Bai Giang KTCM Va TDS 06-04-12

1
BI GING MN HC
K THUT CHUYN MCH V
TNG I
Ging vin: ThS. Phan Thanh Hin
2
NI DUNG
CHNG 1: CC KIN THC TNG QUAN
CHNG 2: K THUT CHUYN MCH KNH
CHNG 3: K THUT IU KHIN
CHNG 4: K THUT BO HIU
CHNG 5: GIAO TIP KT CUI
CHNG 6: IU HNH KHAI THC V BO DNG
CHNG 7: MNG CHUYN MCH GI
CHNG 8: MT S CNG NGH CHUYN MCH TIN TIN
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Chng
Chng
1:
1:
C
C
c
c
ki
ki
n
n
th
th
c
c
t
t
ng
ng
quan
quan
1.1. Tng quan.
1.2. Lch s pht trin.
1.3. Phng thc chuyn mch.
1.4. Tng i in t s SPC
1.5. Cu hi n tp chng
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1.1. Tng Quan
1.1.1. Khi nim.
1.1.2. Cc dch v vin thng.
1.1.3. Mng vin thng.
1.1.4. Chuyn mch.
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1.1.1. Khi nim
Truyn thng (Communication) l tt c s trao i,
vn chuyn thng tin bng hnh thc ny hoc hnh
thc khc.
Vin thng (Telecommunication) l s truyn thng
qua khong cch da l.
Tele c nghia l t xa, biu th mt s bt cu qua
khong cch da l, vin thng l s trao i thng tin
t xa.
Hnh 1-1 S trao di thng tin gia hai thnh ph
6
1.1.1. Khi nim
Vt mang dch v: L cc trang thit b c
s dng d h tr cho dch v .
Hnh 1-2 Vt mang dch v din thoi
7
1.1.2. Cc dch v vin thng
Khi nim :
Hnh 1.3 : Vin thng, mt trong cc dng c bit ca truyn thng
8
Thoi : S trao i thng tin bng ting ni, vi u
cui l my in thai.
Telex :Truyn cc ky t bng cc m do cc mc in
p to nn. Tc chm (50bits/s),
Teletex : N c th s dng nh telex thng thng
nhng tc l 2400 bits/s thay v 50 bits/s. Hn na, n
c b ky t bao gm ch ci va ch con
Facsimile : Dch v ny cho php truyn thng tin
hnh nh gia cc thu bao.
9
Videotex : Dch v Videotex c khai thc trn mng
in thoi. Videotex lm vic tc 1200 bits/s trn
hng c s d liu n thu bao va 75 bits/s trn hng
thu bao n c s d liu.
S liu : Bao gm tt c cc loi hnh truyn thng,
o, my tnh c dng trao i, truyn a thng tin
gia cc ngi s dng
10
1.1.3. Mng vin thng
1.1.3. Mng vin thng :
Khi nim :
Mng vin thng l tt c nhng trang thit b ky thut c s
dng trao i thng tin gia cc i tng trong mng.
Nhim v thng tin lin lc l do mng li bu chnh vin
thng m nhim
Mng vin thng pht trin qua nhiu giai on. Ban u l
mng in thoi tng t dn dn in bo, telex, facsimile,
truyn s liu ... cng c kt hp vo.
Vi s ra i ca ky thut s mng vin thng tr nn hin i
vi rt nhiu dch v.
11
Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng :
Hnh 1-4 : Cc thnh phn mng vin thng.
Thit b thu / pht :
Thit b vo ra, thit b u cui.
Node chuyn mch :
Thu thp thng tin ca cc i tng va x ly thoa
mn cc yu cu o. Bao gm hai nhim v :
+ X ly tin (CSDL) : X ly, cung cp tin tc.
+ Chuyn mch.
1.1.3. Mng vin thng
12
Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng :
H thng truyn dn (mng truyn dn) :
- Truyn dn l phn ni cc node chuyn mch vi nhau
hoc node chuyn mch vi thu bao truyn thng tin gia
chng.
- Ngi ta s dng cc phng tin truyn dn khc nhau
nh dy trn, viba, cp quang, v tinh ...
Phn mm ca mng :
- Gip cho s hot ng ca 3 thnh phn trn c hiu qu.
- Trong o, s hot ng gia cc node chuyn mch vi
nhau l c hiu qu cao cn s hot ng gia node va thu bao
l c hiu qa thp.
1.1.3. Mng vin thng
13
Cc phng php t chc mng
Mng li (Mesh) :
Hnh 1-5 : Mt tng i cho nhiu thu bao.
Khi s thu bao l khng nhiu lm
1.1.3. Mng vin thng
14
Mng li (Mesh) :
Khi thu bao mt vng ln cn mun trao i thng tin:
Hnh 1-6 : S ni kt gia hai tng i
1.1.3. Mng vin thng
15
Mng li (Mesh) :
-Tng i c cng mt cp
c ni vi nhau tng i
mt.
-Mi thu bao ca tng i
khc u i bng ng trc
tip t tng i ny n tng
i kia khng qua tng i
trung gian.
Hnh 1-7 : Mng li.
1.1.3. Mng vin thng
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Mng sao (star) :
- Mng sao l loi mng phn
cp, c mt tng i cp cao va
nhiu tng i cp di.
- Tt c cc tng i cp di
u c ni vi cc tng i
cp cao va gia cc tng i cp
di khng ni nhau.
Hnh 1.8 Mng sao.
1.1.3. Mng vin thng
17
Mng sao (star) :
- Tng i cp cao l mt tng i chuyn tip, khng c thu
bao ring.Giao tip gia cc thu bao trong cng mt tng i l
do tng i o m nhn, khng nh hng n tng i khc..
- Khi thu bao ca tng i ny mun ni vi tng i khc
thi vic chuyn tip thng qua tng i chuyn tip va khng c
ng trc tip.
- Tit kim ng truyn, cu hnh n gin. Nhng i hi
tng i chuyn tip phi c dung lng cao, nu tng i ny
hng thi mi lin lc b ngng tr.
1.1.3. Mng vin thng
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Mng hn hp :
-Mt phn l mng sao va phn kia l mng li, vi cc
cp phn chia khc nhau.
-Mt mng quc gia khng phi lc no cng tun thu theo
chun CCITT m n cn c th thay i sao cho phu hp
vi c im kinh t, xa hi va quan trong nht l nhu cu
trao i thng tin.
1.1.3. Mng vin thng
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Mng hn hp :
Hnh 1-9: Mng hn hp ca quc gia tiu biu
1.1.3. Mng vin thng
20
Hnh 1-10 : Mng hn hp theo phn cp theo chun ca CCITT
1.1.3. Mng vin thng
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+ Tng i chuyn tip quc gia NTE (Nation
Transition Exchange) : L tng i cp di ca tng
i chuyn tip quc t ITE (Internation Transition
Exchange). Tng i ny c hai nhim v:
- Chuyn tip cuc gi lin vng.
- Chuyn tip cc cuc gi ra tng i quc t.
+ Tng i chuyn tip vng LTE (Local Transition
Exchange) : Tng t nh tng i chuyn tip quc
gia, nhng n qun ly theo vng, Tng i ny c th
c thu bao ring.
1.1.3. Mng vin thng
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+ Tng i ni ht LE : Tip xc trc tip vi thu bao.
Lin lc gia cc thu bao ca n l do n qun ly. Khi thu
bao mun gi ra thi n chuyn yu cu n tng i cp cao
hn. Loi ny va c thu bao ring va c ng trung k.
+ Tng i PABX (Private Automatic Branch eXchange ) :
i vi thu bao thi n l tng i cn i vi tng i cp
trn thi n li l thu bao v dy truyn dn l dy thu bao.
S thu bao thng nho, nhu cu lin lc trong l ln.
+ Tp trung thu bao : Gii quyt trng hp qu nhiu
ng dy t thu bao ti tng i.
1.1.3. Mng vin thng
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1.3. Chuyn mch
Chuyn mch l s thit
lp ni kt theo yu
cu truyn thng tin
t ng vo yu cu n
ng ra c yu cu
trong mt tp ng vo v
ng ra (ITU-T).
Mc ch:Thit lp
ng truyn thng tin
qua mng theo cu trc
c nh hoc bin dng
Hnh 1.11. Chuyn mch
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1. Cc h thng nhn cng.
2. Cc h thng chuyn mch din t.
3. Cc h thng s v diu khin my tnh.
4. Cc node chuyn mch cho thng tin d liu.
5. Cc node chuyn mch cho N-ISDN.
6. Cc node chuyn mch cho B-ISDN.
7. Chuyn mch quang.
1.3. Chuyn mch
1.3.1. Lch s pht trin
25
1. Nm 1878, h thng chuyn mch du
tin duc xy dng NewHaven, M.
in thoi vin ng vai tr chuyn mch.
1.3. Chuyn mch
Lch s pht trin
Hnh 1.12 Chuyn mch nhn cng
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Cc h thng chuyn mch in t
H thng chuyn mch xoay
Nm 1889, Almon B. Strowger, Kansas City, USA xy
dng h thng tng i t ng u tin, y l h thng
tng i tng buc.
Sau d l s pht trin ca h thng tng i thanh ghi, cc
ch s c x l trong thanh ghi, khng x l trc tip. Ph
hp vi cc tng i dung lng ln, kh nng chn ng
dn thay th.
H thng chuyn mch thanh cho
Nm 1937, h thng chuyn mch thanh cho ra i.
Thi gian chuyn mch nhanh, t li, n gin. L c s pht
trin cc h thng chuyn mch sau ny.
27
Nm 1960, tng i iu khin s u tin c xy dng
M.
1968 Chu u.
H tng i ny cn c gi l tng i iu khin bng
chng trnh ghi sn SPC (Stored Program Control).
Cc h thng s v iu khin my tnh
Hnh 1-13 Tng di SPC
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Cc node chuyn mch cho
thng tin d liu
L do: Nhu cu s dng thng tin d liu pht trin mnh, dn
n s phn bit gia mng chuyn mch knh v d liu.
Chuyn mch gi v Frame Relay.
Hnh 1-14 Chuyn mch d liu
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Cc node cho N-ISDN
Pht trin cho cc mng tch hp dch v, N-ISDN
c th duc xem l s kt hp tng di din thoi vi
chuyn mch d liu.
Hnh 1-15: ISDN
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Cc node cho B-ISDN
Cc h thng chuyn
mch truc ch dp
ng duc mt trong
hai diu kin: bang
thng, thi gian
thc.
B-ISDN cung cp cc
dch v yu cu bang
thng v thi gian
thc.
ang duc tiu chun
ho (ATM, MPLS)
Hnh 1-16 Nhu cu bang thng rng
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Chuyn mch quang
Phc v cho s trao
i thng tin tc
cao (hng Gbits/s).
Hung ti mng ton
quang (chuyn mch
in t - iu khin
in t " chuyn
mch quang-iu
khin in t "
chuyn mch quang-
iu khin quang).
Hnh 1-17: S pht trin cc h thng
chuyn mch
32
1.3.2. Phng thc chuyn mch
1. Chuyn mch knh.
2. Chuyn mch tin.
3. Chuyn mch gi.
4. Chuyn mch khung.
5. Chuyn mch t bo.
6. Chuyn mch nhn da giao thc
33
Chuyn mch knh
L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i thng tin bng cch
cp knh dn trc tip gia cc i tng s dng.
X l cuc gi tin hnh qua 3 giai on:
Thit lp ng dn da vo nhu cu trao i thng tin.
Duy tr knh dn trong sut thi gian trao i thng tin.
Gii phng knh dn khi i tung s dng ht nhu cu trao i.
Hnh 1-18 Chuyn mch knh
34
Chuyn mch knh
c dim:
Thc hin trao i thng tin gia cc user trn trc thi gian
thc.
Cc user lm ch knh dn tng sut qa trnh trao i.
Hiu sut thp.
Yu cu chnh xc thng tin khng cao.
Ni dung trao i khng mang thng tin a ch.
Ph hp vi dch v thoi.
Khi luu lng tng n ngung no th cuc gi mi c th
b kho, mng t chi mi yu cu kt ni mi n khi c th.
35
Chuyn mch tin
L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao di thng tin gia cc bn tin nhu
din tn, thu din t, file
Thit b du cui gi dn node chuyn mch bn tin mang thng tin da ch
dch.
Ti dy, bn tin duc thu nhn, x l (chn dung) ri sp hng ch truyn
di. Phuong php ny gi l store and forward.
Hnh 1-19 Chuyn mch tin
36
Chuyn mch tin
Thi gian tr:
T
d
=t
nhn
+t
x l
+t
sp hng
.
c dim:
Khng c mi lin h thi gian thc gia cc user.
Knh dn khng dnh ring cho cc user (dng chung dung
truyn).
Hiu sut cao.
Yu cu d chnh xc.
Ni dung c da ch.
p dng cho s liu.
Vn chp nhn cuc gi mi trong khi luu lung mng dang
cao.
37
Chuyn mch gi
Bn tin duc chia thnh cc gi vi chiu di xc dnh, mi
gi c phn header mang thng tin da ch v th t gi.
Mi gi di qua cc node duc tin hnh theo phuong php
store and forward nhu chuyn mch tin.
Ti du thu tin hnh sp xp cc gi tr li.
Trong cc gi
lun c
trung kim
tra d dm
bo gi truyn
khng li qua
tng chng.
Hnh 1-20 Chuyn mch gi
38
Chuyn mch gi
c im:
Trao i thng tin khng theo thi gian thc nhng
nhanh hn chuyn mch tin.
i tung s dng khng lm ch knh dn.
Hiu sut cao.
Thch hp truyn s liu.
Vic kim tra li tng chng l m bo gi truyn
khng li nhung li lm gim tc d truyn gi qua
mng.
Bng thng thp, tc d thp.
Ph hp vi mng truyn dn cht lung thp.
39
Chuyn mch khung
Chuyn mch khung v co bn da trn chuyn mch gi,
nhng bn tin duc chia thnh cc khung c kch thuc xc
dnh.
Hn ch chc nng kim tra li v iu khin lung.
Tc truyn dn c ci thin ng k so vi chuyn mch
gi.
Hot ng ch yu lp 2, vi mc ch ln nht l to mng
ring o VPN (Virtual Private Network) cho khch hng.
Bng thng khng c nh cho user m duc phn phi mt
cch linh hot.
Phc tp do tc bit thay di.
Kh nng dn 40Mbps so vi 2Mbps ca chuyn mch gi
40
Chuyn mch t bo
Cc loi chuyn mch k trn khng p ng c
yu cu bng thng v thi gian thc ca mt s dch
v.
Chuyn mch t bo th chia bn tin thnh cc t bo
(cell) c kch thuc nh v c dnh.
X l nhanh.
Chuyn tip nhanh.
Tc t n 600Mbps.
Kh nng phc v cc dch v tc bit thay i v
c nh.
Tnh thi gian thc hung n chuyn mch knh.
41
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
Internet ang pht trin rt mnh v l iu khng th thiu
trong cuc sng hin ti.
Cc dch v mi a s du p dng trn IP (Internet Protocol).
Nhng Internet gp tr ngi v thi gian thc v bng thng.
Gii php IP over ATM c xut nhng cng gp kh
khn trong k thut.
Chuyn mch nhn da giao thc MPLS (Multiple Protocol
Label Switching) n gin ho vic chuyn tip cho cc router
bn trong.
Tc d nhu ATM.
Gi thnh r.
on gin.
42
1.4. Tng i in t s SPC :
1.4.1. c im :
S dng b x l ging nh my tnh iu khin hot
ng. Tt c cc chc nng iu khin ca n c c
trng bi mt lot lnh ghi sn trong b nh.
Cc s liu trc thuc tng i nh s liu v thu bao,
cc bng phin dnh a ch, cc thng tin to tuyn, tnh
cc, thng k... cng c ghi sn trong b nh s liu
Cc chng trnh ghi sn trong b nh c th thay i
khi cn thay i nguyn tc iu khin hay tnh nng ca
h thng.
43
1.4.1. c im :
Khi s dng b x l th ngoi vic iu khin chuyn mch
n cn c th kim thm vi chc nng khc.
Cng vic iu hnh bo dng tr nn d dng nh trung
tm iu hnh v bo dng trang b cc thit b trao i ngi
my.
Cng vic kim tra o th c tin hnh thng xuyn v
c chu k nng cao s an ton v tin cy ca tng i.
44
1.4.2. S khi chc nng ca tng i s SPC :
1.4.2.1. S khi
Hnh 1-11: S khi chc nng tng i SPC.
45
1.4.2.1. Chc nng
iu khin trung tm:
Bao gm b x l trung tm v cc b nh ca n.
- X l cuc gi : Qut trng thi thu bao, trung k; nhn
xung quay s v gii m xung quay s; tm ng ri; truyn bo
hiu kt ni/ gii to cuc gi; tnh cc....
- Cnh bo: T th, pht hin li phn cng; cnh bo h
hng;...
- Qun l: Thng k lu lng; theo di cp nht s liu; theo
di ng b...
46
1.4.2.1. Chc nng
Trng chuyn mch :
-Thit lp tuyn ni gia hai hay nhiu thu bao ca
tng i hay gia cc tng i vi nhau.
-Chc nng truyn dn: Truyn dn tn hiu ting
ni v cc tn hiu bo hiu gia cc thu bao v
gia cc tng i vi yu cu chnh xc v tin cy
cao.
47
1.4.2.1. Chc nng
Giao tip thu bao :
-Gm mch in ng dy v b tp trung.
-Mch in ng dy thc hin cc chc nng 7 chc
nng BORSCHT (Battery feed, Over-voltage protection,
Ringing, Supervision, Coding, Hybrid trasformer, Testing).
-Khi tp trung thu bao lm nhim v tp trung ti thnh
mt nhm thu bao trc khi vo trng chuyn mch.
48
1.4.2.1. Chc nng
Giao tip trung k :
m nhn cc chc nng GAZPACHO. N khng lm
chc nng tp trung ti nh giao tip thu bao nhng vn c
mch in tp trung trao i khe thi gian, cn bng ti,
trn bo hiu v tn hiu mu th.
49
1.4.2.1. Chc nng
Bo hiu :
- Cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit cho tng i
nhn bit v tnh trng thu bao, trung k, thit b...
- Trong tng i phi c chc nng nhn, x l, pht
thng tin bo hiu n ni thch hp.
50
1.4 Tng i in t s SPC :
1.4.2.1. Chc nng
iu hnh, khai thc v bo dng :
- s dng tng i mt cch c hiu qu, c kh nng
pht trin cc dch v mi, phi hp s dng cc phng
thc d dng trong tng i.
- Gim st kim tra cc phn cng v ngoi vi, a ra
nhng thng bo cn thit cho cn b iu hnh.
- Kh nng khai thc mng, thay i nghip v,qun l s
liu cc...
51
1.4.2.1. Chc nng
Gim st trng thi ng dy :
Pht hin v thng bo cho b x l trung tm cc bin c
mang tnh bo hiu. N qun l ng dy theo phng php
qut ln lt. Sau mt khong thi gian nht nh, cng trng
thi ng dy c c mt ln.
iu khin u ni :
Thit lp v gii phng cc cuc gi di s iu khin
ca b iu khin trung tm.
52
Phn tch mt cuc gi
1
Tng i cc b
A
n tng i k B
(Qun l thu bao B)
n thu bao gi
(Thu bao A)
Tn hiu nhc my
m mi quay s
Cc s quay
Nhn dng thu
bao gi
Phn phi b nh v
kt ni cc thit b
dng chung
Phn tch s v
chn knh kt
ni
Tn hiu
chim knh
Tn hiu chp nhn
chim knh
Cc s quay
m hiu
chung
Tn hiu tr li
Trng thi thu bao B
Tn hiu
bo bn
Tn hiu nhc my
Tng i cc b
B
Phn tch trng
thi thu bao B
n thu bao b gi
(Thu bao B)
Tn hiu nhc
my
m thoi m thoi
Tn hiu gc my
Tn hiu xo
hng i
Tn hiu
chung
Tn hiu xo
hng v
m bo bn
2
3
4
5
6 7
8
9
10
11
12
12
12
13
15
15
16
17
18
19
53
Cu hi tho lun chng
1. Vin thng l g?Cu trc mt mng vin thng?
2. Cc phng thc t chc mng vin thng?
3. Lch s pht trin mng vin thng t trc ti nay?
4. Xu hng pht trin cu cc cng ngh vin thng?
5. Ti sao nht thit phi c cc tng i chuyn mch trn
mng vin thng?
6. Lch s pht trin tng i?
7. Trnh by cu trc mt tng i s SPC?
54
CHNG
CHNG
2
2
K
K
THU
THU
T CHUY
T CHUY
N M
N M
CH KNH
CH KNH
2.1 Tng quan :
2.1.1nh ngha
2.1.2Chuyn mch knh (Circuit Swithching) :
2.1.2.1Khi nim :
2.1.2.2c im :
2.1.3Chuyn mch tin (Message Swithching) :
2.1.3.1Khi nim :
2.1.3.2c im :
2.1.4Chuyn mch gi :
2.1.4.1Khi nim :
2.1.4.2c im :
2.1.4.3u im :
55
CHNG
CHNG
2
2
K
K
THU
THU
T CHUY
T CHUY
N M
N M
CH
CH
2.2 Chuyn mch knh :
2.2.1 Phn loi :
2.2.1.1 Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (SDTS) :
2.2.1.2 Chuyn mch ghp (MPTS):
2.2.2 Chuyn mch PCM :
2.2.2.1 Chuyn mch thi gian (T) :
2.2.2.2 Chuyn mch khng gian ( S ) :
2.2.3 Phi php cc cp chuyn mch:
2.2.3.1 Chuyn mch ghp TS :
2.2.3.2 Chuyn mch STS :
2.2.3.3 Chuyn mch TST :
2.2.3.4 Nhn xt :
56
2.1 Tng quan :
2.1.1 nh ngha
Chuyn mch l mt trong 3 thnh phn c bn ca mng thng tin
(bao gm: cc thit b u cui, cc h thng truyn dn v cc h
thng chuyn mch).
Mc ch ca chuyn mch :
Thit lp ng truyn dn t ngun thng tin n ch theo mt
cu trc c nh hoc bin ng thng qua cc mng v cc trung
tm.
Cc phng thc chuyn mch chnh :
- Chuyn mch knh.
- Chuyn mch tin.
- Chuyn mch gi.
57
2.1 Tng quan :
2.1.2 Chuyn mch knh (Circuit Swithching) :
2.1.2.1.Khi nim :
L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i thng tin bng cch
cp knh dn trc tip cho hai i tng s dng.
Hnh 2-1 : Chuyn mch knh.
58
2.1 Tng quan :
2.1.2.1.Khi nim :
Ty theo yu cu ca cc u vo m khi iu khin s
iu khin chuyn mch thit lp knh dn vi u kia. Knh
dn ny c duy tr cho n khi i tng s dng vn cn c
nhu cu. Sau khi ht nhu cu thi knh dn c gii phng.
Vic thit lp chuyn mch knh thng qua 3 giai on sau
:
- Thit lp knh dn :
- Duy tr knh dn (tuyn d liu) :
- Gii phng knh dn :
59
2.1 Tng quan :
2.1.2.2 c im :
Thc hin s trao i thng tin gia hai i tng
bng knh dn trn trc thi gian thc.
i tng s dng lm chu knh dn trong sut qu
trnh trao i tin. Yu cu chnh xc khng cao.
Ni dung trao i khng cn a ch.
c p dng trong thng tin thoi.
Khi lu lng trong mng chuyn mch knh tng
ln n mt mc no o thi mt s cuc gi c th b
khoa (blocked),
60
2.1 Tng quan :
2.1.3 Chuyn mch tin (Message Swithching) :
2.1.3.1 Khi nim :
Loi chuyn mch phc
v s trao i gia cc bn
tin (nh in tn, th in
t, file ca my tnh)
gia cc i tng vi
nhau c gi l chuyn
mch tin.
Hnh 2-2 : Mng chuyn mch tin.
61
2.1 Tng quan :
2.1.3.1 Khi nim :
Khng thit lp mt ng dn dnh ring ,mt bn tin
c gi t ni pht ti ni thu c n nh mt l trnh
trc bng a ch ni nhn m mi trung tm c th nhn
dng chng.
Ti mi trung tm chuyn mch (nodes chuyn mch),
bn tin c tm lu vo b nh, x ly ri truyn sang trung
tm khc nu tuyn ny ri. Phng php ny gi l phng
php tch ly trung gian hay store-and- forward.
62
2.1 Tng quan :
2.1.3.2 c im :
Khng tn ti s thit lp va cung cp knh dn trc
tip gia 2 trm u cui nn thi gian tr ln, khng c
s lin h theo thi gian thc.
i tng s dng khng lm chu knh dn trong sut
qu trnh trao i thng tin.
Yu cu chnh xc cao.
63
2.1 Tng quan :
2.1.3.2 c im :
Ni dung c mang a ch.a ch ca thu bao c gn vo
bn tin va bn tin c chuyn qua mng t node ny qua node
khc
Tc chuyn tin khng phu thuc vo i tng s dng.
Hiu sut cao
Mt h thng chuyn mch tin c th gi mt thng bo n
nhiu ch khc nhau. iu ny chuyn mch knh khng thc
hin c.
c p dng cho truyn s liu, ch vit, hnh nh.
64
2.1 Tng quan :
2.1.4 Chuyn mch gi Packet switching
2.1.4.1 Khi nim :
Chuyn mch gi li dng u im ca chuyn mch knh va
chuyn mch gi, ng thi khc phc c nhc im ca hai lai
chuyn mch ny.
Hnh 2-3 :Mng chuyn mch gi.
65
2.1 Tng quan :
2.1.4.1 Khi nim :
Bn tin c ct ra thnh tng gi nh. Mi gi c gn cho
mt tiu (header) cha a ch v cc thng tin iu khin
khc.
Cc gi c gi i trn mng theo nguyn tc tch ly trung
gian ging nh chuyn mch tin. Ti trung tm nhn tin, cc gi
c hp thnh mt bn tin v c sp xp li a ti thit
b nhn s liu.
chng li, mng chuyn mch gi s dng phng thc t
ng hi li
66
2.1 Tng quan :
2.1.4.2 c im :
c im chnh ca mng chuyn mch gi chnh l phng php s
dng kt hp tuyn truyn dn theo yu cu.
Mc s dng ca cc tuyn cao hay thp ty thuc v khi lng b
nh s dng v phc tp ca cc b iu khin ti cc trung tm.
tr trung bnh ca cc tuyn truyn dn ph thuc vo ti trong
mng.
Thi gian tr lin quan ti vic tch ly trung gian ca mng chuyn
mch gi rt nh so vi chuyn mch tin.
Khng lu tr truyn nu u cui khng hot ng hay bn.
67
2.1 Tng quan :
2.1.4.3 u im :
tin cy cao :
Cht lng cao :
Kinh t :
Cc dch v b sung :
68
2.2 Chuyn mch knh
2.2.1 Phn loi :
Ty thuc vo s pht trin ca lch s chuyn mch cng nh
cch thc, tn hiu m ta c th phn loi nh sau
Hnh 2-4 : Phn loi chuyn mch.
69
2.2 Chuyn mch knh
2.2.1 Phn loi :
L loi chuyn mch c cc u ra, u vo c b
tr theo khng gian (cch qung, thanh cho). Chuyn
mch c thc hin bng cch m ng cc cng
in t hay cc im tip xc. Chuyn mch ny c
cc loi sau:
70
2.2 Chuyn mch knh
2.2.1 Phn loi :
Chuyn mch kiu chuyn ng truyn :
- Thc hin chuyn mch theo nguyn tc vn hnh c tng t
nh chuyn mch xoay. N la chn dy ri trong qu trnh dn
truyn va tin hnh cc chc nng iu khin mc nht nh.
- Do n gin nn n c s dng rng ri trong tng i u
tin.
- Nhc: Tc thc hin chm, tip xc mau mn, thay i
hng mc tip xc gy nn s rung ng c hc.
71
2.2 Chuyn mch knh
2.2.1 Phn loi :
Chuyn mch c kiu ng m :
- n gin hoa thao tc c hc thnh thao tc m ng.
Chuyn mch ny khng c chuyn mch iu khin la chn
va c thc hin theo gia thit l mch gi va mch gi va
mch iu khin l hon ton tch ring nhau.
- u: Kha nng cung cp iu khin linh hot va c coi l
chuyn mch tiu chun.
72
2.2 Chuyn mch knh
2.2.1 Phn loi :
Chuyn mch r le in t :
-C r le in t mi im ct ca chuyn mch
thanh cho.
-im ct c th la chn theo hng ca dng in
trong r le. Do o thc hin nhanh hn kiu m
ng.
73
2.2 Chuyn mch knh
2.2.1 Phn loi :
Chuyn mch in t kiu phn chia khng gian :
-C mt cng in t mi im ct ca chuyn mch thanh
cho.
-Nhc : Khng tng thch vi phng php c do khc
nhau v mc tn hiu hoc chi ph va cc c im thoi kha
xu nh mt ting, xuyn m.
74
2.2 Chuyn mch knh
2.2.1 Phn loi :
(MTS : MultiPlexing Type Switch)
L loi chuyn mch m thng tin ca cc
cuc gi c ghp vi nhau trn c s thi
gian hay tn s trn ng truyn.
75
2.2 Chuyn mch knh
2.2.1 Phn loi :
Chuyn mch phn chia theo tn s (FDM) :
Tch cc tn hiu c cc tn s cn thit bng cch s
dng b lc c th thay i.
Pht sinh cc loi tn s khc nhau, trong vic cung cp
ngt cc tn s ny cng nh trong cc b lc c th thay i.
Khng kinh t.
c nghin cu trong thi ky u ca s php trin tng
i nhng cha c s dng rng ri.
76
2.2 Chuyn mch knh
2.2.1 Phn loi :
Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian (TDM: Time Division
Multiplexing) :
Thc hin chuyn mach trn c s ghp knh theo thi gian
- Chuyn mch PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation).
- Chuyn mch PCM (Pulse code modulation).
Chuyn mch PAM n gin, khng cn phi bin i A/D, nhng
ch thch hp trong tng i nho hay va do tp m, xuyn m ln.
Chuyn mch PCM c cht lng truyn dn hu nh khng l
thuc khong cch, tnh m va kinh k cao trong mng thng tin hin
i, c kha nng lin kt vi IN hay ISDN
77
2.2 Chuyn mch knh
2.2.2 Chuyn mch PCM :
L loi chuyn mch ghp hot ng trn c s dn knh theo thi
gian va iu ch xung m.
Mt mng chuyn mch gm cc trung tm (nodes) chuyn mch, cc
thit b u cui va h thng truyn dn.
78
2.2.2 Chuyn mch PCM
Vic trao i gia cc khe
thi gian thc hin theo hai
phng php va c th tch
bit hoc phi hp nh sau:
- Chuyn mch thi gian.
- Chuyn mch khng gian
79
Chuyn mch thi gian (T)
Chuyn mch T v c bn l thc hin chuyn
i thng tin gia cc khe thi gian khc nhau
trn cng mt tuyn PCM.
80
Phng php thc hin:
V mt ly thuyt c th thc
hin bng 2 phng php
sau:
Nguyn tc: Trn ng
truyn tn hiu, ta t
cc n v tr c thi
gian tr bng 1 khe thi
gian.
Phng php dng b tr
81
Phng php dng b nh m :
Da trn c s cc mu ting ni c ghi vo cc b
nh m BM v c ra nhng thi im mong
mun. a ch ca nh trong BM ghi hoc c
c cung cp bi b nh iu khin CM
Hnh 2-8 : Phng php dng b nh m
82
Phng php dng b nh m
Thng tin phn knh thi gian c ghi ln lt vo cc t bo
ca BM. Nu b l s bt m ho mu ting ni, R s khe thi
gian trong mt tuyn (khung) th BM s c R nh v dung
lng b nh BM l b.R bits.
CM lu cc a ch ca BM iu khin vic c ghi, v BM
c R a ch, nn dung lng ca CM l R.log
2
R bits (Trong
, log
2
R biu th s bit trong 1 t a ch v cng l s ng
trong 1 bus).
Vic ghi c vo BM c th l tun t hoc ngu nhin. Nh
vy, trong chuyn mch T c hai kiu iu khin l tun t v
ngu nhin
83
iu khin tun t:
iu khin tun t iu
khin vic c (hoc ghi)
vo cc nh ca b
nh BM mt cch lin
tip.
S dng b m khe
thi gian vi chu k
m R, b m ny s
tun t tng gi tr ln
mt sau thi gian ca
mt khe thi gian.
iu khin tun t
84
iu khin ngu nhin:
iu khin vic c (hoc
ghi) cc nh ca BM
theo nhu cu.
S dng b nh iu khin
CM, nh CM cha a
ch c (hoc ghi) ca b
nh BM
iu khin ngu nhin
85
Ghi tun t / c ngu nhin
86
Ghi ngu nhin/ c ra tun t :
87
Nng cao kha nng chuyn mch T
Ghp knh vi cc bits song song :
Vic nng cao kha nng chuyn mch ca tng T thc hin
phng thc truyn song song tn hiu s ca 1 knh qua
tng T
88
89
Chuyn mch thi gian (S)
Nguyn ly
Nguyn ly lm vic ca chuyn mch khng gian da trn
c s chuyn mch khng gian dng thanh cho. Chuyn
mch khng gian s l chuyn mch thc hin vic trao i
thng tin cng mt khe thi gian nhng hai tuyn PCM khc
nhau
Chuyn mch khng gian S
90
91
Hnh2-18 : Chuyn mch S ma trn 4*4
92
iu khin trong chuyn mch S :
Vic xc nh im chuyn mch c th thc hin
bng hai cch :
iu khin theo u vo: Xc nh u ra no s ni
vi u vo tng ng.
iu khin theo u ra: Xc nh u vo no s ni
vi u ra tng ng
93
Hnh 2-19 : iu khin theo u ra
S bits nhi phn yu cu cho n u vo l log2n. Dung
lng tng cng ca b nh CM l : CCM = R.log2n
(vi R l s khe thi gian trong 1 khung).
Nu chuyn mch S c m u ra thi dung lng b nh
CM tng cng ca n l : S CCM = m.R.log2n
94
Hnh 2-20 : iu khin theo u vo
95
Ghp cc cp chuyn mch
Chuyn mch TS
Chuyn mch STS
Chuyn mch TST
96
Chuyn mch TS
97
Chuyn mch STS
98
Chuyn mch TST
99
Chng 3: K thut iu khin
3.1. Tng quan :
Trong tng i in t s SPC, mt s b vi x l
c dng iu khin cc chc nng ca tng
i.
Vic iu khin c thc hin thng qua vic thi
hnh mt lot cc lnh ghi sn trong b nh
Cc chng trnh iu khin trong cc b x l iu
khin cc thit b ca tng i.
Cc s liu v chng trnh ny c th b sung, sa
i hoc thay th mt cch d dng thng qua cc
thit b giao tip ngi my.
100
3.2. Cu trc phn cng h thng iu
khin tng i SPC
1. Cu trc chung :
S khi
Hnh 3-1 : Cu trc chung h thng iu khin
101
3.2. Cu trc phn cng h thng iu
khin tng i SPC
2. Cc loi cu trc iu khin: c th s dng l
n x l hay a x l.
a. Cu trc iu khin n x l.
102
2. Cc loi cu trc iu khin
a. Cu trc iu khin n x l: Ton b hot ng ca
tng i c iu khin bng mt b x l duy nht.
u im :
n gin, can thip vo tng i ch mt v tr, thc
hin cc chc nng c nh trong sut thi gian hot
ng ca tng i.
Nhc im :
Phn mm phc tp, phi dng nhiu lnh ngt, khng c
kh nng m rng dung lng tng i, ch thch hp
tng i dung lng nh.
103
b. Cu trc a x l :
iu khin tp trung :
104
b. Cu trc a x l :
iu khin tp trung :
u im :
Tn dng ht nng sut.
Trao i gia cc b x l l nh nht.
Nhc im:
Mi b x l lm ht cng vic ca tng i, nn cn
rt nhiu lnh ngt, v trong b nh cn lu tr cc
lai phn mm cho b x l .Do , n rt t c p
dng hoc ch c p dng mt phn.
105
b. Cu trc a x l :
iu khin phn tn :
106
b.Cu trc a x l :
iu khin phn tn : C s cn c phn chia chc
nng cc cp x l rt khc nhau. Trong in thoi
phc tp v tn sut ca cc chc nng iu khin thay i
trong phm vi rng.
on 1: Biu din nhng iu khin c phc tp thp,
nhng hay xy ra. V d : Vic gim st ng dy, chn
ng ri, iu khin chuyn mch...
n 2: ng vi vic phn tch s liu, chn hng ri v cc
c nng qun l cuc gi
o
ch
on 3 ng vi chc nng khai thc v x l li. Nhng v
t phc tp nhng t xy ra
n
ny r

