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HIU NG ZEEMAN TRNG I HC VINH

KHOA VT L LP CAO HC K16-QUANG HC ..............******........... Ngy 26.01.2010

TIU LUN MN QUANG PH HC TI: HIU NG ZEEMAN Gio vin ging dy: PGS.TS.inh Xun Khoa Hc vin cao hc: L Vn oi Tm tt: ngi u tin nghin cu cc nh hng ca cc t trng ln ph quang hc ca cc nguyn t l Zeeman, nm 1896. ng quang st thy rng, cc vch dch chuyn c tch ra khi c tc dng ca trng ngoi. Sau ny ngi ta nhn thy rng l do tng tc ca nguyn t vi trng, v c th c hai ch : Vi trng yu : c hiu ng Zeeman thng v d thng. Vi trng mnh: c hiu ng Paschen-Back. Hiu ng Zeeman ' thng' , s d c tn gi nh vy bi v n ph hp vi l thuyt c in ca Lorentz, i vi nguyn t c spin bng khng. Hiu ng Zeeman "d thng" l nguyn nhn ca cc nguyn t c spin khc khng, v l kt qu ca mt l thuyt lng t phc tp. I- HIU NG ZEEMAN THNG: Hiu ng Zeeman thng c quan st thy trong cc nguyn t c spin bng khng. Spin ton phn ca mt nguyn t N-electron c cho bi
u N u r r S = si
i =1

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Nhng lp v c y electron th khng ng gp spin cho nguyn t, v vy ta ch cn kho st nhng electron ha tr lp ngoi. V tt c cc electron u c spin bng 1/2 , cho nn ta khng th c c S=0 t cc nguyn t c s l electron lp ngoi cng. Tuy nhin nu c mt s chn electron ha tr th
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HIU NG ZEEMAN

ta s cu c trng thi S=0 . Chng hn, nu c hai electron, th spin tng l u u ur r u r S = S1 + S2 c th c ln bng 0 hoc bng 1 . Thc ra, cc trng thi c bn ca cc nguyn t ha tr hai, tc l nhm II trong bng HTTH ( c cu hnh ns2) th lun lun c S=0, bi v c hai electron sp thng hng vi spin i song song. M men t ca nguyn t c S=0 xut pht t s chuyn ng trn ca n : y,
u r r u = B L h B e = gi h 2me

(2) l t s t hi chuyn.
u r u r

Nng lng tng tc gia lng cc t v t trng u B l: u u r r .B E = (3) Chn mt h trc ta cu trong nguyn t m trc z hng trng vi hng ca t trng. Trong trng hp ny ta c: B = V nng lng tng tc ca nguyn t l: E = - . B
u u r r 0 0 B z

= B.Bz.ml

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vi

eh z = ml .B = ml 2me

y ml l s lng t t qu o .Phng trnh (4) m t tc dng ca trng u r ngoi B lm tch cc trng thi suy bin ca ml . V c 2l+1 gi tr ca ml, nn mi mt mc nng lng tch thnh 2l+1 mc con. iu ny cng cho bit l ti sao ml c gi l s lng t t. S tch ca cc trng thi ml ca electron l=2 ( th c tch thnh 5 mc con) ,c m t trong hnh 1:

Hnh 1: s tch Zeeman thng ca trng thi suy bin ca mt mc nguyn t vi l = 2 bi trng ngoi. 2

HIU NG ZEEMAN

nh hng ca t trng ln cc vch quang ph c th c hiu t s tch ca cc mc nng lng . Kho st cc dch chuyn gia hai s tch Zeeman cc mc nguyn t nh trong hnh2:

Hnh 2: hiu ng Zeeman thng i vi dch chuyn p d : a) trng ngoi lm tch cc mc ml bng nhau. b) vch ph b tch ra b 3 khi quan st ngang.

V phi tha mn quy tc lc la:ml = 0, 1. t cho ta 3 dch chuyn c tn s c cho bi: h = h0 + B.Bz h = h 0 h = h 0 - B.Bz ml = -1 ml = 0 ml = +1

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kt qu ny ging kt qu suy ra t l thuyt c in. S phn cc ca cc vch Zeeman c xc nh t quy tc lc la v cc iu kin ca quan st. Nu ta quan st dc theo trng (s quan st dc ), cc photon phi lan truyn dc theo trc z. Sng nh sng l sng ngang, v do ch c s phn cc theo cc hng x v y l c th xy ra. Vch ml = 0 phn cc theo trc z th khng quan st thy, v ta ch c th quan st thy cc phn cc trn + v - tng ng vi cc dch chuyn ml = 1. Khi quan st vung gc vi trng(quan st ngang) th c 3 vch u khng quan st c.
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HIU NG ZEEMAN

