Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

CHNG 1 L THUYT MA ST V HAO MN

1.1. L THUYT CHUNG V MA ST V HAO MN 1.1.1. Khi nim v ma st
1.1.1.1. Quan im c in Lc ma st Fms t l thun vi ti trng php tuyn N:
Fms = .N

N- ti trng php tuyn. -h s ma st, =const. Cng thc trn ch c phm vi s dng nht nh. 1.1.1.2. Quan im hin i Ma st l kt qu ca nhiu dng tng tc phc tp khc nhau, khi c s tip xc v dch chuyn hoc c xu hng dch chuyn gia hai vt th, trong din ra cc qu trnh c, l, ho, in...quan h ca cc qu trnh rt phc tp ph thuc vo c tnh ti, vn tc trt, vt liu v mi trng.
Fms = .N

- h s ma st, = f(p,v,C) N-ti trng php tuyn C-iu kin ma st (vt liu, cng, bng, ch gia cng, mi trng) Cng ma st A chuyn ho thnh nhit nng Q v nng lng hp ph gia 2 b mt E. A = Q + E.

1.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n h s ma st
1.1.2.1. nh hng ca ti trng.
= f(p, C2) = f(p, C1) 0 pth1 pth2 pth1 pth2 P

Khi thay i p th thay i theo. Nhng tn ti mt khong pth1< p <pth2 m trong n nh v nh nht. Khi vt ra ngoi khong th xy ra h hng v tng cao.

Hnh1.1. nh hng ca ti trng n

Nhn xt: Khi thay i iu kin ma st C th dng ng cong khng thay i m ch thay i cc gi tr , pth1, pth2. 1

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1.1.2.2. nh hng ca vn tc. Hnh 1.2

= f(v, C2)

ng cong = f(v,C) cng c qui lut tng t ng cong = f(p,C).

= f(v, C1)

vth1 vth2

vth1 vth2

Hnh1.2. nh hng ca vn tc n

1.1.2.3. nh hng ca iu kin ma st. Hnh 1.3 Th nghim 1: cho cp ma st Fe-Fe lm vic vi ti trng p = const, vn tc v = const, c cho v khng cho bt mi vo gia hai b mt ma st. OA: khng c bt mi. AB: gim do tc dng r trn ca bt mi O A B C D t BC: tng cao v khng n nh do s ph hoi ca bt mi. Hnh1.3. nh hng ca iu kin ma st n CD: khng c bt mi --> n nh v gim. Nhn xt: const khi iu kin ma st thay i Th nghim 2: Cho ba cp ma st Fe-Fe, Al-Al, Cu-Cu lm vic vi p = const, v =const, thay i ch gia cng t bng b mt khc nhau. Kt qu, thay i nh bng 1.1 Bng 1.1. nh hng ca bng b mt n
bng Phng php gia cng Fe-Fe Al-Al Cu-Cu

7 14 14

0,05 0,07 14 Kt lun: h s ma st ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. = f(p,v,C) - const. - Tn ti khong c = const v nh nht. - Cho ta phng hng ch o thc tin thay i iu kin ma st C sao cho m rng c phm vi s dng m = const v nh nht.

nh bng bng in gii 2,08 nh bng bng in gii 1,32 nh bng bng in gii c lp mng xt 0,8 dy 300A0 Gia hai b mt c mng du bi trn 0,06

4,05 3,00 1,08

1,7 1,08 0,37

1.1.3. Phn loi ma st

- Da vo ng hc chuyn ng: 2

Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
p p + Ma st trt. v v + Ma st ln. + Ma st xoay. - Da vo s tham gia ca Hnh 1.4. Cc dng ma st cht bi trn: + Ma st t. + Ma st kh. + Ma st ti hn. - Da vo ng lc hc: + Ma st tnh. + Ma st ng - Da vo c tnh qu trnh ma st: + Ma st bnh thng l qu trnh ma st trong ch xy ra hao mn tt yu v cho php (xy ra t t, ch trn lp cu trc th cp, khng xy ra s ph hoi kim loi gc), trong phm vi gii hn ca ti trng, vn tc trt v iu kin ma st bnh thng. + Ma st khng bnh thng l qu trnh ma st trong p,v,C vt ra ngoi phm vi gii hn, xy ra h hng: trc loi 1, loi 2, mi mn... Ngi ta tm cc bin php thit k, cng ngh, s dng m rng phm vi cho php ca p, v, C theo hng tng hoc gim .

