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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit



Chng 1:T VN
1.1 - t vn v tnh hnh nghin cu hin nay:
H thng nh v ton cu GPS (Global Positioning System) l h thng xc
nh v tr da vo cc v tinh nhn to gm 24 v tinh ch o v mt vi v tinh
d tr c phn b quanh tri t trn 6 qu o gn trn vi ng knh 20138
km v c gc nghing 55
0
so vi mt phng xch o. m bo bao ph khp
mi ni trn tri t, cc v tinh GPS c sp xp sao cho mi qu o c t nht 4
v tinh phn b u.V mt hnh hc, bt k im no trn tri t cng thy c
t 4 n 10 v tinh trong chm sao v tinh GPS. Cc v tinh GPS bay vng quanh
tri t hai ln trong mt ngy (mi chu k qu o mt khong 11 gi 58 pht)
theo mt qu o rt chnh xc v pht tn hiu c thng tin xung tri t. Cc my
thu GPS nhn thng tin ny v bng php tnh lng gic tnh c v tr my thu
ca ngi dng.
Tn hiu m cc v tinh GPS pht xung my thu ca ngi dng gm 2
sng sin (cn c gi l tn s sng mang), 2 m CA (Coarse Acquisition) v P
(Precision) [mi v tinh s pht mt m khc nhau] v bn tin nh v. Ta ca
cc v tinh GPS nm trong bn tin nh v. Khong cch t my thu ca ngi dng
n tng v tinh GPS c xc nh da vo tn s sng mang v m CA hay P
tng ng ca v tinh (xc nh khong thi gian t lc pht tn hiu ti v tinh
n lc nhn c tn hiu GPS ti my thu ca ngi dng, da vo vn tc nh
sng ta s tnh c qung ng t my thu ca ngi dng n v tinh pht ra
m CA hay P tng ng). Khi bit c ta ca v tinh v khong cch t
my thu ca ngi dng n v tinh , da vo hnh hc ta ch cn 3 v tinh l xc
nh c ta my thu ca ngi dng.
Do xung clock ti ni pht (v tinh) v ni thu (my thu ca ngi dng)
khng ng b nn c sai s thi gian tr, dn n sai s khong cch t my thu
ca ngi dng n v tinh, do v tr my thu ca ngi dng cng sai theo. V
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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

vy m h s sai s ng h c a ra v y l l do ti sao phi cn n v tinh
th 4.
Ngoi ra cn c nhiu ngun sai s khc nh sai s ch nh SA (Selective
Availability) nhm ngn nga vic t nh v chnh xc thi gian thc ca cc
thu bao tri php, sai s qu o v tinh, sai s do truyn dn a ng, sai s tr
khi tn hiu truyn qua tng in ly v tng i lu, sai s do my thu. Bn cnh cc
ngun sai s trn, vn truyn dn trong mi trng mt ngi s dng cao rt
d dn n hin tng fading v can nhiu ti b thu ca ngi dng.
Vn t ra l tm nhng gii php hn ch ngun can nhiu, fading v
hng lot cc ngun sai s khc. Ta khng th can thip vo v tinh gim ngun
sai s ti c. Ngun sai s do c kch hot SA, sai s qu o v tinh, sai s
ng h v tinh s c loi b hon ton bng k thut DGPS (Differential GPS).
Ngun sai s tr khi tn hiu truyn qua tng in ly v tng i lu cng c hn
ch bng k thut DGPS. Ngun sai s do truyn dn a ng, can nhiu v vn
truyn dn ti u cng c hn ch bi anten thng minh.
Nhim v n mn hc l nghin cu tm hiu v h thng GPS; ng thi
tm gii php m bo vic truyn sng, truyn dn ti u v hn ch nh hng
ca sai s. n mn hc cng tm hiu cc gii php v k thut DGPS,gii thut
Unconstrained LMS Beamforming bng hp trong b to bp s dng tn hiu tham
kho c t ti trm tham kho (hoc ti b thu ca ngi s dng) nhm bo
m truyn dn ti u gia trm tham kho v cc b thu ca ngi s dng.
1.2 - Mc ch, i tng v phm vi nghin cu:
Trong phm vi n mn hc s c gng tm hiu v h thng nh v ton
cu GPS, k thut DGPS, thut ton LMS v anten thng minh.
1.3 - B cc ca ti:
n mn hc c chia lm 5 chng chnh bao gm:
Chng 1: t vn .
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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

- t vn v nu ra mc ch cng nh ngha ca ti.
Chng 2: C s l thuyt.
- H thng nh v ton cu GPS.
- K thut DGPS.
- Thut ton LMS.
- Anten thng minh.
- B to bp thch nghi LMS bng hp.
- Li ch ca anten thng minh.
Chng 3:ng dng anten thng minh trong h thng GPS v DGPS.
Chng 4: Kt qu m phng.
- Kt qu m phng gii thut LMS.
- Kt qu m phng gii thut LMS trong khng gian 2D.
- Kt qu m phng gii thut Unconstrained LMS Beamforming bng hp.
- Kt qu m phng gii thut Unconstrained LMS Beamforming bng hp
trong b to bp s dng tn hiu tham kho cho dy anten ULA c N=20
phn t trong khng gian 2D.
Chng 5: Kt lun v hng pht trin ti.
- Chng ny a ra mt s kt lun v hng pht trin ca n.
1.4 - ngha ca ti:
ti tm hiu v nghin cu v h thng nh v ton cu GPS, k thut
DGPS, thut ton LMS v anten thng minh.


