Nm vng cch s dng my nh s thng qua cc ch chp

Khi s dng my nh k thut s, c nhng k t i din cho ch chp nh B, A, P, Tv...nu cha nm r c th bn s lng tng v kh khn trong vic s dng, bi vit lit k mt s ch chp gip ngi dng tham kho iu khin tt hn chic camera ca mnh Khi nim APERTURE : Khu hay m mn trp (ng knh) Trong ng knh my nh c mt c quan gi l mn trp, c quan ny bao gm nhiu tm thp xp chng ln nhau iu tit m ln hay nh ca ng knh nhm cho php nh sng vo my nhiu hay t, vai tr nh m mt ca ngi.

Gi tr ca khu c o bng tr s f (c th th hin theo ba cch nh f/8, F8 hay 1:8), tr s f cng nh v d f/2, f/2,8 th m mn trp cng ln, nh sng cng tip xc nhiu hn vi phim, sensor my nh. Dy s tr s ca khu f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6,f/8,f/11.c ngha l c tng ln mt gi tr trong dy th mn trp m nh hn v lng nh sng i qua ng knh s gim i

mt na. 1. APERTURE PRIORITY: Ch chp u tin khu .

K hiu thng dng trn vng xoay chnh ch l A (Nikon,Panasonic,Lumix..) hoc l Av (Canon,Pentax) Khi thit lp my nh A hay Av mode ngi dng t chn m mn trp, thng s tc mn trp (Shutter speed) do my kim sot. Ch ny c bit quan trng khi ngi mun kim sot khong nt hay cn gi l chiu su ca bc nh. V d: Trong chp nh phong cnh thit lp A, Av mode iu chnh m nh f/11, f/16 nh c chiu su, c sc nt ca cc chi tit tin cnh ln hu cnh.

Trong chp nh chn dung,nh chp cn cnh macro thit lp A, Av mode, iu chnh

 m ln f/2, f/2.8 lm m, nhe i cnh nn pha sau gip i tng chp ni bt hn ln.

Khi nim SHUTTER SPEED: Tc trp y l tr s tnh bng giy quy nh khong thi gian ca trp m ra ly sng, cng m lu th nh sng vo tip xc vi phim hay sensor cng nhiu v ngc li. Dy tr s ca tc trp ....1/4s, 1/8s,1/15s,1/30s,1/60s... c ngha c ln mt cp th ca trp ng li nhanh hn v lng nh sng i qua ng knh gim i mt na, v nh vy vi tc ng ca trp cng nhanh th nh cng tng nguy c b thiu sng v ngc li. 2. SHUTTER SPEED PRIORITY MODE: Ch chp u tin tc trp

K hiu thng dng trn vng xoay chnh ch l Tv = Time value hay S = Shutter

Vic c th chn la tc ng ca trp gip bn chp c nhng tm hnh chuyn ng m khng b m nt chng hn dng tc ng nhanh 1/500s, 1/2000s bt ng s chuyn ng ca nc, khin c cm gic nh dng nc b ng cng li thy r tng ht nc

Hnh minh ha: Dng nm xung nc v thit lp Tv = 1/400s thy r cc ht ca tia nc bn ln khng trung Theo chiu ngc li, dng tc trp chm trong k thut chp phi sng c th to ra hiu ng lm nhe chuyn ng khin vt th chuyn ng to vt m.

Hnh minh ha dng tc Tv = 1/2s khin dng nc chy nhe i trng nh mt bc tranh v. 3. PROGRAM : Ch chp chng trnh K hiu trn vng chnh ch l P.

ch ny my nh s m nhn x l phn tc trp (shutter) v khu trp (aperture) nu trn. Khi chnh v P mode, bn c th thit lp nhng thng s nh cn bng trng, tt hay m n Flash, s dng nhy sng ISO mc no, phn phi sng thng qua hai tr s f v s cho my t chn (auto). Ch chp ny rt tt cho ngi mi bt u chp, bn P mode v khng cn phi lo lng sng hay khng tp trung vo ch , b cc,n c bit hu dng khi bn chp cnh ngoi tri vi nh sng tt.

Trong nhng trng hp nh sng khng c tt lm, c kh nng nh ca bn s b m khi chp P mode v my nh t ng chn chp vi tc chm, khi bn phi chp vi chn my (tripod) cn nu khng c chn my th bn chnh ISO ln cao (tm 400) kt hp vi bt n Flash khi chp, ch l s dng Flash khng nn ng qu xa (ti a 4m) so vi i tng chp. 4. MANUAL : Ch chp chnh tay y l ch cui trong b t 4 ch chnh ca my nh P-S-A-M, trn vng xoay chnh c k hiu l M

Khi bn hiu v nm c A mode v S mode th bn hon ton c th chnh v Manual Mode chp trong nhng trng hp A,S mode khng p ng c mong mun. Manual mode cho php ngi chp hon ton t do chnh cc thng s k thut, tr s s, f, ly net, chnh ISO, cn bng trng, thit lp Flash on hay off....chnh v th n khng dnh cho ngi mi n vi nhip nh.

Tm nh hoa minh ha c chp trong bi cnh hoa c chiu sng bi nh sng mt tri nhng hu cnh nn li l mt vng bng rm. Nu chp ch bn t ng, my nh nhiu kh nng s u tin vng sng cho hu cnh thay v ch th chnh, nu bn khu m nh gim sng th nh ko t yu cu, lc ny bn phi cn c Manual mode chnh tay tt c nhm t tm nh nh . Ngoi cc ch chp chnh, chng ta cn c th bt gp nhng ch chp khc ty theo s sng to, s phn loi ring ca cc nh sn xut my nh (Sony,Nikon,Canon...) trong : ISO PRIORITY : chp u tin nhy sng : khi nim ISO: ISO l cch m b cm bin ca my nh nhy cm vi nh sng, gi tr thng gp 100,200,400,800,1600...