V d: Cn tng : m phanh, b mt ma st ca a ly hp ma st. Cn gim : trt, ln...

1.2. KHI NIM V HAO MN, H HNG 1.2.1. Khi nim chung
Hao mn: L s ph hoi dn dn b mt ma st, th hin s thay i kch thc dn dn theo thi gian. Trong qu trnh hao mn khng xy ra s ph hoi kim loi gc m ch xy ra s ph hoi trn lp b mt chi tit (gi l lp cu trc th cp). Ch tiu nh gi hao mn: nh gi hao mn ngi ta dng t s gia lng hao mn tuyt i vi chiu di ca qung ng xe chy gi l cng mn.
Lp cu trc th cp Kim loi gc

Hnh 1.5. Hao mn lp cu trc th cp

- Cng mn I: I = (g/1000km). 3
l1 l 2 L

( m/1000km) hoc I=

V1 V2 L

(m3/1000km) hoc I=

G1 G 2 L

Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

l1, l2-kch thc chi tit o theo phng php tuyn vi b mt ma st trc ma st v khi o, ( m). V1, V2-th tch chi tit trc v sau khi o. G1, G2-khi lng chi tit trc v sau khi o. L-chiu di qung ng xe chy, (1000km). - Tc mn V: V=
l1 l 2 t

( m/gi) hoc V=

V1 V2 G G2 (m3/gi) hoc I= 1 (g/gi) t L

t-thi gian ma st (gi) H hng: l s ph hoi b mt chi tit xy ra khng c qui lut v mc v m. C th quan st c bng mt thng v c s ph hoi kim loi gc nh: trc, r, bin dng b mt, cong, vnh, co, xc, nt b mt (phng php tuyn), dp, ln, xm thc.

1.2.2. Phn loi hao mn, h hng

1.2.2.1. Phn loi hao mn Hao mn xy ho loi 1: l hao mn m lp cu trc th cp l lp mng dung dch rn (c x lch mng). Hao mn xy ho loi 2: l hao mn m lp cu trc th cp l lp xt. V d: FeO, Fe2O3 1.2.2.2. Phn loi h hng Trc loi 1: l dng ph hoi b mt, th hin s dnh cc b gia hai b mt do bin dng do gy ra v lc ln qu gii hn n hi. Trc loi 2: l dng ph hoi b mt, th hin s dnh cc b gia hai b mt do nhit gy ra. Mi mn: do tn ti ht mi gia hai b mt ma st, do ct bi hoc do trc Trc xi ho ng: l s cng ho qu trnh hao mn. n mn in ho, xm thc... Mi: xy ra khi ti trng thay i tun hon, xut hin v pht trin cc vt nt t vi, dn n gy t ngt.

1.2.3. Cc yu t nh hng n hao mn, h hng

Bt k cp chi tit no lm vic vi nhau u sinh ra ma st trong iu kin c trt tng i, chu lc, iu kin mi trng lm vic, cht bi trn, cht lng chi tit (thnh phn vt liu, tnh cht c l ho b mt ...) l dn n hao mn.

Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

1.2.3.1. nh hng ca ti trng p Th nghim: Cho cp ma st thp Y10A c nhit luyn lm vic vi nhau khi tng dn P, o I, hnh 1.6: ng 1: ng vi v = 3,11 m/s ng 2: ng vi v = 2,59 m/s ng 3: ng vi v= 1,78 m/s Kt lun: vn tc trong gii hn no , cng hao mn l n nh v nh nht khi p[p]. Nu p>[p] th hao mn xy ra mnh lit. 1.2.3.2. nh hng ca vn tc trt v Vn tc trt cho php m rng kh nng chu ti nhng cha r m phi nghin cu nh hng ring ca tng chi tit nh th no: Th nghim: cho cp ma st thp C10 lm vic vi nhau, thay i v, o cng hao mn I, hnh 1.7.: Vng 1 v 3: c hao mn nh v n nh (ng vi hao mn xy ho) Vng 2: hao mn ln nht (trc loi 1) Vng 4: trc loi 2 1.2.3.3.nh hng ca iu kin ma st nh hng ca tnh cht vt liu T hai th nghim i vi thp Y10A v thp C10 ta thy: - Thp Y10A khng c dng ph hoi do trc, cn thp C10 c ph hoi do trc. chng trc loi 1 phi dng vt liu khc nhau cho hai chi tit ma st vi nhau. V nu ging nhau th chng c mng tinh th ging nhau nn d khuch tn vi nhau. - cng cng cao th mn cng thp. nh hng ca cht bi trn - Tc dng ca cht bi trn: gim ma st lm gim hao mn, lm mt chi tit, bao kn b mt, bo v b mt khi b xy ho, lm sch b mt. - Yu cu i vi cht bi trn: + Phi bo m kh nng lm vic trong phm vi P,v, + Phi in y cc hm v l t vi, bm ton b vo b mt chi tit to thnh mng du bi trn. + To kh nng cn trt ln theo phng vung gc vi b mt ma st v nh theo phng tip tuyn vi b mt ma st. + Khng gy hi n chi tit (n mn). 5
I [mg/100km]

I [mg/100km] 1 2 3

p1

p2

p3

p[kg/m2]

Hnh 1.6. nh hng ca ti trng n hao mn, h hng.

v[m/s]

Hnh 1.7. nh hng ca vn tc n hao mn, h hng

Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

+ Khng to cn, sinh bt nh... - C ch bi trn: + Ma st t (bi trn thu ng). Khi trc bt u quay, do du c nht, nn trong khe h gia trc v bc to thnh nm du c p sut, p sut cng tng khi tc quay ca trc tng ln. n khi ng vi tc no , tng p lc ca du sc nng trc ln, khng c s tip xc trc tip gia trc v bc, dn n khng hao mn. Thc t khi khi ng, tt my hoc thay i tc th trc v bc c tip xc nn c hao mn. n. nh th. Trong : Trong bi trn thu ng h s ma st ph thuc vo
p

n-s vng quay/pht - nht p-p sut 1-vng ma st kh 2-vng ma st ti hn 3-vng ma st t, vng ny vn c l do ni ma st trong du. + Ma st ti hn: xy ra khi lp mng du c chiu dy rt nh < 0,1m. b dy ny, cc Thc t phn t du sp xp ng hng. Do , ccchi tit L thuyt nh trt trn mt m n hi, gim. Tuy nhin, y l mt qu trnh km bn vng d chuyn thnh ma st kh hoc t. n. 1 2 3 - Ci thin tnh cht du bi trn: ngi ta p pha vo du bi trn cc cht ph gia hot tnh ho Hnh 1.8. Anh hng ca n,,p n h s hc hoc hot tnh b mt. ma st. + Cht ph gia hot tnh ho hc, c gc l axit v c, lm tng kh nng chu ti ca mng du bi trn, ci thin bn lp cu trc th cp, m rng phm vi lm vic, gim hao mn. + Cht ph gia hot tnh b mt, c gc l cc axit hu c, gc ru, x phng, c tc dng lm mm lp rt mng trn b mt chi tit, lm tng kh nng r kht nhanh, gim p sut ring, gim lc ma st, cng ma st. nh hng ca cht lng b mt ma st Cht lng b mt ma st c th hin qua cc yu t: - Hnh hc b mt: v m, vi m v siu vi m: + V m: phn nh trn ton b, phm vi ln: cn, van, dung sai ch to, nhng sai s ny do dao ng ca h my-dao-chi tit trong qu trnh gia cng gy nn. + Vi m: phn nh tnh trng b mt phm vi kch thc tng i b + Siu vi m: l sai khc hnh hc trong phm vi rt nh do cu trc kim loi gy ra. 6

Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

- Trng thi ng sut b mt: do tc dng lc bin dng do nn trn b mt chi tit lun lun c ng sut d (trong qu trnh cng ngh v trong qu trnh s dng). Trng thi ng sut thay i d gy ra nt t vi, hng do mi. - Tnh cht c l ho b mt: + Sau khi gia cng ch to bc cui cng, ngi ta tin hnh ti, thm C,N, phun bi...Do thao tc nh vy, nn b mt chi tit c kh nng hp th ln, tnh cht b mt khc vi tnh cht kim loi gc. Mt khc, do thay i trng thi kim loi b mt nn n c nng lng t do ln, d hp ph cc nguyn t mi trng to thnh lp xt hoc lp dung dch rn. + Trong qu trnh lm vic: do bin dng do, lc, vn tc trt lp kim loi b mt b bin dng do nhiu ln, ng thi bn thn chng c hot tnh ln nn d hnh thnh lp mng dung dch rn hoc xt. Nh vy, b mt chi tit khc xa kim loi gc, c tc dng bo v chi tit, qu trnh hao mn ch xy ra trn b mt ny. Trong thc t lun lun tn ti qu trnh chuyn ho t b mt chi tit sau gia cng n b mt chi tit lm vic n nh. l qu trnh chy r tt yu, v vy nhanh chng r kht, gim hao mn trong qu trnh ny ngi ta phi: + Gia cng b mt chi tit c bng gn bng bng chi tit khi lm vic n nh. + Gii hn ch ti vn tc trong qu trnh chy r v lc mi s dng.

1.2.4. Mt s dng hao mn, h hng ch yu

1.2.4.1. Hao mn xy ho Khi nim: l dng ph hoi dn dn b mt chi tit ma st, th hin s hnh thnh v bong tch cc lp mng cu trc th cp, do tng tc gia b mt kim loi b bin dng do vi xy v cc phn t mi trng. + Hao mn xy ho loi 1: lp mng cu trc th cp l dung dch rn gia kim loi gc v cc nguyn t khc. + Hao mn xy ho loi 2: lp mng cu trc th cp l xt kim loi. iu kin hnh thnh: - Tc hao mn xy ho phi ln nht so vi cc qu trnh khc. - qu trnh hao mn l n nh th: Vhao mn V xy ho Qu trnh cn bng ng. s hnh thnh lp mng cu trc th cp phi nhanh hn s ph hoi xy ra trn n. Ngha l, chi tit lun lun c lp bo v. - Xy ra trong mi trng c xy, trong phm vi cho php ca ti trng v vn tc. - Xy ra ma st kh, ma st ti hn. V ma st t c mng du.

Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Bng 1.2. c tnh b mt khi hao mn xy ha Hao mn xy ho loi 1 Dung Kim loi dch Hao mn xy ho loi 2 xt Kim loi 9 13 < 2000C = 1000A0 0,05m/h

+ bng: 10 14 + Nhit b mt: < 1000C + Chiu su ph hoi: = 100 300A0 + Tc ph hoi: 0,01m/h 1.2.4.2. Trc loi 1

Khi nim: l mt dng h hng b mt, th hin s hnh thnh v bong tch cc mi lin kt cc b gia hai b mt ma st do bin dng do v lc (khng nhit). Nguyn nhn: do nh hng ca ti trng ln (p sut tip xc cc b cao) m hai b mt b bin dng do mnh, b mt dnh st nhau khong cch tinh th, nguyn t b mt ny khuych tn sang b mt khc v hnh thnh lin kt. * F1 < Flk < F2 trc v p vo trc ri to thnh ht mi * Flk > F1,F2 khng trc * Flk < F1,F2 iu kin hnh thnh: - Tc trc l ln nht. - Ma st kh v gia hai b mt khng c lp trung gian ngn cch. - Vn tc trt nh (v < 0,1m/s) kp cho cc nguyn t khuych tn. Hnh1.9. c tnh b mt trc loi 1 - p sut tip xc p > [p], ng vi gii hn chy ca vt liu. Trc loi 1 rt nhy cm vi hai b mt c cng loi vt liu. Trc loi 1 chu nh hng ln ca cng b mt, cng b mt tng s gim trc loi 1. c tnh b mt: hnh 1.9 + Chiu su ph hoi: = 0,5mm. + Nhit b mt: <500C + bng b mt: 3 4 + Tc ph hoi: 10 15m/h. 1.2.4.3. Trc loi 2 Khi nim: l dng ph hoi do bin dng v nhit, lm mm nhn b mt khi nhit tng do vn tc trt tng. 8

Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Nguyn nhn: do nh hng vn tc trt lm cho nhit cc b mt tng cao, xy ra s dnh kt gia hai chi tit ma st v s ph hu b mt hoc b mt b bin dng nh ln, nt... iu kin hnh thnh: - Vn tc trt ln. 25 30m/s. - Nu vn tc trt ln, ti ln th trc loi 2 cng mnh lit. - Nhy cm vi chi tit c nhit nng chy thp. Bin php chng trc loi 2: - Ph ln b mt ma st 1 lp kim loi Bo, vanai, c kh nng chu nhit . - Dng vt liu chu nhit. c tnh b mt: - Chiu su ph hoi: < 0,1mm. - Nhit tip xc: 15000C. - Tc ph hoi: 1 5m/h. 1.2.4.4. Mi mn Khi nim: l dng ph hoi b mt chi tit do tn ti cc ht cng gia hai b mt ma st t ngoi vo hoc t chi tit trc ra. Dng ph hoi: co xc, ct phoi t vi. C hai dng mi mn: mi mn c hc hoc mi mn c ho. iu kin hnh thnh: Vn tc mi l ln nht so vi cc qu trnh khc. Tuy nhin, iu kin ny khng cht ch trong trng hp c c trc.
H m cng mai hat = < 0,6: mi mn c ho (bin dng do tng, khng ct H KL cng gc KL
Vng chu nh hng nhit

Kim loi gc

Hnh1.10. c tnh b mt trc loi 2

phoi) 0,6: mi mn c hc (ct phoi t vi) Nu b mt chi tit tip xc vi khi lng ln ht mi th xy ra mi mn c ho, v khi cc ht mi trt ln nhau v trt i m khng c lc ct. Bng 1.3. c tnh b mt khi mi mn. Mi mn c hc

Mi mn c ho

P v

P v

Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

+ bng: 510 + Nhit b mt: 50 0C + Chiu su ph hoi: = 0,2mm + Tc ph hoi: 0,550m/h 1.2.4.5. Mi

712 50 0C 2000A0 [ 0,5 m/h

Do thay i ti trng tun hon trn cc chi tit, sinh ra cc vt nt t vi. Cc vt nt ny c pht trin t b mt chi tit vo kim loi gc dn n gy do mi. Chi tit in hnh l trc khuu. V d: trc khuu ng c D6-3D12 gy 40 50%. Kt cu trng ip bng khng. Nguyn nhn: trong qu trnh sa cha khng ch n kt cu trnh ng sut tp trung: gc ln, hoc trong lp ghp do sai lch tm cc trc, to ti trng lm hng trc bc. Bin php chng mi: tng cht lng b mt, mi ht cc vt nt, trnh tp trung ng sut, bo m ng tm lp rp, chng ti ph, hn ch ti trng ln t ngt. 1.2.4.6. Xm thc Hin tng r, h, su, sc cnh phng php tuyn, thng pht trin vng b mt sch do tc dng ca dng chy ti khu vc p sut nh hn p sut bay hi bo ha. Cc v tr thng gp: trn b mt cnh bm v v bm ti ca ra, b mt ngoi ca lt xi lanh... Bin php chng xm thc: m lp kim loi cng trn b mt.

1.2.5. Lun c bn ca l thuyt hao mn

1.2.5.1. Lun 1 C s: hao mn do nhiu qu trnh khc nhau gy ra, k hiu l P1,2..., tng ng tc qu trnh v1,2..., Trong bt k iu kin ma st no cng din ra qu trnh vi tc ln nht vP. Pht biu lun : Dng hao mn c quyt nh bi qu trnh P, din ra
trn b mt ma st vi tc ln nht vP.

H qu: khi s hao mn l n nh, tc ph hoi cc b mt lm vic (tc hao mn) khng th ln hn tc ca qu trnh quyt nh dng hao mn. Tc l: vph < vp ngha: - C s xc nh dng hao mn. - C s iu khin qu trnh hao mn. - Trnh h hng, iu khin ch tn ti hao mn xi ho (dng hao mn c tc nh nht) iu kin: vox >vph (vox = vp)

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Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

