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A.Gii thiu v t phn: t phn l do trong t c cha vt liu sinh phn gm lu hunh kt hp vi st to thnh dng sunfua st (FeS2).

y l dng phn tim tng nm di tng t mt v cha gy c cho cy trng trong iu kin t lun ngp nc. Ch khi tip xc vi khng kh th chng mi to thnh phn hot ng v gy c cho cy trng. Theo su ca tng phn trong t th t phn c chia thnh 3 loi: + t phn nng s c tng phn hot ng nm cch mt t khong 50cm. + t phn trung bnh th tng phn nm cch mt t t 50 100cm. + t phn nh khi c tng phn nm cch mt t 100 150cm. B. Sinh vt ch th mi trng t phn: I. Thc vt ch th: Cc qu trnh phn ha trong t khi gp nc phn s loang ra lm nhim ngun nc.Ngun nc tr nn giu cc cht c dang ion Al3+, Fe3+, SO42- v pH thp,m hu ht cc sinh vt trong mi trng u b ng c khi pH<4. V d:C c th b n mt khi pH<3,8; r cy la c th b thi khi nng Al3+>600-800ppm. t phn c hnh thnh nhng vng trng, phn t di l ngp mn, cha nhiu ph sa bin v lu hunh. C khi chng c hnh thnh nhng vng t m ly ca h lu sng ln, su vo trong ni a v t b nh hng ca nc mn. c im ca mi trng ny l pH thp, c th ngp nc quanh nm hay ngp mt thi gian,c th ha phn nhanh chng khi kh nc v c oxy xm nhp vo. Thc vt trn t phn thay i theo tnh cht t,chng bin i ty theo mc hm lng phn cha trong t. Cc loi thc vt ch th cho vng t phn theo cc mc khc nhau: Thc vt ch th vng phn tim tng: Vng phn tim tang nm gia t mn v t phn gm cc loi: Ch l( Phoenis Roxb): mc vng t cao, c ngp thy triu cao nht l 10-20 cm; c im cy cao 3-5m, ng knh bi 3-5m, ng knh thn 510cm. R n dn theo s pht trin ca bi, nhiu gai. Rng di( Arro stichum aureum L): mc vng thp hn, ngp thy triu lc cao nht l 2530cm, c khi mc xen vi ch l v cc cy lm bi khc. Lc bin(Secripus Lf): mc vng t thp,ngp nc thng xuyn.Thn to,cng, dn 3 cnh, vt nhn. Nhiu ch mc xen vi cc kn. b. t phn tim tng su trong vng ni a:

L vng trng ngp nc gn nh quanh nm gm cc loi thy sinh mc chm di nc, hoc chm trong mt phn, cn l v hoa mc khi mt nc nh: - Sng co - Sen - Nng n - Nh cn trn, nh cn vng, c bc - La ma - Rau mung than tm l dn, rau da - Ngh c. Thc vt ch th vng t nhiu phn: -Nng ngt (Eleocharis Dulcis): nhiu nht,pht trin tt pH thp, ch sng c mc phn Al di 2000ppm, nu qu ngng ny nng kh ho ch cn gc,c gy. Nng ngt pht trin khi t b ngp nc v c m cao, m ca t di 15% th nng kh sng. Nu ngp nc thng xuyn pH nng dn ln th nng pht trin mnh,thn l thnh nng ng. Trong cy nng tch ly rt cao SO42- 0,6 0,9% trng lng kh v Al3+ c th ln n 1500-1800ppm. c bit trong r tch ly gp 2-3 ln thn l. -Nng kim ( Eleocharis orchorostachyo): sng trong iu kin phn cao hn nng ngt(Al3+ t 1500 2500ppm) trong iu kin ngp pht trin yu, vi nhng vng than bn b t mt lp mt,phn rt cao, th ch c loi ny sng ni. Nng kim mc rt st mt t thnh thm, l nh, nhn, n su bng nng ngt. -Bng (Lepieonia articulate): sng vng thp trng ngp nc thng xuyn vo ma l, c th sng ni t phn khng trng la c. -Sy (Phragmites kakar) l cy ch th tt cho t phn v c gi tr trong vic ci to v lm nguyn liu sy. Sy mc vng cao hn so vi vng c nhiu nng v bng, c phn thp hn vng c nng kim. d. Thc vt ch th cho vng phn t v trung bnh: -Nng ngt: pht trin tt v pH = 4-4,5; r n su c khi n 1m v rt kh tiu dit. -C ng: mc rt tt vng t phn trung bnh, phn t, ngp nc mt na, rt kh tiu dit. -Lc (Ciperus): mc rt tt trong rung c pH: 4-6, 5; t ngp nc thng xuyn hay gn cc sng rch, knh mng c nc thy triu ra vo thng xuyn. Tuy nhin, cng mt loi t phn nhng ch ngp nc khc nhau th thc vt ch th s khc nhau i.