107
b. Cu trc a x l :
Phn theo chc nng :
108
Phn theo chc nng :
u im:
- Vit phn mm c h thng, c th chuyn mn hoa.
- Kim tra cng vic d dng.
- B x ly c b nh ring va ch lu phn mm ring mnh nn vic nh a
ch l n gin.
- Phu hp vi dung lng ln.
Nhc im:
- Trao i s liu gia cc b x ly phi cn thn.
- S lng cc b x ly khng phu thuc vo dung lng tng i m phu
thuc vo s chc nng, khi tng i c dung lng nho thi khng tn dng
ht kha nng ca b x ly .
- Khi tnh ton phi tnh n kha nng ti ln nht ca h thng, v cc b x
ly khng h tr nhau.
- Khi mt b x ly hng thi c th ton b h thng ngng hot ng
109
Phn theo module :
u im :
Vic pht trin dung lng l d dng, vic thay
i, iu chnh, kim tra, o th l thun tin.
Nhc im :
Vic trao i thng tin gia cc module thng qua
ng truyn s liu l khng thun tin.
Trong thc t, ngi ta dng phng thc t hp,
tc l nhng vn n gin thi theo module phc
tp thi dng chc nng.
110
3.3. C cu d phng
1. D phng cp ng b :
Trong :
- C: To nhp ng h
- M: B nh
- P : B x l
- Hai b x l Pa, Pb c x dng x l ti cho khu vc
chng m nhim.
- Pa, Pb c cc b nh Ma v Mb ring c th tip cn ti
ton b ti cn x l
111
3.3. C cu d phng
2. D phng phn ti :
3. D phng nng :
112
3.4. Cu trc phn mm ca tng i
1. Khi nim chung :
Chng trnh phi c thi hnh trong thi gian thc.
Cc qu trnh lin quan n thit lp cuc gi, duy tr, gii
phng phi c x l song song tng chnh xc.
Phi gi vng thng tin trong mi tnh hung, thm ch chp
nhn mt mc gim cht lng no .
Chun on v x l li cn phi nhanh chng v chnh xc.
iu ny gip h thng khi phc hot ng c nhanh
chng, khng ng thng tin.
Phn mm phi linh hat, d thay i thun tin cho vic
pht trin cc dch v thu bao.
D liu phi c cu trc gn nh nhng y , sao cho vic
truy cp tht nhanh chng v chnh xc.
113
3.4. Cu trc phn mm ca tng i
2. Cc vn v thit k phn mm :
Cc c tnh ch yu ca phn mm :
Tnh thi gian thc :
Cht lng ca dch v :
a chng trnh :
B lu gi chng trnh :