1.2.5.2. Lun 2 C s: nhng iu kin ca lun 1 mi ch gii quyt cc vn iu khin qu trnh hao mn, nhng khng cho php khc phc hao mn h hng, v vn cn tn ti hao mn xi ho. Vn l lm sao gim hao mn xi ho. Ni dung lun : "Tnh chng mn khi hao mn xi ho c quyt nh
bi cng hnh thnh v tnh cht cc cu trc th cp xut hin trong qu trnh ma st." y c th hiu: cu trc th cp khng ch l cc lp mng hnh thnh do

kt qu tng tc gia kim loi vi xi m cn l cc lp mng bo v c thnh phn, cu trc v tnh cht khc ngn b mt kim loi tip xc vi xi. ngha: lm c s phn tch nh gi, nghin cu tnh cht lp cu trc th cp quyt nh mc hao mn xi ho. iu kin: vox min

1.2.6. Bin php khc phc hao mn h hng

1.2.6.1.Bin php thit k: Chn loi ma st ln hoc trt: + Ma st ln: chu ti c gii hn, kh m bo ng tm, d r, nhng vn tc trt nh, h s nh, trc ngn. + Ma st trt: ln, trc di, nhng ng tm tt, kh r, vn tc trt ln. Chn hnh dng v kch thc ca chi tit: Hnh dng v kch thc ca chi tit c nh hng n p lc ring, bn vng, chu mn, chu mi... Bi vy, khi thit k phi tng cng hon thin kt cu, kch thc, hnh dng hnh hc ca chi tit, khe h ban u, (piston hnh van, sc mng khng ng p...). m bo chng hao mn th phi da vo iu kin: p sut b mt tip xc nh hn gii hn cho php. p=
P < [p] S tx

p- p sut b mt tip xc. P-ti trong php tuyn trn b mt tip xc Stx-din tch b mt tip xc i vi trc khuu ng c, xu hng l tng ng knh trc d trc ngn li, trnh un, vng, ng c gn. Gim t s S/D tng s vng quay trc khuu m khng tng vn tc trt ca piston, Gim chiu cao tng chiu dy tng lc bung cho sc mng. Thit k kt cu, phng n lm mt tt: + Phn b trng nhit hp l (piston). + Phn b ng nc lm mt hp l n tng xi lanh. i lu t nhin c kt: dng cnh ngn gi to chnh lch nhit (c qut, khng c bm).

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Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Cng bc h 500C: tn hao nhit tng, cht n mn, tp cht d ngng t, dn n hao mn nhiu. Cng bc kn: n nh nhit. Lm mt bng gi: + Lm sch b mt tn nhit. (xe my) + Lm kn qut gi tng lng gi. Chn kt cu lc: + Khng kh: lc kh, t. + Bi trn: th, tinh, ly tm. + Nhin liu: ng c Diesel yu cu lc rt kht khe m bo lm vic cho b i. i vi ng c xng: hao mn zicl do bo dng khng ng k thut. Lc nhin liu khng cho php c van an ton. Chn phng n bi trn hp l. S dng la chn vt liu hp l. 1.2.6.2. Bin php cng ngh: Cht lng gia cng chi tit nh hng rt ln n hao mn h hng ca chi tit, m hoc ti cng b mt lm vic ca chi tit kt hp vi ph hp chng mn: Tng bn b mt: + Bin cng ngui: phun bi, ln, p... + Nhit luyn: ti, ram, nhit ho, thm C, N, kim loi + M ph (khng dng vi chi tit chu ti trng ng) Bo v b mt: M ph b mt trch xy ho, trng thic, cht do. Nng cao cht lng gia cng: + bng gia cng gn bng bng lm vic. + chnh xc cn, van. + Lm cn cc cnh sc (tr mt s trng hp nh b i bm cao p). 1.2.6.3. Ch s dng: - Ch lm vic: phi cn c vo iu kin m bo ma st bnh thng: p<pth, v<vth. (trnh qu ti v vt tc). - Trnh v thi quen ca ngi iu khin xe. - Chm sc bo dng k thut kp thi: hng ngy nh k ng lc. Nu dng qu thi hn qui nh s gy ph hoi, h hng mnh lit. Khng cho php chy c khi chi tit t n kch thc gii hn. - S dng nguyn vt liu. + ng c xng yu cu dng xng ng chng loi. + Du bi trn phi m bo cht lng.

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Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

+ S dng dung dch lm mt thch hp. (xe TOYOTA dng dung dch lm mt mu , chng ng cn, chng ng).

