TRNG H CNG NGHIP H NI

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KHOA CNG NGH

MC LC

Contents
MC LC.............................................................................................. 1
M U ................................................................................................ 4
PHN I: TNG QUAN ....................................................................... 5
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V NC ............................................. 5
1.1.NC .............................................................................................. 5
1.2.NC MT .................................................................................... 6
1.3.NC THI ................................................................................... 6
1.4. KHI QUT V NHIM NC ........................................... 8
1.5. NHIM NC MT ................................................................ 9
CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V PHOTPHO TNG S ............... 11
2.1.KHI NIM .................................................................................. 11
2.2.PHN LOI PHOTPHO ............................................................. 11
2.3.TNH CHT CA PHOTPHO ................................................... 12
2.4.VAI TR CA PHOTPHO ......................................................... 12
2.5.THC TRNG NHIM PHOTPHO HIN NAY ................ 13
2.6.NGUYN NHN GY NHIM ............................................. 13
2.7.NH HNG CA PHOTPHO TNG ................................... 14
2.7.1. nh hng i vi mi trng t ......................................... 14
2.7.2.nh hng i vi mi trng nc ....................................... 15
2.7.3.nh hng i vi con ngi ................................................... 17
CHNG 3: TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP PHN TCH
QUANG PH HP TH UV-VIS .............................................................. 18
3.1.PHNG PHP TRC QUANG .............................................. 18
3.1.1.Khi nim.................................................................................... 18
3.1.2.Phn loi ..................................................................................... 18
3.2.PHNG PHP PT QUANG PH HP TH UV-VIS ......... 18
3.2.1. nh lut v s hp th nh sng ............................................ 18
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3.2.2. Cc nguyn nhn gy ra s sai lch nh lut Lambert - Beer

......................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.3. Cc phng php nh lng trong quang ph hp th phn
t ..................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.3.1.Phng php dy tiu chun ( PP thang mu )..................... 22
3.2.3.2. Phng php cp i ( hay PP chun so mu )............... 24
3.2.3.3. Phng php cn bng (PP t l so snh). ............................ 25
3.2.3.4. Phng php ng chun ................................................... 26
3.2.3.5. Phng php thm chun ...................................................... 28
3.2.3.6. Phng php vi sai ................................................................. 28
CHNG 4: CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH PHOTPHO
TNG S ....................................................................................................... 30
4.1. PHNG PHP CHUN TRUNG HA (hm lng ln)
......................................................................................................................... 32
4.2. PHNG PHP KHI LNG (khi hm lng ln) .......... 32
4.3. PHNG PHP TRC QUANG ............................................. 33
PHN 2: KT QU THC NGHIM ............................................ 35
CHNG 1: CHUN B ................................................................... 35
1.1. NGUYN TC ............................................................................. 35
1.2. DNG C - HA CHT ............................................................ 35
1.2.1. Dng c ...................................................................................... 35
1.2.2. Ha cht ..................................................................................... 36
1.2.2.1. Axit H2SO4 30% ...................................................................... 36
1.2.2.2. K2S2O8 ...................................................................................... 36
1.2.2.3. Dung dch Vanadat Molipdat .............................................. 36
1.2.2.4. Dung dch HCl long (dd ra) ............................................... 36
1.2.2.5. Dung dch ch th phenolphtalein .......................................... 36
1.2.2.6.Than hot tnh.......................................................................... 36
1.2.2.7. Dung dch chun PO43- ( 50mg PO43- - P/l ) .......................... 36
1.3. LY MU BO QUN MU ................................................ 37
1.4.CHUN B MU .......................................................................... 37
1.4.1 Lc s b ..................................................................................... 37
1.4.2 Thy phn axit s b ................................................................. 38
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CHNG 2: KHO ST CC IU KIN TI U .................. 39

2.1.KHO ST BC SNG TI U (max) ................................ 39
2.2. KHO ST THI GIAN TI U ............................................ 39
2.3. KHO ST pH TI U............................................................. 40
2.4. KHO ST LNG THUC TH......................................... 40
2.5. KHO ST KHONG NNG TUYN TNH ................. 41
2.6. KHO ST ION CN TR ...................................................... 42
2.7. DNG NG CHUN ........................................................... 42
CHNG 3: O MU THC ......................................................... 43
3.1.PH MU...................................................................................... 43
3.2.O MU ........................................................................................ 43
3.3.TNH TON KT QU .............................................................. 43
3.4. SAI S - X L KT QU THC NGHIM ........................ 43
KT LUN .......................................................................................... 44
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................. 45

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M U
Hin nay mi trng tr thnh vn chung ca ton nhn loi v
c c th gii quan tm.Nm trong khung cnh chung ca ton th gii,
c bit l khu vc Chu -Thi Bnh Dng, Chu Phi, mi trng Vit
Nam ca chng ta hin nay ang xung cp tng ngy,nguy c mt cn bng
sinh thi.C rt nhiu vn hin nay rt c quan tm l s cn kit cc
ngun ti nguyn, ph rng...lm nh hng ti cht lng cuc sng v s
pht trin bn vng ca t nc.
Hin nay vn nhim nc rt c quan tm.Trong qu trnh sinh
hot hng ngy, di tc pht trin nh hin nay con ngi v tnh lm
nhim ngun nc bng cc ha cht, cht thi t cc nh my, x nghip.
Cc n v c nhn s dng nc ngm di hnh thc khoan ging sau khi
ngng khng s dng khng bt kn cc l khoan li lm cho nc bn chy
ln vo lm nhim ngun nc ngm. Cc nh my x nghip x khi bi
cng nghip vo khng kh lm nhim khng kh, khi tri ma, cc cht
nhim ny s ln vo trong nc ma cng gp phn lm nhim ngun
nc.
Hm lng Pht pho tng trong nc cng l nguyn nhn gy nhim
nc.
Vic nghin cu, tm hiu pht pho tng ng vai tr quan trng v t
ta c th tm c bin php x l lm sch mi trng nc.
Xut pht t thc t , ni dung n chuyn ngnh ca em l: Phn
tch hm lng phot pho tng trong nc song m - x Ty Tu T
Lim H Ni. Em hy vng vi nhng kt qu thc nghim thu c s
cho thy r hn v tnh hnh nhim hin nay ca sng m.
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PHN I: TNG QUAN

CHNG I: TNG QUAN V NC
1.1.NC

Cc loi ngun nc dng cp nc

cung cp nc sch, c th khai thc t cc ngun nc thin nhin
( thng gi l nc th) ti nc mt, nc ngm,nc bin.
Nc mt: bao gm cc ngun nc trong cc h cha, sng sui. Do
kt hp t cc dng chy trn b mt v thng xuyn tip xc vi khng kh
nn cc c trng ca nc mt l:
- Cha kh ho tan, c bit l oxy.
- Cha nhiu cht rn l lng ( ring trng hp nc trong cc
ao, m, h, cha t cht rn l lng v ch yu dng keo);
- C hm lng cht hu c cao.
- C s hin din ca nhiu loi to.
- Cha nhiu vi sinh vt.
Nc ngm: c khai thc t cc tng cha di t. Cht lng nc
ngm ph thuc vo cu trc a tng m nc thm qua. Do vy nc chy
qua cc tng a tng cha ct hoc granit thng c tnh axit v cha t cht
khong. Khi chy qua a tng cha vi th nc thng c cng v
kim hydrocacbonat kh cao. Ngoi ra, cc c trng chung ca nc ngm
l:
- c thp;
- Nhit v thnh phn ho hc tng i n nh;
- Khng c oxy, nhng c th cha nhiu kh H2S, CO2,...
- Cha nhiu cht khong ho tan, ch yu l st, mangan, canxi,
magie,flo
- Khng c s hin din ca vi sinh vt.
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Nc bin: thng c mn rt cao. Hm lng mui trong nc

bin thay i tu theo v tr a l: khu ca sng, gn hay xa b. Ngoi ra
nc bin thng c nhiu cht l lng, ch yu l cc phiu sinh ng - thc
vt.
1.2.NC MT