114
CHNG 4
K THUT BO HIU
4.1 Tng quan:
4.1.1. Khi nim:
Mt mng vin thng c nhim v chu yu l
thit lp, gii ta va duy tr knh gia thu bao vi
node chuyn mch hay gia cc node chuyn mch
vi nhau. thc hin c iu ny, cn phi c
mt h thng thng tin h tr c trao i gia h
thng chuyn mch vi cc thit b u cui va gia
cc h thng chuyn mch vi nhau, h thng thng
tin ny gi l h thng bo hiu.
115
4.1.2. Cc chc nng bo hiu :
1. Chc nng giam st:
2. Chc nng tm chn:
3. Chc nng vn hnh :
Chc nng gim st c s dng
nhn bit va phn nh s thay i v trng thi
hoc v iu kin ca mt s phn t (ng
dy thu bao, trung k)
Chc nng ny lin quan n vic thit lp cuc gi
va c khi u bng thu bao chu gi gi thng tin a
ch ca thu bao b gi. Cc thng tin a ch ny cng vi
cc thng tin ca chc nng tm chn c truyn gia cc
tng i p ng qu trnh chuyn mch
Nhn bit va chuyn thng tin v trng thi tc nghn trong
mng, thng thng l trng thi ng cho thu bao chu gi.
Thng bo v cc thit b, cc trung k khng bnh thng hoc ang
trng thi bo dng.
Cung cp cc thng tin tnh cc.
Cung cp cc phng tin nh gia, ng chnh, cnh bo t tng
i khc
116
4.1.3. c im cc h thng bo hiu :
Mt h thng bo hiu c c im chung nh
sau :
C tnh quc t.
Phu hp vi cc thit b m n phc v.
Kha nng phi hp vi cc h thng bo hiu
khc.
117
4.1.4. H thng thng tin bo hiu :
H thng thng tin bo hiu cng l mt h thng
thng tin in, n cng gm :
Ngun tt c cc tn hiu cn thit cho vic thit lp cuc
gi va cung cp cc dch v khc.
Cng vic truyn dn chuyn tn hiu t ngun ti ch.
118
4.1.5. Ky thut bo hiu :
Nh vy, ky thut bo hiu nghin cu
v :
Ni dung bo hiu.
Phng php truyn bo hiu.
Ky thut x ly bo hiu.
119
4.2. Ni dung ca bo hiu :
1
Tng i cc b
A
n tng i k B
(Qun l thu bao B)
n thu bao gi
(Thu bao A)
Tn hiu nhc my
m mi quay s
Cc s quay
Nhn dng thu
bao gi
Phn phi b nh v
kt ni cc thit b
dng chung
Phn tch s v
chn knh kt
ni
Tn hiu
chim knh
Tn hiu chp nhn
chim knh
Cc s quay
m hiu
chung
Tn hiu tr li
Trng thi thu bao B
Tn hiu
bo bn
Tn hiu nhc my
Tng i cc b
B
Phn tch trng
thi thu bao B
n thu bao b gi
(Thu bao B)
Tn hiu nhc
my
m thoi m thoi
Tn hiu gc my
Tn hiu xo
hng i
Tn hiu
chung
Tn hiu xo
hng v
m bo bn
2
3
4
5
6 7
8
9
10
11
12
12
12
13
15
15
16
17
18
19
120
Phn loi bo hiu theo cc cch
Phn theo chc nng :
1. Bo hiu nghe - nhn (thng bo).
2. Bo hiu trng thi (gim st).
3. Bo hiu a ch (chn s).
Phn theo tng quan :
1. Bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao.
2. Bo hiu gia tng i vi tng i.
121
4.2.2. Phn theo chc nng :
Bo hiu nghe nhn:
1. m mi quay s
2. m bo bn hoc thng bo :
3. Dng chung :
4. Hi m chung :
5. Cc bn tin thng bo khc :
6. Tn hiu gi phc hi va gi my qu lu :
122
Bo hiu trng thi (bo hiu gimst):
1. Trng thi nhc t hp :
2. Trng thi t t hp :
3. Trng thi ri - bn :
4. Tnh trng hng hc :
5. Tn hiu tra li v :
123
Bo hiu a ch:
Tn hiu xung thp phn :
Cc ch s a ch c pht di dng chui
ca s gin on mch vng mt chiu (DC) nh a
quay s hoc h thng phm thp phn
Ch : Phng php pht cc ch s thp phn ny
khng th pht khi ang hi thoi.
124
Bo hiu a ch:
Tn hiu m a tn ghp cp (DTMF) :
Phng php ny c u im l :
Thi gian quay s nhanh hn.
C th quay s trong khi m thoi (s dng cho in thoi hi
nghi).
125
4.2.3. Phn theo tng quan :
Bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao
Bo hiu lin tng i
Tn hiu a ch.
Tn hiu bo bn.
Tn hiu bo ri.
Hi m chung.
Tn hiu tra li v.
Tn hiu gi my qu lu
126
Bo hiu lin tng i
Thng s dng 2 ky thut truyn sau :
1. Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS).
2. Bo hu knh chung (CCS).
Dng ca tn hiu :
1. Dng xung
2. Dng lin tc
3. Dng p ch
127
4.3. Phng php truyn dn bo hiu:
Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS : Chanel Associated
Signalling).
Bo hiu knh chung (CCS : Common Chanel
Signalling)
128
4.3.1. Bo hiu knh kt hp
(CAS : Chanel Associated Signalling)
Bo hiu knh kt hp l loi bo hiu m
trong , cc ng bo hiu c n nh
trn mi knh thng tin v cc tn hiu ny c
th c truyn theo nhiu cch khc nhau
129
Phn loi: C hai loi thng tin bo hiu trong
bo hiu knh kt hp l :
1. Bo hiu ng dy.
2. Bo hiu thanh ghi (a ch)
Bo hiu ng dy l phng php bo
hiu c truyn dn gia cc thit b kt cui va
thng xuyn kim tra ng truyn hoc tt c
cc mch kt cui, v d cc trng thi bn, ri
Bo hiu thanh ghi l s truyn tt c cc
thng tin c lin quan n tuyn ni cuc gi bao
gm cc con s thu bao b gi, nhng c tnh
ca thu bao o
130
Phng php truyn:
im ni im (end-to-end)
ng tip ng (link-to-link)
131
Cc ky thut truyn cc tn hiu bo hiu trong CAS :
Cc dng khc nhau ca tn hiu bo hiu :
1. Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi (DC, trong
bng).
2. Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi nhng
phm vi tn s khc (ngoi bng).
3. Tn hiu bo hiu trong 1 khe thi gian, m trong
o, cc knh thoi c phn chia mt cch c nh
theo chu ky (bo hiu PCM trong TS16)
132
Cc ky thut truyn cc tn hiu bo hiu
trong CAS :
Ky thut truyn bo hiu ny gm cc tn hiu bo hiu :
Bo hiu DC.
Bo hiu AC.
Bo hiu PCM.
133
Cc tn hiu bo hiu c bn :
1. Tn hiu chim dng
(Seizure)
2. Tn hiu xc nhn
chim dng (Seizure
aknowledgement)
3. Thng tin a ch
(Address Information)
4. Tn hiu tra li (B
answer)
5. Xa v (Clear back)
6. Xa i (Clear
forward)
134
4.3.1. Ky thut truyn cc tn hiu bo
hiu trong CAS
Bo hiu DC: Tn hiu ny c truyn dng xung
nh thay i cc tnh hoc tr khng ca dy dn.
Thng thng, h thng lm vic vi 3 trng thi
hng ti v vi 2 trng thi hng v:
Cc trng thi c s dng hng ti l:
1. Tr khng ng dy thp.
2. Tr khng ng dy cao.
3. Cc tnh tch cc.
Cc trng thi c s dng hng v l :
1. Cc tnh bnh thng.
2. Cc tnh o
135
hiu trong CAS
Bo hiu DC c th c dng trn i dy vt
ly. Do thit b DC r tin, nn h thng ny
c s dng rng ri:
136
hiu trong CAS
Bo hiu DC : V d v cc tn hiu
137
hiu trong CAS
Bo hiu AC : Dng tn hiu AC vi tn s tn
hiu nm trong bng tn ting ni hoc ngoi
bng tn ting ni.
Bo hiu trong bng : Tn s thng c chn
l 2400Hz, y l tn s c xc sut phng to
b nht.
138
hiu trong CAS
Bo hiu AC
Bo hiu trong bng:
Gii php ky thut sau phn bit vi thng tin
thoi :
1. Thc hin bo hiu vi tn s 0,3-3,4KHz nhng thi gian
tn ti lu hn
2. Phn bit bo hiu va m thoi v mc in. Phng php
ny t c dng v d gy qu ti ng dy.
3. Dng nng lng ph ca tn hiu.
4. Chn t hp 2 tn s
139
hiu trong CAS
Bo hiu AC
Bo hiu ngoi bng : Bo hiu ngoi bng s dng
tn s thng l 3825Hz. Cc b lc d dng lc cc bng tn
thoi va pht hin tn hiu bo hiu chnh xc. V vy khng
nh hng n knh thai. Nhng trng hp ny c th lm
tng chi ph ca thit b
140
hiu trong CAS
Bo hiu PCM:
141
4.3.2. Bo hiu knh chung (CCS) :
Cu trc bn tin CCS :
Mt bn tin bo hiu CCS bao gm :
142
4.3.2. Bo hiu knh chung (CCS) :
u im :
Kinh t.
Nhanh.
Tin cy.
Dung lng cao.
Linh hat.
143
4.3.3. H thng bo hiu R2 (MFC)
Khi nim chung :H thng bo hiu R2 l h
thng bo hiu knh kt hp c CCITT tiu
chun ha lin lc cc tuyn quc gia va
quc t. Thng tin bo hiu gm :
1. Bo hiu ng dy
2. Bo hiu thanh ghi
144
Bo hiu ng dy:
Cc tn hiu bo hiu ng dy c phn theo hng i va hng v.
Hng i gm cc tn hiu :
1. Tn hiu chim dng (seizure).
2. Tn hiu gii phng hng i (clear forward).
Hng v gm cc tn hiu :
1. Tn hiu xc nhn chim dng (seizure acknowlegement).
2. Tn hiu gii phng hng v (clear back).
3. Tn hiu tra li (B answer).
4. Tn hiu kha (blocked).
5. Tn hiu gii phng / ri (canh phng nha) (disconnect/idle).
145
Bo hiu ng dy:
Phng php s dng trong bo hiu ng
dy:
Phng php Analog dng cho h thng truyn
dn tng t.
Phng php Digital dng cho h thng truyn
dn s.
146
Bo hiu ng dy:
Phng php Analog :
147
Bo hiu ng dy:
Phng php Digital
148
Bo hiu thanh ghi
Cc tn hiu theo hng i :
a ch thu bao b gi.
Thuc tnh thu bao chu gi.
Thng bo kt thc gi a ch b gi.
Thng tin v con s ca thu bao chu gi
cho tnh cc chi tit.
149
Bo hiu thanh ghi
Cc tn hiu hng v gm :
Tn hiu thng bo tng i b gi sn sng nhn cc
con s a ch ca thu bao b gi.
Cc tn hiu iu khin : Xc nhn kiu ca thng tin.
Thng tin kt thc qu trnh tm chn
Thng tin tnh cc
150
Bo hiu thanh ghi
151
152
153
4.3.4. Bo hiu s 7 (CCITT No 7)
154
4.4. X ly bo hiu trong tng i:
4.4.1. Tng quan
155
4.4.2. S nh tuyn bo hiu trong
tng i
Bo hiu tng i thu bao
Thu bao tng t:
156
tng i
Bo hiu lin i
157
tng i
Bo hiu tng i thu bao
Thu bao s:
158
4.4.3. Cc b thu pht bo hiu
Thu pht MF
159
Thu pht bo hiu knh kt hp
160
Chuyn i 1VF sang CAS
161
Cc b to tone va bn tin thng bo
S nh tuyn cho tone va bn tin thng bo
162
B to tone va cc bn tin thng bo :
Dng ky thut tng t
163
B to tone va cc bn tin thng bo :
Dng ky thut s
CHNG 5
GIAO TIP KT CUI THU BAO
165
GIAO TIP KET CUI THU BAO
5.1. Tng quan:
166
Giao tip ng dy thu bao
ng dy thu bao Analogue :
Ni trc tip n tng i :
Bo hiu LD.
Bo hiu MF.
ng dy tng i PBX :
Bo hiu LD.
Bo hiu MF.
in thoi dng th.
Cc thit b phu tr.
167
ng dy thu bao s.
Ni trc tip n tng i :
Thu bao ISDN.
ng dy tng i PBX :
Truy cp 1,5Mbps hoc 2Mbps trn 4 dy truyn
dn s
168
Thit b giao tip thu bao tng t
169
Giao tip thit b kt cui trung k s
170
B tp trung xa
171
CHNG 6
IU HNH KHAI THC V BO
DNG
172
CHNG 7
MNG CHUYN MCH GI
173
Chng 7: Mng chuyn mch gi
1. M hnh tng th
174
2. T chc phn lp ca mng
chuyn mch gi
S dng m hnh 7 lp ISO OSI m ta hi nim c
s dng mng chuyn mch gi va chu yu da trn
3 lp bc thp
175
chuyn mch gi
Lp vt l:
Thng tin trao i di dng bit, bao gm cc
thng tin v s liu, bo hiu (iu khin) dng
iu khin thao tc ca tuyn ni va xc nh trng
thi so th s dng ca tuyn, ng h nhp
ghp ni cc tn hiu s liu khi khi phc cu trc
tin pht my thu
176
chuyn mch gi
Lp tuyn d liu
Pht hin li trong khung tuyn bng phng
php ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest), bao gm
3 phng thc
Phng thc dng va ch
Phng thc quay li
Phng thc lp li c chn lc
177
chuyn mch gi
Lp mng
Lp tuyn lm cng vic sa li, iu khin lung
theo tuyn gia hai thit b u ni vi nhau. Lp
mng to iu kin cho thng tin gia cc thit b
m chng khng c u ni trc tip vi nhau
(ngha l qua mng)
C 2 cch xy dng lp mng :
Mi thit b c mt a ch ring.
Dng tuyn ni gia 2 thit b xy dng mt a
ch
178
3. Thit lp tuyn ni nh tuyn
Thit lp tuyn ni A - B
179
Knh Logic
Knh logic c th l mch o (VC: Virtual
Circuit )
Mch o vnh vin (PVC: Permanent Virtual
Circuit )
180
nh tuyn trong chuyn mch gi
nh tuyn c nh:
Bng to tuyn c cu to sn va c np vo cc
node chuyn mch gi khi mng c cu trc ln u.
Nu c mt thit b u cui mi c a vo mng
thi bng to tuyn ny phi c cp nht phn tuyn
c nh cho thit b o.
u im: n gin
Nhc im : Cc bng to tuyn cn c thit lp
nhn cng, ng thi qu trnh thit lp chng cn phi
bit kha ro v tnh hnh mng va lu lng ti
181
nh tuyn trong chuyn mch gi
nh tuyn ng
182
4. Mt s giao thc trong chuyn mch
gi
Giao thc X25
Giao thc TCP/IP
183
7.1. C s mng chuyn mch gi.
Nguyn l
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
184
Nguyn l
Head
u cui u cui
K Thng tin
K
T
K Thng tin
K
T
K Thng tin
K
T
Head
u cui u cui
Gi
Chuyn mch trn Bus
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
185
Chng
Chng
5:
5:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
Nguyn l
Chuyn mch trn vng
186
M hnh tng th
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
187
M hnh tng th
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
188
189
Knh logic
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
190
Knh logic
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
191
Knh logic
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
192
Knh logic
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
193
Hot ng c bn ca chuyn mch gi
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
194
Mng chuyn mch gi c node chuyn mch b hng: s mt gi tin
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
195
Mng chuyn mch gi c
ng dy b hng: hin
tng nhn i gi.
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
196
ng gi thng tin
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
S chia bn tin
thnh cu trc
segment v gi
197
ng gi thng tin
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i

