
2
O v CO
2
i vi K, L, M tng ng bng 0,5; 1; 1,5.
a) Xc nh CTPT K, L, M
b) Nu cch nhn bit 3 kh trn ng trong 3 l mt nhn
c) Hy tch ring 3 cht trong hn hp trn.
GII
a, t cng thc chung cho 3 hydrocacbon l C
n
H
2n +2-2k
vi k l s lin kt

trong phn t cc hydrocacbon trn.

O k)H - 1 (n nCO O
2
k - 1 3n
H C
2 2 2 2k - 2 2n n
+ +
+
+
+
a an a(n+1-k) (mol)
Ba hydrocacbon t vi s mol nh nhau thu c lng CO
2
nh nhau nn K, L, M c cng s C trong phn t.
T =
n
k n
n
n
CO
O H
+

1
2
2
K th T = 0,5 0,5n = n + 1 k n = 2(k 1)
0 n 4 v k 0
n = 2, k = 2 K : C
2
H
2

L th T = 1 n = 2 v k = 1
CTPT L : C
2
H
4
M th T = 1,5 n = 2 v k = 0
CTPT M : C
2
H
6

Bi 12: t chy hirocacbon A to ra 11g CO
2
. Mt khc, khi cho 3,4g A tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
thy to thnh a gam kt ta. CTPT ca A v a l:
A. C
2
H
2
; 8,5g B. C
3
H
4
; 8,5g C. C
4
H
6
; 8,75g *D. C
5
H
8
; 8,7
5
44
58
51
7
7
V
C
3
H
8
V
C
4
H
10
Tl1:1
Gii: Do A tc dng c vi AgNO
3
trong NH
3
nn A l ank-1-in:
C
n
H
2n-2
+
,
_

2
1 3n
O
2

nCO
2
+ (n-1)H
2
O
3,4 0,25
14n - 2 n
n
2
CO
=
44
11
= 0,25 mol Ta c:
2 14
4 , 3
n
=
n
25 , 0
n = 5 CTPT A l C
5
H
8
C
5
H
8
+ AgNO
3
+ NH
3

C
5
H
7
Ag + NH
4
NO
3
0,05 mol

0,05 mol
n
8
5H C
=
8 , 6
4 , 3
=0,05 mol a = 0,05.175= 8,75g p n D
Bi 13: t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hirocacbon X thu c 6,72 lt CO
2
( ktc). X tc dng vi dd AgNO
3
trong
NH
3
sinh ra kt ta Y. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. CH
3
-CH=CH
2
B. CH

CH C. CH
3
-C

CH D. CH
2
=CH-CH

CH
Gii:
X tc dng c vi dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
X l ank-1-in
C
n
H
2n-2
+
,
_

2
1 3n
O
2

nCO
2
+ (n-1)H
2
O
Theo p/ 1

n mol
Theo u bi 0,1

0,3
n
X
= 0,1 mol ;
2
0, 3( ) nCO mol
1
3
0,1 0, 3
n
n CTPT
ca X l C
3
H
4
CTCT X l: CH
3
-CCH p n D
Bi 14. t chy 1mol ankan X cn 5 mol oxi, cng thc ca ankan l
A. C
4
H
10
B. C
3
H
8
. C. tt c u sai. D. C
2
H
6
Gii: Cng thc chung ca ankan l:
2 2 n n
C H
+
2 2 2 2 2
3 1
( 1)
2
o
t C
n n
n
C H O nCO n H O
+
+
+ + +
Theo p/ 1
3 1
2
n +

3 1
1
2
3
1 5
n
n
+

cng thc phn t ca X l: C

3
H
8
Theo u bi 1 5
Cu 15. t chy hon ton 2 hirocacbon k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Sn phm chy cho ln lt qua
bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
c v bnh 2 ng KOH rn thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 5,6 g v bnh 2 tng 8,8g. Hai
hirocacbon l:
A. C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
B. C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
8
C. C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
D. C
3
H
8
, C
4
H
10
Gii:
Theo u bi khi lng bnh 1 tng chnh l khi lng ca H
2
O
Khi lng bnh 2 tng chnh l khi lng ca CO
2
2 2
8, 8 5, 6
0, 2( ); 0, 31( )
44 18
CO H O
n mol n mol

2 2
CO H O
n n <

Dy ng ng ca ankan. Hai ankan k

tip nhau trong dy ng ng

cng thc chung ca 2 ankan l

2 2 n n
C H
+
2 2 2
2 2
( 1)
o
t C
n n
C H O nCO n H O
+
+ + +
Theo p/ ta c 1 mol
n
(
n
+ 1) mol
Theo u bi 0,2 0,31 mol
6
1
1,8
0, 2 0, 31
n n
n
+
n
1
= 1 <
n
=1,8< n
2
= 2 cng thc ca 2 ankan l CH
4
v C
2
H
6
7