Nc mt cng do ma cung cp. mt s ni th do hin tng tan

tuyt to ra. Thng gm cc loi sau:
Nc sng: thng c lu lng ln, d khai thc, cng v
hm lng st nh. Nhng hm lng cn cao, nhiu vi trng
nn gi thnh s l t. N thng c s thay i ln theo ma
viet nam nhit , lu lng, mc nc.
Nc sui: ma kh rt trong, lu lng nh, ma l lu lng
ln, c nhiu ct si.
Nc h, m: tng i trong tuy nhin chng c mu kh
cao do nh hng ca rong, ru v cc thy sinh vt.
1.3.NC THI

Nc qua s dng gi l nc thi. Nc thi thot ra t nh

my, bnh vin, phng th nghim, nh my, cc c s sn xut
th cng ca lng ngh, cc c s chn nui, trng trt,... chy
qua mt h thng cng nhng khng qua x l thng vo
sng, h lm they i cht lng nc b mt, gy ra nhim
cho mi trng nc. Cc biu hin ca s thay i cht lng
nc dn n tnh trng nhim mi trng nc. C th nhn
bit s nhim ny bng trc gic, song nhn bit chnh xc
phi xc nh hm lng c th cc cht ha tan.
Bng trc gic c th thy c cc cht c hm lng tng i
cao c hm lng ha tan trong v nc thi c nhng biu
hin c trng:
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c: nc thi khng trong sut. Cc cht rn khng tan to

ra cc huyn ph l lng. Cc cht lng khng tan to dng nh
tng l lng hoc to vng trn mt nc. S xut hin ca cc
cht keo lm cho nc c nht.
Mu sc: nc t nhin khng c mu. S xut hin mu trong
nc thi rt d nhn bit. Mu ca cc cht ha hc cn li sau
khi s dng tan theo ngun nc thi. Mu c sinh ra do s
phn gii ca cc cht lc u khng c mu. Mu xanh l s
pht trin ca to lam trong nc. Mu vng l biu hin c s
phn gii v chuyn i cu trc sang cc hp cht trung gian
ca cc cht hu c. Mu en biu hin ca s phn gii gn n
mc cui cng ca cc cht hu c
Mi: nc t nhin khng c mi. Mi ca nc thi ch yu l
do s phn hy cc hp chat hu c trong thnh phn c cc
nguyn t N, P, S...
V: nc t nhin khng c v v trung tnh vi pH=7. Nc c
v chua l do tng axit ca nc (pH<7). V nng l biu hin
ca kim (pH>7). V mn cht l do mt s mui v c ha tan,
in hnh l NaCl c v mn, mui ca Mg c v cht
Nhit : ty theo tng ma nhit ca nc s theya i.
Nc b mt vit Nam dao ng t 14,30C - 33,50C.Ngun gc
gy nhim nhit chnh l nhit ca cc ngun nc thi t
cc b phn lm lnh ca cc nh my.
dn in: cc mui v c ha tan trong nc to thnh cc
ion, ;m cho nc c kh nng dn in. dn in ca nc
ph thuc vo nng v kh nng linh ng ca cc ion. V

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vy kh nng dn in ca nc cng phn nh mc nhim

mi trng nc.

nhn bit chnh xc phi xc nh hm lng c th cc

cht ha tan, cc ch tiu khc nh COD, BOD, tng Nit, tng
phot pho, canxi tng, st, mangan...

1.4. KHI QUT V NHIM NC

nhim nc l s suy thoi cht lng nc c o bi cc tiu

chun sinh hc, ha hc v vt l. S suy gim ny c nh gi da theo
vic s dng nc, khng ng tiu chun, v sc khe cng ng hay tc
ng sinh thi. T sc khe cng ng hay quan im sinh thi, cht nhim
l nhng cht vt qu gii hn cho php m gy hi n cc i sng ca
sinh vt. Nh vy, lng d ca kim loi nng, cht ng vi phng x,
photpho, nit, natri, v nhng nguyn t cn thit khc, cng nh vi rt, vi
khun gy bnh, tt c u l cht gy nhim. Mt vi cht c th l cht
nhim trong mt giai on ring bit mc d n khng gy hi nhng giai
on khc. V d, d Natri nh l mui khng gy nguy him, nhng i vi
mt s ngi trong ch n king li hn ch ly vo v mc ch y hc.
Nhng vn lin quan n nhim nc rt nhiu. c bit l thi
gian lu tr v s lng lu tr nc trong nhiu giai on ca chu k
nc.V d, nc sng c thi gian lu tr trung bnh khong 2 tun. V
th, khi b nhim (khng lin quan n nhn t trm tch di y sng, l
kt qu ca mt qu trnh di), m lin quan n chu k ngn v nc s mau
chng thot khi mi trng sng. Mt khc s nhim tng t s a vo
h hoc bin, ni m thi gian lu tr s di hn v kh gii quyt vn
nhim hn.
Nc mt, khng ging nh nc sng, c thi gian lu tr di (hng
trm nm ti hng nghn nm). V th s di chuyn ca cht nhim t nc
mt l mt qu trnh rt chm v s phc hi rt tn km v kh khn.
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S nhim nc c th c ngun gc t nhin hay nhn to:

-S nhim c ngun gc t nhin l do ma, tuyt tan, gi bo, l
lt

Nc ma ri xung mi nh, mt t, ng ph th, khu cng

nghip ko theo cc cht bn xung sng, h hoc cc sn phm ca cc

hot ng sng ca sinh vt, k c xc cht ca chng. S nhim ny gi l
nhim din.
-S nhim nhn to ch yu do x nc thi t cc khu dn c, khu
cng nghip, hot ng giao thong vn ti, thuc tr su, phn bn trong nng
nghip

vo mi trng nc.

Theo thi gian,cc dng gy nhim c th din ra thng xuyn hoc

tcthi do s c ri ro.
Theo bn cht ca cc tc nhn gy nhim, ngi ta phn bit:
nhim v c, nhim hu c, nhim ha cht, nhim vi sinh vt, c hc
hay vt l ( nhim nhit hoc do cc cht l lng khng tan), nhim phng
x.
Theo phm vi thi vo mi trng nc, ngi ta phn bit: nhim
im ( nhim t mt ming cng thi nh my ) v nhim din (v d
nhim t mt v trn du trn mt vng bin).
Theo v tr khng gian, ngi ta phn bit: nhim sng, nhim h,
nhim bin, nhim nc mt, nhim nc ngm
1.5. NHIM NC MT

S nhim nc mt xy ra khi c qu nhiu dng cht c hi trong

nc, nhiu hn kh nng ca h sinh thi cho php, s dng hoc di
chuyn cht nhim, hoc bin i n thnh dng t c hi hn.
Nc nhim c pht tn t ngun tp trung ( nhim im) hoc
c khuch tn t cc ngun khng tp trung ( nhim din).
Cc ngun gy nhim tp trung:

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Cc ngun gy nhim ri rc v hn hp, nh l cc ng dn ra

sng sui t cc khu cng nghip hoc th. Thng thng, ngun gy
nhim t khu cng nghip c kim sot trong khu x l v c iu
chnh bng giy php. Trong cc thnh ph lu i thuc vng ng bc v
h ln ca M, phn ln cc ngun gy nhim c ra t cc h thng
cng kt hp h thng dng chy ca nc l v rc t cc khu th. Trong
lc ma ln, dng nc chy mnh trong thnh ph vt qu sc cha ca h
thng cng lm cho nc dng ln v trn ra ngoi, lm pht tn cht
nhim ln tng nc mt.
Mt nguyn tc quan trng ca vic hn ch cht nhim l nc t
cc ngun khc nhau th khng nn ha ln vo nhau. Chng phi c tch
nhau ra theo cc mc ch a nh trc. V d, dng cht thi nng nghip
c cha nhiu nitrat v thuc tr su nn c gi xa dng nc chy phc
v cho nhu cu s dng th. y l vn quan trng nht ca h thng
phn phi nc trn din tch rng cung cp cho nhiu ngi s dng khc
nhau theo cc yu cu cht lng nc khc nhau.
Cc ngun gy nhim khng tp trung:
Cc ngun gy nhim khng tp trung khuch tn v khng lin tc.
Chng b nh hng bi cc nhn t nh vic s dng t, kh hu, thy h,
a hnh, thc vt t nhin, v a cht. Cht nhim t ngun khng tp
trung hay dng chy nhim rt kh kim sot. Nhng ngun gy nhim
khng tp trung ph bin thnh ph l t nhng con ng, cc cnh ng
c cha cc loi cht nhim, v t cc kim loi nng, cc cht ha hc, v
trm tch. Khi chng ta ra xe trn ng li xe vo nh, cht ty ra v du
trn b mt s chy xung cng ra knh rch, gp phn gy nhim dng
chy. Dng chy b nhim cn c to ra khi phun thuc tr su cho cy
trng, sau dng chy chy vo sng sui hoc thm nhp vo nc mt
lm nhim bn nc ngm. Tng t, nc ma v dng chy t nh my v
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bi kho l nhng ngun nhim khng tp trung. Nhng ngun nhim

khng tp trung ngoi thnh th lin quan ti nng nghip, lm nghip v
khai thc khong sn.

CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V PHOTPHO TNG S

2.1.KHI NIM

Tng lng photpho bao gm ortho photphat + poly-photphat + hp

cht photpho hu c trong ortho photphat lun chim t l cao nht.
Photphat c th dng ha tan, keo hay rn. Trc khi phn tch cn xc nh
dng tn ti ca photpho. Nu ch xc nh orth-photphat (mc ch kim sot
qu trnh kt ta photpho) th mu cn c lc trc khi phn tch. Tuy
nhin nu phn tch photpho tng (kim sot gii hn thi) th mu phi c
ng nht v sau c thy phn.
2.2.PHN LOI PHOTPHO

Pht pho tn ti di ba dng th hnh c bn c mu: trng, v en.

Cc dng th hnh khc cng c th tn ti. Ph bin nht l pht pho trng v
pht pho , c hai u cha cc mng gm cc nhm phn b kiu t din
gm 4 nguyn t phtpho. Cc t din ca pht pho trng to thnh cc nhm
ring; cc t din ca phtpho lin kt vi nhau thnh chui.
Phtpho trng chy khi tip xc vi khng kh hay khi b tip xc vi
ngun nhit v nh sng.
Phtpho cng tn ti trong cc dng a thch v mt ng hc v nhit
ng lc hc. Chng c tch ra nhit chuyn tip -3,8 C. Mt dng
gi l dng "alpha", dng kia gi l "beta". Phtpho l tng i n nh
v thng hoa p sut 1 atm v 170 C nhng chy do va chm hay nhit do
ma st. Th hnh phtpho en tn ti v c cu trc tng t nh graphit
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cc nguyn t c sp xp trong cc lp theo tm lc gic v c tnh dn

in.
2.3.TNH CHT CA PHOTPHO

Pht pho l mt nguyn t c nhiu trong t nhin di dng qung.

sinh vt, P c vai tr quan trng, c nhiu trong xng ng vt di dng
caxi phtphate, trong no, lng trng,di dng hp hu c..
Phootpho l 1 kim, nguyn t lng 31, t trng 1,83, im nng
chy 94oC, im si 278oC, khng tan trong nc, tan trong dung mi hu c.
L mt cht rn, d gy nhit thng, mm d un, c ba dng th hnh
l trng (vng), v phootpho pryromorphic
2.4.VAI TR CA PHOTPHO

Pht pho l mt yu t cn thit cho cuc sng. Sinh vt sng, bao gm

c con ngi, s hu mt s lng nh v yu t ny rt quan trng trong qu
trnh sn sinh nng lng ca t bo. Trong nng nghip, pht pho khai thc
t cc m c s dng rng ri ch bin lm phn bn gip tng nng
sut cy trng. Pht pho cng s dng cng nghip khc.
Phtpho l nguyn t quan trng trong mi dng hnh s sng bit.
Phtpho v c trong dng phtphat PO43- ng mt vai tr quan trng trong
cc phn t sinh hc nh ADN v ARN trong n to thnh mt phn ca
phn cu trc ct ty ca cc phn t ny. Cc t bo sng cng s dng
phtphat vn chuyn nng lng t bo thng qua ansin triphtphat
(ATP). Gn nh mi tin trnh trong t bo c s dng nng lng u c n
trong dng ATP. ATP cng l quan trng trong phtphat ha, mt dng iu
chnh quan trng trong cc t bo. Cc phtpholipit l thnh phn cu trc ch
yu ca mi mng t bo. Cc mui phtphat canxi c cc ng vt dng
lm cng xng ca chng. Trung bnh trong c th ngi cha khong
gn 1 kg phtpho, v khong ba phn t s nm trong xng v rng di

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dng apatit. Mt ngi ln n ung y tiu th v bi tit ra khong 1-3 g

phtpho trong ngy trong dng phtphat.
Theo thut ng sinh thi hc, phtpho thng c coi l cht dinh
dng gii hn trong nhiu mi trng, tc l kh nng c sn ca phtpho
iu chnh tc tng trng ca nhiu sinh vt. Trong cc h sinh thi s d
tha phtpho c th l mt vn , c bit l trong cc h thy sinh thi, xem
thm s dinh dng tt v bng n to
2.5.THC TRNG NHIM PHOTPHO HIN NAY

D tha pht pho t cc cnh ng v bi c ngoi cc thnh ph

xung cc ao, h, sng, sui l nguyn nhn chnh to pht trin, sau
chng i vo cc ngun nc v lm gim cht lng nc. nhim pht
pho gy nguy him cho c v cc loi thy sinh khc cng nh cc loi ng
vt v con ngi, nhng sinh vt sng ph thuc vo ngun nc sch. Trong
mt s trng hp, d tha pht pho cn gip to c pht trin, gy ra mi
e da trc tip n sinh mng con ngi v ng vt.
D tha pht pho trong mi trng l mt vn ch yu cc nc
cng nghip, phn ln Chu u, Bc M v mt s khu vc Chu . cc
khu vc khc, c bit l chu Phi v Australia, t rt ngho pht pho, gy ra
mt s mt cn bng dinh dng. Tr tru thay, t nhng ni nh Bc M,
khu vc m phn bn vi pht pho c s dng ph bin nht, li c rt
nhiu thnh phn ny.
2.6.NGUYN NHN GY NHIM

Hp cht photphat c tm thy trong nc thi hay c thi trc

tip vo ngun nc mt pht sinh t:
Tht thot t phn bn c trong t
Cht thi t ngi v ng vt
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Cc ha cht ty ra v lm sch
Vic s dng pht pho trn ton th gii, mt loi phn bn quan trng
trong nng nghip hin i phn ln, mt nhm nh nghin cu cnh bo
rng kho d tr pht pho th gii s sm khan him v vic s dng qu mc
trong mt th gii cng nghip ha l nguyn nhn hng u s nhim ca
cc h, sng, sui nh hin nay.
2.7.NH HNG CA PHOTPHO TNG

2.7.1. nh hng i vi mi trng t

Hin nay, nng nghip nc ta phi s dng phn ha hc v thuc tr
su, c di vi khi lng ngy cng ln. y l xu th tt yu bi l phn
ha hc v thuc tr su, tr c di c tc dng quyt nh n 40-50% mc
tng sn lng cy trng hng nm. Vn t ra y l cn c cc bin
php hu hiu nhm hn ch mt c hi ca nhng ha cht y i vi mi
trng sng v sc khe con ngi.
C hng trm loi ha cht tr dch hi v phn ha hc c a vo
nc ta. Theo nhiu nh nghin cu, trong khong hn 120 ha cht tr su
bnh thng dng th c ti 90 cht c hi, 33 cht gy t bin di truyn, 22
cht gy d dng khuyt tt, 14 cht gy u c v ung th cho cc loi ng
vt mu nng. Ni chung, hu ht cc loi phn ha hc v ha cht tr dch
bnh, c di t nhiu u gy c cho ngi v gia sc.
Mi loi ha cht c tnh cht ha l khc nhau nn c ch gy c
cng khc nhau. C th chia lm hai loi: Loi c mnh, cp tnh nguy him
v loi gy c t t, tch ly dn, gy tc hi mn tnh cho ngi.
Nhm c pht-pho phn hy tng i nhanh trong t, cy, trong c th
ngi v ng vt... Khi b nhim c nng, s nh hng r rt n h huyt
p, h hp, lm thay i chc nng ca h thn kinh, lm tn thng chc
nng bi tit ca thn v qu trnh trao i cht trong c th. Nu nhim c
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nhm Clo hu c, s tc ng mnh n h thn kinh, gy co git c, lm