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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Chng 2:C S L THUYT

2.1 - Tng quan v h thng nh v ton cu GPS:
2.1.1 - Gii thiu h thng GPS:
H thng nh v ton cu GPS (Global Positioning System) l h thng xc
nh v tr da vo cc v tinh nhn to. c thit k v qun l t u nhng nm
1970 bi B Quc Phng Hoa K, ban u GPS ch dnh cho cc mc ch qun
s, nhng t nm 1980 chnh ph Hoa K cho php phc v cho c mc ch qun
s ln dn s. H thng GPS hot ng t nm 1993 cung cp thng tin nh v lin
tc 24 gi mt ngy mi ni trn th gii di bt k iu kin thi tit no. Cc
v tinh GPS bay vng quanh tri t hai ln trong mt ngy (mi chu k qu o
mt khong 11 gi 58 pht) theo mt qu o rt chnh xc v pht tn hiu c
thng tin xung tri t. Cc b thu GPS nhn thng tin ny v bng php tnh
lng gic tnh c chnh xc v tr ca mnh.

Hnh 2.1:Chm sao v tinh GPS
H thng GPS gm mt chm sao 24 v tinh ch o v mt vi v tinh d
tr c phn b trn 6 qu o gn trn vi ng knh 20138km v c gc
nghing 55
o
so vi mt phng xch o. m bo bao ph khp mi ni trn tri
t, cc v tinh GPS c sp xp sao cho mi qu o c 4 v tinh phn b u.
V mt hnh hc, bt k im no trn tri t cng thy c t 4 n 10 v tinh
trong chm sao v tinh GPS.
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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Cc v tinh c nui bng nng lng mt tri v c cc ngun pin d
phng duy tr hot ng khi chy khut vo vng khng c nh sng. Cc tn la
nh gn mi qu v tinh gi chng bay ng qu o nh.
2.1.2 - Cc mng ca h thng GPS:
H thng GPS c chia thnh 3 mng chnh: mng khng gian (space
segment), mng iu khin (control segment) v mng ngi s dng (user
segment)

Hnh 2.2: Cc mng ca h thng GPS.
Mng khng gian l chm sao 24 v tinh, mi v tinh pht tn hiu gm 2
sng sin (c gi l cc tn s sng mang), 2 m s v bn tin nh v. Dng cc
sng mang v m xc nh khong cch t b thu GPS ca ngi s dng n
cc v tinh GPS. Bn tin nh v cha ta ca cc v tinh l hm thi gian. Cc
tn hiu pht t v tinh c iu khin bi ng h in t c chnh xc cao
trn v tinh.
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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Mng iu khin gm mt trm iu khin ch MCS (Master Control
Station), 5 trm monitor v 3 trm iu khin mt t. Trm MCS t gn Colorado
Springs (Colorado, M) c nhim v gim st ton b h thng GPS. 5 trm
monitor Colorado Springs, Hawaii, Kwajalein, Diego Garcia v Ascension Island
c trang b bng cc b thu GPS cht lng cao v b to dao ng cesium nhm
mc ch theo vt (tracking) lin tc tt c cc v tinh GPS. Ring 3 trm monitor
Kwajalein, Diego Garcia v Ascension Island c trang b bng cc antenna mt
t ti thng tin ln cc v tinh GPS. Tt c cc trm monitor v trm iu khin
mt t c iu khin t xa bi MCS.Nhim v chnh ca mng iu khin l xc
nh v d bo cc d liu nh v v tinh. Cc trm monitor theo vt lin tc cc v
tinh GPS v pht cc gim st thu thp c n MCS x l. Kt qu x l
gm cc v tr v tinh l hm thi gian, tnh trng h thng, cc thng s ng h v
tinh, d liu p sut, nin lch v tinh, ... D liu nh v ti ny c MCS gi
n 1 trong cc trm iu khin mt t trm iu khin mt t ti ln cc v
tinh GPS qua di bng tn S.
Mng ngi s dng bao gm tt c cc my thu GPS qun s v dn s.
Khi b thu GPS c kt ni vi antenna GPS, cc my thu GPS s tnh ton v
bit c v tr ca mnh trong khng gian 3 chiu.
C 2 loi dch v m B Quc Phng M a vo cc ng dng dn s l dch v
nh v c bn SPS (Standard Positioning Service) v dch v nh v chnh xc PPS
(Precise Positioning Service). Trong dch v SPS c chnh xc ti thiu
khong 100m cho chiu ngang v 156m cho chiu cao, cn dch v PPS c chnh
xc khong 10m cho chiu ngang v 15m cho chiu cao. Dch v SPS c chnh
xc thp hn dch v PPS l do tn hiu GPS s dng dch v SPS c trn thm mt
s sai s gi l sai s SA (Selective Available). Sau ngy 1/5/2000, B Quc Phng
M quyt nh khng s dng sai s SA na v chnh xc ca 2 dch SPS v PPS
khng cn cch nhau qu xa.

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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