Y b a X

Y b a X

Y b a X

Y b a X
So snh thi gian
truyn gia ba cch
chia
198
K thut ghp knh
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
TDM ng b
ngc vi TDM
thng k
199
7.2. nh tuyn trong chuyn mch gi
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
7.2.1. Cc phng php nh tuyn c bn
200
nh tuyn c nh
(Fix routing)
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
201
Lan trn gi
(Flooding routing)
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
202
nh tuyn ngu nhin
(Random routing)
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
203
204
205
206
207
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
7.2. nh tuyn trong chuyn mch gi
7.2.1. Mt s gii thut nh tuyn
208
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
209
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
210
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
211
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
212
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
213
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
214
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
215
Chng
Chng
5:
5:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
216
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
217
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
218
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
7.3. Mt s mng chuyn mch gi chuyn mch
gi
219
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
gi
220
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
gi
221
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
gi
222
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
gi
223
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
gi
224
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
gi
225
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
gi
226
227
228
Chng
Chng
7:
7:
M
M
ng
ng
chuy
chuy
n
n
m
m
ch
ch
g
g
i
i
gi
229
230
231
232
233
GIAO THC X25
234
1.Tng Quan
2.c im chung mng -X25
3. Cu trc phn lp-X25
4.Bo hiu trong mng-X25
5. iu khin lung v iu khin lu lng
6. nh tuyn
NI DUNG
235
L giao thc truyn ng b qua giao tip
DTE v DCE
=> m bo truyn cc gi tin t ngun-ch
X.25 c coi nh cng ngh chuyn
mch gi cng cng u tin.
X.25 v Frame Relay u l cc cng
ngh WAN.
Cng ging ATM, X.25 v Frame Relay
np di bng ca IP, c s dng
truyn cc packet ca tng IP gia cc
router.
X.25, Frame Relay l nhng cng ngh
ca qu kh
1. Tng Quan
2
A
S1
S2
S4 S5
S3
S6
B
1 34
Chuyn mch gi
236
c im:
ph hp trong mi trng
truyn dn tc km
Bng thng hn ch
Tc chun ca X25 la 64Kbps
Tc ti a c th ln ti
2Mbps
2. c im c bn ca mng-X25
237
Bn tin c thit b u cui

phn thnh cc gi tin c chiu
di, a ch ngun v a ch ch
Cc gi tin c ng li thnh
cc Fame c chn thm trng
iu khin li
Cui cng cc Fame c truyn
trn mi trng truyn dn.
238
So snh phn lp ca X25 vi m hnh phn lp OSI
X25 Tng ng vi 3 lp thp nht ca m hnh OSI
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Packet Level
Link Level
Physical Level
X
.2
1
o
r
E
I
A
-
2
3
2
L
i
n
k

A
c
c
e
s
s
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l

B
a
l
a
n
c
e
d
(
L
A
P
B
)
V
i
r
t
u
a
l

C
i
r
c
u
i
t
I
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
Physical
Link
Network
RS232, etc
X.25 Frame Level (LAPB)
X.25 Packet Level
3 Lp M t
239
3.1. X25- Lp 1 (Physical Layer )
Lin quan gia ng truyn DCE vi DTE
ng thi cng quy nh cc thng tin bo hiu, cc kiu hay cc
chun u ni.
Knh logic trong X25
Flag CRC Data
Frame Level (LAPB)
Flag
0
Flag Character (01111110) at
Beginning and End
Data in between is LAPB
Frame
Data Passed up to Frame
Level
Data Transparency (tnh trong
sut)
011111010 011111 10
240
3.2. X25- Lp 2 (link-tuyn d liu)
Cung cp thng tin c iu khin=> khng li khi vn chuyn gi
t lp 3
To iu kin cho lp cao hn v lp thp hn thc hin qu trnh
iu khin lung
S dng hai giao thc:
LAP(Th tc truy nhp ng thng -x25)
LAPB (Th tc truy nhp tuyn kt ni-cn bng)
Cu trc khung:
ngha ca cc trng
241
3.2.1 ngha ca cc trng:
C (F) bt u v kt thc ca khung gm 8 bits:
(01111110)
a ch (A) 1octer =>nhn bit trm th cp pht hay
thu Fame
iu khin (C): 8bits hoc 16bits =>kiu Fame
Thng tin (Information Field):c kch thc thay i
mang thng tin t gi lp 3 hoc cc khung iu khin.
Kim tra khung truyn (FCS): 16 hoc 32 bits kim tra
th t khung, p dng cho tt c cc bt trong khung tr
bit c(F)
242
3.2.1.1 Mt s kiu Fame:
Thit lp tuyn
Pht DISC theo chu k
Tuyn c khi ng bng UA
Nu sau UA l SABM th chuyn
sang giai on chuyn tin v gii
hn bng p ng UA
Yu cu gii phng bng DISC
p ng li bng UA
243
Khung I: Khung tin, y l mt khung lnh
dng truyn tin cho giao thc cp cao hn,
c cha s th t khung
Khung S: Khung gim st cha lnh hoc p
ng n vic iu khin lung, khc phc li
truyn do hng khung:
RR(sn sng thu)
RNR(cha sn sng thu)
REJ( khng chp nhn)
Khung U: Khung nh s dng khi to
nh tuyn v bo co vi phm giao thc:
SAMB(thit lp phng thc cn bng khng
ng b-Fame lnh)
DISC(gii ta tuyn ni-Fame lnh)
DM(phng thc gii ta-Fame p ng)
UA (xc nhn khng nh s-Fame p ng)
FRMR(khng chp nhn khung-Fame p ng)
244
Frame Level LAPB
Frame Level Header Has Frame Type
Sequence and Acknowledgement Numbers
Error Recovery Procedures
Endpoints Are DTE and Local DCE
LAPB Hdr Information Field
Packet Level
245
LAPB Header
Address Control
N(R) 0 N(S) P/F
N(R) 1
RR
RNR
REJ
P/F
DISC
SABM
UA
DM
FRMR
1 1 P/F
Information Frame
Supervisory Frames
Unnumbered Frames
N(R) is Ack Nr and Counts
Modulo 8
N(S) is Seq Nr and Counts
Modulo 8
RR = Receiver Ready
RNR = Receiver Not Ready
REJ = Reject
SABM = Link Setup Req
UA = Unnumbered Ack
DM = Disconnected Mode
FRMR = Frame Reject
246
.
User Data
Layer 3
header
LAPB
header
LAPB
trailer
X.25 packet
LAPB frame
Transport
Layer
Transport
Layer
1. Virtual Circuit #
2. Sequence Number
247
3.3 X25 Lp 3(Network-Packet):
3.3.1 Chc nng:
iu khin PVC
iu khin VC vi kiu nh
a ch poit-to-poit
nh ngha cc dng gi khc
nhau cho qu trnh iu khin
d liu(thit lp-gii phng)
Ghp cc knh logic vo knh
vt l
iu khin lung +iu khin
li cho cc knh logic da vo
s th t cc gi
Trao i thng tin v kch thc
gi ca hai DTE
3.3.2 Khun dng gi tin:
Phn header gm 3 byte
GFI (nh danh khun dng
bn tin)
LCGN(a ch nhm knh
logic,gm 4 bit cng LCN-
a ch knh logic to thnh
VCI(VPI))
PTI(nh danh kiu gi-c
kch thc thay i,cha
thng tin ca d liu hoc bo
hiu)
248
3.3.3 cc kiu gi thng dng:
Cc gi thit lp v gii phng cuc gi:
Call Request.
Call Accepted.
Clear Request.
Cc gi s liu:
Data Packet.
Cc gi ngt:
Interrupt Request/ Interrupt Confirmation
Cc gi ti lp:
Restart Request/ Restart Confirmation
Cc gi iu khin lung:
RR (san sng).
RNR (cha sn sng, bn).
REJ (khng chp nhn, pht li).
249
4. Bo hiu trong mng X25
250
Xt 2 thu bao A v B c
ni vi nhau qua cc PSE
trong mng chuyn mch
X25
ng dn c chn cho tt
c cc gi t DTEA n
PSE1, qua PSE2 n TDEB:
4. Bo hiu trong mng X25
251
5. iu khin lu lng
Kim tra lu lng gi trong mng
Cung cp cc phng tin cho user v mng
=>m bo tc lung gi theo hp ng,m
bo vic xuyn sut gia tt c cc thu bao.
Cc dng iu khin lu lng:
iu khin lung
iu khin nghn
Ngn nga kha cht(t ng vo n ng ra)
252
5.1 iu khin lung
Do mng lun c xu hng
b tc nghn do nhiu
nguyn nhn: phn phi,
cc node khng p ng
c lu lng chuyn
mch hay c s c mt
node mng bt k
Gim tc dng thng tin
a vo khi nghn
Tng tc d liu khi
mng bnh thng
iu khin lung
5. iu khin lu lng
253
5. iu khin lu lng
254
255
Lch
Lch
s
s
ph
ph
t
t
tri
tri
n
n
^1968, d n kt ni cc vin nghin cu ca ARPA
^1969, kt ni thnh cng 4 trm u tin
S ra i ca mng ARPANET (Giao thc NCP)
^Gia nhng nm 1970, Vint Cerf v Robert Kahn pht
trin TCP/IP. TCP/IP c s dng trong ARPANET
cng vi NCP. 1983, thay th hon ton NCP.
^ Ngy nay, TCP/IP s dng trong mng INTERNET v
hu ht mng LAN, WAN trn ton th gii.
256
Giao vn
Giao
Giao
v
v
n
n
Mng
M
M
ng
ng
ng
ng
dng
dng
Giao
Giao
di
di
n
n
m
m
ng
ng
ng dng
Ch
Ch
ng
ng
giao
giao
th
th
c
c
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
TCP/IP v
TCP/IP v
m
m
h
h
nh
nh
OSI
OSI
ng
ng
dng
dng
Trnh din
Tr
Tr
nh
nh
din
din
Phin
Phi
Phi
n
n
Giao vn
Giao
Giao
v
v
n
n
Mng
M
M
ng
ng
Lin kt DL
Li
Li
n
n
kt
kt
DL
DL
Vt l
V
V
t
t
l
l
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
M
M
h
h
nh
nh
OSI
OSI
V
V
d
d
nh
nh
vi
vi
c
c
trao
trao
i
i
h
h
ng
ng
gi
gi
a
a
2
2
kho
kho
257
L
L
p
p
ng
ng
dng
dng
FTP
FTP
FTP
Telnet
Telnet
Telnet
HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
SMTP
SMTP
SMTP
4
4
FTP
FTP
-
-
File Transfer Protocol
Truyn
Truyn
t
t
p
p
gi
gi
a
a
c
c
c
c
m
m
y
y
tnh
tnh
4
4
Telnet
Telnet
C
C
c
c
phi
phi
n
n
ng
ng
nh
nh
p
p
t
t
xa
xa
4
4
HTTP
HTTP
-
-
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Trao
Trao
i
i
c
c
c
c
t
t
i
i
li
li
u
u
si
si
u
u
v
v
n
n
b
b
n
n
4
4
SMTP
SMTP
-
-
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Trao
Trao
i
i
th
th
i
i
n
n
t
t
4
4
Cung
Cung
cp
cp
dch
dch
v
v
cho
cho
ng
ng
dng
dng
ng
ng
i
i
d
d
ng
ng
258
L
L
p
p
ng
ng
dng
dng
H323
H323
H323
RTP/RTCP
RTP/RTCP
RTP/RTCP
SIP
SIP
SIP
MEGACO
MEGACO
MEGACO
4
4
H323
H323
giao
giao
th
th
c
c
iu
iu
khi
khi
n
n
,
,
b
b
o
o
hi
hi
u
u
cho
cho
VoIP
VoIP
4
4
SIP
SIP
giao
giao
th
th
c
c
iu
iu
khi
khi
n
n
,
,
b
b
o
o
hi
hi
u
u
cho
cho
VoIP
VoIP
4
4
RTP/RTCP
RTP/RTCP
Giao
Giao
th
th
c
c
truyn
truyn
t
t
i
i
thi
thi
gian
gian
th
th
c
c
tr
tr
n
n
m
m
ng
ng
gi
gi
4
4
MEGACO
MEGACO
Giao
Giao
th
th
c
c
truyn
truyn
th
th
ng
ng
a
a
i
i
m
m
4
4
Cung
Cung
cp
cp
dch
dch
v
v
cho
cho
ng
ng
dng
dng
ng
ng
i
i
d
d
ng
ng
259
L
L
p
p
ng
ng
dng
dng
(
(
tip
tip
)
)
4Mt ng dng c th s dng nhiu giao thc tng
ng dng
HTTP
HTTP
FTP
FTP
Gopher
Gopher
SMTP
SMTP
Telnet
Telnet
Trnh duyt WEB
H225
H225
H245
H245
RAS
RAS
RTP
RTP
T120
T120
VoIP
260
^ Chuyn cc gi d liu nhn c t tng mng (IP)
ti ng ng dng
^ Cung cp cc kiu truyn thng khc nhau cho cc
ng dng (kt ni hay phi kt ni)
L
L
p
p
giao
giao
v
v
n
n
261
Host A
Host A
Host B
Host B
Process
Process
Process
Process
Process
Process
C
C
ng
ng
(port)
(port)
262
HTTP FTP TELNET
Network layer
Transport layer
S dng
port number
port number
Data Data
Data
IP
header
TCP
header
Data
IP
header
TCP
header
Ph
Ph
n
n
b
b
d
d
li
li
u
u
d
d
a
a
tr
tr
n
n
c
c
ng
ng
263
D
D
y
y
c
c
ng
ng
0 1023 1024 49,151 49152
0 1023 1024 49,151 49152
65535
65535
C
C
nh
nh
ng
ng
k
k
Ph
Ph
n
n
b
b
ng
ng
u
u
nhi
nhi
n
n
264
Socket
Socket
Socket
Socket
Socket
Giao thc tng ng dng
Giao
Giao
th
th
c
c
t
t
ng
ng
ng
ng
dng
dng
Giao thc tng giao vn
Giao
Giao
th
th
c
c
t
t
ng
ng
giao
giao
v
v
n
n
Socket
Socket
Port number
Port number
Port number
IP address
IP address
IP address
265
H
H
tr
tr
nhiu
nhiu
ng
ng
dng
dng
ng dng 1
ng
ng
dng
dng
1
1
ng dng 2
ng
ng
dng
dng
2
2
ng dng 3
ng
ng
dng
dng
3
3
Giao
Giao
th
th
c
c
t
t
ng
ng
giao
giao
v
v
n
n
4
4
M
M
t
t
giao
giao
th
th
c
c
t
t
ng
ng
giao
giao
v
v
n
n
c
c
th
th
h
h
tr
tr
truyn
truyn
th
th
ng
ng
cho
cho
nhiu
nhiu
ng
ng
dng
dng
c
c
ng
ng
l
l
c
c
266
C
C
c
c
giao
giao
th
th
c
c
l
l
p
p
giao
giao
v
v
n
n
4
4
TCP
TCP
-
-
Transmission Control Protocol
4
4
UDP
UDP
-
-
User Datagram Protocol
User Datagram Protocol
FTP
FTP
FTP
Telnet
Telnet
Telnet
HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
SMTP
SMTP
SMTP
DNS
DNS
DNS
SNMP
SNMP
SNMP
TCP
TCP
TCP
UDP
UDP
UDP
L
L
p
p
ng
ng
dng
dng
L
L
p
p
giao
giao
v
v
n
n
267
C
C
c
c
ki
ki
u
u
truyn
truyn
th
th
ng
ng
Truyn
Truyn
th
th
ng
ng
kh
kh
ng
ng
kt
kt
n
n
i
i
(Connectionless)
(Connectionless)
TCP
UDP
UDP
TCP
Truyn
Truyn
th
th
ng
ng
c
c
kt
kt
n
n
i
i
(Connection
(Connection
-
-
oriented)
oriented)
268
Truyn
Truyn
th
th
ng
ng
c
c
kt
kt
n
n
i
i
TCP
TCP
m bo tin cy
Mch o
Dat a
Dat a
Dat a
Xc nhn vic gi
Kin tra li (Gi li)
iu khin lung
269
Truyn
Truyn
th
th
ng
ng
kh
kh
ng
ng
kt
kt
n
n
i
i
UDP
UDP
Lu lng nh
D x l
Dat a
Dat a
Dat a
Khng xc nhn vic gi
Khng kin tra li (Gi li)
Khng iu khin lung
Khng thit lp knh
270
Chn giao thc thch hp
cho ng dng
TCP
UDP
tin cy
Tc
L
L
a
a
ch
ch
n
n
ki
ki
u
u
truyn
truyn
th
th
ng
ng
271
TCP
TCP
-
-
TCP TCP
Connection(virtual circuit)
Dat a
TCP
header
TCP (t r ansmi ssi on Cont r ol Pr ot ocol )
272
c im ca TCP
4 Hng kt ni
4 Tin cy
- S dng c ch bo nhn
4 Hon ton song cng
- D liu c gi 2 chiu cng lc
4 Stream data
- Bn gi: Nhn lung k t t chng trnh ng dng gi, to
cc gi (segment) v gi chng qua mng
- Bn nhn: Nhn cc segment, sp xp li th t, trch phn
data v gi d liu di dng lung k t ti ng dng
273
I P header
Dat a
TCP header Dat a
Sour ce Por t Number Dest i nat i on Por t Number
Sequence Number
Acknowl edge Number
Header
Lengt h
Reser ved
Fl ags
Wi ndow
Checksum
Ur gent Poi nt er
Opt i on
TCP segment
Cu
Cu
tr
tr
c
c
TCP header
TCP header
274
Port Number :
Port Number :
s
s
li
li
u
u
c
c
ng
ng
Source Port Number Destination Port Number
Sequence Number
Acknowledge Number
Header
Length
Reserved
Flags
Window
Checksum
Urgent Pointer
Option
Port number
Port number
275
Host
A
T C P
I P
1056 1058 1058
TCP header
port
Process
C
Host
B
T C P
I P
port
HTTP
port
1056
data
port
Process
B
port
Process
A
Port number
Port number
276
Cng Dch v Ni dung
7 Echo
21 FTP
23 Telnet
25
DNS 53
HTTP 80
POP3 110
SMTP
ng nhp ti my ch xa
Echo
Domain Name Server
Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol gi th
Post Office
Protocol Version 3
C
C
c
c
c
c
ng
ng
TCP
TCP
i
i
n
n
h
h
nh
nh
277
Host
A
T C P
I P
1056 1058 1058
TCP header
port
Process
C
Host
B
T C P
I P
port port
1056
data
port
Process
B
port
Process
A
80
80
Well-known
port number
HTTP
Port number
Port number
278
Data
Acknowledge Number
Header
Length
Reserved
Flags
Window
Checksum
Urgent Pointer
Option
Sequence Number
Xc nh v tr ca d liu c gi bi trm ngun
S hiu ca byte u tin ca phn d liu