nhp tim v h tiu ha ri lon.
2.7.2.nh hng i vi mi trng nc
Kh nng tn ti ca phosphat sinh hc hon ton ph thuc vo pH:
- pH thp (mi trng axit): phospho gn cht vi cc ht st v to
thnh cc cht tng hp khng tan vi ion st (v d Fe(OH)2H2PO4) v nhm
(Al(OH)2H2PO4). Do s xut hin ca ion Fe3+ v nhm trong t, ca cn
lng v nc, nn lng phospho ha tan rt thp trong iu kin axit. Khi
mi trng khng c oxy, phospho c c nh l cc phc hp st khng
tan, c th gii phng Fe3+, gim thnh Fe2+ v to thnh sunfit st.
- Trong iu kin pH cao (mi trng kim): phospho hnh thnh cc
hp cht khng ho tan khc nht l canxi (v d hydroxyapatite
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2). Trong iu kin hiu kh c Ca, Al v ion Fe th phosphat
tan nhiu nht pH = 6-7.
Photpho l ngun dinh dng quan trng cho thc vt v to. Trong
nc,
cc hp cht photpho tn ti 4 dng: Hp cht v c khng tan, hp cht v
c c tan, hp cht hu c tan v hp cht hu c khng tan. Nng cao
ca photpho trong nc gy ra s pht trin mnh ca to, khi to cht i qu
trnh phn hy k kh lm gim lng xi ha tan trong nc v iu ny gy
nh hng c hi vi i sng thy sinh.
Nit v photpho l hai nguyn t c bn ca s sng, chng c mt hu
ht trong mi hot ng lin quan n s sng vo trong nhiu ngnh cng
nghip, nng nghip. Khi thi 1 kg nit di dng hp cht ha hc v mi
trng nc s
sinh ra 20 kg COD; cng nh vy, khi thi 1 kg P s sinh ra 138 kg COD.
Trong
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ngun nc giu cht dinh dng (N,P) thng xy ra cc hin tng: to v

thy
sinh pht trin mnh to nn mt ln vo ban ngy hoc khi nhiu nng to
quang hp mnh. quang hp, to hp th kh CO2 hoc bicacbonat (HCO3)
trong nc v nh xi. pH ca nc tng nhanh, nht l khi ngun nc c
pH thp (tnh m thp do cn bng H2CO3 HCO3- - CO32-) vo cui bui
chiu; pH ca mt s ao, h giu dinh dng c th t gi tr trn 10. Nng
xi tan trong nc thng siu bo ha, ti 20mg/l.
Song song vi qu trnh quang hp l qu trnh h hp (phn hy cht
hu c to nng lng, ngc vi qu trnh quang hp) xy ra. Trong khi
h hp, to v thc vt thy sinh tiu th xy thi ra CO2 - l tc nhn lm
gim pH ca nc.
Trong cc ngun nc, nu hm lng N > 30 - 60 mg/l, P > 4-8 mg/l
s xy ramhin tng ph dng. Vo ban m hoc nhng ngy t nng, qu
trnh h hp din ra mnh m gy hin tng thiu xi v lm gim pH ca
nc. Do vy, vo bui sng thng xi trong nc cn kit v pH rt thp.
Hin tng ph dng cng xy ra h sinh thi bin, c bit vng
ca sng hay cc vnh kn hoc cc vng bin kn. To n hoa gy ra hin
tng thy
triu v phn hy h sinh thi thy sinh. V d, trong sut ma du lch trn
th
gii c khong 200 triu ngi du lch cng vi 85% nc thi khng c
x l t cc thnh ph ln thi ra bin s gy nhim bin nhiu ni. C
cht v gy
nhim trm tch.

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2.7.3.nh hng i vi con ngi

y l nguyn t c c tnh vi 50 mg l liu trung bnh gy cht
ngi (phtpho trng ni chung c coi l dng c hi ca phtpho trong
khi phtphat v orthophtphat li l cc cht dinh dng thit yu). Th hnh
phtpho trng cn c bo qun di dng ngm nc do n c hot
ng ha hc rt cao vi xy trong kh quyn v gy ra nguy him chy v
thao tc vi n cn c thc hin bng kp chuyn dng do vic tip xc
trc tip vi da c th sinh ra cc vt bng nghim trng. Ng c mn tnh
phtpho trng i vi cc cng nhn khng c trang b bo h lao ng tt
dn n chng cht hoi xng hm. Nut phi phtpho trng c th sinh ra
tnh trng m trong y t gi l "hi chng tiu chy khi". Cc hp cht hu
c ca phtpho to ra mt lp ln cc cht, mt s trong l cc k c.
Cc este floro photphat thuc v s cc cht c thn kinh c hiu lc mnh
nht m ngi ta bit. Mt lot cc hp cht hu c cha phtpho c s
dng bng c tnh ca chng lm cc thuc tr su, thuc dit c, thuc
dit nm v.v. Phn ln cc photphat v c l tng i khng c v l cc
cht dinh dng thit yu.
Khi photpho trng b a ra nh sng mt tri hay b t nng thnh
dng hi 250 C th n chuyn thnh dng photpho , v n khng t chy
trong khng kh, do vy n khng nguy him nh photpho trng. Tuy nhin,
vic tip xc vi n vn cn s thn trng do n cng c th chuyn thnh
dng photpho trng trong mt khong nhit nht nh v n cng ta ra
khi c c tnh cao cha cc oxit photpho khi b t nng.

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CHNG 3: TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP PHN TCH

QUANG PH HP TH UV-VIS
3.1.PHNG PHP TRC QUANG

3.1.1.Khi nim
Phn tch trc quang l tn gi chung ca cc phng php phn tch
quang hc da trn s tng tc chn lc gia cht cn xc nh vi nng
lng bc x thuc vng t ngoi, kh kin hoc hng ngoi. Nguyn tc ca
phng php trc quang l da vo lng nh sng b hp thu bi cht hp
thu tnh hm lng ca cht hp thu.
3.1.2.Phn loi
Phng php hp th quang: phng php ny da trn vic o cng
dng nh sng b cht mu hp thu chn lc
Phng php pht quang: da trn vic o cng dng nh sng
pht ra bi cht pht quang khi ta chiu mt dng nh sng vo cht pht
quang.
Phng php o c: phng php ny da trn vic o cng
dng nh sng b hp thu hoc b khuch tn bi h keo c iu ch t cht
cn phn tch.
3.2.PHNG PHP PT QUANG PH HP TH UV-VIS

3.2.1. nh lut v s hp th nh sng

(nh lut Lambert Beer).
Khi chiu 1 dng sng qua dung dch cht hp th nh sng th cht
ch hp th chn lc 1 s tia ty theo mu sc ca cht.
nh lut: Nu chiu 1 chm sng n sc c cng l Io qua 1
dung dch c b dy l b (cm) v nng l C (mol/l) th sau khi ra khi dung
dch n b hp th 1 phn nn cng ch cn li l I t ( It < Io ) v pt ca
nh lut l:
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It
10 bC
Io
Trong : C l nng ban u g/L, mg/L, mol/L, mmol/L
b l chiu dy ca cuvet (cm)
l h s hp th phn t gam.N c trng cho bn cht

ca cht hp th nh sng v sng nh sng n sc chiu vo dung dch khi

nng ca cht hp th l mol/l.
Cc i lng thng dng trong phng php trc quang.
- truyn qua (T Transmittance) hay gi l truyn quang,
truyn sut l t s gia hai cng tia chiu l ra I v tia n I0, k hiu l
T. truyn qua T ph thuc vo . T l i lng khng c th nguyn,
khng c tnh cng. truyn qua biu th trong sut ca dung dch mu
kho st ng vi bc sng cho .
truyn qua T =
i lng lg
dch (A) :

It
Io

I0
gi l mt quang D hay hp th quang ca dung
It

A= lg

I0
= bC
It

A ph thuc tuyn tnh vo C ca cht phn tch. A v T l 2 i lng

khng c th nguyn. T c gi tr t 100% - 0% hay t 1 0; A c gi tr t
0- .