2.1.3 - Cc th h v tinh ca h thng GPS:
*Th h v tinh th nht: gm 11 v tinh Block I c phng ln u tin
vo ngy 22/12/1978 v ln cui cng vo ngy 9/10/1985 vi mc ch thc
nghim. Mt phng qu o ca nhng v tinh ny nghin 63
o
so vi mt phng
xch o.D tui th ca cc v tinh ny c thit k 4.5 nm, nhng mt s v
tinh hot ng hn 10 nm. V tinh Block I cui cng c rt ra khi qu o
vo ngy 18/11/1995.
*Th h v tinh th hai: gm 28 v tinh Block II hay Block IIA c
phng vo qu o t thng 2/1989 n thng 11/1997 (Block IIA l version ci
tin t Block II). n nm 2002 cn 23 v tinh trong qu o.Mt phng qu o
ca nhng v tinh ny nghing 55
o
so vi mt phng xch o.Tui th thit k ca
cc v tinh ny l 7.5 nm nhng hu ht u hot ng vt qu thi hn.
*Th h v tinh mi: gm 6 v tinh BLOCK IIR c phng vo qu
o vo thng 7/2001. Cc v tinh Block IIR c thit k tng thch vi cc v
tinh Block II/IIA v c tui th thit k l 10 nm.Ngoi chnh xc cao hn
mong i, cc v tinh Block IIR cn c kh nng t hot ng t nht 180 ngy m
khng cn s hiu chnh mt t hay khng b gim chnh xc.S t nh v
ca th h v tinh ny c c l nh vo kh nng sp xp ca v tinh vi nhau.
Ngoi ra, lch thin vn d bo trc v d liu clock i vi chu k 210 ngy c
ti ln v tinh bi mng iu khin nm mt t h tr cho vic t nh v.Nm
2003 a vo qu o thm 12 v tinh Block IIR thng qua chng trnh i mi
GPS.
* Th h v tinh tip theo Block IIR l Block IIF gm 33 v tinh. Tui th
ca Block IIF c thit k 15 nm.Cc v tinh ny c kh nng mi qua chng
trnh i mi GPS nhm ci thin chnh xc t nh v GPS.V tinh Block IIF
u tin c phng vo nm 2005.
Chm sao v tinh GPS vo thng 7/2001 c tng cng 29 v tinh gm 5 v tinh
Block II, 18 v tinh Block IIA v 6 v tinh Block IIR (vt qu 5 v tinh so vi
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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

chm sao v tinh thng thng l 24). C 4 ng h in t trang b trn cc v tinh
Block II/IIA: 2 ng h in t loi cesium(Cs) v 2 ng h in t loi
rubidium(Rb). ng h cesium l ngun nh gi chnh iu khin tn hiu
GPS.Cc v tinh Block IIR ch dng ng h loi rubidium.Cc th h v tinh GPS
c minh ha hnh 2.3.

Hnh 2.3: Cc th h v tinh GPS.
Hin nay trn th gii c ba h thng v tinh dn ng. GPS v GLONASS ang
hot ng, GALILEO hon thnh vo nm 2008. C ba h thng nh v ton cu
ngy nay c gi tn chung l H thng v tinh dn ng ton cu (GNSS,
Global Navigation Satellite System). Phn ny s tm lc mt s thng tin v ba
h thng v tinh nhn to: GPS, GLONASS v GALILEO.
2.1.1.1 - GPS:
Tn gi GPS (Global Positioning System) dng ch h thng nh v ton
cu do B quc phng M thit k v iu hnh. B Quc phng M thng gi
GPS l NAVSTAR GPS (Navigation Signal Timing and Ranging Global
Positioning System). Mi ngi u c th s dng GPS min ph. V tinh u tin
ca GPS c phng vo thng 2 nm 1978, v tinh gn y nht l v tinh GPS
IIR-M1 c phng vo thng 12 nm 2005 (Wikipedia, 2006). GPS bao gm 24 v
tinh (tnh n nm 1994), c b sung thnh 28 v tinh (vo nm 2000), chuyn
ng trong 6 mt phng qu o (nghing 55 so vi mt phng xch o) xung
quanh tri t vi bn knh 26.560 km (Yasuda, 2001).Hay ni cch khc cao
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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

trung bnh ca v tinh GPS so vi mt t vo khong 20.200 km (Wikipedia,
2006).
2.1.1.2 - GLONASS:
H thng GLONASS (Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System, H
thng v tinh dn ng qu o ton cu, ting Nga :
; Global'naya Navigatsionnaya
Sputnikovaya Sistema) do Lin bang S vit (c) thit k v iu hnh. V tinh u
tin ca GLONASS c Lin X a ln qu o ngy 12 thng 10 nm 1982,
vo ngy 24 thng 9 nm 1993 h chnh thc c a vo s dng. Ngy nay h
thng GLONASS vn c Cng ho Nga tip tc duy tr hot ng. H thng
GLONASS bao gm 30 v tinh chuyn ng trong ba mt phng qu o (nghing
64.8 so vi mt phng xch o) xung quanh tri t vi bn knh 25.510 km
(Yasuda, 2001).
2.1.1.3 - GALILEO:
C hai h thng GPS v GLONASS c s dng chnh cho mc ch qun
s.i vi nhng ngi s dng dn s c th c sai s ln nu nh c quan iu
hnh GPS v GLONASS kch hot b phn gy sai s ch nh, v d nh SA ca
GPS. Do vy Lin hp u Chu (EU) ln k hoch thit k v iu hnh mt h
thng nh v v tinh mi mang tn GALILEO, mang tn nh thin vn hc
GALILEO, vi mc ch s dng dn s. Vic nghin cu d n h thng
GALILEO c bt u trin khai thc hin t nm 1999 do 4 quc gia Chu u
Php, c, Italia v Anh Quc. Giai on u trin khai chng trnh GALILEO
bt u nm 2003 v hon thnh v a vo s dng trong nm 2010 (chm hn
so vi thi gian d nh ban u 2 nm) (Wikipedia, 2006).GALILEO c thit k
gm 30 v tinh chuyn ng trong 3 mt phng qu o (nghing 56 so vi mt
phng xch o) xung quanh tri t vi bn knh 29.980 km (Yasuda, 2001).