Sequence number
Sequence number
279
Hp l khi ACK = 1
S sequence number tip theo nhn
Sequence Number
Header
Length
Reserved
Flags
Checksum
Urgent Pointer
Option
Acknowledge Number
Window
S lng byte trm ngun
sn sng nhn
Acknowlegde
Acknowlegde
Number / Window
Number / Window
280
Flags
Flags
-
-
URG
URG
A
C
K
P
S
H
R
S
T
S
Y
N
F
I
N
U
R
G
Sequence Number
Header
Length
Reserved
Checksum
Urgent Pointer
Option
Acknowledge Number
Window
Flags
Flags
URG = 1:
URG = 1:
T
T
n
n
t
t
i d
i d
li
li
u
u
kh
kh
n
n
281
Flags
Flags
-
-
ACK
ACK
A
C
K
P
S
H
R
S
T
S
Y
N
F
I
N
U
R
G
Sequence Number
Header
Length
Reserved
Checksum
Urgent Pointer
Option
Acknowledge Number
Window
Flags
Flags
ACK = 1: Thc thi th tc xc nhn
282
Flags
Flags
-
-
PSH/RST
PSH/RST
A
C
K
P
S
H
R
S
T
S
Y
N
F
I
N
U
R
G
Sequence Number
Header
Length
Reserved
Checksum
Urgent Pointer
Option
Acknowledge Number
Window
Flags
Flags
PSH = 1: Chuyn d liu t b m cho ng dng ngay lp tc
RST = 1: Ct knh o ngay lp tc
283
FIN=1
Yu cu gii phng
knh o
Sequence Number
Header
Length
Reserved
Checksum
Urgent Pointer
Option
Acknowledge Number
Window
Flags
Flags
A
C
K
P
S
H
R
S
T
S
Y
N
F
I
N
U
R
G
SYN = 1: Yu cu thit lp mt knh o
Khi to mt sequence number
Flags
Flags
-
-
SYN/FIN
SYN/FIN
284
Sour ce Por t Number Dest i nat i on Por t Number
Sequence Number
Reser ved
Checksum
Ur gent Poi nt er
Opt i on
Acknowl edge Number
Wi ndow
Code Bi t
Header
Lengt h
HLEN l
HLEN l
tr
tr
ng
ng
4
4
bt
bt
Cho
Cho
bit
bit
chiu
chiu
d
d
i
i
(
(
n
n
v
v
32 bit)
32 bit)
c
c
a
a
ph
ph
n
n
header
header
Nu
Nu
kh
kh
ng
ng
c
c
options
options
th
th
HLEN = 5
HLEN = 5
Header length
Header length
285
D
a
t
a

p
a
r
t
U
r
g
e
n
t

d
a
t
a
Sour ce Por t
Number
Dest i nat i on Por t
Number
Sequence
Number
Acknowl edge
Number
Header
Lengt h
Reser
ved
Wi ndow
Checksum Ur gent Poi nt er
Opt i on
U
R
G
=
1
H
e
a
d
e
r

p
a
r
t
Fl ags
Urgent pointer (16
Urgent pointer (16
bt
bt
)
)
-
-
H
H
p
p
l
l
khi
khi
c
c
URG = 1
URG = 1
-
-
Ch
Ch
i
i
m
m
kt
kt
th
th
c
c
c
c
a
a
d
d
li
li
u
u
kh
kh
n
n
Checksum (16
Checksum (16
bt
bt
)
)
M
M
ki
ki
m
m
tra
tra
l
l
i
i
(CRC)
(CRC)
cho
cho
to
to
n
n
b
b
segment (header + data)

segment (header + data)
urgent pointer / checksum
urgent pointer / checksum
286
31
Sour ce Por t
Number
Number
Sequence
Number
Acknowl edge
Number
Header
Lengt h
Reser
ved
Code
Bi t
Wi ndow
Opt i on
Opt i on
H
e
a
d
e
r

p
a
r
t
D
a
t
a

p
a
r
t
H
e
a
d
e
r

p
a
r
t
D
a
t
a

p
a
r
t
Thng thng khng c
trng options
Paddi ng
Sour ce Por t
Number
Number
Sequence
Number
Acknowl edge
Number
Header
Lengt h
Reser
ved
Code
Bi t
Wi ndow
Options
Options
287
C
C
c
c
lo
lo
i Option
i Option
Options
Options Options
Single-byte
Single Single- -byte byte
Multiple-byte
Multiple Multiple- -byte byte
End of option
End of option End of option
No Operation
No Operation No Operation
Maximum segment size
Maximum segment size Maximum segment size
Window Scale factor
Window Scale factor Window Scale factor
Timestamp
Timestamp Timestamp
288
Tm
Tm
t
t
t
t
c
c
c
c
tr
tr
ng
ng
trong
trong
TCP header
TCP header
Ng ngha v tc dng
Xc nh cc i tc truyn thng
Ch s tun t ca byte d liu u tin d liu
Hp l khi ACK=1. Ch sequence number bn nhn ang i.
Ni cch khc, nhn thnh cng d liu ACK number-1
Cho bit chiu dI (n v 4 byte) ca TCP header
URG
URG=1 khi c d liu khn.
V tr ca d liu khn c xc nh nh urgent pointer.
ACK
Khi ACK=1, acknowledge number l hp l.
Cho bit qu trnh xc nhn truyn d liu ang thc hin.
PSH Lm sch b m nhn v gi
RST
Kt ni c ct khi RST=1. S dng pht hin cc trng thI bt thng
SYN
Khi SYN=1 , yu cu thit lp kt ni, khi to s sequence number
FIN
Cho bit kch thc d liu ti a trm ngun c th nhn
Kim tra li
Ch ra v tr ca d liu khn
Cc tu chn TCP
M rng m bo kch thc u nhau. Padding
Option
Flags
Window size
Checksum
Urgent pointer
Tn trng
Source/Destination port number
Sequence number
Acknowledge number
Header length
Yu cu ngt kt ni khi FIN = 1.
289
iu
iu
khi
khi
n
n
lu
lu
ng
ng
(Flow control)
(Flow control)
*
*

nh
nh
ngh
ngh
a
a
l
l
ng
ng
d
d
li
li
u
u
ngu
ngu
n
n
c
c
th
th
g
g
i
i
tr
tr
c
c
khi
khi
nh
nh
n
n
m
m
t
t
b
b
o
o
nh
nh
n
n
t
t

ch
ch
*
*
G
G
i
i
tt
tt
d
d
li
li
u
u
tr
tr
m
m
ch
ch
kh
kh
ng
ng
x
x
l
l
kp
kp
*
*
TCP
TCP
nh
nh
ngh
ngh
a
a
m
m
t
t
c
c
a
a
s
s
v
v
d
d
li
li
u
u
ch
ch
c
c
g
g
i
i
theo
theo
kch
kch
th
th
c
c
c
c
a
a
s
s
Khng th x l
Gi !! Gi !!
Gi cho ti 100kg
OK
290
D
D
t
t
m
m
v
v
s
s
a
a
l
l
i
i
*
*
TCP
TCP
s
s
dng
dng
3
3
c
c
ng
ng
c
c
ph
ph
t
t
hi
hi
n
n
l
l
i
i
-
-
Checksum
Checksum
-
-
Acknowlegment
Acknowlegment
*
*
S
S
a
a
l
l
i
i
-
-
Truyn
Truyn
l
l
i
i
291
Thit lp kt ni TCP
Ti nhn d
liu c sequence
number 200. OK.
Hy to kt ni.
Ti bt u t
sequence number
100. Ti gi tr li
kt ni.
Kt ni c
thit lp thnh
cng. Chng ta
c th trao i
thng tin.
Ti c d liu
gi. Hy thit lp
kt ni. Ti bt
u t sequence
number 200.
Ti nhn c
d liu c
sequence number
100. Kt ni
c thit lp
thnh cng. Chng
ta c th trao i
thng tin.
SEQ=200
SEQ=201
SEQ=100
SEQ=200
SEQ=100 ACK=201
SEQ=201 ACK=101
Host A Host B
Connection
request
Connection
response
Confirmation
response
Connection establishment
Flag
ACK=0
SYN=1
3-way handshake
Flag
ACK=1
SYN=1
Flag
ACK=1
SYN=0
292
Host A Host B
Connection
request
Connection
response
Confirmation
response
SYN
ACK,SYN
ACK
Connection establishment
Three
Three
-
-
way handshake
way handshake
293
Kt
Kt
th
th
c
c
k
k
nh
nh
truyn
truyn
Kh Kh ng ng c c n n d d li li u u
g g i i. . T T i i ng ng
kt kt n n i i
Kh Kh ng ng c c n n d d li li u u
Ok. Ok. T T i i s s ng ng
kt kt n n i i. .
Flag Flag
ACK=1 ACK=1
Fin=1 Fin=1
T T i i nh nh n n d d
li li u u th th nh nh c c ng ng
Flag Flag
ACK=1 ACK=1
SEQ=601;ACK=201 SEQ=601;ACK=201
Flag Flag
ACK=1 ACK=1
SEQ=602;ACK=301 SEQ=602;ACK=301
T T i i v v n n tip tip tc tc
g g i i 100 byte. 100 byte.
SEQ=201;ACK=602 SEQ=201;ACK=602
Flag Flag
ACK=1 ACK=1
SEQ=201;ACK=602 SEQ=201;ACK=602
DATA;100oct DATA;100oct
Flag Flag
ACK=1 ACK=1
Fin=1 Fin=1
SEQ=301;ACK=602 SEQ=301;ACK=602
Flag Flag
ACK=1 ACK=1
SEQ=602;ACK=302 SEQ=602;ACK=302
Host A Host A Host B Host B
OK. OK. T T i i bit bit
294
B
B
n
n
b
b
c
c
gi
gi
i
i
to
to
cu
cu
c
c
n
n
i
i
Host A Host A Host B Host B
Disconnection
request
Disconnection
response
Confirmation
response
ACK, FIN ACK, FIN
ACK ACK
ACK ACK
Disconnection
ACK, FIN ACK, FIN
295
UDP
UDP
(User Dat agr am Pr ot ocol )
(User Dat agr am Pr ot ocol )
*
*
Truyn
Truyn
th
th
ng
ng
kh
kh
ng
ng
kt
kt
n
n
i
i
*
*
Truyn
Truyn
nhanh
nhanh
h
h
n
n
TCP
TCP
*
*
Truyn
Truyn
th
th
ng
ng
c
c
ng
ng
l
l
c
c
296
C
C
c
c
c
c
ng
ng
UDP
UDP
i
i
n
n
h
h
nh
nh
Cng Dch v Ni dung
67 DHCP
68 DHCP
53 DNC
80
SMTP 161
TFTP 69
WINS 137
HTTP
Domain Name System
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (Server)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (Client)
Simple Network Management Protocol
Windows Internet Name Service
297
Cu
Cu
tr
tr
c
c
UDP header
UDP header
TCP header
0 4 10 16 31
Dat a
Sour ce Por t
Number
Number
Sequence Number
Acknowl edge Number
Header
Lengt h
Reser
ved
Fl ags
Wi ndow
Checksum
Ur gent Poi nt er
Opt i on
0 16 31(bit)
UDP header
UDP sour ce
por t number
UDP dest i nat i on
por t number
Message Lengt h Checksum
Dat a
298
UDP header
UDP header
Source port number: S cng ngun
Destination port number: S cng ch
Message length: Chiu di bn tin UDP (n
v 4 byte)
Checksum: M CRC
299
V
i
r
t
u
a
l

c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
I
P

b
r
o
a
d
c
a
s
t
TCP UDP
Simultaneous
communication
Truyn
Truyn
th
th
ng
ng
v
v
i
i
nhiu
nhiu
host
host
300
ng dng
Giao vn
Lin mng
Giao din mng
M
M
h
h
nh
nh
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
Lin mng
301
Tng lin mng
TCP
TCP
UDP
UDP
IP
IP
ARP
ARP
Tng giao vn
Tng lin mng
ICMP
ICMP
4Cung cp dch v cho giao thc tng giao vn
Giao thc tng lin mng
Giao thc tng lin mng
302
IP - Internet Protocol
* Chuyn gi khng kt ni (cc gi c x l
ring l)
* Khng tin cy (khng xc nhn v gi li).
* Fragmentation / Reassembly
* nh tuyn
* Kim tra li
303
Cu trc IP header
VERS HL
Fragmentation
Total IP Length Prc
Datagram ID
TTL Protocol Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options (if any)
Data
1 byte 1 byte 1 byte 1 byte
TOS
304
IP Version Number (4 bit)
VERS = 4 (IPv4)
6 (IPv6)
VERS HL
Fragmentation
Total IP Length Prc
Datagram ID
Source Address
Destination Address
Options (if any)
Data
TOS
305
IP header length (4 bit)
IP header length (4 bit)
HL = 5 (20 byte l chun)
HL > 5 (c thm phn options)
VERS HL
Fragmentation
Total IP Length Prc
Datagram ID
Source Address
Destination Address
Options (if any)
Data
TOS
306
Type of service (5 bit)
Type of service (5 bit)
Precedence
Precedence
Type of service
Type of service
0 0 0 X C R T D
0 0 0 X C R T D
X - D phng
C (Cost) - chn knh c gi nh
R (Reliability) - Chn knh c tin cy cao
T (Throughput) - Chn knh c thng lng cao
D (Delay) - Chn knh c tr thp
Ch : Ch c th dng 1 dch v ti mt thi im
307
C
C
c
c
lo
lo
i
i
dch
dch
v
v
m
m
c
c
nh
nh
Giao Giao th th c c TOS TOS ngh ngh a a
ICMP ICMP 0000 0000 B B nh nh th th ng ng
BOOTP BOOTP 0000 0000 B B nh nh th th ng ng
IGP IGP 0010 0010 tin tin c c y y t t i i a a
SNMP SNMP 0010 0010 tin tin c c y y t t i i a a
TELNET TELNET 1000 1000 tr tr t t i i thi thi u u
FTP FTP 0100 0100 Th Th ng ng l l ng ng cao cao nht nht
SMTP (command) SMTP (command) 1000 1000 tr tr t t i i thi thi u u
SMTP (data) SMTP (data) 0100 0100 Th Th ng ng l l ng ng t t i i a a
DNS (UDP query) DNS (UDP query) 1000 1000 tr tr t t i i thi thi u u
DNS (TCP query) DNS (TCP query) 0000 0000 B B nh nh th th ng ng
308
VERS HL
Fragmentation
Total IP Length Prc
Datagram ID
Source Address
Destination Address
Options (if any)
Data
TOS
Total IP length v
Total IP length v
datagram ID
datagram ID
Datagram ID
Datagram ID
: 0
: 0
-
-
65535
65535
Total IP length
Total IP length
:
:
S
S
byte
byte
c
c
a
a
datagram
datagram
20
20
309
Fragmentation
Fragmentation
Fragmentation Offset
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1
0 1 1
X DF S
X DF S
X
X
-
-
D
D
ph
ph
ng
ng
DF (Don
DF (Don
t Fragment)
t Fragment)
= 0
= 0
(
(
c
c
th
th
ph
ph
n
n
o
o
n)
n)
= 1
= 1
(
(
kh
kh
ng
ng
ph
ph
n
n
o
o
n)
n)
S (fragment Status)
S (fragment Status)
= 0
= 0
(
(
Ph
Ph
n
n
o
o
n
n
cu
cu
i
i
c
c
ng
ng
)
)
= 1
= 1
(
(
C
C
n
n
ph
ph
n
n
o
o
n)
n)
-
-
V
V
tr
tr
c
c
a
a
ph
ph
n
n
o
o
n
n
310
Send
/Receive packet
Send
/Receive packet
Send
/Receive packet
Giao din mng
IP packet (1) IP packet (2) IP packet (3)
Lin mng
TCP Packet (Datagram)
(Fragment/reassemble)
Giao vn
Fragmentation v
Fragmentation v
Reassembly
Reassembly
311
MTU - Maximum Transfer Unit
IP Datagram
IP Datagram
MTU
MTU
Chiu Chiu d d i i d d li li u u t t i i a a c c th th ng ng gi gi trong trong khung khung
Header
Header
Trailer
Trailer
Frame Frame
Giao Giao th th c c MTU MTU
Hyperchannel Hyperchannel 65,535 65,535
Token Ring (16Mb/s) Token Ring (16Mb/s) 17,914 17,914
Token Ring (4Mb/s) Token Ring (4Mb/s) 4,464 4,464
FDDI FDDI 4,352 4,352
Ethernet Ethernet 1,500 1,500
X.25 X.25 576 576
PPP PPP 296 296
MTU MTU c c a a c c c c m m ng ng kh kh c c nhau nhau
312
V
V
d
d
v
v
ph
ph
n
n
o
o
n (1)
n (1)
Byte 0000 Byte 0000 Byte 3,999 Byte 3,999
offset = 0000/8=0 offset = 0000/8=0
Byte 0000 Byte 0000 Byte 1,399 Byte 1,399
Byte 1,400 Byte 1,400 Byte 2,799 Byte 2,799
Byte 2,800 Byte 2,800 Byte 3,999 Byte 3,999
offset = 0000/8=0 offset = 0000/8=0
offset = 1400/8=175 offset = 1400/8=175
offset = 2800/8=350 offset = 2800/8=350
313
4,000
000 14,567
0
Byte 0000 - 3,999
1,400
000 14,567 1
Byte 0000 - 1,399
1,400
175 14,567 1
Byte 1,400 - 2,799
1,200
350 14,567 0
Byte 2,800 - 3,999
800
175 14,567 1
Byte 1,400 - 2,199
600
275 14,567 1
Byte 2,200 - 2,799
Datagram Datagram ngu ngu n n
Ph Ph n n o o n 1 n 1
Ph Ph n n o o n 2.1 n 2.1
Ph Ph n n o o n 2.2 n 2.2
V
V
d
d
v
v
ph
ph
n
n
o
o
n (2)
n (2)
314
Time to live & Header checksum
Time to live & Header checksum
VERS HL
Fragmentation
Total IP Length Prc
Datagram ID
Source Address
Destination Address
Options (if any)
Data
TOS
Header checksum
Header checksum
:
:
Ki
Ki
m
m
so
so
t
t
l
l
i
i
cho
cho
ph
ph
n
n
header
header
Time to live
Time to live
:
:
S
S
gi
gi
y
y
datagram
datagram
tr
tr
n
n
li
li
n
n
m
m
ng
ng
315
Protocol (16 bit)
Protocol (16 bit)
*
*
Giao
Giao
th
th
c
c
t
t
ng
ng
tr
tr
n
n
Protocol Number Description
ICMP 1 Internet Control Message Protocol
TCP 6 Transmission Control Protocol
BGP 8 Border Gateway Protocol
UDP 17 User Datagram Protocol
0SPF 89 Open Shortest Path First
316
VERS HL
Fragmentation
Total IP Length Prc
Datagram ID
Source Address
Destination Address
Options (if any)
Data
TOS
Address
Address
317
Cu
Cu
tr
tr
c
c
a
a
ch
ch
IP
IP
NetID HostID
Class
type
32 bt
NetID - Xc nh mng trong lin mng
HostID - Xc nh trm trong mng
Class type - Xc nh loi a ch
318
K
K
ph
ph
p
p
th
th
p
p
ph
ph
n
n
du
du
chm
chm
10000000 00001011 00000011 00011111
10000000 00001011 00000011 00011111
128.11.3.31
128.11.3.31
319
C
C
c
c
l
l
p
p
a
a
ch
ch
IP
IP
0 NetID
HostID
Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4
HostID
10 NetID
HostID
110 NetID
1110 Multicast address
1111 Reserved
Lp A
Lp B
Lp C
Lp D
Lp E
320
X
X
c
c
nh
nh
l
l
p
p
s
s
dng
dng
k
k
ph
ph
p
p
th
th
p
p
ph
ph
n
n
L
L
p
p
A
A
L
L
p
p
B
B
L
L
p
p
C
C
L
L
p
p
D
D
L
L
p
p
E
E
0 . 0 . 0 . 0
0 . 0 . 0 . 0
0
0
0 . 255. 255. 255
0 . 255. 255. 255
127
127
0 . 0 . 0 . 0
0 . 0 . 0 . 0
128 . 0
128 . 0
0 . 255. 255. 255
0 . 255. 255. 255
191.255
191.255
0 . 0 . 0 . 0
0 . 0 . 0 . 0
192 . 0 .0
192 . 0 .0
0 . 255. 255 . 255
0 . 255. 255 . 255
223. 255. 255
223. 255. 255
224 . 0 . 0 . 0
224 . 0 . 0 . 0
239. 255. 255. 255
239. 255. 255. 255
240 . 0 . 0 . 0
240 . 0 . 0 . 0
255. 255. 255. 255
255. 255. 255. 255
T
T
T
T
i
i
NetID NetID HostID HostID
NetID NetID HostID HostID NetID NetID HostID HostID
Multicast Multicast Multicast Multicast
Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved
321
S
S
m
m
ng v
ng v
tr
tr
m
m
tr
tr
n
n
m
m
i
i
l
l
p
p
Lp S mng S trm
A 2
7
- 2 2
24
- 2 = 16,777,214
B 2
14
= 16,384 2
16
- 2 = 65,534
C 2
21
= 2,097,152 2
8
- 2 = 254
a ch lp A v B dng ht. a ch lp C xp
ht, cn a ch lp D v E dnh ring khng phn
322
V
V
d
d
v
v
a
a
ch
ch
m
m
ng
ng
123.0.0.0
123.0.0.0 123.0.0.0
123.10.1.3 123.10.1.3 123.18.6.3 123.18.6.3 123.143.623.3 123.143.623.3
a) a) L L p p A A
192.4.2.0
192.4.2.0 192.4.2.0
192.4.2.1 192.4.2.1 192.4.2.253 192.4.2.253 192.4.2.254 192.4.2.254
c) c) L L p p C C
141.4.0.0
141.4.0.0 141.4.0.0
141.4.0.1 141.4.0.1 141.4.234.1 141.4.234.1 141.4.235.6 141.4.235.6
b) b) L L p p B B
C C th th Tt Tt c c 0 0
323
C
C
c
c
lo
lo
i Option
i Option
Options
Options Options
Single-byte
Single Single- -byte byte
Multiple-byte
Multiple Multiple- -byte byte
End of option
End of option End of option
No Operation
No Operation No Operation
Record route
Record route
Record route
Strict source route
Strict source route
Strict source route
Loose source route
Loose source route Loose source route
Timestamp
Timestamp Timestamp
324
ICMP
ICMP
-
-
Internet Control Massage Protocol
Internet Control Massage Protocol
4
4
IP
IP
s
s
dng
dng
ICMP
ICMP
g
g
i
i
c
c
c
c
th
th
ng
ng
b
b
o
o
qu
qu
n
n
l
l
:
:
-
-
Th
Th
ng
ng
b
b
o
o
l
l
i
i
(error reporting)
(error reporting)
-
-
H
H
i
i
(Query)
(Query)
Bit
0-3
Bit
4-7
Bit
8-11
Bit
12-15
Bit
16-19
Bit
20-23
Bit
24-27
Bit
28-31
Type Code Checksum
4
4
nh
nh
d
d
ng
ng
th
th
ng
ng
b
b
o
o
ICMP
ICMP
Rest of the header
Data
325
C
C
c
c
th
th
ng
ng
b
b
o
o
ICMP
ICMP
Category Type Message
3 Destination unreachable
4 Source quench
11 Time exeeded
12 Parameter problem
error-
reporting
5 Redirection
8 or 0 Echo request or reply
13 or 14 Timestamp request and reply
17 or 18 Address mask request and reply
Query
10 or 9 Router solicitation and advertisement
326
ARP
ARP
-
-
Address Resolution Protocol
Address Resolution Protocol
Link/MAC
IP
TCP UDP
ARP RARP
4
4
Chuy
Chuy
n
n
i
i
a
a
ch
ch
IP
IP
th
th
nh
nh
a
a
ch
ch
t
t
ng
ng
Data
Data
link (
link (
a
a
ch
ch
MAC)
MAC)
327
Ethernet LAN
144.78.12.34
144.78.0.0
144.78.12.0
IP: 144.78.12.34
Ethernet?
Ngu
Ngu
n
n
v
v
ch
ch
thu
thu
c
c
c
c
ng
ng
m
m
ng
ng
328
Router
Broadcast:
Who has IP
144.78.12.34?
Thats me!
B7.a4.e1.10.91.0a
Put in Eth. head:
B7.a4.e1.10.91.0a,
and send
144.78.12.34
is
B7.a4.e1.10.91.0a
Ho
Ho
t
t
ng
ng
c
c
a
a
ARP
ARP
329
Ngu
Ngu
n
n
v
v
ch
ch
kh
kh
c
c
m
m
ng
ng
Router
To Internet
Backbone
IP: 144.78.12.0,
Eth: e4:70:0:0:0:1
Send to:
153.23.10.95
330
Ho
Ho
t
t
ng
ng
c
c
a
a
ARP
ARP
Router
To Internet
Backbone
IP: 144.78.12.0,
Eth: e4:70:0:0:0:1
Broadcast:
Who has IP
153.23.10.95?
Thats a
remote
Address!
Thats me
E4:70:0:0:0:1
Send: Eth dest.:
E4:70:0:0:0:1,
IP dest.
153.23.10.95
331
T
T
i
i