Gi tr ISO cng thp, hnh nh chi tit hn nhng cm bin t nhy cm hn vi nh

sng v ngc li. Vi nh sng ban ngy ngoi tri bn t ISO thp 100,200 hnh nh cht lng hn, tri u m, m ti chp vi ISO 400,800, chp ban m phi ISO tm 1600 mi sng cc chi tit d hnh nh tng kh nng b nhiu, ht. Nu mun gi cht lng hnh bn nn c gng ISO thp + kt hp Flash chp trong m nhng Flash thng gy le sng khng mong mun trn ch .

Mt tm nh chp h c thy cung trong iu kin nh sng yu, tc gi khng dng Flash v ISO 1600 K hiu ca ISO priority mode l Sv trn my nh ca Pentax, Sv mode cho bn chn trc nhy sng ISO, cc thng s tc , khu do my auto. Cn thit lp P mode th my quyt nh c 3 thng s. Trn my khc nh Nikon, Canon Sv mode chnh l Program mode + chnh tay nhy sng ISO. CH CHP TAv Ch chp ny cho php bn chnh tay 2 thng s tc v khu , my s t ng d tm mt mc ISO ph hp, ch ny tm thy trn mt s my nh Pentax. cc my khc bn s dng TAv mode bng cch chn Manual mode sau chn thit lp ISO t ng.

TAv mode hu ch hn Manual mode trong mt s tnh hung nht nh, chng hn bn chp sn khu, sn c chiu sng bi nhiu ngun sng khc nhau, nh sng thay i lin tc v bn cn chp hng lot tm hnh, ISO t ng theo tng thi im chp trong TAv mode s gip bn x l trng hp ny tt hn. CH CHP DEP Khi nim DEP: DEP = DEPth of field ( su trng nh) cn gi l DOF Mi ng knh my nh ch c kh nng chp c vt th mt cch sc nt trong mt vng nht nh, vng r nt ny gi l su trng

Trong hnh minh ha, hnh nh con bm bay qu gn ng knh hay qu xa s b m v n khng nm trong " su trng" ca ng knh my nh ny. su trng ph thuc my nh v cch chn khu , khong ly nt (l khong cch t ng knh n vt cn ly nt = ch th chp). Tr s khu cng nh f/2, f/2.8 ng knh m cng rng, khong ly nt cng ngn th vng r nt ( su trng) cng nh (nng), trong hnh minh ha m khu ln --> vng r nt ngn tp trung hon ton ln con vt khin hu cnh xung quanh m nhe gip ngi xem nh tp trung vo ch th chnh.

Khi khu ng knh m cng nh ( tri s ln f.11, f/16) th vng r nt DOF cng rng thch hp cho chp nh phong cnh, hnh minh ha c DOF ln nn r nt cc chi tit c gn ln xa khin tm nh c chiu su.

DEP mode l ch thy trn mt s dng my ca Canon: khi bn thit lp DEP mode, bn hng ng knh vo ch th gn nht mun t trong vng r nt (DOF) v nhn nh nt chp sau hng ng knh vo ch th xa nht mun t trong DOF ri nhn tip na cn li ca nt chp --> my tnh s tnh ton mun c vng r nt ny th tr s khu phi t bao nhiu. CH CHP A-DEP

Canon cn cung cp thm mt ch chp na gi l A-DEP: Ch ny cho php bn my nh t ng chn vng r nt (DOF) cho ch chp h tr nhng tay my yu k thut, tuy nhin do cch xc nh qu n gin ca my, ch ny hu nh khng gip c g cho ngi chp. CH CHP C1, C2, C3... * y l ch Custom cho bn lu sn cc thng s k thut vo xi mi khi cn chng hn bn lp: C1 = Av mode, f/11, ISO 100,... dnh cho chp phong cnh C2 = S mode, 1/200s, ISO200,...lp sn cho chp cnh th thao Ty my bn c th c thm nhng thit lp cp nh hn na v d nh lp sn C2.1 chp th thao trong nh, C2.2 chp th thao ngoi tri..v.v... to thun li cho ngi s dng, cc hng sn xut c gng tiu chun ha cc thit lp thng s k thut cho tng tnh hung gip nhng ngi chp khng cn hiu cc khi nim nh DOF, Aperture, Shutter,...vn c th chp c nhng tm nh nh mong mun. CH CHP AUTO HON TON: Automatic mode

K hiu l hnh vung mu xanh, hnh my nh, hoc ch Auto, y l ch dnh cho ngi mi bit n nhip nh, lun c trn th loi my ngm v chp (compact) v c a s ngi s dng my chn la, my t ng on bn ang chp ci g ly nt, chnh khu , tc , nhy sng, cn bng trng,flash...v bn ch cn bm nt. Nhn chung vi ch ny bn ch c th dng tm khi cha nm bt k thut, ch kh lng gip bn c nhng tm nh n tng c. SCENE MODE :

Mi hng sn xut li chia nh Auto mode thnh hng lot mode nh hn, s tnh ton, iu chnh cc thng s k thut trong cc ch c th khng ging nhau gia cc nhn hiu my, em li nhng kt qu khc nhau. Marco mode : Chp cn cnh, thch hp khi chp hoa, cn trng, my c th s c gng tnh ton m khu ln. Flower : Mt s my c th c ch auto ring cho chp hoa

Landscape mode : Chnh v ch ny khi mun chp phong cnh, my thng lm tt nhim v nu tri quang ng, nh sng . Sport mode : Chp nh th thao, gim m nhe khi i tng chp di chuyn, my thng tm cch nng tc chp ln, chp nhanh bt ng hnh li.

Night mode : Chp cnh m, my c th tnh ton y ISO ln cao, m rng khu hay gin thi gian ng mn trp (chp tc chm)... Night portrait : Chp ngi ban m, my c th y flash on v c gng nhn dng v loi b hin tng mt Night landscape : Chp phong cnh ban m.