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100

T (%)

50

0
0

A= lg

I0
= bC
It

T=

C,l 3

It
bC
= 10
Io

ng dng tnh cht cng tnh ca A

Tnh cng ca mt quang hay hp thu A
A = AA + AB = 1bC1 + 2bC2

Mt quang o c khi cht tan ho tan trong mt dung mi l mt

quang tng cng ca dung dch .
A = AX + Adm
A phn nh ng AX th Adm rt nh ( 0). tho mn iu
kin ny, ta nn chn dung mi c ph hp thu rt xa ph hp thu ca cht
tan.
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Nu trong hn hp gm nhng cu t cng hp th nhng chng khng

c tng tc ha hc vi nhau. Ta c th xc nh nng ca cc cu t
theo h thc sau : A= A1 + A2 + ...+ Ai + ...+ An.
Dung dch mu tun theo nh lut hp thu c bn nu tho mn cc
iu kin sau
C s trng kht cc ng ph - i vi cc dung dch c nng
khc nhau.
th biu din s ph thuc A C khi b = const l mt ng thng
i qua gc to .
Khi pha hai dung dch 1 v 2 sao cho C1b1 = C2b2 th cng t ta s c
A1 = 1bC1 = A2 = 2bC2
Cc ng ph A - vi nng Cn khc nhau u c cng max
th biu din mi quan h gia truyn qua T v lgC c im un
nm gi tr T = 0.368
3.2.2. Cc nguyn nhn gy ra s sai lch nh lut Lambert - Beer
Mc n sc ca nh sng ti. nh sng khng n sc thng dn
n lch m. Cht mu hp thu cc i max v ch max mi c s
tuyn tnh gia Aimax Ci v th Aimax Ci l mt ng thng, khi mt
quang l cc i. Mc n sc cng ln, kh nng tun theo nh lut
Lambert Beer cng ln.
Nng ln ca dung dch kho st: Nng ca dung dch ln s xy
ra tng tc in, i lng thay i, thng thng khi tng nng dung
dch, gi tr gim. S sai lch khi nh lut Lambert Beer thng l sai s
m.
S trng hp hoc kh trng hp phn t, s solvat ho hay hydrat ho
xy ra khi thay i nng cht hp thu; s to thnh cc hp cht trung
gian, phc ph, cc hp cht ng phn, to h keo hay s c mt ca cc
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cht in ly mnh, pH u c kh nng lm thay i hp thu ca dung

dch, lm sai lch khi nh lut Beer.
Ph hp th.
ng biu din s ph thuc ca hp thu A hoc vo di sng
(hay tn s sng ) gi l ph hp thu ca cht kho st.
Ph hp thu ca phn t l ph m gm mt hoc mt s m hp thu,
mi m u c dng ng phn b xc sut chun v khc nhau bi cng
hp thu v bc sng cc i max ca m. Trong trng hp n gin
phn t ch c mt tm mang mu th ph A = f() ch c mt gii ph c
dng i xng hnh chung.
3.2.3. Cc phng php nh lng trong quang ph hp th phn
t
3.2.3.1.Phng php dy tiu chun ( PP thang mu )
a) Nguyn tc.
- Chun b: Ngi ta chun b 10-15 ng so mu (ng nghim c ng
knh v cht lng thy tinh nh nhau).Sau ly vo mi ng nghim
nhng lng dd tiu chun ca cu t cn phn tch,pha long n th tch
nh nhau,thm vo c dy nhng lng thuc th bng nhau v tin hnh mi
ch ha cn thit nh nhau chuyn cu t X thnh hp cht c mu.dd
phn tch cng c chun b nh trn.

-Pha dy tiu chun:

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S ng

0,1

0,2

KHOA CNG NGH

. 10

15

dd ptch

1,4

X(mg/ml)

dd
Dd chun

0,9

Pha long

n th tch nh nhau

Lng thuc

Lng trong c dy nh nhau

th R
pH

pH c dy nh nhau

Lng mui

Nh nhau

b) Cch o.
Ngi ta em so snh mu ca dd phn tch vi mu ca dy dd
chun,dd phn tch c mu bng mu ca dd tiu chun no th hm lng
cht X bng chnh hm lng ca cht trong dd tiu chun. Nu mu ca
dd phn tch nm gia 2 dd mu tiu chun no th hm lng cht X c
tnh bng trung bnh cng hm lng X 2 dd mu tiu chun .Nu mun
chnh xc hn th s lp dy dd chun c nng chun bin thin trong
khong nng 2 dd mu m dd phn tch c mu nm gia.
c) u nhc im:
- u im:
+ C th s dng xc nh c cc dd m s hp th a/s
khng tun theo nh lut Lambert-Beer.
+ PP n gin,nhanh,khng phi cn my mc.
- Nhc im:
+ chnh xc khng cao.
+ dd chun khng bn mu do phi pha li thng xuyn.Vic la
chon mu phi tht chnh xc v rt cng phu.

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3.2.3.2. Phng php cp i ( hay PP chun so mu )

a) Nguyn tc.
Ly 2 cc so mu c nh s v t cnh nhau, dd tiu chun
cht cn phn tch X vo cc 1,ch ha vi thuc th v pH cn thit
chuyn phi t thnh hp cht c mu.Cc 2 ch ha 1 lng dd mui,axit
ging nh cc 1,pha long n th tch ca dd trong 2 cc l nh nhau.Sau
va khuy (c th dng my khuy) va nh dd tiu chun ca phi t X n
khi mu 2 cc bng nhau.PP ny cn gi l pp chun so mu.
b) Cch o.
Gi V1 v V2 l th tch dd cn xc nh ly vo cc 1 v th tch cht
tiu chun X cn thm cc 2 c mu ca cc 2 bng nhau.Gi T1 v TX
l chun mg/ml ca dd tiu chun v dd cn phn tch.Vy lng cht cn
xc nh s c tnh bng CT sau:

T X ( mg / ml )

V2 .T1
V1

c) u nhc im.
-u im:
+ Gii hn nng rng,ph thuc vo kh nng mt quan st.
+ S hp th nh sng khng tun theo L Lambert-Beer.Vic
xc nh nhanh v c th xc nh c nhiu mu.
- Nhc im:
+ Mc sai s do mt ngi quan st do c s khc nhau gia
cng mu ca dd 1 v dd 2.
+ Khng p dng cho mi phn ng to mu c.

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3.2.3.3. Phng php cn bng (PP t l so snh).

a) Nguyn tc.
Chun b 2 bnh nh mc 1 v 2, vo bnh 1 mt lng dd chun X
c nng Ca , bnh 2 ng dd cn phn tch c nng l Cx. Thm vo c 2
bnh lng thuc th,lng axit v ch ha trong cc k ging nhau
chuyn ton b lng cht X thnh hp cht c mu.Sau nh mc 2
bnh c th tch ging nhau.
b) Cch tin hnh.
Cch 1: Dng 1 ng hnh tr (sc k tho). 2 dd 1 v 2 vo 2 ng
hnh tr c kha 1 v 2,c y phng,chiu dy ging nhau.Sau quan st
mu t trn xung.Dng kha iu chnh 2 cht lng trong 2 ng n khi
no mu ca 2 ng hnh tr ging nhau.c chiu cao b 1,b2 ca dd 2 ng v
tnh Cx theo CT:
b1Ca= b2Cx.
Cch 2: Dng my o quang ph o cng hp th nh sng ca dd
1 v dd 2 trong 2 ng vi cng 1 loi cuvet c chiu dy b(cm) cng 1 bc
sng c cc gi tr nh sau:
Dd 1: Aa= bCa
Dd 2: Ax = bCx
Cx= Ca. Ax/ Aa
c) u nhc im.
- u im: chnh xc tng i cao.
- Nhc im:
+ Khng th xc nh c hng lot mu.
+ Sai s do mt quan st.
+ Mc sai s do thnh phn hn hp ca cc dd cn phn tch c
th s ln cc hp cht khc.
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3.2.3.4. Phng php ng chun

- Khi tin hnh phn tch hng lot mu pp ng chun s cho php
phn tch v tnh ton kq nhanh.
- Cch tin hnh: Pha ch 1 dy dd chun ri tin hnh o mt
quang A.
Cch pha ch dd tiu chun:
Bnh M
0

C4

C5

10

Mu

Vmu

C6

C10

Cx

Dung dch
Dd tiu chun
X (mg/ml)
Lng

thuc

th pH

Nh nhau trong c dy

nh mc

Bng nhau trong c dy

C (mg/ml)

A (D)

C1
A1

C2
A2

C3

A10

A3

Sau khi pha dd tiu chun chng ta v th biu din s ph thuc ca

A vo C. Sau khi lp th , pha ch dd cn xc nh trong nhng k ging
nh khi xc nh ng chun ri em o gi tr mt quang Ax ( Cng 1 dd
so snh,cng 1 cuvet,cng 1 bc sng) ri a vo th xc nh Ax.