u ARP
u ARP
*
*
ARP
ARP
c
c
th
th
gi
gi
m
m
s
s
l
l
ng
ng
request
request
g
g
i
i
i
i
b
b
ng
ng
c
c
ch
ch
:
:
4 4
L
L
u
u
tr
tr
nh
nh
x
x
a
a
ch
ch
MAC
MAC
4 4
C
C
c
c
m
m
y
y
tnh
tnh
c
c
th
th
th
th
ng
ng
b
b
o
o
a
a
ch
ch
MAC
MAC
khi
khi
kh
kh
i
i
ng
ng
v
v
c
c
c
c
m
m
y
y
kh
kh
c
c
l
l
u
u
l
l
i.
i.
4 4
C
C
c
c
mc
mc
c
c
l
l
u
u
tr
tr
trong
trong
m
m
t
t
kho
kho
ng
ng
thi
thi
gian
gian
nht
nht
nh
nh
332
RARP
RARP
-
-
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
Link/MAC
IP
TCP UDP
ARP RARP
4
4
Chuy
Chuy
n
n
i
i
a
a
ch
ch
MAC
MAC
th
th
nh
nh
a
a
ch
ch
IP
IP
4
4
H
H
u
u
ch
ch
cho
cho
c
c
c
c
m
m
y
y
kh
kh
ng
ng
c
c
a
a
kh
kh
i
i
ng
ng
333
HEY - Everyone please listen!
My Ethernet address is22:BC:66:17:01:75.
Does anyone know my IP address ?
not me
Hi Red ! Your IP address is 128.213.1.17.
Ho
Ho
t
t
ng
ng
c
c
a
a
RARP
RARP
334
DHCP
DHCP
-
-
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP
Server
Broadcast:
My hardware
address is this.
Who am I?
Your
IP is
that
Relay
Agent
Request IP for Eth
address this
IP address
4
4
S
S
dng
dng
ARP
ARP
g
g
n
n
a
a
ch
ch
IP
IP
cho
cho
c
c
c
c
tr
tr
m
m
335
T
T
ng
ng
giao
giao
di
di
n
n
m
m
ng
ng
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
T
T
ng
ng
li
li
n
n
m
m
ng
ng
T
T
ng
ng
giao
giao
di
di
n
n
m
m
ng
ng
ARP
ARP
ARP
IP
IP
IP
FDDI
FDDI
FDDI
PPP
PPP
PPP
ISDN
ISDN
ISDN
ATM
ATM
ATM
Frame relay
Frame relay
Frame relay
MPLS
MPLS
MPLS
336
C
C
c
c
giao
giao
th
th
c
c
ch
ch
y
y
d
d
i
i
IP
IP
C
C
c
c
giao
giao
th
th
c
c
c
c
th
th
ch
ch
y
y
d
d
i
i
IP:
IP:
*
*
DIX Ethernet & 802.3 Ethernet,
DIX Ethernet & 802.3 Ethernet,
FastEthernet
FastEthernet
,
,
Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
*
*
Token Ring (4Mb/s, 16Mb/s)
Token Ring (4Mb/s, 16Mb/s)
*
*
FDDI
FDDI
*
*
Serial Line IP (SLIP)
Serial Line IP (SLIP)
*
*
PPP
PPP
*
*
Frame Relay
Frame Relay
*
*
ATM, MPLS
ATM, MPLS
337
GiI THUT TM NG
Gii thut Dijkstra.
Qui c:
N = tp cc node trong mng
S = node ngun
M = tp cc node c xc nh ng i ngn nht
dij = gi lin kt t node i n node j; dii = 0 v dij =
v cng nu 2 node khng ni trc tip vi nhau; dij
>=0 nu hai node ni trc tip vi nhau.
Dn = gi ca ng dn ngn nht t node S n node n
theo tin trnh hin hnh ca gii thut.
338
GiI THUT TM NG
Gii thut Dijkstra.
Gii thut c 3 bc, bc 2 v 3 c lp i lp
li cho n khi M = N.
Bc 1: Khi to
M = {S}
Dn = dsn cho n khc s
Bc 2: w khc W: Dw = min Dj vi j khc M Thm
w vo M
Bc 3: Dn = min[Dn, Dw + dwn] Mi n khng thuc
M
339
GiI THUT TM NG
Gii thut Bellman-Ford.
Qui c:
S = node ngun
M = tp cc node c xc nh ng i ngn nht
dij = gi lin kt t node i n node j; dii = 0 v dij =
v cng nu 2 node khng ni trc tip vi nhau; dij
>=0 nu hai node ni trc tip vi nhau.
h = s ti a ca lin kt trong mt ng dn ti tng
hin hnh ca gii thut.
340
GiI THUT TM NG
Gii thut Bellman-Ford.
Gii thut c 2 bc
Bc 1: Khi to
Bc 2: w khc W: Dw = min Dj vi j khc M Thm
w vo M
341
CHNG 8
MT S CNG NGH CHUYN
MCH TIN TIN
342
Phn 1: Tng Quan
Phn 2: Nguyn L F-R
Phn 3: Bo Hiu Trong F-R
Phn 4: Kim Sot Tc Nghn Trong F-R
Phn 5: So Snh F-R Vi Mt S Cng Ngh Khc
Phn 6: Cng Ngh F-R Vit Nam
NI DUNG CN FRAME RELAY
343
1. TNG QUAN
1.1 Lch s pht
trin
1.2 Khi Nim F-R
1.3 c im F-R
Frame Relay
Network
Mng WAN vi Cng ngh Frame Relay
Mng WAN vi Cng ngh Frame Relay
Chi nhnh 1
Chi nhnh 2
Vn phng
chnh
Bng N-
Brusting
344
2.1 Cu trc mng F-R
2. NGUYN L F-R
Frame Relay
Network
Router
Local
Loop
Local
Loop
Router
Frame Relay
Switching
Frame Relay
Switching
PVC/CIR
Thit
b nh
tuyn
trong
mng
WAN
truyn
s liu
Router
Knh
d
liu
ni ti
mng
Frame
Relay
ca
ISP
Local Loop
Thit b
chuyn
mch
khung
Frame
Relay
Switching
L knh
kt ni
o c
thit lp
c nh
trong
qu trnh
truyn
s liu.
PVC
L tc
truyn
s liu
ti thiu
cam kt
CIR
A
B
345
2.2 Mch o F-R
2. NGUYN L F-R
Packet
switch
DCE
DTE
DTE
DTE Networ
k Host
Frame Relay
WAN
Permanent virtual circuits(PVCs) Switched virtualcircuits(SVCs)
Permanent virtual circuits(PVCs) Switched virtualcircuits(SVCs)
346
2. NGUYN L F-R
2.2.1 Permanent virtual
circuits(PVCs):
Thit lp knh c nh v
thng xuyn trao i
gia 2 DTE qua mng F-R:
Truyn d liu (Data
transfer):
Rnh ri (Idle):
Vn duy tr kt ni
Khng c d liu no c
tryn
OLun c mt mch c nh
c thit lp =>2 DTE c th
trao i thng tin khi no sn
sng
2.2.2 Switched virtual
circuits(SVCs):
Thit lp knh tm thi trao
i gia 2 DTE qua mng F-R:
Thit lp cuc gi (call
setup):
Truyn d liu (Data
transfer):
Rnh ri (Idle):
Chm dt cuc gi (Call
terminate):
OThit lp mch o khi cn
hi
347
2.2.3 Nhn dng knh lin kt d liu Nhn dng ng ni d
liu (Data link connection Identifier-DLCI)
Nh vy cng ging nh X25 trn ng truyn vt l F-R cng
c th c nhiu ng kt ni o
Mi i tc c phn ng ni o ring trnh b nhm ln
nh nghi thc DLCI
2. NGUYN L F-R
Vitual circuit
DTE
Frame Relay network
DLCI
22
36
62
DLCI
12
62
89
DTE
Chuyn mch o c th truy nhp vo DLCI trn mi thit b cui ca
VC.
Chuyn mch o c th truy nhp vo DLCI trn mi thit b cui ca
VC.
348
Gii thch c ch nh tuyn ca DLCI trn mng
2. NGUYN L F-R
Hnh 2 Cc header ca mng ni a thng h tr cc hot ng kt ni
khng knh (connectionless), cho php chc nng, thch ng trong mng
Hnh 2 Cc header ca mng ni a thng h tr cc hot ng kt ni
khng knh (connectionless), cho php chc nng, thch ng trong mng
349
2.3 Cu trc khung
2. NGUYN L F-R
16 bits
Kim
Tra
khung (FCS)
Thng tin
d liu -AD
ngi dng
Thng tin
giao thc
tng lp c
s dng- PCI
nh du
bt u v kt
thc khung(1
byte:
01111110)
CR: 1
bit
EA:10
bit
FECN
BECN
DE
F (1byte)
(flag)
A(2 bytes)
(adress)
I
(Information)
FCS
(Frame Check
Sequence)
350
F (Flag) nh du bt u v kt thc khung (1 byte: 01111110)
A(address field gm2 bytes):
+ DLCI : Bit nhn dng ng ni d liu
+ C/R : Bit trao i thng tin
+ EA : Bit m rng a ch
+ FECN : Bit thng bo tc nghn ti
+ BECN : Bit thng bo tc nghn li
+ DE : Bit hy frame
I (Information) : dnh cho d liu thng tin c kch thc bin i
FCS : Frame Check Sequence (Control Sum)
2. NGUYN L F-R
351
2.4 F-R V M Hnh OSI 7 lp
2. NGUYN L F-R
F-R C mt 3 lp di
cng ca m hnh OSI
Lp 1- physical layer
Lp 2- Link Layer
Lp 1- c trng cho cc giao din vt l dng chung gia FRAD-FRND v c
trng l giao din V.35 vi tc cao
Lp 2- S dng 2 giao thc v 2 chc nng:
LAPD :c s dng trong lp 2 ca ISDN
LAPF : L giao thc ci tin t LAPD
-Core function: Kim sot v iu khin khung
-Upper function: iu khin LCDI v kt ni logic FRAD v FRND
Lp 3: Khng c th tc
352
3.1 Giao Din Bo hiu Mng F-R
3. Bo Hiu Trong F-R
3.1.1 Bo hiu UNI
LAPF, LAPD
Control Plane:
Signaling over D channel (D = Delta =
Signaling)
Data transfer over B, D, or H (B = Bearer)
LAPD used for reliable signaling
ISDN Signaling Q.933 + Q.931 re-used for
signaling messages
Service Access Point Identifier (SAPI) in
LAPD = 0
=> Q.933 + Q.931 Frame relay message
353
LAPF-CORE
LAPF is similar to LAPD: Flag, bit stuffing, FCS
No control frames in LAPF-Core => No control field
No in-band signaling unlike X.25
No flow control, no error control, no sequence numbers
Logical Link Control (LLC) may be used on the top of LAPF core
3. Bo Hiu Trong F-R
354
3.2 Qu Trnh Thit Lp Cuc Gi
3. Bo Hiu Trong F-R
Thit lp cuc gi:
Kt ni
Cuc gi ang tin hnh
Tin trnh
Chp nhn kt ni
SETUP
S bo ng
Xo cuc gi
Kt thc kt ni
Thot
Hon thnh thot
Hn tp
Trng Thi
355
3.3 Cc Bn Tin Bo hiu
3. Bo Hiu Trong F-R
Message cho iu khin kt ni F-R DSS1
Message cho iu khin kt ni F-R DSS1
356
Khng c c ch iu khin lung r rng trong FR
Mng thng bo cho ngi dng v tnh trng tc nghn
Tc nghn:cc khung FR frames b loi b do cc b m trong
cc b chuyn mch b trn
-Thng tin v tc nghn: FECN v BECN
C tt c 2
10
knh o nhng ch c 976 VCs dnh cho mang lu
lng
4.Kim Sot Tc Nghn trong mng F-R
Hng truyn dn
BECN
FECN
FRAD
FRAD
A
B
C
To A: DLCI 121
To B: DLCI 243
To A: DLCI 182
To C: DLCI 121
357
4.1 FECN (Forward explicit congestion notification):
Thng bo nghn cho pha thu v BECN
Thng bo nghn cho pha pht
4.2 LMI (Local Manegment Interface) :
Thng bo trng thi nghn cho cc thit b u cui bit
iu khin v gim st kt ni FRAD v FRND
358
CIR/PIR Service Example
359
5.1 Frame Relay vs X.25
5. So Snh F-R Vi Mt S Cng Ngh Khc
360
5.1 Frame Relay vs X.25
5. So Snh F-R Vi Mt S Cng Ngh Khc
X.25 Message Exchanges Frame Relay Message Exchanges
361
5.2 F-R-Wan vs Wan Truyn Thng
NI DUNG
Yu t so snh
Mng WAN
Frame Relay
Mng WAN
truyn thng
ng dng Data, Voice, Video Data, Voice, Video
Kh nng m rng
thm cc node mng
mi
n gin, ch cn ng k
vi nh cung cp
Phc tp, i hi phi
thc hin ti tng
node mng
Bo mt Knh ring o PVC Knh ring vt l
Cam kt cht lng Cam kt theo tc CIR Khng
Kh nng nng tc
truyn
D dng, s dng tnh
nng bursting
Phc tp, i hi phi
cu hnh li mng
Chi ph Thp Cao
Thit b u t Modem TSL, Router Modem TSL, Router
Giai on cng ngh Mi, ang pht trin C, ang suy thoi
362
5.3 F-R VPN vs MPLS VPN
NI DUNG
FR VPN
PVC : Kt ni nh trc.
H tr a th tc
Cng ngh pht trin c
chng minh (n nh).
CIR (Committed Information Rate)
Kh nng h tr qun l tt
Chi ph
Phc tp qun l
Yu cu v kh nng IT.
MPLS VPN
Kt ni khng nh trc.
H tr a th tc
H tr nhiu loi hnh kt ni
khc nhau.
CAR (Committed Access Rate)
Chi ph, hiu qu
n gin qun l
Yu cu v kh nng IT.
Nhiu cng c h tr qun l
H tr nhiu ng dng v cc
ng dng mi
Frame Relay c th tr thnh mt phng thc kt ni ca MPLS VPN
Frame Relay c th tr thnh mt phng thc kt ni ca MPLS VPN
363
6. Cng Ngh F-R Vit Nam
Socialist
Republic of
Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh
Hanoi
Da Nang
20 POP in 2005
International coverage
364
Nng lc mng VDC/Frame Relay
03 Tng i chuyn
mch chnh t ti H Ni,
Nng v TP H Ch
Minh
Mng trc Backbone
c u ni theo Ring vi
tc Gbps.
Tng i Frame Relay
cung cp dch v tri khp
20 tnh thnh trong c
nc
Tch hp nx155 Mbps vi mng DDN (Data Digital Network) ca VNPT vi kh nng h tr
khch hng a dch v trn nn IP.
Cung cp kh nng u ni Frame Relay quc t nx45Mbps vi cc nh cung cp vin
thng ln trn th gii NTT(Nht), Reach (HongKong), Singtel (Singapore), KDDI (Hn Quc),
Equant (Php)
Lin kt k thut cht ch vi cc nh qun l h tng mng kinh nghim hng u trong
tp on VNPT (VTN, VTI, VMS, GPC)
365
Frame Relay in Israel
366
Ni dung chuyn mch ATM
1. ATM v B-ISDN
2.Chuyn mch ATM
3.Qun l v iu khin lu lng ATM
4.ng dng ATM
367
Nhu cu v dch v mi, bng rng
Gii tr:
Video, m nhc theo yu cu
Thng tin:
Truy cp c s d liu (th vin)
Hc t xa
Thng mi in t:
Dch v ngn hng
Mua hng qua mng
Video v thoi hi ngh
S ra i ca mng B-ISDN
368
S pht trin v cng ngh
Truyn dn: Cp quang tc cao, suy hao thp ra i
Chuyn mch: Chuyn mch tc cao (ATM, FR,
Router tc cao)
Cng ngh x l tn hiu s v phn mm: cho php cc
b x l hot ng tc cao.
Cng ngh vi mch. Cho php cc u cui gim gi
thnh, tch hp nhiu chc nng vi mt kch thc nh
gn
369
Cng ngh mng
Ban u
PSTN
W
Chuyn
mch gi