Fireworks : Chp pho hoa, my thng x l auto km trong nhng ch kh chp nh chp cnh pho hoa. Beach Snow : Cnh bin, thng c my hiu l nh sng nhiu, chi nng. : Tri nhiu tuyt, sng trng. , chp vn bn , tic tng ,

V cn rt nhiu ch chp c lp sn khc nh t chp mnh , chp trong nh bo tng , chp ngc sng , tr em

chn dung ... ni chung chp ngi , vt nui, hoa c, ...my thng c gng xc nh vt th cn ly nt, t vt y vo vng r nt, loi b mt v c gng tnh ton iu tit nh sng ph hp ( tng gim ISO, bt hay tt Flash)...chp cnh thng chn ly mt khung cnh chun mc da vo. d th no th thng minh ca my nh vn cn nhiu gii hn nn bn khng nn qu li vo nhng ch t ng ny, c bit trong nhng tnh hung khng phi l mt tnh hung chun. Cc ch ph khc: Ch Burst : Ch chp nh lin tip nhiu tm (multi-shot) dng trong mt s trng hp nh ghi nhn mt s kin ang din ra rt nhanh, chp nh th thao, chp

tr em (tr rt kh ng im nn thng phi dng Burst mode chp lin tip nhm chn ra tm ng nht)

Ch Autofocus : Chp t ng ly nt k hiu AF

Vi im phn bit cc ch ly nt t ng: Ly nt t ng lin tc (continuous): My lin tc r sot ly nt v bt c lc no bn chp nhn nt chp cng c. Ly nt t ng n (single - one shot): Khi chp nhn nh nt chp na ng ly nt, ly nt xong nhn hn nt chp xung chp, tuy tit kim pin hn nhng c th khng kp chp trong mt s tnh hung cn bt ly khonh khc tht nhanh. Ch ly nt AI Servo: Ch ly nt dnh cho chp ch th ang chuyn ng lin tc, my t ng cn khong cch ly nt v ly nt ng vo thi im bm chp

Ch ly nt AI Focus: Ch ly nt thng minh th ng, my ly nt cho ch th tnh nhng khi ch th bt ng di chuyn th my chuyn sang AI Servo ly nt Ngoi ra ty dng my m cn c mt s ch nh chp ton cnh Panorama, Flash t ng, quay phim, chp en trng, chp hiu ng..v.v.

Kinh nghiem chup hinh Cc bn thn mn, Khi bn n chuyn chp hnh hn ai cng c nhiu iu m thut li, nht l mi khi chp c mt tm hnh va , cng kh khn bao nhiu cng thch th by nhiu. Mi ngi li c cch nhn khc nhau v mi s vic, do xin cc bn ng ly nhng iu ti vit lm mu mc, ch xin coi nh nhng li tm tnh, nhng chia s cng hc hi. Hn na, mong cc bn cng vit ra nhng kinh nghim ca mnh cho tt c cng thng thc. Ti xin php c nh n u vit n nha cc bn. 1) C nn mua my hnh tt, t tin khng? Ti ngh l khng cn trong giai on u khi bn mun tm hiu v chp hnh. Ngay c nu bn c nh i hn chuyn mn v chp hnh, nh sng vi n, coi n nh l sng. Vi mt my hnh bnh thng, bn vn c th chp c nhng bc hnh p, l, gy thch th ni ngi thng ngon nh thng, chng c g phi sm my tht nhiu t tin, nhiu c tnh. D c my ngon, nhng nu bn cha nm vng v tc , nh sng, b cc, tm hnh ca bn vn km xa mt ngi ch xi mt my nh tm thng. Thiu g trong nhm bn b i chp hnh chung vi ti, ngay c cc ng thy chuyn mn, chp c hai ba cun phim m vn khng c tm no xut sc, nhiu lc phi du lun khng dm khoe. Nhng cho d nh vy, nhng tht bi chnh l nhng bi hc ng gi cho mnh. Do

bn c my chi, c xi my , vn l bn phi cn xch my ra i chp v thc tp. V c chp bn mi c nh, c nh bn mi c th bn ci v hc hi vi nhng ngi khc, hu lm cho bc nh tr nn kh hn bng cch thu gn b cc lm ni bt ch , dng k thut phng ti lm mu sc m hn, hay dng cc tho trnh in ton sa cha cc im h, v.v. 2) Chp th no nhiu hay t, nhanh hay chm? VN ngy xa, tin phim, tin trng hnh u cao nn ai ny u ngi chuyn chp lung tung. Qua y v vi thi gi, tin phim hay memory card, tin trng hnh khng l bao, cho nn bn khng nn qu ngi ngn chi phi chp nhiu hnh. Nht l vi my nh s (digital camera), bn c th xem li v chn lc trc khi ra thnh hnh, s ph li cng xung thp hn. Khi i chp hnh, my nh ca bn lc no cng phi sn sng, c chuyn hay cnh chi hay l cm ln bm lin. Nh vy chc chn bn khng mt nhng hnh nh sng ng. Sau mun thay i tc , hay khu cho va hn th lm li. Ch cn m chn ng knh, chn tc /khu thch hp, c hi khng ch bn u. Nht l khi bn i chp hnh phng s (biu tnh, m ci, m ma, du hnh, v.v), hay ang i du hnh, bn ch c mt hay hai giy chp cnh tng . C mt tm lm vn trc cho chc n bn i! Xu p tnh sau! D nhin l nu bn chp hnh sng tc, bn cn phi sa son lu hn, canh cho tht chnh xc, v khi chp cng nn chp vi vi khu v tc khc nhau phng h. Mt ln i chi, mt ln sa son rt mt cng sc v thi gi, do chng ta khng nn qu tit kim trong vic chp d ra mt cht. 3) Ra hnh u?

