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Gio trnh thc tp ha l NXB i hc quc gia H Ni 2007. Tr 45 59. Ti liu trong Th vin in t H Khoa hc T nhin c th c s dng cho mc ch hc tp v nghin cu c nhn. Nghim cm mi hnh thc sao chp, in n phc v cc mc ch khc nu khng c s chp thun ca nh xut bn v tc gi.
Bi s 10 NG HP PH NG NHIT
Mc ch
Nghin cu s hp ph ca axit axetic trong mi trng nc trn than hot tnh v v cc ng ng nhit hp ph.
L thuyt
Nhng vt c b mt tip xc ln vi pha kh hay pha lng thng c kh nng thu ht cc cht kh hay cht tan trong pha lng. Nu s thu ht ch xy ra trn b mt ca vt th gi l s hp ph. V d, khi cho than hot tnh vo dung dch axit axetic CH3COOH th mt s phn t axit axetic s tp trung (b hp ph) ln trn b mt ca than hot tnh. Than hot tnh c gi l cht hp ph, axit axetic l cht b hp ph, nc l mi trng trong s hp ph xy ra. Bng cch o nng axit axetic trc v sau khi hp ph, bit khi lng cht hp ph m gam ta c th bit c lng axit axetic b hp ph trn b mt 1 gam than hot tnh. C nhiu phng trnh thc nghim hoc l thuyt c a ra m t s hp ph ng nhit. y nu ra mt s phng trnh hay gp:
(2)
l lng cht b hp ph bi mt gam cht hp ph (mol/g). C l nng cht b hp ph lc cn bng hp ph (mol/ ). max v b l hng s.
(3)
Phng trnh nu ln quan h gia i lng hp ph (mol/cm2) v d/dC - l bin thin sc cng b mt ca dung dch gy nn bi s hp ph cc cht ln b mt ca dung dch theo s bin thin ca nng dung dch .
C C = max 1 a + C + C b
(5)
trong 1/b thay bng a, l mt hng s. Nu C << a tc nng C rt b th (5) c th vit: = max
C a
Ngha l i lng t l bc nht C l mt ng thng i qua gc to (hnh 1). Nu C >> a th (5) chuyn thnh: = max
(7)
ngha l i lng hp ph l mt hng s: khi ng biu din ( vng nng ln) l mt ng thng song song vi trc honh. cc nng C trung gian, ng biu din l mt on ng cong. ng biu din (hnh 1) c tn l ng hp ph ng nhit Lngmua (v th nghim tin hnh mt nhit nht nh).
tm cc hng s trong phng trnh Lngmua, ngi ta dng phng php th. Mun vy ta biu din phng trnh (2) di dng khc:
C 1 C = + m ax b m ax
(8)
Theo phng trnh ny C/ ph thuc bc nht vo C. ng biu din trong h to C/ C ct trc tung ti M. Ta c:
OM =
tg =
1 max b
1 max
Phn tch phng trnh Frendlich V < 1 nn ng biu din ca phng trnh (1) l mt nhnh ca ng parabol v c gi l ng hp ph ng nhit Frendlich. ng ny khc ng Lngmua ch vng nng thp ng biu din khng phi l ng thng i qua gc ca to v vng nng cao, ng biu din khng t cc i m c xu hng i ln mi, l nhc im ca phng trnh Frendlich. vng nng trung bnh, hai ng biu din ging nhau. Hnh 3 biu din ng hp ph ng nhit Frendlich ca axit propionic trn than hot tnh. Ta thy t im M, ng biu din phn ra hai nhnh: on MB l on tnh trc tip t phng trnh (1) cn MC l on v theo thc nghim. cho ng hp ph m t ng phng trnh (1) cn gi thit khng phi l hng s m l hm s ca nng . nng thp = 1, khi ta s c: A = C Cn nng cao hn th = 0, khi ta s c: A= V nh vy ta thy (9) ging (6) v (10) ging (7). tnh cc hng s trong phng trnh Frendlich, ngi ta cng dng phng php th. Phng trnh Frendlich c th vit di dng: lg A = lg + lgC (10) (9)
Nh vy lgA t l bc nht vi lgC. ng biu din trong h ta lgA lgC s ct trc tung ti N. Ta c:
ON = lg
tg =
T hai phng trnh ny s xc nh c cc hng s v . Tin hnh th nghim Phng th nghim c sn dung dch CH3COOH vi nng gn ng 1N, hy pha c 100 ml cc dung dch c nng gn ng sau y: 0,025N; 0,05N; 0,1N,; 0,2N; 0,4N; 0,5N. Dng dung dch xt chun (nng 0,05N) chun li cc dung dch trn vi ch th phenolphtalein v ghi ly cc nng chnh xc. Ly mi dung dch 50 ml cho vo mt bnh nn c 250 ml ri cn 6 mu than hot tnh, mi mu 1 gam (cn chnh xc), cho vo bnh nn . Lc 5 pht, yn 25 pht. Lc ri chun li bng dung dch xt chun dng trn hai ln.
Ch : Khi chun (c hai ln) nn ly dung dch 1; 2: 20ml, dung dch 3: 10ml, dung dch 4: 5 ml, dung dch 5; 6: 2 ml; thm nc ct cho 20 ml (t dung dch 3 tr i) ri mi chun. Kt qu bng trung bnh cng hai ln chun (sai s phi < 3%).
Tnh ton:
1) Hy tnh s mili ng lng axit b than hot tnh hp ph. Cng thc tnh: x = 50 (Co C) .1000 (mN), trong Co v C l nng axit trc v sau khi hp ph (N). 1000 2) Tnh xem mi gam than hot tnh hp ph bao nhiu mili ng lng axit ? A (hay ) = y A (hay ) l hp ph (mN/g);
x m
m l lng cht hp ph. 3) Ly lgC, lgA, C/. 4) Lp bng s liu theo bng mu nh sau:
S TT Nng ban u Co (N) Nng sau C (N) x(mN) A hay =x/m lgC lgA
Hy v th nh hnh 2 v hnh 4 tm cc hng s trong phng trnh Frendlich v Lngmua. Khi bit cc hng s hy lp cc phng trnh: A = C = max
bC 1 + bC
V ly mt s nng C tun t tng dn (t 0,05 0,5N), tnh gi tr A v tng ng. Vit kt qu di dng bng s ri v cc ng hp ph ng nhit cho cc trng hp: 1 - ng thc nghim; 2 - phng trnh Frendlich v 3 - Lngmua. C nhn xt g v dng ca cc ng ng nhit hp ph ?