Dch chuyn ml = 0 l phn cc thng song song vi trng, cn cc dch chuyn ml = 1 th phn cc thng vung gc vi trng. Cc kt qu ny c tng kt trong bng 1:
Bng 1: hiu ng zeeman thng

II- HIU NG ZEEMAN D THNG Hiu ng Zeeman d thng c quan st trong cc nguyn t c spin khc khng . Bao gm tt c cc nguyn t c s l in t ha tr . Trong c ch lin kt LS, tng tc spin-qu o culin kt vi spin v mmen gc r u u r r J =S+L qu o to nn mmen gc ton phn (6) Cc electron qu o trong nguyn t tng ng vi con quay t c in. Lc hng tm tc dng bi trng lr nguyn nhn to ra lng cc t u nguyn t chuyn ng tu sai xung quanh B , cn gi l chuyn ng tu sai u r Larmor.r T trng ngoiu l nguyn nhn lm J chuyn ng tu sai chm u r u r u r quanh B . Trong khi L v S chuyn ng tu sai nhanh hn quanh J do tng tc spin-qu o gy ra. iu ny c m t trong hnh 3: u r Tc chuyn ng tu sai quanh B th t l vi cng ca trng. Nu tng cng trng th tn s chuyn ng tu saiuLarmor dn dn ln u r u r r hn chuyn ng tu sai do tng tc spin -qu o ca L v S quanh J - y chnh l hiu ng Paschen-Back. Nng lng tng tc ca nguyn t th bng tng ca cc tng tc ca mmen t qu o v spin vi trng: E = = (7) y gs = 2. Hiu ng Zeeman thng, thu c bng cch cho Sz=0 v Lz=ml. trong cng thc ny. Trong trng hp nguyn t chuyn ng tu sai
z .Bz ur ur u u ( z spin + z orbital ).Bz = gs Sz + Lz B Bz h

HIU NG ZEEMAN

nh m t trn hnh 3, Lz v Sz khng phi l hng s. Ch c Lz=ml. th c u r u r u r xc nh. Ta cn phi chiu L v S ln J , v tip tc chiu ln trc z . Trong khi nguyn t chu mmem t cho bi : vi z = -gJ.B.mJ Nng lng tng tc vi trng c cho bi: E = z .Bz = gJ.B.Bz.mJ i lng gJ y gi l h s Lande. N c biu thc: gJ = 1 +
J ( J + 1) + S ( S + 1) L( L + 1) 2 J ( J + 1) u r r u = g J . B .J h

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Ch rng, nu S = 0, ta thu c gJ=1, ging nh c i vi nguyn t ch c xung lng gc . Nu L=0, th nguyn t ch c xung lng gc spin, ta thu c gJ=2.
u r

Hnh 3: chuyn ng tu sai chm ca J


u r

quanh B trong hiu ng Zeeman d thng. Tng tc spin-qu o gy ra u r chuyn ngr tu sai nhanh hn ca L u r u v S quanh J .

Hnh nh ny c hiu bng cch p dng quy tc lc la sau cho J v MJ : J = 0, 1. v MJ = 0, 1. Cc quy tc ny c p dng kt hp vi cc quy tc : L = 1 v S = 0. Cc dch chuyn J = 0 th b cm khi J=0 i vi c hai trng thi , v cc dch chuyn MJ = 0 b cm trong dch chuyn J = 0. S phn cc ca cc dch chuyn ging nh trong hiu ng Zeeman thng: Vi cch quan st dc, cc dch chuyn MJ = 0 th khng quan st c , v cc dch chuyn MJ = 1 l cc phn cc trn + v - .
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HIU NG ZEEMAN

dc theo trc z, v cc dch chuyn MJ = 1 l cc phn cc thng theo x v y. V D: Xt cc vch D trong nguyn t Na: Cc vch D ca Na tng ng vi dch chuyn 3p 3s . Khi B = 0, th tng tc spin-qu o lm tch vch mc trn 3p 2P thnh cc mc 2P3/2 v 2 P1/2 vi rng 17cm-1 tng ng vi 5100GHz. Mc di 2S1/2 khng b tng tc spin-qu o . Cc h s Lande ca cc mc c cho bi bng 2:

Vi cch quan st ngang th cc dch chuyn MJ = 0 l phn cc thng

Bng 2: cc h s Lande c tnh ton t pt (10) i vi cc mc trong cc vch D ca nguyn t Na.

