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B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC DN LP HI PHNG
BO CO TT NGHIP
NGNH: CNG NGH THNG TIN
Lp
: CT901
M s: 090036
Kho:9
Hi Phng,3/2009
Bo Co n Tt Nghip _Hong Chnh Ngha _Ct90125
LI CM N
hon thnh bi bo co thc tp ny, trc ht, em xin cm n cc thy gio, c
gio Khoa Cng ngh thng tin Trng i hc Dn lp Hi Phng, nhng ngi dy
d, trang b cho em nhng kin thc chuyn mn trong bn nm hc,v gip chng em
hiu r hn cc lnh vc nghin cu hon thnh ti c giao.
Em xin by t lng bit n xu sc nht ti thy gio Thc s Vn Chiu, ngi
hng dn, ch bo tn tnh em hon thnh qu trnh thc tp.
Xin cm n bn b v gia nh ng vin c v, ng gp kin, trao i, ng
vin trong sut qu trnh hc cng nh lm tt nghip, gip em hon thnh ti ng
thi hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n !
Hi Phng, thng 6 nm 2009
Sinh vin
MUC LUC
LI M U..........................................................................................................................4
CHNG I- TM HIU V BI TON LP LCH............................................................5
1.1 Tm hiu chung...................................................................................................................5
1.2 Cc c tnh ca bi ton lp lch.......................................................................................6
1.3 Bi Ton Lp Lch Thi Kho Biu...................................................................................6
1.3.1 Gii thiu bi ton.....................................................................................................6
1.3.2 D liu bi ton.........................................................................................................6
1.4 Mt s bc c bn gii quyt bi ton lp lch thi kho biu...................................7
CHNG II-GII THUT DI TRUYN (GAs)..................................................................8
2.1 Tm hiu chung v Gas.......................................................................................................8
2.2. Cc ton t ca gii thut di truyn
.................................................................................................................................................12
2.3 Cc tham s ca gii thut di truyn................................................................................13
2.4. Cng thc ca Gii thut Di Truyn...............................................................................14
2.5. Cc thnh phn ca thut gii di truyn..........................................................................15
2.5.1 Khi ng qun th ban u....................................................................................15
nh gi c th...................................................................................................................15
2.5.3 Ton t lai ghp........................................................................................................16
Ton t t bin..................................................................................................................16
2.5.5 iu kin kt thc.....................................................................................................17
CHNG III- NG DNG GII THUT DI TRUYN VO BI TON XP LCH THI
KHO BIU..........................................................................................................................17
3.1 Giai on 1 - xp lch hc cc lp....................................................................................18
3.1.1 Chn m hnh c th..................................................................................................18
3.1.2 To qun th ban u................................................................................................21
3.1.3 thch nghi - chn c th.......................................................................................22
3.1.4 Thut ton lai ghp v t bin.................................................................................23
3.2 Giai on 2 - xp lch hc cho ton b c s...................................................................24
3.2.1 Chn m hnh c th..................................................................................................24
3.2.2 To qun th ban u...............................................................................................25
3.2.3 thch nghi - chn c th......................................................................................25
3.2.4 Thut ton lai ghp v t bin................................................................................26
3.2.5 Chn im dng thut ton......................................................................................27
CHNG IV- THIT K H THNG LP LCH THI KHA BIU..........................27
4.1 Thit k c s d liu bi ton.........................................................................................27
4.2 Cc i tng ca lch hc...............................................................................................28
4.3 Biu din nhim sc th....................................................................................................29
4.4 Cc tham s ca gii thut di truyn................................................................................30
4.4.1 Php lai ghp............................................................................................................31
4.4.2 Php t bin.............................................................................................................35
4.6 thch nghi....................................................................................................................36
4.7 Chng trnh thc nghim...............................................................................................39
Kt lun v hng pht trin.................................................................................................42
Ti Liu Tham Kho..............................................................................................................43
LI M U
Trong ngnh khoa hc my tnh, tm kim li gii ti u cho cc bi
ton l vn c cc nh khoa hc my tnh c bit rt quan tm. Mc ch
chnh ca cc thut ton tm kim li gii l tm ra li gii ti u nht cho bi
ton trong thi gian nh nht. Cc thut ton nh tm kim khng c thng tin /
vt cn ( tm kim trn danh sch, trn cy hoc th ) s dng phng php
n gin nht v trc quan nht hoc cc thut ton tm kim c thng tin s
dng heurictics p dng cc tri thc v cu trc ca khng gian tm kim
nhm gim thi gian cn thit cho vic tm kim c s dng nhiu nhng ch
vi khng gian tm kim nh v khng hiu qu khi tm kim trong khng
gian tm kim ln. Tuy nhin, trong thc tin c rt nhiu bi ton ti u vi
khng gian tm kim rt ln cn phi gii quyt. V vy, vic i hi thut gii
cht lng cao v s dng k thut tr tu nhn to c bit rt cn thit khi gii
quyt cc bi ton c khng gian tm kim ln. Thut gii di truyn (genetic
algorithm) l mt trong nhng k thut tm kim li gii ti u p ng c
yu cu ca nhiu bi ton v ng dng.