W
370
Cng ngh mng
Ra i ca mng ISDN
PSTN
Chuyn
mch gi
Thit b
u cui
ISDN
Giao
din
mng

Thit b
u cui
ISDN
Giao
din
mng
371
Mng B-ISDN
Thit b
B-ISDN
Giao
din
mng

Thit b
u cui
B-ISDN
Giao
din
mng
Mng
B-ISDN
372
Mng s, tch hp dch v, bng rng, ra i cui nhng
nm 80, pht trin mnh nhng nm 1990
nh ngha ca ITU-T: l dch v hay cc h thng yu cu
knh truyn dn c tc ln hn 2Mbps
c pht trin trn nn tng cng ngh ATM
Phn bit s khc nhau khi so snh vi mng (N)-ISDN?
L h tng mng kiu gi, duy nht, cung cp tt c cc loi
dch v.
Mng B-ISDN
373
Ti sao li chn ATM?
Chuyn mch knh: H tr thi gian thc, cht lng
tt nhng lng ph ti nguyn, kh cung cp dch v
tc thay i
Chuyn mch gi: H tr thi gian thc km, tuy
nhin li hiu qu trong s dng ti nguyn mng v
cc dch v mang tnh bng n
ATM c u im ca c 2 cng ngh trn: Chuyn
mch gi tc cao, ghp knh thng k, h tr cc
dch v thi gian thc
374
Ti sao li chn ATM?(tip)
C th mang nhiu loi lu lng: Thoi, s
liu, video
H tr dch v c tc khc nhau
Mng truy nhp a dng
Phn phi bng thng linh hot
n gin ha vic qun l mng
C th p dng cho c mng LAN v mng
WAN
375
ATM l g?
Giao din:
376
Cc thnh phn mng ATM
+ Card giao tip mng ATM cho PC
+Phn mm ng dng v h iu hnh
+Giao tip mng ATM cho cc router, hub
truyn thng
+Cc chuyn mch, thit b ghp knh ATM
+Chuyn mch truy nhp, chuyn mch li
377
ATM cho php tch hp phn truy nhp
u cui ATM
Thit b ca nh
cung cp dch v
(mng ATM)
Tch hp truy
nhp
378
Cng ngh ATM
Chuyn mch t bo:
Gm 53 bytes
48 byte mang thng tin v 5 byte tiu
Hng kt ni
m bo cht lng dch v end to end
Ti sao li chn 53 bytes?
379
Cc c im chnh ca ATM
Kch thc t bo khng i, b hn gi tin
thng thng rt nhiu
m bo bin thin tr l t
Ti thiu ha phn tiu
Lung t bo l lin tc, nu trng th phi
chn t bo ri(hoc khng gn)
m bo th t cc t bo ti pha thu ging
nh pha pht
380
So snh ATM v SDH
ATM: Ghp knh khng ng b
SDH: ghp ng b
A B C C C
A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3
381
Kin trc h thng ATM
ng dng
AAL
ATM
Vt l
ATM
Vt l
ng dng
AAL
ATM
Vt l
382
M hnh tham chiu B-ISDN
383
Mt ngi dng (user plane):truyn ti
thng tin ngi dng
Mt iu khin (control plane):Chc nng
iu khin kt ni
Mt qun l (management plane):chc nng
gim st, qun l mng
384
385
So snh vi m hnh OSI
386
Lp Vt l
Lp Vt l c nhim v truyn dn cc t bo ATM qua mi
trng truyn dn
Gm 2 phn lp: Mi trng vt l v hi t truyn dn
Phn lp mi trng vt l: lin quan n truyn dn cc bit
trn mi trng vt l. Bao gm ng b, tch tn hiu, bin
i O/E..Ngoi ra cn c cc quy nh v tc , mi trng
truyn dn ti cc giao din.
387
Lp Vt l
388
Lp Vt l
Phn lp Hi t truyn dn: Bin i lung t
bo thnh lung bit lin tc truyn dn trn
mi trng vt l
Pha pht:
Ghp t bo ATM vo khung truyn dn
(PDH,SDH)
To ra byte iu khin li HEC
Chn cc t bo ri hoc khng gn tng thch
tc lp ATM v lp vt l
389
Lp Vt l
Pha thu:
Xc nh bin gii t bo ATM trong lung t bo
thu c. Dng trong truyn dn cell-based
Thng qua trng HEC xc nh xem tiu c
b li hay khng. Sa li n bit v pht hin li
a bit
Tch cc t bo chn
390
Lp ATM
n v tn hiu ghp knh, chuyn mch trong
ATM l t bo c kch thc khng i
T bo ATM bao gm 48 byte thng tin v 5 byte
header
Da vo nhn trong phn tiu , t bo ATM s
c chuyn t ngun ti ch
391
Lp ATM
392
Lp ATM
Giao din UNI v NNI:
393
Lp ATM
Cu trc t bo ti UNI v NNI
Ti UNI:
394
Lp ATM
Cu trc t bo ti UNI v NNI
Ti NNI:
NNI khng c trng GFC
S dng 4 bit ca trng GFC tng cng cho
trng VPI t 8 bit ln 12 bit
395
Lp ATM
Chc nng tng quan:
To t bo
Chuyn mch, ghp knh t bo da trn VPI/VCI
Phn bit loi ti trng c mang trong t bo (trng
PT)
X l u tin t bo (trng CLP)
iu khin lung (GFC ti UNI)
iu khin lu lng, tc nghn
H tr QoS
396
Lp ATM
Trng GFC
Thit k nhm mc ch iu khin lung ti UNI
Hin nay tiu chun ca ATM Forum ch quy nh l
ch khng iu khin (GFC =0)
VPI v VCI
Mt knh vt l h tr nhiu VP
Mi VP li h tr nhiu VC
Cc VP, VC c phn bit vi nhau thng qua gi tr
VPI, VCI
397
Lp ATM
VP/VC link: Lung t bo ATM truyn theo mt
hng gia 2 node k nhau, c cng gi tr VPI
(VPI/VCI)
VP/VC Connection: Lin kt ca nhiu VP/VC
link, end to end.
398
Lp ATM
Chuyn mch VP, VC
399
Lp ATM
Chuyn mch VP, VC
400
Lp ATM
Trng PT(3 bit)
Bit u tin(pha bn tri): Cho bit thng tin c
mang trong t bo l ca ngi dng(0) hay thng tin
iu khin, qun l mng (1)
2 bit tip theo, ty thuc thng tin l ca ngi dng
hay ca mng m s c cc ngha khc nhau
401
Lp ATM
Trng CLP (1bit)
Gi tr (0): T bo c u tin cao, (1): c u tin
thp
Trong trng hp mng b nghn, cc t bo c u
tin thp s b hy trc
Mt s gi tr VPI/VCI c dnh ring:
402
Lp tng thch ATM (AAL)
Lp AAL c chc nng tng thch cc loi dch
v khc nhau vi lp ATM
Da trn ba tiu chun: Tc bit, kiu kt ni,
c tnh thi gian thc m cc dch v ATM c
chia thanh 4 lp A, B, C, D
403
Kin trc giao thc ca AAL
404
Hot ng ca lp AAL
405
Hot ng ca lp AAL
406
Cc c im chnh:
di ca PDU:
AAL1 v 2 c kch thc nh hn h tr dch v
thi gian thc.AAL3/4 v 5 s dng kch thc ti a
rt ln truyn d liu hiu qu
407
AAL 5
408
Chuyn mch ATM
Chc nng: Bao gm chc nng ca c 3 mt
bng, ngi dng, iu khin v qun l
Giao din vo ra: Phi c giao din vi cc
mng khc nh Frame Relay, PSTN, mng
qun l, mng thng minh..
409
Chc nng mt ngi dng
Chuyn cc t bo mang thng tin ngi dng t mt
cng vo n mt cng ra
Thng tin ngi dng c chuyn trong sut qua
chuyn mch
Chuyn mch ATM ch x l phn tiu , y l
s dng VPI/VCI chuyn t bo n cng ra thch
hp
410
Chc nng mt iu khin
Mt iu khin cho php thit lp, iu khin cc kt ni
ng o v knh o. Thng tin c mang trong cc t bo
bo hiu, c phn bit vi t bo loi khc qua trng
VPI/VCI
Chuyn mch ATM phi thc hin cc chc nng sau mt
iu khin:
Xc nh t bo bo hiu, thc hin chc nng AAL
Bin dch thng tin bo hiu iu khin kt ni/cuc gi
To cc thng tin iu khin (nu cn), ng gi trong cc t bo bo
hiu ri trn vi cc loi t bo khc pht i
V d: chc nng Connection Admission Control (CAC)
411
Chc nng mt qun l
Mt qun l cung cp cc chc nng gim st v iu khin
mng, nhm cho mng khng c li v hot ng hiu qu
Thng tin vn hnh, bo dng mng c mang bi cc t
bo OAM, c nhn ra thng qua trng PT v VPI/VCI
Cc chc nng qun l gm: qun l li, qun l cu hnh,
qun l lu lng an ninh
Chuyn mch phi thc hin cc chc nng: nhn t bo
OAM, tch thng tin x l, to thng tin OAM v ng
gi vo cc t bo, trn vi cc loi t bo khc pht i
412
Cu trc chc nng
413
Cu trc chc nng
Cng vo (Input module):
Kt cui khung truyn dn, tch t bo ATM (bin
i O/E, tch khung SDH, xc nh bin gii t
bo, loi b t bo chn..)
Chun b chuyn t bo qua trng Chuyn
mch (kim tra li tiu , bin dch VPI/VCI v
xc nh cng ra, chuyn cc t bo bo hiu,
OAM ti phn iu khin, thm tag cho php t
nh tuyn, h tr multicast)
414
Cu trc chc nng
Cng ra (Output module):
Chun b lung t bo truyn dn
X l, loi b cc tag trong cc t bo
C th thay VPI/VCI c bng VPI/VCI mi
To ra byte kim tra li HEC
Trn cc t bo bo hiu, OAM vi t bo ngi
dng
Chn cc t bo khng mang thng tin tng
thch tc
ng khung truyn dn, thm cc thng tin iu
khin truyn dn
Bin i E/O
415
Cu trc chc nng
Trng chuyn mch (Cell Switch Fabric):
Chuyn cc t bo gia cc khi chc nng (bo
hiu, qun l v cc cng ra). Quan trng nht l
chuyn t bo thng tin gia cng vo v cng ra
S dng b m
Ghp knh, tp trung
Lp lch (scheduling) cc t bo trong b m da
trn u tin v tr
Hy t bo, gim st v iu khin tc nghn
416
Cu trc chc nng
Trng chuyn mch (tip)
417
Cu trc chc nng
Hai chc nng quan trng l nh tuyn gi tin qua
trng chuyn mch v lu tr tm thi
(buffering).
nh tuyn gi tin thng qua nhn (tag) c gn
ti cng vo, cho php t nh tuyn, tng cng
tc
B m c th c s dng ti: u ra, u vo
hoc bn trong trnh cc loi nghn u ra v
nghn bn trong
m u ra t hiu sut cao nht. m u vo b
nghn HOL
418
Cu trc chc nng
Yu cu khi thit k mt trng chuyn mch
l:
Thng lng (throughput) cao
Ti thiu ha t l mt t bo, tr t bo
phc tp l nh
419
Cu trc chc nng
Loi chia s b nh
420
Cu trc chc nng
Loi chia s b nh
u im: Thng lng cao, hiu sut s dng b
nh cao
Nhc im: B nh chung (shared memory) phi
hot ng tc rt cao. y l yu t lm hn
ch tc ca loi chuyn mch ny
AT&T/Lucents GCNS-2000 Switch.
Hitachi
421
Cu trc chc nng
Loi chia s mi trng (shared medium)
422
Cu trc chc nng
Loi chia s mi trng (shared medium)
u dim: H tr qung b. S dng m u ra
nn thng lng t c l cao
Nhc im: Bus chung phi hot ng tc
rt cao trnh va chm. Cc b nh u ra cng
phi hot ng tc cao
IBMs Paris, NECs ATOM, IBMs Plane, Fores
f\Forerunner ASX-100,
Siemens EWSM Cell Switch
423
Cu trc chc nng
Loi s dng ma trn kt ni
Mng Banyan: t nh tuyn
Modun ha cao
C th b nghn bn trong
S dng ph bin hin nay
Newbridge Networks 36150
Alcatel Data Networks 1100
Synoptics Lattis Cell Switch
424
Cu trc chc nng
Loi s dng ma trn kt ni
425
Phn loi chuyn mch ATM
426
427
428
429
ng dng ATM
M phng LAN (LAN Emulation)
Mng IP over ATM
Chuyn mch IP
430
M phng LAN (LANE)
Cho php cc my tnh ca mng LAN v my
tnh u cui ATM c th tng tc vi nhau
qua mng ATM
Vn kh khn l:
ATM l giao thc hng kt ni, im ti im
LAN l giao thc phi kt ni, qung b
Do , chc nng chnh ca LANE l m
phng mi trng qung b (nh LAN)
431
M phng LAN (LANE)
432
M phng LAN (LANE)
Hot ng ca LANE
433
Classical IP over ATM
S dng mng ATM nh l mt giao thc lp 2
kt ni cc u cui IP, cc mng LAN, cc router
vi nhau
Vn : X l s khc bit gia loi phi kt ni,
qung b ca IP vi loi im ti im, hng kt
ni ca ATM
Gii php:Kt hp s dng cc server vi k thut
phn gii a ch v m phng kh nng qung b
cho php mng lu lng IP i qua mng ATM
434
Giao thc phn gii a ch IARP: Tm a ch IP
ca ch t a ch ATM
435
Giao thc ATM ARP: S dng AARP server
xc nh mi lin quan gia a ch IP v a ch
ATM cho mt trm
436
437
438
CM nhn a giao thc MPLS
(MultiProtocol Label Switching)
1. Tmtt lch s
2. c im ca MPLS.
3. Cng ngh MPLS.
4. ng dng ca MPLS.
Lu : Cc vn : nh tuyn; Cht lng dch
v; Mng ring o; Xy dng mng ng
trc MPLS; M phng hot ng mng
MPLS.khng cp trong chuyn ny.
439
1.Tm tt lch s.
B nh tuyn chuyn mch t bo CSR ca
Toshiba.
Chuyn mch IP.
Chuyn mch th.
ARIS ca IBM.
MPLS.
440
B nh tuynchuyn mch t bo
tng CSR u tin c trnh by trc IETF
vo cui nm1994 u nm1995. y l
nghin cu u tin v CMN c cng b.
Kin trc ca CSR gii thiu tng l mt
phn cng ATM hn hp c th iu khin bi
IP (Nh l cc giao thc nh tuyn IP hay
RSVP) hn l cc giao thc bo hiu ca ATM
(teo Q.2931) Theo nghin cu ny th c th b
cc bo hiu ATM v cc chc nng nh x
gia IP v ATM.
441
Chuyn mch IP.
Chuyn mch IP c nh ngha u tin vo
u nm1996 bi cng ty Ipsilon. V mt
k thut th cc nghin cu v CSR v
chuyn mch IP c nhiu im imtng
ng tuy nhin chuyn mch IP c nhng
u im hn cc nghin cu trc nhng
tng qut chng c gi l chuyn mch
nhn.
442
Chuyn mch th
(Tag Switching)
Vi thng sau khi Ipsilon cng b v CSR th
Cisco Systems cng b mt nghin cu khc
v CMN l CM th. y l mt k thut
xut sc xut pht t nghin cu CM IP v
CSR v nhiu tng ca n c trong
vic tiu chun ho MPLS.
443
ARIS ca IBM.
Ch mt thi gian ngn sau cng b ca Cisco th
IPM cng b mt nghin cu khc v CMN l
chuyn mc IP da trn b nh tuyn tng hp
(Aggregate Router-based IP Switching) hayARIS.
ARIS ging vi chuyn mch th hn l cc nghin
cu khc ch dng lu lng iu khin tit
lp bng nh tuyn ch khng phI dng lu
lng d liu, nhng ARIS c nhiu khc bit
ng k so vi chuyn mch th v nhiu tng
ca n cng c trong vic tiu chun ho
MPLS.
444
MPLS.
Vo u nm1997, hin chng MPLS c thng qua.
Vo thng 4 nm1997 nhmlmvic MPLS tin hnh
cuc hp u tin.
Vo thng 11 nm1997, ti liu MPLS c ban hnh.
Vo thng 7 nm1998, ti liu cu trc MPLS c ban
hnh.
Trong thng 8 v thng 9 nm 1998, 10 ti liu Internet b
xung c ban hnh, bao gmMPLS LDP (Label
Distribution Protocol), Mark Encoding, cc ng dng
ATM, v.v... MPLS hnh thnh v cn bn.
IELF hon thin cc tiu chun MPLS v a ra cc ti
liu RFC trong nm1999.
Chng ta c th thy rng MPLS pht trin rt nhanh
chng v hiu qu. iu ny cng chng minh nhng yu
cu cp bch trong cng nghip cho mt cng ngh mi.
Hu ht cc tiu chun MPLS hin ti c ban hnh
di dng RFC.
445
2. c imca MPLS
c imcng ngh IP:
Cng ngh IP c xy dng trn b giao thc TCP/IP tng ng vi lp truyn ti v lp
mng ca m hnh 7 lp OSI
Giao thc lp mng IP v cc b nh tuyn c s dng chuyn giao cc gi tin c
di thay i theo tuyn tt nht m ko c s m bo v cht lng
IP l kiu giao thc ko lin kt, chc nng c bn ca n l lin kt d liu gia cc trm con
trong mt n v mng hay kt ni chng thnh mt lin kt mng
c imcng ngh ATM:
Cng ngh ATM cho php truyn thng tin vi tc cao
ATM l cng ngh chuyn mch hng kt ni c th cung cp nhiu kt ni
C th s dng vi nhiu loi cu hnh(im-im,im-a im, a im-a im)
So vi TDM th ADM u vit hn hn kh nng phn b bng tn truyn dn
Hn na ATM cn c tnh nng gim st mt cch d dng
ATM c kh nng trin khai nhanh, tin cy cao v kh nng phc hi mng nhanh nh cc
chc nng qun l theo phn lp linh hot
Thit b ATM c nhiu giao din hu dng i vi nhng dch v thoi
MPLS ra i da trn s kt hp tnh nng ca hai cng ngh chuyn
mch ni trn
S dng thit b tng t b nh tuyn iu khin b chuyn mch
phn cng mc thp hn
446
2. c imca MPLS
Nguyn tc c bn:
Tch hp ATM v IP trong mt thit b.
Tch hp nh tuyn v chuyn mch
Phn tch nh tuyn v chuyn tip.
447
2. c imca MPLS
c im MPLS
MPLS l c ch chuyn mch nhn do IETF pht trin, h tr
kh nng chuyn mch, nh tuyn lung thng tin mt cch
hiu qu.
Nhn (label) c th c c xc nh da trn a ch IP.
Label c th c c xc nh da dch v cha trong gi
tin.
Label c th c c xc nh da trn cc tham s khc
nh l QoS, Source-address,
448
3. Cng ngh MPLS.
Nhng im quan trng ca k thut
chuyn mch nhn.
Cc thnh phn ca mng MPLS.
Hot ng ca MPLS.
449
Nhng imquan trng
ca mch nhn.
Th nht l nhn.
Th hai l thit b s dng trong MPLS l
Cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn LSR
(Label Switch Router) .
Th ba l k thut chuyn mch nhn.
450
3.3.1.1. nhn.
- Nhn l g?
- Ngn sp nhn hay Chng nhn (Label
stack).
451
Nhn l g?
Nhn l mt thc th di ngn v c nh khng
c cu trc bn trong.
Nhn khng trc tip m ho thng tin ca mo
u lp mng nh i ch lp mng.
Nhn c gn vo mt gi tin c th s i din
cho Nhm chuyn tip tng ng - FEC
(Forwarding Equivalence Classes) m gi tin
c n nh.
Thng th mt gi tin c n nh cho mt FEC
(hon ton hoc mt phn) da trn a ch ch lp
mng ca n. Tuy nhin nhn khng bao gi l m
ho ca a ch .
452
Cu trc khung ca nhn
Trng di Gii thch
Label 20 bit Nhn: Gi tr thc s ca nhn MPLS c n nh
cho gi.
CoS 3 bit Lp dch v: xc nh thut ton xp hng v loi b
p dng cho gi khi gi i qua mng.
S 1 bit Trng ngn xp: xc nh s dng ngn xp nhn c
cu trc.
TTL 8 bit Thi gian tn ti: ging nh trng TTL ca IPv4 hay
Hop Limit ca IPv6.
Cu trc mo u ca MPLS
Mo
u lp
2
453
Ngn Xp nhn
Mt tp hp cc nhn c sp xp theo
th t gn vo mt gi d liu truyn ti
thng tin v nhiu FEC m gi nmtrong
v v cc LSP tng ng m gi s i qua.
Ngn xp nhn cho php MPLS h tr nh
tuyn phn cp (mt nhn cho EGP v mt
nhn cho IGP) v tch hp nhiu LSP trong
mt trung k LSP.
454
Cc thnh phn ca mng
MPLS.
B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn - LSR.
LSR bin (ra).
Giao thc phn b nhn LDP (Label
Distribution Protocol).
ng chuyn mch nhn - LSP (Label
Switching Part).
Cc lp chuyn tip tng ng FEC
(Forwarding Equivalence Classes).
Nhn v chng nhn.
455
Cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn
LSR (Label Switch Router) .
LSR (Label Switch Router): Thc hin qu trnh chuyn gi d
liu trong mng bng k thut chuyn mch nhn: g nhn c
v gn nhn mi cho gi.
Cn c vo v tr v chc nng ca LSR c th phn thnh cc
loi chnh sau y:
LSR bin: nm bin ca mng MPLS. LSR ny tip nhn hay
gi i cc gi thng tin t hay n mng khc (IP, Frame
Relay,...). LSR bin gn hay lai b nhn cho cc gi thng tin
n hoc i khi mng MPLS. Cc LSR ny c th l Ingress
Router (router li vo) hay egress router (router li ra).
ATM-LSR: l cc tng i ATM c th thc hin chc nng nh
LSR. Cc ATM-LSR thc hin chc nng nh tuyn gi IP v
gn nhn trong mng iu khin v chuyn tip s liu trn c
ch chuyn mch t bo ATM trong mng s liu. Nh vy cc
tng i chuyn mch ATM truyn thng c th nng cp phn
mm thc hin chc nng ca LSR.
456
Cc loi LSR trong mng MPLS
Loi LSR
Chc nang thc hin
LSR
Chuyn tip gi c nhn
LSR bin
Nhn gi IP, kimtra li lp 3 v t vo ngn xp nhn
trc khi gi gi vo mng LSR
Nhn gi tin c nhn, loi b nhn, kimtra li lp 3 v
chuyn tip gi IP n nt tip theo.
ATM-LSR
S dng giao thc MPLS trong mng iu khin thit
lp knk ao ATM. Chuyn tip t bo n nt ATM-LSR
tip theo
ATM-LSR
bin
Nhn gi c nhn hoc khng nhn, phn vo cc t bo
ATM v gi cc t bo n nt ATM-LSR tip theo.
NHn cc t bo ATM t ATM-LSR cn k, ti to cc
gi t cc t bo ATM v chuyn tip gi c nhn hoc
khng nhn.
457
Cu trc MPLS
Topo mng ca MPLS
458
Giao thc phn b nhn LDP
Giao thc iu khin c s dng trao i thng tin nh x
t mt FEC sang mt gi tr nhn gia cc LSR. LDP c
nhng c tnh quan trng sau:
- Cung cp k thut gip cho cc LSR c kt ni trc tip nhn
ra nhau v thit lp lin kt c ch khmph (Discovery
Mechanism).
- C 4 loi bn tin: Bn tin Discovery; Bn tin Adjency (c
nhimv khi to, duy tr v kt thc nhng phin kt ni
gia cc LSR); Bn tin Label Advertisement (Thc hin vic
thng bo , a ra cc yu cu, hu b v giI phng cc
thng tin nhn); Bn tin Notification (c s dng thng
bo li).
- Tit lp kt ni TCP trao i cc bn tin (ngoi tr bn tin
Discovery).
- Cc bn tin l tp hp nhng thnh phn c cu trc<type,
length, value>
459
ng chuyn mch nhn -
LSP (Label Switching Part).
ng chuyn mch nhn ny c thit lp
t mt igress LSR ddeens mt egress LSR
chuyn gi trong mng bng k thut
chuyn mch nhn. LSP c xy dng
bng cc giao thc nh phn b nhn -
LDP, giao thc ginh trc ti nguyn -
RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol)
460
Cc lp chuyn tip tng ng
FEC (Forwarding Equivalence
Classes).
FEC m t s lin h gia cc gi vi a ch ch
ngi nhn cui, FEC cng c th lin h vi mt
a ch ch v loi lu lng lin quan n mt
cng ch no .
Ti sao s dng FEC? Trc tin n cho php nhm
cc gi vo cc lp khc nhau, c th s dng
h tr cht lng dch v hiu qu.
FEC c xc nh duy nht bng vic s dng mt
nhn.
461
Hot ng ca MPLS
Ch hot ng khung MPLS (Frame mode).
Ch hot ng t bo MPLS (Cell mode)
462
Ch hot ng khung MPLS
(Frame mode).
Ch ny xut hin khi s dng MPLS
trong mI trng cc thit b nh tuyn
thun nht nh tuyn cc gi tin IP im-
im. Cc gi tin c gn nhn c
chuyn tip trn c s khung lp 2.
Ch ny c m t trong hnh sau:
463
Ch hot ng khung
Xem thm trang 253 quyn GT KTCM v T s.
464
Cu trc ca LSR bin
trong ch hot ng khung
465
Gn v phn phi nhn trong ch
frame-mode
Phng thc gn v phn phi nhn gm nhng bc
sau:
Step 1: Giao thc nh tuyn xy dng bng IP
table
Step 2: Cc LSR ln lt gn 1 nhn cho mt
dest-IP trong bng IP Table mt cch c lp
Step 3: LSR ln lt phn tn nhn cho tt c cc
router LSR k cn
Step 4: Tt c cc LSR xy dng cc bng LIB,
LFIB, FIB da trn label nhn c
466
Step 1: Xy dng bng nh
tuyn
Network Next-hop
X B
Routing table of A
Network Next-hop
X C
Routing table of B
Network Next-hop
X D
Routing table of C
Network Next-hop
X C
Routing table of E
Network Next hop Label
X B
FIB on A
A B C D
E
Network X
467
Step 2: gn nhn trn tng route
Network Next-hop
X C
Routing table of B
A B C D
E
Network X
Router B gn nhn 25 cho X
Router B gn nhn 25 cho X
468
A B C D
E
Network X
Step 3: Phn phi nhn
Router phn tn nhn 25 cho tt c cc router LSR k cn n
vi ngha Nu bn mun n X th hy gn nhn 25 ri gi
n ti
Network LSR label
X local 25
LIB on B
X = 25
X = 25
X = 25
X = 25
X