Nu chng ta ch mun c hnh ghi li hnh nh trong gia nh, ca chuyn i m khng tnh n chuyn gi d thi, tranh gii th ra u tin th thi. Nhng nu bn mun c hnh vi mu sc ng mc, hay mun lm cho m hay nht hn, chc chn cc ni nh Costco, Wal Mart khng th no lm bn tha mn. Bn cn phi n cc tim chp v ra hnh chuyn mn, tt nht l hi thm bn b xem u c uy tn v gi c phi chng. bn so snh cho vui, mt cun phim 24 tm ra Costco tn $3.50 v hnh th lc nht lc m, chng ln no ging ln no. Cn tim hnh chuyn mn, gi ra hnh cho cun 24 s vo khong $8, nhng mu sc tht l mt tri mt vc. Thm na l ti cc tim chuyn mn, ch nhn thng cng l tay chi hnh nh ngh, h c th c vn cho bn trong vic chn mu sc trong hnh, hay ct xn lm sao cho hnh tr nn p hn, bt mt hn. 4) Mt tm hnh p Khi mi chp hnh, chng ta thng c khuynh hng chp tm hnh vi tht nhiu chi tit, v chng ta khng mun mt i mt chi tit no. Do vic m m qu nhiu chi tit trong cng tm hnh, lm chng c im no ni bt, khin i lc ngi xem khng bit mnh mun ni iu chi. Nhng tm nh ngh thut, chim gii thng, thng khi nhn vo chng ta thy ngay ch m tc gi mun chuyn ch n cho ngi thng ngon. D nhin mun chp c nh vy, ngi chp cn sa son v chp nhiu ln. Nhng khng phi cc tay nh ngh u chp hnh p, chuyn t trc vn thng xy ra, cng nh cc tay chp hnh ti t i lc t i vn cho ra nhng tc phm i nh thng. Mt tm hnh c coi l t khi c ba c tnh:

- nh sng y , - c k thut, - c m thut. Trong ba trn chng ta thy hu nh phn no cng u do kinh nghim. Chng ta c th dng my o nh snh m chn cho ng khu , k thut cho vng th cn phi chp nhiu v hc hi, duy c con mt m thut th i lc c ngi bm sinh gii hn ngi khc, nhng nu khng trui luyn th cng nh khng. Cc c ta vn thng ni ht hay khng bng hay ht m l! Khi chng ta nm vng cc phn trn ri, lc mi tnh n chuyn my tt v ng knh sc nt. Cn khng chuyn mua my hnh v ng knh t tin ch l i nht ma thin h m thi. Chuyn cn thit by gi l cc bn cn tham d cc lp nhip nh nu c th, c thm sch m hc kinh nghim, tho lun & hc hi vi nhng ngi i trc, i ra ngoi chp hnh & sng tc, ri em v ra ra xem m rt kinh nghim bn thn cho ln sau. 5) Hnh c cn sa cha khng? Rt him khi no bn gp mt tm hnh hon ho 100%! Hu ht cc tm nh gi d thi, hay nh p cng u tri qua giai on iu chnh v sa cha. Vi cc k thut hin i nh Photoshop, vic sa i tm hnh cho ngon lnh, ct xn hay thm bt, tht qu d dng! gip cho vic ct xn bt cc phn tha khng cn thit, hay thu gn tm hnh lm ni bt ch , vic u tin cc bn nn lm l ly mt tm ba cng mu xm, ct ly 2 ming hnh thc th, nh ch L hoa. thc tp, bn c vic ly cc tm nh c ra xem li, dng hai tm ba ny che i nhng phn tha khng cn

thit trong tm hnh, ri ng ra xa m xem li. i lc hm nay mnh chn phn ny, mai mnh li chn phn khc, tt c nhng giai on trn l s thc tp cho bn trong phn b cc tm hnh, nhn bit ci no l chnh, ci no ph, phn no b xung cho ch , phn no c th dp b. Khi bit ct xn v chn ly phn p ri, cc tm hnh ca bn chc chn l phi kh hn lc ban u. Mt khi quyt nh tin bc trn con ng ngh thut nhip nh, vi nhng bc nh chp trong cc chuyn i sng tc, hoc nhng bui hp mt quan trng, bn nn em n cc tim chp hnh chuyn nghip m ra. lm chi? Mc ch l cc bn thm nh l nn gi li tm no, b tm no, ct xn khc no khi mu sc mc hon ho nht. Ch nu chng ta em i ra nhng ni lm cha ng mc th lm sao chng ta bit l tm hnh chng ta chp c kh khng? i lc v c i ra phim nhng ni r tin, hnh chng ta xem rt chn, khin chng ta m ra nn v t cho l mnh khng c khiu chp hnh, chng mun cm n my. 6) Vi cn bn v my nh 6a) ng knh ca my nh c phn bit bng tiu c ca n, hay ni cch khc, bng gc thu nhn hnh ca ng knh . Tiu C ca ng knh l khong cch t mt phim ti Tm ca ng knh. Tm ca ng knh l mt im v hnh, ta khng thy v hng sn xut cng khng nh du trn ng knh cho ta bit. i khi l im ny thng nm ngay ni mng trp, hoc rt gn mng trp. Mn Trp l nhng tm thp mng, ng hay m ln nh iu chnh lng nh snh vo mt phim. Tiu c ng knh cng ngn th gc thu nhn hnh cng rng; tiu c cng di

th gc thu hnh cng hn hp. - ng knh tm rng (wide angle lenses) c tiu c 35mm hoc ngn hn: dng chp ton cnh. - ng knh c bn (normal lenses) c tiu c trong khong 40-50mm: thng i km my nh. - ng knh vi tiu c di (long focal lenses) c tiu c t 75-135mm: tin chp chn dung. - Vin knh (telephoto lenses) c tiu c t 180mm tr ln: chp nhng g xa. - Zoom: ng c tiu c thay i v gc m cng thay i theo. Tin li khi i du lch v nh nhng v r hn s ng knh n m n thay th, nhng hnh nh khng sc nt v sng bng. Ghi ch: Nn mua ng knh cng hiu vi thn my. Mun to hnh nh sc nt, r rng, trong tro, c phm cht cao, ng knh phi tt. ng knh to phm cht ca hnh nh, khng phi thn my. ng knh t tin cha hn l tt, nhng ng knh tt chc chn l phi t. 6b) Khu ca ng knh l m ln hay nh ca mng trp nh sng em hnh nh qua ghi vo mt phim. Khu (f) l kt qu ca bi ton chia gia Tiu C (F) vi ng knh m (d) ca mn trp: f = F / d . Theo qui c, cc khu trn ng knh thng c ghi : 1.4 2 2.8 4 5.6 8 11 16 -22. Tr s cng nh, ng knh mn trp cng ln v ngc li. Bt c hai khu