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A
AX

Cx

C
(mg/ml)

u nhc im:
- u im:
+ ng chun c dng trong 1 thi gian di,khi dng c th
iu chnh li.
+ C th xc nh hng lot mu.
+ kt qu kh chnh xc.
- Nhc im:
+ S hp th nh sng phi tun theo L Lambert-Beer.
+ kq chnh xc ph thuc vo my.
+ i vi nhng mu c thnh phn phc tp th ng chun s
b sai s.

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3.2.3.5. Phng php thm chun

Ly 1 lng dd cht phn tch c nng l Cx,sau khi thm thuc th
hin mu nhng k ti u,em o mt quang trn my bc sng ti
u c gi tr Ax. A= bCx.
Ly 1 lng dd cn phn tch,thm vo 1 lng dd chun ca cht
cn xc nh c nng l Ca , ngi ta thc hin phn ng mu v em o
mt quang c gi tr Atc .
Atc= b(Cx + Ca)
T ta tnh c Cx .
u nhc im:
- u im:
+ Loi tr c nh hng ca cc ion l c trong dd cht ptch.
+ C th x c hm lng cht X trong dd c nng nh.
+ Kim tra lp ca pp.
- Nhc im:
+ Khng th tin hnh phn tch hng lot mu c.
+ S hp th nh sng cng phi tun theo L Lambert-Beer.
3.2.3.6. Phng php vi sai
Nguyn tc:
Phng php vi sai l mt bin dng ca phng php so snh. Trong
phng php ny, dung dch so snh chnh l 1 trong cc dd chun (dd tiu
chun c nng thp nht hoc cao nht)
Nu ly dung dch tiu chun c nng thp nht lm dd so
snh th C0< CX, gi l phng php vi sai nng ln).
Nu ly dung dch tiu chun c nng cao nht lm dd so
snh th C0 > CX, gi l phng php vi sai nng nh).
Nu kt hp c hai chiu th gi l phng php vi sai 2 chiu.
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PP vi sai nng ln.

Phng php tnh:
Pha 3 dd gm: dd chun c nng Ca, dd cha cht cn xc nh CX,
dd so snh c nng C0.
o mt quang ca dd chun v dd nghin cu so vi dd so snh (dd
c nng C0), ta c:
Ax = Ax A0 = l(CX Co)>0
Atc = Atc A0 = l(Ctc Co)>0
Cng thc tnh:
C X = C0 +

A'X
(C tc - C0 )
A'tc

PP vi sai nng nh.

Phng php tnh:
Pha 3 dd gm: dd chun c nng Ca, dd cha cht cn xc nh CX,
dd chun c nng C0.
o mt quang ca dd chun Ca so vi dd so snh (dd c nng
C0) v dd chun C0 so vi dd so snh (dd c nng CX), ta c:
A0/x= A0 AX= l(C0 CX)>0
Atc = Atc A0 = l(Ctc C0)>0
Cng thc tnh:
C X = C0 -

A'X
(C tc - C0 )
A'tc

Lu :
Phng php ny c dng nng cao chnh xc ca php
phn tch trong nhng trng hp sau:
Xc nh lng ln cc cht.
Loi tr nh hng cn tr ca tp cht l.

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Loi tr nh hng ca thuc th d do n cng hp thu t nhiu

bc sng ti u.
Loi tr nh hng ca nn ni chung.
i khi phng php vi sai cn c dng cho nhng dd nng
ln v khng tun theo nh lut LamBert - Beer.

CHNG 4: CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH PHOTPHO

TNG S
Photpho trong nc v nc thi thng tn ti dng orthophotphat
(PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO42-, H3 PO4) hay polyphotphat Na3(PO3 )6 v photphat
hu c.
Orthophotphat c th xc nh bng phng php so mu vi thuc th
l NH4MoO4 v SnCl2, cn polyphotphat v photphat hu c cn chuyn ha
thnh orthophotphat qua phn ng vi axit sau xc nh bng phng php
so mu.
Lng phospho tn ti di dng orthophosphate c th c o bng
nhng phng php trng lng, th tch, so mu.
Phng php trng lng c s dng khi hm lng phospho hin
din ln, nhng iu ny khng xy ra trong thc t.
Phng php th tch c s dng khi nng nng phosphat ln
hn 50mg/L nhng nng ny rt him gp trong trng hp nc si hay
chuyn ha k kh nhng cht ni. Phng php ny gm: kt ta, lc, lm
sch kt ta v chun . Phng php ny tn nhiu thi gian.
Phng php so mu o nc v nc thi c th c tha mn vi
mt chnh xc cao.
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C ba phng php so mu c s dng xc nh orthophosphat,

chng c cng bn cht vi nhng nguyn tc trn nhng khc nhau ch l
n c thm vo mt s nguyn t t nhin to mu. Yu t ha hc cn
thit nh: ion phosphat kt hp vi ammonium molypdat trong iu kin acid
thnh molypdophosphat
PO43- + 12 (NH4)2MoO4 + 24H+ (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 + 21 NH4 + 12
H2O
Khi hin din mt lng phosphat ln, trng thi ca molypdophosphat
s l nhng kt ta mu vng c th lc v o bng phng php th tch.
nng phosphat thp hn, to thnh nhng ht keo mu vng s
c xc nh hm lng bng phng php so mu .
Vi nng phosphat di 30mg/ L, mu vng ca ht keo khng th
nhn bit r v iu ny c ngha l cn phi pht trin theo mt hng khc.
Mt cch khc ci thin l thm vanadium hnh thnh dng phc
hp vanadomolypdophosphoric acid c mu vng r, cho php phn tch
phospho vi hm lng di 1mg/L hoc nhng khong thp hn.
Lng molypdenum cha trong ammonium phosphomolypdate cng
c gim to nhng sn phm c mu xanh t l tng ng vi lng
phosphate hin din
Mt lng tha ammonium molypdate khng b gim i v do
khng can thip vo qu trnh. Ascorbic acid (C6H6O6) hay thic clorua c th
s dng nh mt nhn t kh. Hp cht mu c to thnh l mu xanh
molypdeum hay xanh heteropoly. Thic clorua cng c s dng nh mt
nhn t c th c m t qua phng trnh:
(NH4)PO4 + 12MoO3 + Sn2+ molypdenum + Sn4+

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4.1. PHNG PHP CHUN TRUNG HA (hm lng ln)

Nguyn tc:
Trong mi trng axit HNO3 6 M, ion PO43- phn ng vi thuc th Nitro
- Molipdic sinh ra phc mu vng Photpho - Molipdat H7[P(Mo2O7)6].
Lm mui kt ta ny trong 60 pht. Sau lc kt ta qua giy bng
xanh v ra kt ta bng dung dch NH4NO3 1% cho sch ht axit. Ri ra
kt ta bng mt lng d chnh xc (30-40 ml) dung dch NaOH 0,1M,
c thm 10 ml formalin ( trung ha n pH = 7) v ch th
phenolphtalein. Khuy cho tan ht. Sau chun lng d NaOH bng
dung dch HCl 0,02M. Ri t lng NaOH tiu tn ha tan kt ta
chng ta s tnh c hm lng ion PO43- trong mu.
PO43- + 12 MoO42- +27 H+