Thut gii di truyn c pht minh ra bt chc qu trnh pht trin
t nhin trong iu kin quy nh sn ca mi trng. Cc c im ca qu
trnh ny thu ht s ch ca John Holand ( i hc Michigan) ngay t
nhng nm 1970. Holand tin rng s gn kt thch hp trong thut gii my tnh
c th to ra mt k thut gip gii quyt cc vn kh khn ging nh trong t
nhin din ra-thng qua qu trnh tin ha.
Trn th gii hin nay, Thut Gii Di Truyn kt hp vi Cng ngh thng
tin c ng dng gii quyt nhng vn phc tp trong h thng in mt
cch rt hiu qu. Nhng trong ti ny, chng ta nghin cu ng dng Thut
Gii Di Truyn xp Thi kho biu trong trng i hc.
Ni dung bo co gm li ni u v bn chng chnh:
Chng 1- Tm hiu v bi ton lp lch
Chng 2- Gii thut di truyn
Chng 3- ng dng gii thut Di truyn vo bi ton sp xp thi
kho biu
Chng 4- Thip k h thng lp lich thi kho biu
Danh sch c s
Danh sch lp hc
phng
1.4 Mt s bc c bn gii quyt bi ton lp lch thi kho biu
Bc 1. Khi to d liu thi kha biu mi
Bc 2. Nhp, iu chnh d liu gc thi kha biu
Bc 3. Nhp, sa, iu chnh cc rng buc chnh ca thi kha biu
Cc rng buc chnh ca thi kha biu l nhm cc d liu c nhim v
nh hnh v khun dng ca thi kha biu. y l nhm cc lnh rt quan
trng ca bi ton v phn mm thi kha biu.
Bc 4. Nhp bng Phn cng ging dy (PCGD)
Bng phn cng ging dy (hay cn gi l Phn cng chuyn mn) l phn
d liu quan trng nht v phc tp nht ca mi thi kha biu. Bng ny ch ra
cc phn cng c th ca thi kha biu: gio vin no dy lp no, mn hc no
v mt tun dy bao nhiu tit
Bc 5. Chun b xp thi kha biu
Bc 6. Xp t ng TKB
Bc 7. iu chnh, tinh chnh d liu thi kha biu
Bc 8. Hon thin thi kha biu (s dng RAD)
Bc 9. In n TKB
Bc 10. Tng hp, thng k v truy vn thng tin thi kha biu
10
Bt u
t =0;
Khi to P(t)
Khi to qun th
Tnh thch nghi cho cc c th thuc P(t);
Khi (iu kin dng cha tha) lp
t = t + 1;
M ho cc bin
Chn lc P(t)
Lai P(t)
t bin P(t)
Ht lp
Kt thc
nh gi thch nghi
Chn lc
Lai ghp
t bin
Khng
Tho
Kt qu
Kt thc
11
12
+ Ton t di c
+ Ton t nghch o
+ Ton t t bin
+ Ton t lai ghp
o Lai ghp mt im (one-point crossover)
o Lai ghp hai im (two-point crossover)
o Lai ghp N im (N-point crossover)
o Lai ghp ng nht (Uniform crossover)
2.3 Cc tham s ca gii thut di truyn.
Xc sut lai ghp: l tham s cho bit tn sut thc hin ton t lai ghp.
Nu khng c lai ghp, c th con s chnh l bn sao ca c th cha m. Nu
xc sut lai ghp bng 100%, khi mi c th con u c to ra qua qu trnh
lai ghp.
Xc sut t bin: l tham s cho bit tn sut t bin ca nhim sc th.