no lin nhau, v d f/5.6 v f/8, khu f/5.6 c din tch quang khu ln gp hai ln f/8, do f/5.6 cho nh sng vo mt phim nhiu gp hai ln f/8. 6c) Tc ca my nh l khong cch thi gian mng trp m nh sng lt qua ng knh, em hnh nh vo mt phim, ri ng li. Tc trn my nh thng thng l T-B-1-2-4-8-15-30-60-125-250-500-10002000-4000-8000 T (time) l tc m lu, khi bm my ln th nht, mng trp m, khi bm ln th hai, mng trp ng. Nhiu my ngy nay khng c tc T ny. B (bulb) cng l tc m lu, khi ta bm my v gi nh vy, mng trp m, khi ta bung tay, mng trp ng li. 1 l mt giy, t 2 tr ln l 1/2, 1/4, 1/8ca mt giy ng h. Ly bt c hai tc no lin nhau nh 1/125 giy v 1/250 giy, tc 1/250 giy nhanh gp hai ln tc 1/125 giy. 6d- Phim / Mch Cm ng / Th Lu Tr (sensor, memory card) i loi, vi cc loi my thng, nh sng c ghi nhn qua lp Nitrat bc trng trn tm nha, gi l phim. Cn cc loi my digital, cc mch cm ng in (sensor CCD hay CMOS) chuyn i nh sng thnh m in t (electron), ri ghi vo cc th lu tr, nn mch cm ng in c th xem nh lp nitrat bc, cn th lu tr c th xem nh l phim em i ra hnh tim. My dng phim th cn em theo nhiu phim v nhiu loi khc nhau, cn my digital chng ta khng cn, v c th dng th lu tr c sc cha ln, cng vi

kh nng thay i nhy ISO ca my digital. n v o nhy ca phim l ISO (theo qui lut ca International Standard Organization). Phim c tr s ISO cng cao th nhy sng hn phim c ISO thp. Phim 200 ISO th nhy gp hai ln phim 100 ISO. c tnh chung ca phim. - Phim chm, di 64 ISO: rt mn ht, ghi c nhiu chi tit, tng phn kh cao, dung sai t. - Phim trung bnh, t 80 n 320 ISO: nhm phim thng dng, d s dng. Phim mn ht, tng phn v dung sai trung bnh, ghi nhn kh nhiu chi tit. - Phim nhanh, t 400 n 1000 ISO: cng l nhm phim thng dng cho nhng ai mun chp nh tranh ti tranh sng m khng mun dng flash, hay dng tc nhanh nm bt cc hot cnh, hay ng nh ng knh c chiu su. Ht hi th, tng phn nh, dung sai cao, chi tit kh. - Phim cc nhanh, trn 1000 ISO: Phim th ht, tng phn nh, dung sai kh cao, khng ghi nhn c nhiu chi tit bng ba loi trn. Ai mun chp nh v khi in hnh c ht th th dng loi phim. Phim c dung sai cao l loi phim nu ta chp tha hay thiu sng, khong mt hay hai nc, m hnh nh, mu sc vn trung thc mt cch chp nhn c. Nu ch c th chp tha thiu khong na nc thi, hn th hnh nh nh s h, xu th l phim c dung sai thp. Phim khi mua v nn ct trong ngn t lnh, khi dng ly ra ngoi khong 15 pht trc khi lp vo my. Chp xong cha kp mang ra, cng nn gi trong

ngn t lnh. c th xem l tng ng vi mn ca phim, khi in ra hnh, my digital cn phi c thu nhn nh sng khong 16 megapixels. Gi c loi my digital ny th trng vn cn t lm, hy vng trong tng lai s gim dn vi s thng tin ca k thut. y ti ch ghi vn tt, nu mun bit chi tit hn, cc bn nn vo th vin khing v vi quyn dy chp hnh my phim v my digital m nghin ngm. 6e- Nhng iu cn ghi nh Thn my nh cho ta mt s tin nghi, nhng phm cht ca hnh nh gn nh hu ht l nh ng knh v ti ngh ca ngi dng my. Do nu mun hnh nh c phm cht cao, nn dng ng knh tt, khng nn dng thn my tt chung vi ng knh t. Mi ln i , thay i t loi my ny sang loi my khc rt tn km. Nn suy ngh k trc khi quyt nh dng loi my no. Mua my nh l chp cho c nh. Nu loi my no c c nguy khng hot ng khi tri lnh hay m th khng nn mua. My nh qu nh, hay qu nng u d lm rung my khi chp. My nh v ng knh d l loi thng hng, nhng khi chp b RUNG th phm cht hnh nh cng khng bng my r tin nhng khng b rung khi chp. Mun trnh RUNG my, dng chn my v dy bm (cable release). My nh in t t ng khng gin d nh ta ngh, nhng rt l rc ri, vy bn

cn c k quyn ch dn, em theo trong b my nh v c i c li lun lun. Khi gp tnh trng thiu sng, tranh ti tranh sng, nn m khu ln nh 1.4, 2, 2.8 v 4. Khu ln lm gim chiu su, nhng li c th li dng n xa m hu cnh. Khu 5.6 thch hp nht cho chp chn dung. Khu ti ho l 8 vi kh nng ghi nhn chi tit, mu sc, sc cao nht Khu 11, 16, 22 cn bt nh sng vo ng knh, ng thi lm tng chiu su. Khi chp chn dung, nn dng ng knh khong 100, v mun cho r tng ng nhn ni gng mt cc c gi th c th kt hp tc v khu nh 1/125 v 8, hay 1/60 v 11, hay 1/30 v 16. Cn nh mun chp cc c tr khng mun thy mn, hoc vt nhn th nn kt hp 1/250 vi 5.6, hay 1/500 vi 4, hay 1/1000 vi 2.8. Cc bn c th vi ln cho quen, sau c i chp hnh kim ra tin th nh ti vi nghe. Gia cch chn tc v khu c nh trn my t ng, chng ta nn chn tc c nh, lc my s t ng iu chnh khu th tt hn. Ngoi tri nn tc l 125, chp phong cnh nn t 30, cn trong nh nn tc 80. Chp hoa khng nn qu nhiu nh sng, v s lm hoa mt mu hoc qu trng. Cn chp ngc sng, s lm ni gn v lng ca hoa. Thay v bt hnh nh ng li bng cch chp tc nhanh, chng ta c th biu hin tnh ng bng cch tc 1/4, 1/8, hay /15 lia my theo vt ang chuyn ng v ng thi bm my.