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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit


Hnh 2.4 - Nh thin vn hc Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Hng mc GPS GLONASS GALILEO
S v tinh 28 (tnh n 2000) 30 30
S mt phng
qu o
6MEO 3MEO 3MEO
nghing
MPQ
55
o
64.8
o
56
o

Bn knh qu
o
26.560 km 25.510 km 29.980 km
Chu k 11 gi 58 pht 2 giy 11 gi 15 pht 40 giy 14 gi 21 pht 36
giy
Tn s sng
mang
L1: 1575.42 MHz
L2: 1227.60 MHz
L5: 1176.45 MHz
G1:1602+Kx0.5625
MHz
G2:1246 + Kx0.5625
MHz
K = 7~24
G2 = G1x7/9
E1: 1589.742 MHz
E2: 1561.098 MHz
E5: 1202.025 MHz
E6: 1278.75 MHz
C1: 5019.86 MHz
Phng trnh CDMA FDMA CDMA
Dng m s Chui M
di m s 1023 bit
2.35x10
14


511 bit
5110000

N/A
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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Tc m s
(C/A L1, P L1,
L2)
1.023 Mcps
10.23 Mcps

0.511 Mcps
5.11 Mcps

E1, E2: 2.046 Mcps
E5: 10.23/1.023
Mcps
E6: 20.46 Mcps
Thi gian chun UTC (USNO) UTC (Nga) UTC
Sai s ch nh SA ( b 2000) Khng c Khng c
Thng ip dn ng (navigation messages)
Ephemeris Yu t qu o V tr, tc v gia tc
ba chiu
-
Almanac Yu t qu o Yu t qu o -
Tc truyn d
liu
L1: BPSK: 50 bps
L2: BPSK: 25 bps
L5: QPSK: 50 bps

BPSK: 50 bps QBSK
E1, E2, C: 300 bps
E5: 330 bps
E6: 2500 bps
Chu k d liu 12 pht 30 giy 2 pht 30 giy -
nh dng d liu 30 bit / t 100 bit / string -
D liu hiu chnh
in t
C Khng c -
Bng 1: So snh mt s thng s k thut ca ba h thng v tinh dn ng ton
cu GPS.
2.1.4 - Cu trc tn hiu GPS:
Mi v tinh GPS pht mt tn hiu radio cao tn gm hai tn s sng mang
c iu ch bi hai m s v mt bn in dn ng. Hai tn s sng mang ny
c pht tn s 1575.42 MHz (gi l sng mang L1) v 1227.60 MHz (gi l
sng mang L2). Theo , bc sng tng ng l 19 cm v 24.4 cm; kt qu ny
c rt ra t quan h gia tn s sng mang v vn tc nh sng trong khng gian.
Vic s dng hai tn s trn cho php sa mt li nghim trng ca GPS l tr tng
in ly. Tt c cc v tinh GPS u pht cng tn s sng mang L1 v L2. Tuy
nhin, m iu ch l khc nhau cho cc v tinh, vic ny lm gim thiu s can
nhiu tn hiu.
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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit


Hnh 2.4: Minh ha (a) Sng sin ; (b) m s
Hai m GPS gi l m thu th ( m C/A) v m thu chnh xc (m P). Mi
m cha mt lung s nh phn 0 v 1 gi l cc bit hay cc chip. Cc m ny c
gi chung l m PRN v chng ging nh tn hiu ngu nhin. Nhng thc t, cc
m ny c pht nh s dng mt thut ton. M C/A ch c i ch vo song
mang L1, trong khi , m P c iu ch vo c song mang L1 v L2. S iu
ch ny c gi l iu ch lng pha, do pha ca sng mang c dch i 180
0
khi gi tr ca m thay i t 0 n 1 hoc t 1 n 0.
+ M C/A:
M C/A c s dng trong cc ng dng dn s v ch c truyn i trn
dy bng tn L1. Chui m C/A lp li theo chu k 1ms ca 1 on gm 1023 chip,
xut hin vi tn s 1.023MHz. Bc sng ca m C/A khong 300m. Mi v tinh
c gn 1 m C/A ring bit v duy nht nhm cho php cc b thu ca ngi
dng nhn bit tn hiu thu nhn c l ca v tinh no. Hnh 2.5 minh ha cu
trc m C/A trn sng mang L1. D liu nh v 50 bit mi giy, mi bit (20 ms)
gm 20 chu k m C/A (cn gi l 20 epoch m C/A ), mi chu k m C/A (1ms) l
1 chui 1023 chips, mi chip (0.9775s) gm 1540 chu k sng mang L1 c tn s
1575.42Mhz. Trong epoch ca m C/A chnh l cnh ln ca chip u tin trong
mi on 1023 chips.
+ M P:
M P c s dng trong cc ng dng qun s v c truyn i trn c 2
bng tn L1 v L2. Chui m P lp li theo chu k 1 tun ca 1 on gm 6.19x10
12

chip, xut hin vi tn s 10.23MHz. Bc sng ca m P khong 30m.Hnh 2.6
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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

minh ha cu trc m P trn sng mang L1. D liu nh v 50 bit mi giy, mi bit
(20 ms) l 1 on gm 204600 chips, mi chip gm 154 chu k sng mang L1 c
tn s 1575.42Mhz.

Hnh 2.5: Minh ha cu trc m C/Atrn sng mang L1 (Theo trang 31 [3]).