Nu khng c t bin, th h con c to ra ngay sau giai on lai ghp m
khng b thay i. Ngc li, mt hoc mt s phn ca nhim sc th s b thay
i. Nu xc sut t bin l 100%, ton b nhim sc th s b thay i. Nu
tham s ny bng 0%, khng c g b thay i ht
Kch thc qun th: l tham s cho bit c bao nhiu c th (NST) trong
1 th h ca qun th. Nu c qu t c th, kh nng thc hin lai ghp rt nh
v khi ch c mt vng tm kim nh mi c kho st. Ngc li, vic kch
13
vi f(vi) l hm mc tiu
14
Tin trnh chn lc c thc hin bng cch quay bnh xe rulet kch
thc qun th ln. Mi ln chn ra mt nhim sc th t qun th hin hnh vo
qun th mi theo cch sau:
Pht sinh mt s ngu nhin r trong khong [0, 1]
Nu r < q1th chn nhim sc th v1, ngc li chn nhim sc th vi (2
i kch thc qun th) sao cho qi-1 < r qi
2.5. Cc thnh phn ca thut gii di truyn
2.5.1 Khi ng qun th ban u
To qun th u tin trong thut gii, l ni xut pht qu trnh tin ha,
bao gm tt c cc gi tr th ban u. Ty theo vn ca bi ton m c cch
khi ng khc nhau. Trc mt bi ton p dng thut gii di truyn, ta cn
phi xc nh r nhim sc th v c th cho vn , v thng thng s kt
qu cui cng. Vic phn tch s da trn kt qu l c bn nht.
nh gi c th
Chc chn rng vic chn c th s thng qua kt qu, hay mc ch ca
vn . Da trn mc thch nghi ca c th, bao gm nhng vng mc m c
th gp phi. Thng thng, t mi vn nh tng ng vi mt gi tr im
thch nghi, kt qu nh gi gm tng cc s im . C th tt nht s c s
im thp nht hoc ln nht.
Theo thuyt tin ha ca Darwin, nhim sc th tt nht s tn ti v to ra
cc c th con mi. C nhiu phng php chn cc nhim sc th tt nht.
1)
2)
15
Partial Mapped
Crossover)
2) Lai ghp c trt t (OX Order Crossover)
3) Lai ghp da trn v tr (Position Based Crossover)
4) Lai ghp da trn th t (Order Base Crossover)
5) Lai ghp c chu trnh (CX Cycle Crossover)
6) Lai ghp th t tuyn tnh (LOX Linear Order Crossover)
Ton t t bin
Cng ging nh lai ghp, ton t t bin lm tng nhanh qu trnh hi t,
nhng tng mt cch t ngt, cng c khi s khng gy tc dng g mt khi
khng thnh cng. Khng ai c th nh gi c phng php t bin no tt
hn, do c mt vi phng php n gin, cng c vi trng hp kh phc
tp. Ngi ta thng chn mt trong nhng phng php sau :
1) t bin o ngc (Inversion Mutation)
2) t bin chn (Insertion Mutation)
3) t bin thay th (Displacement Mutation)
16
17
C hai giai on tuy c mc tiu v d liu khc nhau, nhng v cch gii
quyt c tnh tng t nhau, nn khng khc g nhiu khi p dng vo m hnh
thut gii di truyn.
3.1 Giai on 1 - xp lch hc cc lp
3.1.1 Chn m hnh c th
Lch hc ca mt lp c hai thnh phn chnh, bao gm: cc mn hc v
cc gi hc trong tun. Vic t ngu nhin cc mn hc vi cc gi hc s to
thnh mt lch hc cho tng lp. Nh vy mt lp hc tng ng s c nhiu
lch hc khc nhau, do ta chn mi lch hc lm c th trong thut gii di
truyn.
V trong hai thnh phn , th cc gi hc l thnh phn n nh hn v
s lng cng nh v gi tr ca chng, cho nn ta chn mn hc lm n v
nhim sc th trong c th. V i vi mn hc vic lm nhim sc th l ph
hp vi tnh khng n nh ca n : vi s lng cc mn ph thuc tng lp
hc, cng ging nh s lng nhim sc th trong c th, c chiu di khng
nht thit phi c nh hay bng nhau. Ngoi ra cha k n tnh phc tp ca
Bo Co n Tt Nghip _Hong Chnh Ngha _Ct90125
18
Mn
......
hc 2
Mn
hc n
Mn hc a c 1 ln hc.
Mn hc b c 2 ln hc.
Mn hc d c 1 ln hc.
Chng ta s phn b cc nhim sc th nh sau:
19
(ln 1)
(ln 2)
..... .
1
...
Th by
3 3
.
...
...
1 2
..
0 1
V d: v cch xp v tr tit hc trong lch hc.
...
3
5
Mn hc a tit bt u 0 s tit cn hc l 3
Mn hc b tit bt u 3 s tit cn hc l 2
Mn hc c tit bt u 8 s tit cn hc l 4
Mn hc d tit bt u 12 s tit cn hc l 3
Phn b cc mn hc trn lch hc nh sau:
Th
hai
Th
ba
Th
.... ..