7) B Cc Trong nh y l vn kh nhc u cho ngi chp hnh, lm sao to nn s khc bit gia mt tm nh bnh thng v mt tc phm nhip nh. B cc trong nhip nh bao gm vic sp xp, to s lin lc, to ngha, phi hp cc thnh phn cu to nn tm nh, sao cho tm nh c duyn dng, gy thch th v xc ng ni ngi xem. B cc l vn sinh t ca nhip nh. My mc, ng knh, phim, giy, my phngc tt n u cng khng lm tm nh ca chng ta thnh tc phm, nu chng ta khng luyn tp v b cc. B cc cng khng th hc tt ngang c, mi nhip nh gia c mt cch b cc ring, v l c tnh ca h. Chng ta c th hc hi v b cc bng cch nghin cu nh ca cc nhip nh gia c mi xuyn qua cc cuc trin lm, sch, bo, phim, Nhng thnh phn ca b cc, Ch , ng Nt, Mng Mu Sc, Bi Cnh, mi th c mt nhim v ring, nhng li phi lin kt, b tc ln cho nhau mt cch mt thit cng vun bi cho CI P ca tc phm. 7a - Ch l i tng chnh yu ca tc phm v ch nn c mt ch m thi. Cn phi lm cho ch ni bt ra khi m ng trong nh, bng cch nh: - em ch li gn hn, ln hn cc phn khc, - cho mu sc ni hn, m hn nhng phn khc, c bit hn, - so snh s ng hay tnh, m nht i vi sc nt, gi tr, ln b, mn mng i

vi nhn nheo, v.v. 7b ng nt trong bc nh cho ta nhng ngha khc nhau, nh: - ng thng ngang cho ta thy s yn tnh, bnh thn; - ng thng ng to cho ta cm gic kho mnh, rnh r, dt khot; - ng cho to s mch lc, sng ng; - ng cong ng to s uyn chuyn, mm do, rung cm; - ng cong ngang v un ln to s c gng, cu tin; - ng cong ngang v un xung gy cho ta cm ngh bung th, ni tri; - ng gy mang n tm trng phc tp, si ni; - ng nt hn tp gy s rc ri, hoang mang, hn lon; - ng nt hi t to c chiu su, tng xut pht hay t ti; - ng nt k h hay lp i lp li to nn tng nhp nhng, 7c Mng mu sc: khi chp hnh sc nt chng ta c nhng sc phn minh, nhng khi chp m nho chng ta s c cc mng mu sc hay mng m lt. ngha ca mu sc v sc : - nhng mu nng gm cam, vng, nu, v xm lt (khi chp phim trng en), mu nng to nn nhng tng ti vui, ci m, kch ng, am m, - nhng mu lnh nh xanh, lc, tm, chm, xm m hoc en li to tng

bun b, chn chng, nng n, e da, S dng ngha ca mu sc, hay cc mng sc thch hp s lm tng ngha ca ch . 7d Bi cnh l nhng thnh phn trn nh cng vi ch , nhng khng c ni qua mt ch . Bi cnh gip b tc ngha cho ch , nng ch ln cho ni hndo bi cnh phi thua km ch v mi phng din nh t l, mu sc, sc , m nho, v.v. Mun bc nh ca mnh ai cng hiu c th b cc cn phi gin d, t ch cho n cc thnh phn ca n nh ng nt, ni dung, bi cnh, mng mu sc. 7e ng dng Vn vt trong thin nhin khng my khi by bin sn chng ta ch vic bc n, gi my ln chp, em v ra nh l c c tc phm! Mt tc phm nhip nh, khi u l vic chp, d l do ta gy dng cnh, hay chp cnh vt c sn, cng phi qua din trnh to b cc. - khi dng cnh chp: cn nghin cu ngha ca tc phm m chng ta mun thc hin (bun, vui, hng v, mong manh, th mng, v.v.), tip n l chn ch , bi cnh sao cho ph hp vi ngha ca tc phm v ng nt, nh sng, sc sao cho ng thun, hay tng phn nhm tng ngha. - khi chp cnh vt c sn: trc ht l quan st cnh vt t xa n gn, mi gc cnhng thi nhn nh ngha ca cnh vt do ng nt, nh sng, mu sc, bi cnhbiu hin; sau na l th di v tr my qua phi, qua tri, ln cao, xung thp, li ra xa, tin li gn, ng bt khung ngang hay dc nhiu v tr

khc nhau, ng thi quan st la cc thnh phn ca b cc vo v tr thun li. Thi gian gn y, ti thy c hai phim kh hay v rt ng thng thc, dnh cho cc bn mun nghin cu su hn v chp hnh, l phim Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Spring v Memoirs of a Geisha. Phim Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Spring t u ch cui ch c c mt cnh l ci am tu hnh ca mt nh s v cu hc tr. Cc bn s c dp nhn xt k thut thu hnh qua tng gc thi gian, vic ghi nhn v biu hin tnh cm, hnh nh ca cuc i v s xoay vn, v.v. Nn in nh i Hn tin mt bc di qua cun phim ny. Phim Memoirs of a Geisha trong CD th hai, cho thy cng phu nghin cu tng tn ca tng chi tit v khng gian v thi gian, s gin dng hnh nh c th ni ln c tt c nhng g trong truyn, ci hay l gi ghm tt c khong hn 2 gi. Nguyn c phi on quay phim i li on ng cng tc gi, thi gian v khng gian c s dng, v cu kt thnh truyn. Tt c nhng th y ch l h cu, khng phi thc! Nc Nht hin nay qu pht trin, khng th no tm cho ra mt ni no hon ton c th din t cu truynv kt qu l h dng nguyn mt khu vc quay cun phim nym li trn t M mi hay ch! S sp xp b cc, chn la hnh nh, ng nt, nh sng, bi cnhtht l tuyt vi! Sau khi xem mi bn s rt ra cho mnh mt kinh nghim v ng hng ringnhng c iu chc chn l t y cc bn s chp hnh v xem phim mt cch th v hn. Khng cn b cun ht trong tnh tit ca cu chuyn m s i su hn vo k thut dng hnh, dng phim, cng nh s din xut ca cc vai trong