Hnh 2.6: Minh ha cu trc m P trn sng mang L1
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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

+ Cu trc ca bn tin nh v:
Thng tin trong bn tin nh v c cu trc khung (frame) nh minh ha
hnh 2.7.Bn tin hon ho cha 25 khung, mi khung cha 1500 bits.Mi khung
c chia nh thnh 5 khung con. Mi khung con cha 300 bits gm 10 t (word),
mi t cha 30 bits v bit c trng s ln nht c pht u tin. V vy, tc
50 bit/s th cn 6 giy pht 1 khung con 300 bits v cn 30 giy pht 1 khung
1500 bits hnh 2.7. pht ton b bn tin nh v 25 khung th cn 750 giy hay
12.5 pht. Mi khung con khi u bng 30 bits TLM (telemetry word), trong 8
bits u tin l cc bit preamble b thu xc nh khung con, 22 bit cn li cha
cc bit parity v bn tin telemetry m n ch c gi tr i vi thu bao c ng k.
T th 2 ca mi khung l HOW (hand-over word) gm 29 bit Z-count c nhim v
m cc epoch c sinh ra bi thanh ghi X
1
(c 1.5s xut hin 1 ln) ca b pht
m P trong v tinh. 19 bit c trng s thp nht ca Z-count c gi l TOW
(time-of-week) cho bit s epoch X
1
xut hin khi bt u tun hin ti. S bt u
tun hin ti xut hin epoch X
1
vo lc na m ca ti th by hoc sng ch
nht. Con s ca TOW tng t zero lc u tun n 403199 v sau quay li zero
u tun tip theo. S m zero ca TOW lun xy ra u khung con 1 ca
khung u tin. V b thu c th dng cc bit preamble ca TLM xc nh chnh
xc thi im bt u ca mi khung con v y chnh l phng php xc nh
thi im pht ca bt k b phn no trong tn hiu GPS. 10 bit c trng s ln
nht ca Z-count c gi l WN (week number) cha s tun GPS.WN khng l
b phn ca HOW nhng xut hin thay vo 10 bit u tin ca t th 3 trong
khung con 1.3 bit ca HOW c dng nhn dng khung con no trong s 5
khung con ang c pht.Con s ca TOW c tnh t HOW trong khung con 5
dng nhn dng khung no trong s 25 khung ang c pht (tng ng s
trang t 1 n 25).


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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit


Hnh 2.7: Minh ha cu trc bn tin nh v (Theo trang 34 [3]).
+ Khung con 1 cha d liu hiu chnh ng h GPS i vi v tinh dng
cc h s a thc nh ngha s thay di hiu chnh theo thi gian. Thi gian c
nh ngha bi cc ng h trong v tinh c gi l SV time (space vehicle time),
cn thi gian sau khi hiu chnh c ng dng c gi l GPS time.Thi gian
tham kho t
0c
c dng lm mc thi gian tnh sai s ng h v tinh.Thi gian
tr trong tng in ly T
GD
c dng hiu chnh cc sai s tr khi truyn qua tng
in ly. Thng tin IODC (issue of date, clock) cho bit s tp hp d liu ng h
pht cnh bo cho ngi dng thay i cc thng s ng h.
+ Khung con 2 v 3 cha d liu qu o xc nh v tr v vn tc chnh
xc ca v tinh. Khng ging nh d liu nin lch, d liu ny rt chnh xc.Cc
thnh phn ca d liu qu o v thut ton tnh v tr v tinh tham kho bng
3.1 v bng 3.2 trang 36 v 37 [3].Thng tin IODE (issue of date, ephemeris) c
bo n ngi dng khi cc thng s qu o thay i. Mi ln cc thng s mi
c mng iu khin ca h thng GPS ti ln v tinh GPS th con s IODE thay
i theo.
16

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

+ Khung con 4 ca c 25 khung u cha nin lch ca cc v tinh vi m
PRN (pseudorandom) nh s 25 v cao hn, c bit n nh cc bn tin c
bit, cc s hng hiu chnh trong tng in ly, cc h s chuyn i t GPS time
sang UTC time.
+ Khung con 5 ca c 25 khung u cha nin lch ca cc v tinh vi m
PRN nh s t 1 n 24. Lu mi v tinh u pht 25 khung, d liu nin lch
ca tt c cc v tinh u c tng v tinh pht i. Khng ging nh d liu qu
o, d liu nin lch c gi tr cho cc chu k di lu (nhiu thng) nhng t b sai
s nhiu. Ngoi ra d liu cha trong bn tin nh v l sai s khong cch ngi
dng URE (user range error), n c tnh sai s khong cch do cc sai s qu o
v tinh, cc sai s nh gi, sai s ch nh SA (selective availability) v cc c
cho bit trng thi hot ng ca cc v tinh.
2.1.5 - Cc sai s trong h thng GPS:
o khong cch gi v pha sng mang b nh hng bi nhiu loi nhiu
ngu nhin v sai lch (li h thng). Nhng li ny c th c phn loi thnh li
bt ngun t v tinh, li bt ngun t my thu, li do truyn sng (khc x tng
kh quyn). Hnh 2.8 cho thy cc li v sai lch. Cc li bt ngun t v tinh bao
gm lch thin vn, hay li qu o, li ng h v tinh v nh hng ca kh nng
chn lc. Li chn lc c thc hin do ch ca b quc phng M lm gim
chnh xc GPS c lp v l do an ninh. Tuy nhin, vic ny chm dt vo
ngy 1/5/2000. Li bt ngun t my thu bao gm li ng h my thu, li a
ng, nhiu my thu v s bin thin tm pha ca anten. Li truyn tn hiu bao
gm tr ca tn hiu GPS khi n truyn qua tng in ly v tng i lu ca bu kh
quyn. Trn thc t, ch trong mi trng chn khng (khng gian t do) tn hiu
GPS mi truyn vi tc nh sng. Cng vi nh hng ca nhiu, v tr GPS tnh
ton c cn b nh hng bi v tr hnh hc ca cc v tinh GPS c quan st
bi my thu. Cc v tinh cng ta rng trn bu tri th chnh xc t c cng
cao. Mt s li v sai lch c th c gii hn hoc gim bt thng qua s kt
17