Th
by
12
30
13
31
a(1
)
1
20
a(2
)
2
a(3
c(1)
b(1
c(2)
10
b(2
c(3)
11
14
32
15
33
16
34
17
35
)
c(4)
21
kim tra ny nht thit phi lm, v trong lc lai ghp, t bin, c th gy ra sai
22
lch. Cho nn tt nht ta phi kim tra chng. Ging nh lc khi ng, ta dng
mt bin cha tt c gi hc cc mn gip cho vic nh gi. Tng t cc
rng buc gio vin v lp. Mi vn s c mt bin lu tr gi lm vic,
trnh cc tit hc theo qui nh m ta ghi nhn cho mt gio vin hay lp hc
tng ng.
C nhiu cch chn mt c th tt. Chn cch tnh theo thch nghi
cao nht hoc thp nht. Thng thng, ngi ta chn cch tnh tt nht. y,
chng ta cng chn cch tnh tt nht tc l xp theo gi tr gim dn ca gi tr
b pht theo thch nghi.
3.1.4 Thut ton lai ghp v t bin
V thut ton lai ghp, ta dng lai ghp on: ly ngu nhin mt on
nhim sc th bn nhim sc th cha, s cn li s ly bn nhim sc th m.
Cn thut ton t bin : ch vic hon v hai nhim sc th mt cch ngu
nhin trong c th. Ta c th sa thng s xc xut v t bin, lai ghp ca
chng trnh trong lc chy thc thi.
Phn ny p dng thc thi cho tt c cc lp trong mt c s, tng ng
vi mi lp s c mt file lu tr tt c cc lch lp m c th s dng, di hnh
thc cc nhim sc th trong qun th. Ngoi mc ch xem xt kim tra, chng
cn c dng lm thng tin chy lch c s sau ny.
23
Lch
lp 1
.......
lp 2
Lch
lp n
File 1
0
.
.
.
24
n
1
Ging nh trong lch lp, c th lch c s cng phi qua mt giai on
kim tra ban u, c th mc t dc dng ng ca mt lch c s. l
vic t cc lp hc vo cc phng trong c s, khng phi chn phng cho lp
m l kim tra phng vi lp, xem c th ph hp vi c s hay khng v mt
kch thc hin c. Nu vic kim tra ny khng thc hin c th bi ton n
y kt thc.
3.2.2 To qun th ban u
Qun th khi u gm nhng c th c to ra nh m hnh trn, nhng
thng tin cc lp hc phi c chn cng trong mt bui hc thuc c s, v c
file lch lp y . y kch thc c th l s lp hin c, cho nn di hay
ngn ty theo c s, cng ging nh lch lp chiu di c tnh theo s mn
hin c ca lp.
Cng vic ny s tn rt nhiu thi gian, v cng vic c file kim tra,
nhng qun th s cho ra kt qu ng nht v mt p dng bi ton vo thut
gii di truyn.
3.2.3 thch nghi - chn c th
Giai on hi t c th trong qun th, trn c bn vic nh gi c s ty
theo s lp, s gi hc v s phng hc. Phng hc phi hp l v sc cha ca
25
26
27
28
Biu din c th
Bo Co n Tt Nghip _Hong Chnh Ngha _Ct90125
29
Vector<list<CourseClass*>>_slots;
Bng lp dnh cho nhim sc th dc dng quyt nh slot u tin
ca lp
//c s dng quyt nh khe thi gian u tin c s dng bi lp hc
Hash_map<CourseClass*, int> _classes;
ng thi nhim sc th c lu tr nhng gi tr ph hp v nhng
tham s bng vic s dng cc thao to ca gii thut
Nhng gi tr ph hp c lu tr ti:
Float_fitness;
//Cc c ca s tha cc rang buc lp
Vector<bool>_criteria;
4.4 Cc tham s ca gii thut di truyn
S im lai ghp ca cc bng lp cha m
int_numberOfCrossoverPoints= 2 ;
S lng nhng lp m c di chuyn ngu nhin bi thao tc t bin
n gin
int_mutationSize= 2 ;
Xc sut lai ghp s xy ra
int_crossoverProbability= 80% ;
Xc sut t bin s xy ra
int_mutationProbability= 3% ;
Bo Co n Tt Nghip _Hong Chnh Ngha _Ct90125
30
31
mi. Lai ghp 'Tch' bng bm ca c hai nhim sc th cha m thnh cc phn
c kch thc ngu nhin. S ca cc thnh phn c xc nh bi s lng cc
im lai ghp (cng thm mt) theo cc tham s ca nhim sc th. Sau , n
sao chp thay lun phin cc phn nhim sc th cha m mu thnh cc nhim
sc th mi, v cc hnh thc thao tc lai ghp
//
//
//
//
//
32
33
34
35
Mi lp hc c th c t 0 n 5 v tr.
36
37
V tiu ch cui cng chng ta cn kim tra l liu nhm sinh vin ca lp
c phi hc mt lp no khc ti cng mt thi im khng, v nu
khng chng ta tng score ca lp .
38
39
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