S tch ca cc vch trong trng c m t bng s ( hnh 4):

HIU NG ZEEMAN

Hnh 4: s tch ca cc vch D ca Na do t trng yu.

Mc 2P3/2 c tch thnh 4 trng thi MJ ,trong hai mc J=1/2, mi mc tch thnh 2 trng thi . S tch l khc nhau i vi mi mc bi v c cc h s Lande khc nhau . p dng quy tc dch chuyn MJ = 0, 1 chng ta tm c 4 dch chuyn cho php i vi ng D1 v 6 dch chuyn i vi ng D2 . Cc dch chuyn ny c lit k trong bng 3:

HIU NG ZEEMAN

Bng 3: hiu ng Zeeman d thng i vi cc vch D ca Na.

Cc kt qu trong bng 3 c th c so snh vi kt qu ca hiu ng Zeeman thng. Trong hiu ng zeeman thng ta quan st c 3 vch vi khong cch nng lng bng nhau v bng B.B. Trong hiu ng Zeeman d thng ta quan st c nhiu hn 3 vch, v thc t cc vch khng cch u nhau. Hn na khng c vch no xy ra ti cng tn s vi vch khi khng suy bin c B = 0. III- HIU NG PASCHEN-BACK: Hiu ng Paschen-Back c quan st trong t trng rt mnh. iu kin quan st c hiu ng Paschen-Back l tng tc ca t trng ngoi phi ln hn rt nhiu tng tc spin-qu o : B.Bz ? Eso (11) Nu iu kin ny c tha mn th tc chuyn ng tu sai quanh trng ngoi s ln hn rt nhiu chuyn ng tu sai spin-qu o . iu ny c ngha l ta ch cn tng tc vi trng ngoi . Ni cch khc, tng tc vi trng ngoi by gi c suy bin ln nht ,m trc y s suy bin ch yu l do tng tc spin-qu o. i vi Na, cng trng tng ng vi tng tc spin-qu o i vi cc vch D l:
B= Eso 17cm 1 = = 36T B 9, 27.1024 JT 1

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HIU NG ZEEMAN

y l mt trng rt mnh,v khng th t c trong cc iu kin phng th nghim thng thng. Mt khc, v tng tc spin-qu o gim theo s nguyn t Z , s tch i vi dch chuyn tng ng trong nguyn t Li ch vo khong 0,3 cm-1. iu ny c ngha l, ta c th ch cn t c mnh ca trng trong khong ? 0,6T. iu ny th d dng t c v cho php quan st c hiu ng Paschen-Back. Trong hiu ng Paschen-Back, tng tc spin-qu o c gi s l nh v b qua, cn L v S th khng cn lin kt vi nhau . Mi chuyn ng tu sai ring r quanh B , ging nh phc ha trong hnh 5. Cc tc chuyn ng tu sai ca L v S l khc nhau bi v cc gi tr g l khc nhau . Do ln ca mmen gc ton phn J bin thin theo thi gian : s lng t J khng cn l hng s ca chuyn ng .

Hnh 5: chuyn ng tu sai ca L v S quanh B trong hiu ng PaschenBack.

Nng lng tng tc by gi c tnh bng cch cng cc ng gp b tch ra ca cc nng lng spin v qu o : E = z .Bz = ( z orbital + z spin ).Bz = ( M L + gS MS ) B Bz (13) Dch chuyn ca cc vch ph th c cho bi: (h ) = (M L + g S .M S ) B .Bz (14) Nh ni trc, cc dch chuyn quang hc khng b nh hng bi spin (i vi trng mnh ) , do ta c MS=0, dch chuyn tn s c cho bi: (h ) = B .Bz .M L (15) y ML= 0 , 1 (tc l cng xut hin 3 vch nh hiu ng Zeeman thng) S TIN TRIN CA CC HIU NG: S thay i ca ph khi chng ta tng B t 0 c minh ha i vi cc dch chuyn p s ca cc kim loi kim ,nh minh ha trong hnh 6.
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HIU NG ZEEMAN

Khi B=0 th cc vch b tch bi tng tc spin-qu o. Khi trng yu th ta quan st c hiu ng Zeeman d thng, cn trng manh ta quan st c hiu ng Paschen-Back

Hnh 6: chui s ca ph quang hc i vi cc dch chuyn p s ca cc kim loi kim vi s tng ca t trng.

............. HT...........

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