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

hp cc quan st GPS mt cch thch hp. V d, kt hp quan st L1 v L2 vi
chnh xc cao c th loi b nh hng ca tng in ly.
Cc sai s trong h thng GPS c chia thnh 3 ngun sai s chnh l sai s
do v tinh, sai s khi truyn tn hiu v sai s do b thu ca ngi s dng.
2.1.5.1 - Sai s do v tinh:
V tr v tinh l hm ca thi gian, v tr ny cha trong bn tin dn ng
qung b ca v tinh, c d on t cc quan st GPS trc ti cc trm iu
khin mt t. Vic m hnh ha cc lc tc ng vo v tinh thng s khng
chnh xc hon ton, iu ny gy nn cc li d on v tr ca v tinh, gi l li
lch thin vn. Bnh thng, li lch thin vn thng nm trong khong t 2m n
5m, v c th ln n 50m khi s dng kh nng chn lc. Li khong cch do s
kt hp ca li lch thin vn v li ng h v tinh nm mc 2.3m. Mt li lch
thin vn cho mt v tinh c th no c nhn bit bi tt c ngi dng trn
th gii. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi dng khc nhau quan st cng mt v tinh
nhng gc khc nhau, do khong v v tr o c chu nhng nh hng khc
nhau ca li lch thin vn. iu ny c ngha l vic kt hp o c ca hai my
thu ng thi cng bm mt v tinh khng th loi b hon ton li lch thin
vn. Nhng vi nhng ngi s dng gn nhau c th nhn bit c hu ht li
khong cch do li lch thin vn bng cch ly sai khc ca cc kt qu quan st
ny. Trong nh v tng i, ngi ta s dng quy tc ngn tay ci nh gi th
nh hng ca li lch thin vn i vi phn gii ng ranh gii: li ng
ranh gii / di ng ranh gii = li v tr v tinh / phm vi v tinh. iu ny c
ngha l nu li v tr v tinh l 5m v chiu di ng ranh gii l 10 km, th li
ng ranh gii do li lch thin vn xp x khong 2.5mm.
2.1.5.2 - Sai s ch nh SA (selective availability):
GPS ban u c thit k nh v c lp thi gian thc v dn ng
bng my thu m C/A dng cho dn s vi chnh xc thp hn my thu m P
dng cho Chng I. Cc h thng thng tin GIS v GNSS qun s. Nhng tht
18

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

ng ngc nhin l chnh xc ca c hai loi my thu trn gn nh l ging nhau.
m bo an ninh quc gia, b quc phng M thc hin kh nng la chn
trn cc v tinh GPS Block II ngn chn nh v c lp thi gian thc i vi
nhng ngi dng khng c php. SA chnh thc hot ng vo ngy 25/3/1990.
SA a ra hai loi li. Li u tin gi l li delta, l kt qu ca vic lm bin
ng ng h v tinh, y l li chung cho mi ngi dng. Li th hai l li
epsilon, y l li qu o bin i chm c thm vo. Khi SA c bt ln, cc
li phng ngang v phng thng ng thng thng c th ln n 100m v
156m tng ng, vi xc sut 95%. Hnh 2.9 cho thy v tr theo phng ngang ca
mt trm my thu GPS theo thi gian, ch yu do nh hng ca SA. Ging nh
li khong cch do li lch thin vn, li khong cch do li epsilon hu nh c th
nhn ra gia hai ngi dng gn nhau. V vy, s dng GPS vi sai (DGPS) s
loi b nh hng ca li epsilon. Trn thc t, DGPS cung cp chnh xc cao
hn my thu m P ng c lp do s loi b hoc gim bt cc li chung, bao gm
c SA .





Hnh 2.8:S thay i v tr ca my thu GPS ng yn khi c SA
Theo nhng nghin cu m rng, chnh ph M dng SA vo ngy
1/5/2000, vic ny ci thin rt nhiu chnh xc ca GPS c lp. Vi vic
dng SA, chnh xc thng thng theo phng ngang v ng theo th t l
22m v 33m (95% thi gian). Hnh 2.10 ch ra cc li GPS sau khi dng SA. Vic
loi b SA m ra mt cnh ca mi cho s pht trin nhanh ca th trng GPS
(v d dn ng cho cc phng tin giao thng). Mc d loi b SA s gy ra
19

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

nh hng nh n DGPS, nhng n s lm gim chi ph ci t v vn hnh h
thng DGPS. iu ny ch yu do gim tc truyn dn yu cu .





Hnh 2.9: S thay i v tr ca my thu GPS ng yn sau khi chm dt SA
2.1.5.3 - Sai s qu o v tinh (ephemeris error):
Sai s qu o v tinh l sai s gia qu o d on v qu o thc ca v
tinh (thng khong 2m n 5m, v c th ln n 50m nu c kch hot SA).
Thng tin v qu o d on ca v tinh c m ha v a vo d liu nh v
truyn cho cc b thu ca ngi s dng. Da vo thng tin ny, b thu ca
ngi s dng s d on v tr ca v tinh. Vi mng li thu thp d liu GPS
trn ton cu, cc hng dch v GPS nh IGS International GPS Service, NGS
US National Geodetic Survey, GSD Geodetic Survey Division, NRCan Natural
Resources Canada chnh xc ca 2 qu o ng nh hn 10cm. D liu v
qu o ng c pht n cc b thu phi mt 12 gi cho thng tin qu o cc
nhanh ca IGS (ultra rapid orbit) v 12 ngy cho thng tin qu o chnh xc nht
ca IGS (the most precise IGS orbit).
2.1.5.4 - Sai s ng h ca v tinh (satellite clock error):
Mi v tinh GPS (Block II v Block IIA) cha 4 ng h nguyn t gm 2
cesium v 2 rubidium.Cc v tinh th h mi hn (Block IIR) ch cha cc ng h
rubidium.ng h cesium c chn tng hp tn s v nh thi cho tn hiu
GPS. Mt trong cc ng h ny, ch yu l ng h xezi i vi cc v tinh Block
II v Block IIA, c chn cung cp tn s v nh thi pht tn hiu GPS.
20