=

2
5
X

=

2
5
469
Step 3: Phn phi nhn
Tt c cc router MPLS s t gn 1 nhn cho 1 a ch ch
mt cch c lp
Network LSR label
X B 25
local 47
LIB on C
Label Action Next hop
47 pop D
LFIB on C
A B C D
E
Network X
Router C gn nhn 47 cho X
Router C gn nhn 47 cho X
X

=

4
7
X

=

4
7
X = 47
X = 47
470
Step 4: Xy dng cc bng
Cc router LSR nhn c nhn c t router hng xm s
cp nhp vo bng LIB
Edge LSRs s cp nhp vo bng FIB
X = 25 X = 25
Network LSR label
X B 25
LIB on A
Network LSR label
X B 25
LIB on C
Network LSR label
X B 25
LIB on E
X B 25
FIB on A
A B C D
E
X

=

2
5
Network X
471
Step 4: Cp nhp cc bng
Network LSR label
X B 25
C 47
LIB on E
Network LSR label
X local 25
C 47
LIB on B
X C 47
FIB on B
X C 47
FIB on E
A B C D
E
Network X
X

=

4
7
X

=

4
7
X = 47
X = 47
472
Step 4 (cont.): Cp nhp bng
LFIB
Network LSR label
X local 25
C 47
LIB on B
X C 47
FIB on B
25 47 C
LFIB on B
A B C D
E
X

=

4
7
X

=

4
7
X = 47
X = 47
Network X
473
Truyn packet
IP: X
IP: X
IP: X
IP: X
Ingress LSR
Ingress LSR
Egress LSR
Egress LSR
A B C
E
Lab: 25
Lab: 25
Lab: 47
Lab: 47
X B 25
FIB on A
IP lookup is performed in
the FIB, packet is labeled.
IP lookup is performed in
the FIB, packet is labeled.
47 pop D
LFIB on C
Label lookup is performed
in the LFIB, label is removed.
in the LFIB, label is removed.
25 47 C
LFIB on B
in the LFIB, label is switched.
in the LFIB, label is switched.
474
Ch hot ng t bo MPLS
(Cell mode) Khi xemxt trin khai MPLS trong ATM cn
phi gii quyt mt s tr ngi sau y:
- Hin ti khng tn ti mt c ch no cho vic
trao i trc tip cc gi IP gia 02 nt MPLS
cn k qua giao din ATM. Tt c cc s liu
trao i qua giao din ATM phi thc hin
qua knh o ATM.
- Cc tng i ATM khng th thc hin vic
kimtra nhn hay a ch lp 3. Kh nng duy
nht ca tng i ATM l VC u vo sang
VC u ra ca giao din ra.
475
Ch hot ng t bo
Phn b nhn trong mng ATM-MPLS
476
Ch hot ng t bo
Trao i thng tin gia cc LSR cn k
477
C ch thit lp knh o iu khin MPLS
cung cp kt ni thun IP gia cc ATM-LSR c 2 cch:
Thng qua kt ni ngoi bng nh kt ni Ethernet gia cc tng
i
Thng qua knh o qun l trong bng c cu trc nh hnh v.
ATM-LSR bin
Mng iu
khin MPLS
ATM-LSR
Mng iu
khin MPLS
trong tng i
Mng s liu
Ma trn
chuyn mch
ATM
ATM-LSR
Mng iu
khin MPLS
trong tng i
Mng s liu
Ma trn
chuyn mch
ATM
ATM-LSR bin
Mng iu
khin
MPLS
Knh o iu
khin MPLS
478
Ch hot ng t bo
Bng nh tuyn nhn trong mng ATM
479
Phng thc phn phi nhn trong
ch cell-mode
Nhn c phn phi theo yu cu, khng nh trong ch
frame-mode
Network Next-hop
X C
Routing table of A
Network Next-hop
X D
Routing table of C
Network Next-hop
X E
Routing table of D
Network Next-hop
X conn
Routing table of E
Network X
A
E
ATM Switch ch c th chuyn
tip gi tin nu n tn ti nh
x
ATM Switch ch c th chuyn
tip gi tin nu n tn ti nh
x
RQ X
RQ X
RQ X
RQ X
ATM SW C gi yu cu
Tm mng X n ATM SW
k tip n
ATM SW C gi yu cu
Tm mng X n ATM SW
k tip n
RQ X
RQ X
C D
480
Chu trnh to nhn
Network Next-hop
X C
Routing table of A
Network Next-hop
X D
Routing table of C
Network Next-hop
X E
Routing table of D
Network Next-hop
X conn
Routing table of E
Router bin sau khi nhn
xong yu cu nhn, s t
gn 1 nhn (vci/vpi) gi
v cho ATM-SW yu cu
Router bin sau khi nhn
xong yu cu nhn, s t
gn 1 nhn (vci/vpi) gi
v cho ATM-SW yu cu
ATM LSR s to ra mt cp vci/vpi sau
khi n nhn c label (vci/vpi) t
router E gi v
ATM LSR s to ra mt cp vci/vpi sau
khi n nhn c label (vci/vpi) t
router E gi v
1/56 2/82 D
LFIB on C
2/82 1/37
LFIB on D
LFIB = ATM switching
matrix
Network LSR label
X E 1/37
local 2/82
LIB on D
Network X
A
E
C D
RQ X
RQ X
RQ X
RQ X
RQ X
RQ X
X=1/37
X=1/37
X=2/82
X=2/82
X=1/56
X=1/56
1/37 pop
LFIB on E
Network LSR label
X local 1/37
LIB on E
481
Cc giao thc routing c chc nng to ln bng Routing
Bng RT ch c xy dng khi m cc ATM Switch c h tr IP.
Cc packets khng c gn nhn s khng chuyn qua cc giao din
LC-ATM uc
Cc bng chuyn tip gi tin s khng c xy dng
Network Next-hop
X C
Routing table of A
Network Next-hop
X C
Routing table of B
Network Next-hop
X D
Routing table of C
Network Next-hop
X E
Routing table of D
Network Next-hop
X conn
Routing table of E
Network X
A
E
B
C D
482
Cch thc phn phi nhn
trong mi trng cell-mode
Phin giao dch IP s c thit lp qua mt knh
o VPI/VCI = 0/32.
Knh o ny c dng truyn thng tin nh
tuyn v chuyn tip nhn.
OSPF
OSPF OSPF
OSPF
LDP
LDP LDP
LDP
LFIB
LFIB LFIB
LFIB
VSI VSI
0/32
0/32
0/32

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