phim, hay cc bi cnh s dng trong hnh. Kinh Nghim Dng vit cc phn trn mt phn l kinh nghim bn thn, mt phn l do c sch, nhng phn ln l ti liu dnh cho cc kha hun luyn v nhip nh ca Hi Nhip nh VN Vng HTD, m ngy xa bc Thi Thu Vy c thi l Ph Hi Trng, by gi bc y chy v Arizona hng nhn mt ri. Phn cn bn v my mc, chp hnh, b cc k nh tm xong, nhng cho c mt bc nh tm gi l p, chng ta cn phi xch my ra m thc hnh, cng nhiu cng tt, ri em nhng hnh ra m tho lun trong nhm bn chp nh. D nhin l mi ngi mi , nhng chc chn l th no cng c mt vi iu hay, ng chng ta hc hi. Ti mong cc bn s sn sng ng gp vo y cc kinh nghim tri qua, tt c chng ta cng c dp n li v hc hi. Nhng g ti vit ra y thc s l cho ti cc bn i! Cc bn nh ph ti mt tay nha. 8-1 T th chp hnh Thng thng chng ta ch ng ngay ngi, ngm v bm my > bc hnh chng ta chp c c v nh mi th dn cc li vi nhau, nht l khi chng ta cnh ng ph bn ngoi vi nhiu ngi i b, trong mt ba tic, cnh sc thin nhin, v.v. Thay v nh th, chng ta th tm mt v th cao hn, ng trn mt m t, mm , hay mt chic gh m chp > hnh nh trong hnh s c tri u ra, v chc chn l nhn bt mt hn. C khi chng ta cng nn thay i mt cht bng cch qu xung m chp, hay nm xung a ch ln cao hn,

khc vi bnh thng. 8-2 Phim v Th Lu Tr (memory card) C l hin nay, cc bn u quay ra xi my digital ht ri, cho n tin, nht l nhng khi du hnh. Ti cng ang t t chuyn qua my digital y bn i! Nht l phi mang theo nhiu phim, vi th lu tr chng 1 hay 2 GB l tha h m chp cho ton th chuyn i. Nu chng ta khng nhm n vic phng ln bc nh v ch cn in ra kh 46, chng ta khng cn g phi chp vi phn nh cao (high resolution). Vi tm th 1GB, nh c 2MB l chng ta c quyn chp chng 500 tm hnh, tng ng vi 20 cun phim 24 tm. Hay hn na l chng ta c th chn nhy (ISO) hay t ng. Cn bn nht nh xi my hnh phim, nh em phim cho nhiu, vi vi nhy khc nhau. 8-3 Nhng im Mnh / Gy Ch Thng l nhng im nm trn cc ng thng ngang hay dc, v tr mt phn ba (1/3) hay hai phn ba (2/3) ca tm hnh. y l iu bnh thng phi khng cc bn, v t khi no chng ta nhn vo trung tm ca mt vt th hay ngoi ba mp ca n. T im ny, chng ta nn trnh vic bc hnh b chia ct lm i do mt ng thng bn trong. 8-4 ng Chn Tri Cc bn nn ch lm sao cho ng chn tri nm song song vi cnh di ca tm hnh. xo th nhn khng p, m ngi xem phi nghing u qua li tm ra ng chn tri th li cn t hn na. V d bn ra bin chp hnh chng

hn, nu bu tri xanh v c my p th 2/3 phn trn ca bc hnh bn bu tri, 1/3 bn di s l mt nc bin, ng chn tri nm song song vi chiu ngang tm hnh. Cn nu nh chng ta mun nhn mnh vo con sao bin, v s hay v c no trn bi bin, chng ta c th chn cho ch nm 2/3 bn di, ng chn tri lc y s l cc ln sng v tr 1/3 bn trn ca tm hnh. 8-5 C Nn Dng Mn nh Ph Khi Chp Khng (cho my digital) Nu dng mn nh ph (LCE screen) th chng ta s n chc nhn thy bc hnh ra sao trc khi chp, nhng bt tin l hao in qu. Nht l khi i chi xa, khng d tr nhiu pin mang theo, l cha k pin loi c bit t gp chc ln loi pin thng thng. Do nu c th chng ta nn ngm v b cc bc hnh qua ca s (view-finder) tit kim in. Chp hnh qua ca s cn c li im l chng ta c im ta my hnh st vo mt > my t b run hn so vi cn my a ra xa. C mt hm ti i chp hnh, v khi bc ln my bo cho bit l pin yu, ti ng mn nh ph v chp qua ca s n c hn 30 tm hnh trc khi ht in hn. 8-6 Chp Ngc Sng Ai cng bit l khi chp hnh ch ngc sng, cn phi thm sng bng cch m ng knh ln hn, hay cho tc chm li, hay l dng thm n, hoc dng mt tm ba trng gn nhm ht thm nh sng vo ch . Nu dng n, thng th chng ta gp thm tnh trng bng , tc l ngun sng pha sau, hnh ca chng ta li c bng trc mt. Cc bn nn im ny nghe, ko khng li ging nh vic chp hnh ch thn n lm rung m c mi tc qun, hay cu b chn tru m eo ng h chng hn. cc tim chuyn mn, ti thy c bn cc tm ht sng (reflection screen) c th gp gn b ti rt tin li