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Nhng ng h khc l cc ng h d phng .Mc d cc ng h v tinh GPS c
chnh xc cao, nhng chng khng phi l hon ho tuyt i. n nh ca
chng vo khong 1/10
13
n 2/10
13
trong khong thi gian l mt ngy. C ngha
l sai s ca cc ng h v tinh vo khong 8.64 n 17.28 ns mt ngy. Sai s
khong cch tng ng t 2.59 m n 5.18 m, kt qu ny c th tnh ra d dng
bng cch nhn sai s ng h vi vn tc nh sng (299729458 m/s). ng h
xezi c xu hng hot ng tt hn qua thi gian di so vi ng h rubi. Thc
t, n nh ca ng h xezi qua 10 ngy hoc lu hn ln n vi phn 10
14
.
Hot ng ca ng h v tinh c gim st bi h thng iu khin mt t.
Lng dch i c tnh ton v truyn i theo dng ba h s ca mt a thc bc
hai . Sai s ng h v tinh gy thm cc sai s cho o c GPS. Cc li ny nh
hng chung n mi ngi dng quan st cng mt v tinh v c th loi b bng
vic ly sai khc gia cc my thu ny. p dng vic sa sai ng h v tinh trong
bn tin dn ng ny cng c th sa cha sai s ng h v tinh.Tuy nhin, b
qua mt li vi ns s dn n sai s khong cch khong vi m (sai s 1ns tng
ng vi sai s khong cch l 30cm). Ngc li, cc my thu GPS s dng cc
ng h tinh th r tin, chnh xc nh hn nhiu so vi cc ng h v tinh.
Cc ng h v tinh GPS tuy c chnh xc cao nhng vn b sai s 8.64ns
17.28ns mi ngy tng ng 2.59m 5.18m (sai s 1ns tng ng tm sai s
30cm).
2.1.5.5 - Sai s do truyn dn a ng (multipath error):
Phn tp a ng l mt ngun li nghim trng cho c o c pha sng
mang v khong cch gi. Li a ng xut hin khi tn hiu GPS n anten my
thu theo nhiu ng khc nhau. Nhng ng ny c th l ng tn hiu nhn
thng v tn hiu phn x t cc vt th xung quanh anten my thu.
Phn tp a ng lm mo tn hiu gc qua s giao thoa ca tn hiu phn
x anten GPS. N nh hng n c o c pha sng mang v khong cch gi;
tuy nhin, nh hng i vi o khong cch gi ln hn nhiu. ln ca phn
21

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

tp a ng psongha sng mang c th t ti gi tr ln nht l 1/4 chu k
(khong 4.8 cm i vi pha song mang L1). Khong cch gi a ng theo l thuyt c th
ln n vi chc mt i vi o m C/A. Tuy nhin, vi nhng tin b mi trong cng ngh
my thu, khong cch gi a ng thc t gim i rt nhiu. V d v nhng cng ngh ny l
b tng quan Strobe (Ashtech, Inc.) v ( NovAtel, Inc.). Vi nhng cng ngh lm gim phn
tp a ng ny, li phn tp a ng ca khong cch gi c th gim xung n vi mt,
thm ch trong c mi trng phn x mnh.







Hnh 2.10: nh hng ca phn tp a ng
Trong cng mt mi trng, c th nh gi li a ng bng cch s dng
tng quan qua cc ngy ca phn d d on. y l do cu trc hnh hc v tinh
vt phn x - anten lp li hng ngy. Tuy nhin, li a ng trong cc php o
khong cch gi nh nhau c th xc nh c nu s dng quan st 2 tn s.
Ngi ta vn cha tm ra mt m hnh a ng tng qut tt, ch yu l do cu
trc hnh hc v tinh vt phn x - anten lun thay i. Tuy nhin, c nhiu
tng lm gim bt nh hng ca phn tp a dng. Phng n d dng nht
l chn v tr quan st khng c vt hn x gn anten thu. Mt phng php khc
gim nh hng ca phn tp a ng l s dng mt anten c vng chm (
vng chm l mt mt phng c nhiu vng kim loi ng tm lm suy hao tn hiu
22

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

phn x). V tn hiu GPS c s dng phn cc trn quay phi trong khi tn hiu
phn x quay tri, lm gim nh hng ca phn tp a ng cng c th s
dng anten vi mt b phn cc phi hp cho tn hiu QPS ( quay phi). Tuy nhin,
nhc im ca phng php ny l tn hiu phn tp a ng cng c th tr
thnh phn cc quay phi nu phn x hai ln.
Hnh 2.11:Nhiu a ng
Khi o khong cch n mi v tinh, ta gi s rng tn hiu v tinh c
truyn thng t v tinh n anten ca my thu. Nhng trong thc t ngoi tn hiu
trc tip ny anten my thu cn nhn c cc tn hiu phn x n t mt t v
cc vt th gn anten qua nhiu ng gin tip khc nhau, xen nhiu vo tn hiu
trc tip, gy ra sai lch v thi im n ca tn hiu thc s.
Nu ng truyn gin tip di hn ng k so vi ng truyn trc tip
(ln hn 10m) hai mu tn hiu trn tch ri nhau th nh hng gy ra bi nhiu
a ng v c bn c th c khc phc bi cc k thut x l tn hiu.