H7[P(Mo2O7)6] + 10H2O

Cng thc tnh:

(mg/ml) PO43- =

4.2. PHNG PHP KHI LNG (khi hm lng ln)

Nguyn tc :
Trong mi trng m (NH3/ NH4) pH = 7-8, ion PO43- tc dng vi hn
hp (NH4Cl/MgCl2) s sinh ra kt ta tinh th MgNH4PO4. Lm mui kt
ta trong 60-70 pht, sau lc kt ta qua giy bng xanh v ra sch kt
ta bng dung dch (NH3/NH4NO3 1%, pH = 8). Sau nung kt ta
900oC n khi lng khng i v cn dng Mg2P2O7 ta s tnh c
hm lng PO43-. Nhng cc ion Ca (II), Mn(II), Pb(II).. c nh hng v
trong iu kin ny cc ion ny cng kt ta c mt phn c dng tng
t Mg(II).
Mg2+ + PO43- + NH3 + H+ MgNH4PO4.6 H2O
2MgNH4PO4.6 H2O Mg2P2O7 + 2NH3 + 7 H2O

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Cng thc:
% PO43-

= f

100
4.3. PHNG PHP TRC QUANG

Nguyn tc:
Trong mi trng axit HNO3 6M, ion PO43- phn ng vi thuc th
Nitro - Molipdic sinh ra phc mu vng Photpho - Molipdat H7[P(Mo2O7)6].
Phc ny khi phn ng vi cht kh , v d SnCl 2 (hay axit Ascorbic) s to
ra phc mu xanh Molipden hp th quang cc i ti = 690 nm. o hp
th quang v bng phng php ng chun ta s xc nh c hm lng
ca PO43 Phc phn ng vi SnCl2
Gii hn o n 7 g P/L bng cch tng chiu dy cuvet
Nng thp nht c th pht hin c: Nng thp nhtc th
pht hin c khong 3 g P/L. nhy ti 0,3010 v thay i
0,009.
Khi o hp th quang:
Sau 10 pht, nhng trc 12 pht, dng thi gian gia cc ln nh
nhau trong tt c nhng ln xc nh, o mu ti 690 nmv so snh vi
mt Cuvet chun, s dng nc ct lm mu chun.
dy cuvet ph hp cho khong nng nh sau:
Khong nng P (mg/ml)

Chiu dy Cuvet (cm)

0,3 - 2

0,5

0,1 - 1

0,007 - 0,2

10

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Lun lun chy mu trng v thuc th vi nc ct. Bi

v u tin mu tng dn tng mc v sau mt dn, gi cho thi
gian bng nhau gia cc ln cho mu v chun. Chun b t nht mt ng
chun vi tng t mu hoc mi ngy thc hin phn tch. Mu
Cuvet chun c th chch khi ng thng vi nng cao hn 0,3
nng 2,0 mg/L
Sau ta xy dng ng chun vi dy dung dch chun c nng
nm trong khong nng trn. T ta s xc nh c hm lng PO43-.
Cc yu t nh hng
Silica v asenate ch nh hng nu mu b un nng. Cc anion gy
nh hng gm:

arsenate,

fluoride,

thorium,

bishmuth,

sulfide,

thiosulfate,thiocyanate, hoc nng molybdate qu cao. Mu xanh to bi

st khng nh hng ti kt qu nu hm lng st nh hn 100mg/L. Sulfide
gy nh hng nhng c th loi b bng cch cho oxy ha vi nc Brm.
Cc ion sau khng gy nh hng n kt qu ngay c khi nng ln
ti 1000mg/L nh l Al 3 + , Fe 3 + , Ca 2 + ,Ba 2 + ...Nu HNO3 cdng
trong phng php
Phc phn ng vi cht kh l axit Ascorbic
Gii hn thp nht c th xc nh c: xp x 10 g P/L.
Cch tin hnh: Lm tng t nh trn.
dy cuvet ph hp cho khong nng nh sau:
Khong nng P (mg/ml)

Chiu dy Cuvet (cm)

0,3 - 2

0,5

0,15 - 1,3

0,01 - 0,25

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Yu t nh hng:
Arsenates (As V) phn ng vi molydate to mu xanh tng t nh
mu xanh to vi PO43-. Nng 0.1 mg As/L gy nh hng ti phng
php xc nh PO43Cr (VI) v NO 2-nh hng ti khong 3% nng thp hn 1
mg/L v nh hngkhong 10-15% khi nng 10 mg/L.
Na 2 S v silicate khng gy nhhng khi nng t 1 10
mg/l.
Ngoi ra ta c th tin hnh o quang s dng thuc th vanadat
molipdat to phc mu vng bn. phng php ny s c nghin cu k
hn ti phn thc nghim di y

PHN 2: KT QU THC NGHIM

Tin hnh phn tch thc nghim theo phng php trc quang s dng
thuc th l vanadate- molipdate.
CHNG 1: CHUN B
1.1. NGUYN TC

Trong dung dch orthophosphat, di iu kin axit amoni molipdat

phn ng to thnh axit herteropoly v molybdophotphoric axit. Khi c mt
vanadium to thnh axit vanadomolybdophosphoric c mu vng. Cng
mu ny t l viet nami nng photphat trong dung dch
1.2. DNG C - HA CHT

1.2.1. Dng c
Pipet cc loi: 0,1 ;0,2 ; 0,5 ; 1 ; 2 ; 5 ;10 ; 25 (ml)
Bnh nh mc: 50 ; 100 ; 250 ; 500 (ml)
Bnh tam gic 250ml
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Phu lc, giy lc

Bp in
My quang ph UV/VIS
Cuvet thy tinh
Cn phn tch bn s
T sy
Bnh ht m

1.2.2. Ha cht
1.2.2.1. Axit H2SO4 30%
Ha 30ml H2SO4 c vo khong 60ml nc ct sau nh mc n
vch 100ml
1.2.2.2. K2S2O8
Ha tan 5g K2S2O8 vo 100ml nc ct ( lm hng ngy )
1.2.2.3. Dung dch Vanadat Molipdat
Dung dch A: ha tan 12,5g amonimolipdat (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O trong
150ml nc ct
Dung dch B : ha tan 0,625g amonivanadat NH4VO3 trong 150ml
nc ct un si, ngui thm 175ml axit HCl c.
Sau trn dung dch B lm ngui n nhit phng vo dung
dch A ri nh mc ti vch 1 lt.
1.2.2.4. Dung dch HCl long (dd ra)
1.2.2.5. Dung dch ch th phenolphtalein
1.2.2.6.Than hot tnh
1.2.2.7. Dung dch chun PO43- ( 50mg PO43- - P/l )
Ha tan 219,5 mg KH2PO4 trong 1l nc ct

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1.3. LY MU BO QUN MU

Nu cc dng P tan c lm ring bit, th ngay sau khi thu mu phi

lc ngay.Bo qun bng ng lnh hoc di -100C.
Trong mt s trng hp khc, 40 mgHgCl2/l c th c thm vo
mu, c bit khi mu phi bo qun lu phn tch.
CH :
-HgCl2 l cht nguy hi, cn phi c nhng bin php phng nga thch
hp,vic s dng n khng c khuyn khch.
-Khng thm bt c axit no hoc CHCl3 khi cha phn tch cc dng
P.
-Nu ch phn tch tng P, thm H2SO4 hoc HCl npH<2 sau gi
<40C hoc ng lnh m khng cn thm bt c iu kin no.
-Nu nng P trong mu thp khng c bo qun mu trong chai,
l bng nha tr khi c ng lnh v photphat c th c hp thu ln trn
thnh bnh.
-Tt c cc dng c thy tinh dng phn tch P, c ra bng dung
dch HCl long, nng sau ra li bng nc ct. Khng bao gi c ra
bng cc ha chtty ra thng mi c cha photphat d gy sai s phn
tch.
1.4.CHUN B MU