Khi nghin cu thc vt vng t phn cng cn phi xc nh cc kiu rng trm ang hin din. Trm c th sinh trng trn t chua phn nhng khng chu c iu kin ngp ng quanh nm. Ty thuc vo mi trng v mc tc ng ca con ngi, ta c nhiu kiu trm vi cu trc khc nhau: Rng trm gia cc i ct b ngp trn cc vng trng b ngp ma ma,sau lng rng ngp mn, trong iu kin nc ngt hoc chua t, pha trn l tng cy trm, pha di l cc loi cy choi, dy cng, hong u, c cy tng Rng trm vng trng ni a: trm gn nh n thun, i khi gp vi cy c na, c dmtng c st mt t rt rm rp vi cc loi choi ln, mua, dnh dnh v nhiu dy leo nh my nc,dy cng Bi rm trm: y l qun th thoi ha ca rng trm ni a do s n ph ca con ngi nhng vng trng m ngp nc. Gm cc loi trm thp, khong 1-3m,mc xen k vi cc loi mua, tram l bong, g mt, dnh dnh, bn di l cc loi nng, ng, mm mc Bi rm trm gi: trn cc vng phn nng, t ngp v rt kh vo ma nng,mc xen k vi vi bi mua thm c, phn ln hp bi cc loi bng, nng cy: cu trc bao gm tng cy cao 10-15m vi cc loi bi, trm kh, mp, sp ga, trm, b baitng cy thp gm mua, choi mc chn cht thnh thm mc dy. Rng trm trn t than bn: y l kiu thoi ha ca cy do tc ng ca la rng nn chim u th hn cc loi cy khc. Bi rm trm trn t than bn: l giai on thoi ha tip theo cu rng trm.

Rng trm trn t st: ty c tnh t st, rng trm trn t than bn s bin thnh rng trm sy hoc rng trm sy nng. Tng trn l trm cao 10 15m, tng di l cy cao 1 2m ni t phn nh v sy nng ni t phn nhiu.

II. ng vt ch th mi trng t:
Do c kh nng thch ng rng, mt s loi trai( Corbicular doudoni, co.siamensis,.) c th sinh sng c trong mt s thy lc ni ng nhim phn chua nh. Trong khi , nhm c tuyt nhin khng th sng c nhng nn y thy vc cn b nhim c do phn. Nhm cn trng thy sinh pht trin kh mnh tnh ng Thp, c bit u trng mui lc(chiromidae) & u trng chun chun (odonata) c mt khp ni k c thy vc ni ng b nhim phn nng. Nhm giun t t khng khng ngng pht trin mnh trong cc thy vc nc ngt m cn xut hin ph bin trong cc thy vc b nhim phn ng Thp. Trn cc vng ng trng, vng ng trm, knh mng k cn nhim phn nhng mc khc nhau ,vo ma kh thng cc loi c en c gi tr kinh t cao: c lc, c r, c tr trng, c tr vng, c sc, ln ng ..

Trong thy vc mng ca cc nng trng ng vi pH thp (nc thng c mu nu en, pH t 2 - 2,5) gp mt s loi c c nh chu phn gii nh : c lia thia ( betta teamiata ), c trm. Ngi ta c th da vo chng nhn bit mc nhim phn ca dng thy vc nhn to ny. Vng t phn tim tn hin c nh hng ca nc l th cn kh nhiu cua, tm cng, cng. Vng t phn ni a c nc thng xuyn trn mt rung th kh phong ph ng vt nc phn, nc ngt c tm, tp, ch, rn, a. Nhng vng phn nhiu ch c kin en, kin vng sng trn cy mng cu ghp bnh bt, ngoi ra chng cn cng sinh vi rp sp gy hi khm.

III. Vi Sinh Vt trong t phn :


Mt s tc gi cho rng trong mi trng t phn c cc vi sinh vt ch th nh: -Thiobacillus thiodans -Thiobacillus Femorxidans. Trong nhng vi khun Antothrops c vi loi sng c pH=2, ly nng lng t phn ng oxy ha kh trong qu trnh to phn . Hay thiobacillus Ferorxidans c vai tr xc tc trong qu trnh oxy ha kh Fe2+ thnh Fe3+.

C. Nhn xt chung:
Khi phn tim tng tr thnh phn hot ng th ty theo loi c cht m chng c th tan hoc khng tan, c th to nn vng mu vng hay nh bc nn biu hin trn ng rung cng khc nhau. Nu c cht phn l st th s thy mu nu ca r st (cn gi l phn nng) v c cht phn nhm s c mu trng (cn gi l phn lnh). Khi thy trn lp t mt c ng vng mu trng nhiu v mu t hn l phn lnh. S d c hai loi phn ny l do t st c cu to bi nhm v silic, ng thi cng c st. Khi tip xc vi khng kh, nu t c cha vt liu sinh phn t s sinh ra acid t lm cho t chua nh, pH thp khong 4 5, lc ny ch c cht st ha tan nn s c dng phn nng. Cn t c cha vt liu sinh phn nhiu th s sinh ra acid nhiu (pH xung rt thp), t s rt chua; lc ny st s b phn hy to ra nhm t do v x ln trn to nn lp vng mu trng nn s c dng phn lnh. Nh vy t b phn lnh s gy c cho cy trng nhiu hn so vi phn nng.

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