1.3. HAO MN, H HNG MT S CHI TIT IN HNH 1.3.1. Hao mn xy lanh
1.3.1.1. iu kin lm vic - Chu nhit cao v bin thin khng u: ng c xng: Tmax = 2800 0K ng c Diesel: Tmax = 2200 0K Vng trn chu nhit cao hn vng di v thay i trong mt chu k. - Chu ma st ln, c bit i vi ng c cao tc. khu vc st bung chy thng phi chu ma st kh v ti hn, vng di ma st ti hn v ma st t. - Mi trng: sn vt chy cha cc cht n mn nh: CO2, NO, SO2...kt hp vi nc to thnh cc axit. - Chu ti trng ln v thay i theo chu k.

Ma

st

Ma st ti

Ma st t
Hnh 1.11. Qui lut phn b p sut kh th trn xi lanh

Ma st gia sc mng v xi lanh ph thuc vo lc p ca sc mng ln xi lanh: Pxi = Px + ki.Pkt Pxi-lc ca sc mng th i tc dng ln xi lanh Px-lc bung hng knh ca sc mng Pkt-lc kh th k1 = 0,7 4 0,8 k2 = 0,1 4 0,15 k3 = 0,05 4 0,08

pkt

kipkt

Hinh 1.12. p lc sc mng tc dng ln xi lanh

Hnh1.13. Phng ca lc ngang tc dng ln xi lanh

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Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Piston p ln xi lanh theo phng vung gc b cht v 2 pha do lc ngang N. S bin thin ca lc ngang N theo chiu cao ca xi lanh v theo gc quay ca trc khuu c biu din nh hnh 1.14.

360

360

720

180

180

540

540

Hnh 1.14. p sut(do N) tc dng ln thnh xi lanh theo cc

Vn tc trt do tip xc gia sc mng v thn piston thay i ln. Hao mn ca xi lanh t l thun vi lc, vn tc trt, nhit . l hao mn c qui lut. 1.3.1.2. Hao mn xy lanh theo phng dc trc p_p sut v_Vn tc t_nhit

p v t Dng mn

Hnh 1.15. Dng mn hng trc ca xi lanh

1.3.1.3. Hao mn theo phng hng knh Theo phng lc ngang N xi lanh b mn nhiu nht dc theo chiu trc. 1.3.1.4. Hao mn khng theo qui lut Trong vng nhiu bi, khong gia xi lanh mn nhiu do bi (ht mi t l vi vn tc trt). Bi cng nhiu qui lut mn cng tng v pha di. - Mn nhiu theo phng vung gc lc ngang N th l do l piston b nghing. - i vi ng c xng: vng i din xupp np thng mn nhiu, l do l kh np ra sch mng du bi trn hoc do ngng t sn phm gy mn. 14
N

Hnh 1.16. Dng hao mn hng knh ca xi lanh

Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

1.3.2. Hao mn trc khuu

1.3.2.1. iu kin lm vic - Trc khuu lm vic trong iu kin bi trn ma st t, nhng c khi ma st kh hoc ti hn (lc khi ng hoc tt my, tng gim t ngt vn tc gc, khi khe h trc bc ln). - Chu nhit t 1502500C, do nhit truyn t bung chy qua piston thanh truyn hoc do bn thn ma st gia trc v bc - Chu ma st ln. - Ti trng bin thin, c tnh cht va p v phn b khng u. - Vn tc trt kh ln: 5 10m/s. - Chu mi mn: do lc du khng sch hoc do cc ht mi. 1.3.2.2. Hao mn trc khuu c qui lut Hao mn, h hng bnh thng do qui lut lm vic ca trc khuu. Theo th hnh 1.17 vng trn s ln tc dng t, vng di tc dng nhiu. Di tc dng ca lc ly tm cc c trc ca trc khuu nhiu xi lanh chu ph ti khng u. ng c xng lng hao mn khc ng c diesel, T nhng nh tnh nh nhau. ng c 1 xi lanh mn c chnh bng 1/2 lng mn c bin. ng c nhiu xi lanh c gia thng mn nhiu hn. Z Tip xc trc bc, nu c ht mi th ht mi ng li Hnh 1.17. th lc tc gy hao mn gia nhiu hn.
dng ln cht khuu