1.4.1 Lc s b
Lc mu xc nh dng tan ca phopho hot ng, dng P c
th tan trongaxit, v tt c dng tan P c th lc qua mng 0,45 m. Mng
lc thy tinh c th cs dng lc s b vi nhng mu kh lc.
Ngm mng lc trong nc ct trc khi s dng loi b lng vt
P c thbm trn mng. S dng mt trong 2 k thut ra sau:(a) Ngm
50 b lc trong 2Lnc ct trong 24h; (b) ngm 50 b lc trong 2L
nc ct trong 1h, thay nc ct vngm tip trong 3h. Mng lc cng c
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th c ra bng cch cho chy nhiu ln tngphn nc ct 100ml qua

mng. Quy trnh ny cn thng xuyn nh gi vi mutrng chc
chn rng tnh thng nht ca phng php ra v ca cc b lc
khcnhau.
1.4.2 Thy phn axit s b
Dng P c th b thy phn bng axit c inh ngha l phn P gia
dng P hot ng c xc nh trong mu cha x l v lng photphat
c xc nh trong mu c thy phn bng axit trung bnh. Thng
thng, n bao gm cc dngphotphat c nh: pyro-, tripoly-, v dng
c khi lng phn t ln nh hexametaphosphate. Ngoi ra, mt s
ngun nc trong t nhin c cha cc hp cht P hu c, chng c th c
thy phn v dng photphat n di cc iu kin kimtra. Poly
photphat thng thng khng c ghi nhn l dng photpho
hot ng,nhng n c th c thy phn v dng photphat n bng cch
un si vi axit.Sau khi thy phn, xc nh dng photpho hot ng bng cc
phng php khc nhau.
Cc yu t cn tr, chnh xc, nhy, sai s ph thuc vo phng
php s dng

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CHNG 2: KHO ST CC IU KIN TI U

2.1.KHO ST BC SNG TI U (max)

Cc cht hp th bc x n sc mt cch chn lc, gi tr A ln nht

o c gi l mt quang cc i, lc ny kt qu phn tch cho nhy
v chnh xc cao nht, bc sng tng ng vi mt quang cc i
gi l bc sng ti u max
Ta tin hnh kho st nh sau:
- Dung dch chun 5mg/l: ht 5ml dung dch cht gc PO 43- 50mg/l
vo bnh nh mc 50ml, thm 10ml thuc th vanadat molipdat sau
nh mc ti vch bng nc ct.
- Mu trng: chun b tng t mu chun nhng ta thay thuc th
bng nc ct.
- Tin hnh so mu vi mu trng, qut ph trong khong = 300
600 nm

300 310 320

. 400 410 420 430

590

600

D
2.2. KHO ST THI GIAN TI U

C nhiu hp cht phc c hp th UV VIS tng theo thi gian v

n mt khong thi gian no th khng tng na v n nh. Nhng c
mt s cht sau mt thi gian th hp th gim mnh. C cht va sinh ra
th hp th tt, nhng ch mt thi gian th hp th gim. Nh vy trnh
nh hng ny ta cn kho st bn ca phc theo thi gian.
Nh vy thi gian ti u l khong thi gian phc t gi tr mt
quang ln nht v n nh
Tin hnh kho st nh sau:

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- Mu chun PO43- 5mg/l: : ht 5ml dung dch cht gc PO43- 50mg/l

vo bnh nh mc 50ml, thm 10ml thuc th vanadat molipdat sau
nh mc ti vch bng nc ct.
- Mu trng: chun b nh trn nhng thay dd cht gc bng nc ct
Tin hnh o gi tr mt quang ti ca phc ti cc thi im khc
nhau, khong thi gian phc hp th mt quang cao v n nh chnh l
khong thi gian ti u
t
(pht)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

D
2.3. KHO ST pH TI U

pH ca dung dch nh hng n cc dng tn ti ca cc hp cht tham gia

phn ng. Nu pH ca dung dch thay i c th s lm thay i tc ca phn
ng. V vy, vic kho st pH ti u trong h phn ng l cn thit.

Ly dung dch chun c nng 5ppm kho st pH ti u. Ch ha

vi cc thuc th to mu. Sau thay i gi tr pH phc mu bng cch
thm axit hoc baz.
Tin hnh o gi tr mt quang ca phc mu. Ti gi tr pH no
Dmax l pH ti u
pH

10

D
2.4. KHO ST LNG THUC TH

Lng thuc th cng nh hng ti hp th ca phc mu. Nu

lng thuc th t c th to phc khng hon ton, ngc li nu lng
thuc th d qu nhiu s gy nh hng n hp th ca phc do lng
thuc th cng c th hp th bc sng.
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Ly dung dch chun c nng 5ppm kho st lng thuc th.

Lng thuc th cho vo mu c cho tng dn. Tin hnh kho st D
ca phc mu. Ti gi tr Vthuc th m Dmax v n nh th l lng thuc
th ph hp.
Bnh m
Dd
DD PO43gc(ml)

12

15

5
Kho st nh trn

pH
Dd Vanadat-

Molipdat

nh mc

10

50 ml nh nhau trong tt c

D
2.5. KHO ST KHONG NNG TUYN TNH

Sau khi kho st cc iu kin ti u trn. Tin hnh ch ha mu

th vi nng tng dn. Tin hnh o quang ti cc iu kin kho st
trn. Dng th biu din mi quan h D C.T ta s xc nh c
khong nng tuyn tnh.
Bnh m
1

0.5

10

12

15

0.5

10

12

15

Dung dch
Dd PO43- gc
(Vml)
Nng C
(mg/l)
Dd thuc th

10ml nh nhau trong tt c

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Nh nhau trong tt c

pH
nh mc

50ml nh nhau trong tt c

D
2.6. KHO ST ION CN TR

- Silica v asenate ch nh hng nu mu b un nng

- Cc anion gy nh hng gm: asenate, fluoride, thorium, bishmuth, sulfide,
thiosunfate, thiocyanate, hoc nng molypdate qu cao
- Mu xanh ca st khng gy nh hng nu hm lng st nh hn 100mg/l
2.7. DNG NG CHUN

Sau khi kho st cc iu kin ti u ta tin hnh lp ng chun viet nami

mt dy mu chun c chun b nh bng sau:
Bnh m
Dung

10

0.5

10

12

15

18

0.5

10

12

15

18

dch
PO43-gc
Vml
C (mg/l)
Thuc th

10ml trong tt c
Nh nhau trong tt c

pH
nh mc

Bng nhau trong tt c ( 50ml )

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CHNG 3: O MU THC
3.1.PH MU
Ly 50ml mu, thm 0,5ml dung dch H2SO4 30% v 5ml dung dch K2S2O8,
un si nh t nht trong 90 pht, cho thm nc ct vo gi c 25-50ml
mu. ngui, nh mc thnh 50ml. Nu sau khi ph mu dung dch c mu
th dng than hot tnh hp ph: lc khong 50ml vi 200mg than hot tnh
trong bnh nn trong 5 pht v lc loi b than.
3.2.O MU

Sau khi ph mu tin hnh o mu vi nhng iu kin ti u kho st

trn. T kt qu thu c da vo ng chun xy dng ta s xc nh
c hm lng photpho tng trong mu nc sng m.
3.3.TNH TON KT QU
3.4. SAI S - X L KT QU THC NGHIM

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KT LUN
Qua vic nghin cu ti: xc nh hm lng photpho tng trong
nc sng n ti Ty Tu- T Lim- H Ni, gip em c nhng hiu
bit v cch phn tch ch tiu ny v bit cch s dng my quang ph hp
th phn t UV-VIS ng thinh gi c mc nhim ca sng

m.

T c a ra nhng bin php x l, ci to gim thiu nhim cho

con sng ny.
Trong qu trnh nghin cu, di s hng dn ca gio vin hng
dn em hon thnh c ti ny. Do thi gian c hn v kin thc cn
hn hp nn bi bo co ca em cn nhiu thiu st, mong cc thy c thng
cm
Em xin chn thnh cm n!

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Phm Lun -Gio trnh phn tch mi trngNh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia H Ni
2. L Vn Ct, x l nc thi giu hp cht nit v phtpho, NXB Khoa
hc t nhin v Cng ngh, H Ni 2007
3. Hong Vn Bnh, c cht hc cng nghip v d phng nhim c,
NXB Khoa hc v K thut
4. ng Kim Chi, ha hc mi trng, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H
Ni 2002.
5. TCVN 6202:2008, APHA 4500 - P

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