cho dn du lch, ng knh chng 75cm (30 inches). Nu c mua, bn nn chn loi hai mt mu trng v mu ng, thay v mu bc sng qu. 8-7 Chp en Trng Vi My Digital? ngh l cc bn nn chp hnh mu tt hn. L do l khi chp hnh mu, bn c th dng cc chng trnh in ton m i t mu qua en trng d dng, trong khi mun i t trng en qua mu sc nguyn thy th v phng. Ngay ti cc tim ra hnh, my sn cho bn s dng cng c phn v ny. 8-08. Mi Pht Ph Du Rng ng v Hong Hn Nh bn YT nhc nn ti mi nh chuyn chp hnh lc rng ng v hong hn. Thi gian chp hnh, theo ti, p nht l lc mt tri cha ln khi chn tri vo bui sng, hoc ln xung khi chn tri lc chiu ti, khi y bu tri ng hng hay vng p l thng v ch ko di vi pht. Cc bn thch nhng hnh nh ny, d nhin l phi dy sm v li lu hn ti a im mun chp v nh th ri ro nhiu hn. Vy khi i chp nhng cnh sc ny, cc bn nh r nhau i cng nhiu cng tt nha. Quan trng nht l nh trc nh kim sot l mnh c y phim (hay th lu tr) trong my chp. Lc m thay phim, th, hay hi mn bn b l khng c u, v ai cng chm ch lo bm my. 8-09. Optical Zoom v Digital Zoom Digital Zoom c ngha l my hnh dng chng trnh c sn trong my m a hnh nh n gn hn. N cng tng t nh cc bn dng chng trnh trong my in ton m phng hnh ln ra vy thi. Do khi mua my hnh, cng nhiu optical zoom thi cng tt, v digital zoom c th lm c vi my in ton

 nh. 8-10. Chp Hnh Dng No JPEG, TIFF, RAW y l ch vit tt ca: - JPEG = Joint Photographic Experts Group, nn ti a cc d kin, hnh nh km, t tn ch, kh sa cha, nhng sn sng gi theo in th, t 1MB-5MB. - TIFF = Tagged Image File Format, nn d kin mt phn, hnh nh kh hn, cha sn sng gi chung vi in th, khong 6MB-7MB. - RAW = cn nguyn dng, tha h m s dng cc chng trnh m bin ha hnh nh, cng nh mu sc, t 8MB tr ln. ngh l nu ch chp hnh bnh thng chng ta nn my chp nh di dng JPEG, nu cn in ln th hy chn TIFF. Khi cn phi t im bc hnh v sau, nn lu tr di dng TIFF hnh khng b xung cp do vic p nn di dng JPEG. Cn RAW tht s cng chng cn thit lm! 8-11. Chp nh Ra Nh Tranh V Mun chp nh hin ra lung linh nh o nh thc, bn c vic chp bc nh qua s phn chiu ca mt nc ma di ng, qua mt h nc, v.v. 8-12. Phn Loi nh Thng cc gii thng phn loi nh nh sau: - tng qut (picturesque): c quyn dng phng ti, cc chng trnh in ton m

lm cho kh hn, - phong cnh thin nhin (natural): thng l khng c ngi. - phng s (photojournal) - du lch (travel) Ba hng sau, bn chp th no th nguyn nh vy, nhng bn c quyn ct xn hnh nh (crop). Bn gi nh d thi m gi nhm loing l tai hi bc t! Ngoi ra, khi nhn mt bc hnh, ngi dn u M thng nhn t gc tri qua, cn dn li nhn t phi qua do thi quen c sch / vit t nh. 8-13. Khuynh Hng Chm Gii y ch l nhn xt ch quan thi nha cc bn. - khu vc Chu: thch hnh nh chp ra p nh tranh v, c s hi ho, cc ti kha thn, hay cm k trong phong tc tp qun, v.v. - khu vc u Chu: cc hnh nh c tnh cch tru tng, h o, en trng, dng k thut phng ti, th thao, v.v. - khu vc M Chu: sc vt nui trong gia nh, thin nhin rng ln ch khng ng khung, mi la. v.v. Cho nn vic bc nh ny ot gii thng M, cha chc vo c vng loi cc gii u Chu hay Chu. y cng l chuyn thng tnh, v mi ngi c

mt thch ring nhn tm ty mng m l vy. 8-14. Sn Sng Cho Vic Thay i T Phim Qua Digital Nhn quanh cc gian hng my hnh, cng nh trong lc du hnh, ti thy s lng my hnh chp bng phim chng bn, hay c du khch s dng cng lc cng gim. Hng Nikon ngng sn xut my chp phim, Canon sp theo chn, Minolta/Konica nhy khng kp nn phi nhp vo vi Sony. Nhng tin li ca my digital qu nhiu so vi my chp phim, nn tin trnh thay i t phim sang digital chc chn phi xy ra: - thay i nhy (ISO), vi my digital chng ta c th chp mt tm hnh ny, tm k i qua khc d dng, trong khi phi cn nhiu my chp phim khc nhau cho tng nhy, - vi my digital vic s dng quang k (light meter), knh lc mu (filter lenses) c l khng cn na v chng ta c th nhn hnh lin ngay sau khi chp, kim sot s phn phi sng ca bc hnh qua biu (histogram) m thay i hay sa cha d dng. - khi my digital chng ta cng khng cn phi lo chuyn dng phim no cho ng sng, v khi chp hnh vi dng RAW, cc bn c t ng (phn White Balance), sau v dng cc chng trnh in ton m p dng sng cho thch hp, vi my chp phim (ngay c digital dng JPEG) th chu cht khng sa c. - hnh chp qua digital c th gi ngay i cho bn b, bi vit in bo khng cn qua giai on ra phim ri in thnh nh, ch in nhng hnh p, v l cha k chuyn tn tin lp phng ti, i ph vi cc cht ho hc c hi.

- v.v. v v.v. Chng ta khng mun i c l cng khng c, phi khng cc bn?! Bi vit kh di, xin php c dng y. Chc cc bn chp c nhng bc hnh va , v nh em ln y chia s cho mi ngi cng thng thc. Cm n cc bn theo di.