Gi s hao mn t l thun vi lc tc dng (p lc) v thi gian (s ln) tc dng ca n th qui lut hao mn ca cht khuu v c trc chnh ca ng c xng khc ng c diesel. S d vy, l v th ph ti tc dng ln cht khuu ca hai loi ng c ny l khc nhau: - ng c xng cao tc: phn u to lc qun tnh ln v tc dng nhiu ln, phn ui mc d c tr s ln hn, nhng ch mt ln tc dng. Do , cht khuu mn pha di nhiu hn v c trc chnh mn pha trn nhiu hn. - ng c diesel vn tc gc khng ln lm nhng p sut ln, nn th lc tc dng ln cht khuu c u nh ui to. iu b tr vi s ln tc dng lc. Do cht khuu v c trc chnh mn u hn 1.3.2.3. Hao mn trc khuu khng c qui lut Hao mn, h hng khng bnh thng, do cc dng kt cu c bit ca trc khuu.

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Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh Dng hao mn

Dng hao mn

Hnh 1.18. Hao mn trc khuu khng qui lut

- Do thanh truyn ch to lch tm nn phn b lc khng u (dng hnh thang). Do , hao mn khng u. - Khoan l du khng hp l: do qun tnh ly tm m cc cn du bm vo thnh v em sang pha tri (hnh 1.18). V vy, pha tri cht khuu mn nhiu hn pha phi. 1.3.2.4.Hng do mi Xut hin cc vt nt t vi ni tp trung ng sut: gc ln, cnh sc l du...Di tc dng ca ti trng bin thin v i chiu m cc vt nt t vi dn pht trin ln ln n lc lm gy trc, vt gy phng. Thng xy ra i vi cc trc khuu: - C kt cu khng hp l: = 0 (khng c trng ip). V d: ng c D63D12 (gy 4050%). - C qu trnh gia cng sa cha khng ng: khng c gc ln hoc gc ln khng ng, khng lm cn cc cnh sc ca l du. - Ch s dng khng tt: thay i ti t ngt. - Lp rp khng tt: cc c trc khng ng tm gy ti trng ph trong qu trnh s dng.

1.3.3. Hao mn sc mng

1.3.3.1. iu kin lm vic - Chu nhit cao: trong qu trnh lm vic, sc mng trc tip tip xc vi kh chy, do piston truyn nhit cho xi lanh qua sc mng v do ma st vi vch xi lanh nn sc mng c nhit cao, nht l sc mng th nht. Khi sc mng kh b h, khng kht vi xi lanh, kh chy thi qua ch b h lm cho nhit cc b vng ny tng ln rt cao, c th lm chy sc mng v piston. Nhit ca sc mng kh th nht 623673K, cc sc mng kh khc 473523K, sc mng du 373423K. Do nhit cao, sc bn c hc b gim st, sc mng d b mt n hi, du nhn d b chy thnh keo bm trn sc mng v xilanh, lm xu thm iu kin lm vic, thm ch lm b sc mng. - Chu lc va p ln: khi lm vic, lc kh th v lc qun tnh tc dng ln sc mng, cc lc ny c gi tr rt ln, lun thay i v tr s v chiu tc dng nn gy ra va p mnh gia sc mng v rnh sc mng. - Chu mi mn: khi lm vic, sc mng ma st vi vch xi lanh rt ln. Cng ma st ca sc mng chim n 5060% ton b cng tn tht c gii ca ng c t 16

Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

trong. Sc mng s d ma st ln v mi mn nhiu (nht l sc mng kh th nht) l do p sut tip xc ca sc mng tc dng ln vch xi lanh ln, tc trt ln m bi trn li rt km, b n mn ho hc v mi mn bi cc tp cht sinh ra trong qu trnh chy hoc c ln trong kh np v trong du nhn. 1.3.3.2. Hao mn sc mng Mn Mn P = 3 5 kg

Mn lng
Hnh 1.19. Hao mn sec mng Hnh 1.20. Kim tra lc bung ca sc mng

- Sc mng hao mn phn ming v phn lng l nhiu nht, hnh 1.19. i vi sc mng t my ko khi khe h ming = 1,5 2mm th loi b. - Mn theo chiu cao ch yu mn cc gc. Khi mn nhiu lc bung gim kim tra nh hnh 1.20. Th b dy sc mng: ln trong rnh sc mng khng o l c.

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