23

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

2.1.5.6 - Sai s do tng in ly (ionospheric error):










Hnh 2.12:Sai s do tng in ly
Tng in ly c cao t 50km 1000kmso vi mt t l ni xy ra s ion
ha cht kh (do s tc ng ca cc tia bc x mt tri nh tia cc tm v tia X) v
c mt in t thay i theo cao. Tng in ly c chia thnh nhiu lp con
ty theo mt in t nh sau: lp D (50km 90km); lp E (90km 140km);lp
F1 (140km 210km);lp F2(210km 1000km). Trong lp F2 c mt in t
cao nht. cao v dy cc lp thay i theo thi gian do nh hng thay i
bc x mt tri v t trng tri t (v d nh lp F1 bin mt vo ban m).
Tng in ly l mt mi trng phn tn (dispersive medium) nn n lm
gp khc (i hng) hay thay i tc ca tn hiu GPS. Sai s do lm gp khc
tn hiu khi truyn tn hiu qua 1 lp con s khng ng k nu gc ngng
(elevation angle) ca b thu ln hn 5
0
, nhng sai s do tc tn hiu b thay i
lun l mt sai s ng k. Tng in ly lm tng tc truyn pha sng mang
nhng lm gim tc m PRN v d liu nh v vi cng mt bin . Ni cch
khc, tng in ly lm ko di thi gian truyn m v d liu nh v ng thi rt
24

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

ngn thi gian truyn pha sng mang. iu ny c ngha l khong cch t v tinh
n b thu ca ngi s dng trong php o pha ca sng mang s ngn hn so vi
khong cch thc t,cn khong cch t v tinh n b thuqua php o m s di
hn so vi khong cch thc t.
Tc ng ca tng in ly n tn hiu GPS ph thuc vo mt electron t
do TEC (Total Electron Content) dc theo ng truyn tn hiu GPS. Mt in
t t do khng c nh m thay i theo tng thi im trong ngy (TEC c gi tr
ln nht lc 2 gi chiu v 10 gi ti theo gi a phng v thp nht lc na
m), thay i theo tng ma trong nm (ma ng ln hn ma h), thay i theo
chu k tun hon 11 nm ca h mt tri (hot ng bc x ca mt tri t cc i
theo chu k 11 nm (gn nht l nm 2001) v TEC cng t gi tr cc i, thay
i theo v tr a l trn tri t (mt s v tr c bit trn tri t c s bin i
bt thng ca TEC nh vng cn xch o, vng cc quang v vng cc).
Tc ng ca tng in ly n tn hiu GPS cn ph thuc vo tn s tn
hiu. Ta bit l tng in ly to ra 1 khong delay khi tn hiu truyn qua n. Tn
s cng thp th tr cng nhiu (sng mang L2 tr nhiu hn sng mang L1 do tn
s sng mang L2 thp hn tn s sng mang L1).Tr trong tng in ly t 5m 15m
v c th n 150m di phng x mt tri d di vo gia tra.Ngoi vic lm
thay i vn tc truyn sng, tng in li cn lm suy hao cng tn hiu (gim
i khong 0.2dB).
Nhiu phng php v thut ton c nghin cu v p dng nhm xc
nh v loi b sai s gy ra do tng in ly, gp phn ci thin cht lng ca bi
ton nh v. Trong s , phng php t hiu qu cao nht l phng php kt
hp 2 tn s (dual frequency) dng trong k thut DGPS (Differential GPS).
2.1.5.7 - Sai s do tng i lu (tropospheric error):
Tng i lu l tng kh quyn trung tnh (khng c s tn ti ca cc
electron t do) nm t mt t ln n cao 50km. Tng i lu l 1 mi trng
khng phn tn do c tn s sng v tuyn di 15GHz. Tng i lu lm gp khc
25

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

tn hiu GPS khi n truyn qua v lm ko di thi gian truyn tn hiu, do
khong cch thu c qua tn hiu s di hn so vi khong cch thc gia v tinh
v b thu. y l tc ng chnh ca tng i lu ln tn hiu GPS.
Khc vi tng in ly, khong thi gian tr m tng i lu to ra khng ph
thuc vo tn s tn hiu. Do , khng th dng phng php kt hp 2 tn s
trong k thut DGPS loi tr sai s gy ra bi tng i lu.
Ngoi ra, khong thi gian tr cng ph thuc vo gc ngng b thu ca
ngi s dng khi hng v v tinh. Tn hiu i t v tinh c gc ngng thp khi i
qua tng i lu s c gc ngng cao hn, gc ngng cng ln th khong thi gian
tr cng nh. Ngi ta c tnh sai s khong cch trong tm khong 2m khi v tinh
vng thin nh (zenith) ca b thu, khong 9m khi v tinh vng gc ngng 15
0

v khong 25m vng gc ngng 5
0
.
ng thi, khong thi gian tr ny cng ph thuc vo nhit , p sut v
m ca khng kh dc ng truyn tn hiu khi truyn qua tng i lu. Da
vo c im ny, ngi ta phn khong thi gian tr gy ra do tng i lu thnh 2
thnh phn: thnh phn kh (dry delay) v thnh phn t (wet delay). Thnh phn
kh chim khong 90% tng sai s gy ra. Tuy nhin, n li d dng c xc nh
vi chnh xc cao bng cc thut ton. Thnh phn t th ph thuc vo hi
nc dc theo ng truyn tn hiu, ch yu tp trung cao t mt t ln n
15km. Khc vi thnh phn kh, thnh phn t rt kh xc nh. Ngi ta cng
dng cc thng s o t kh tng nh p sut khng kh, nhit , m,
tnh ton thnh phn t, nhng chnh xc cng khng cao.
2.1.5.8 - Sai s do b thu ca ngi s dng:
L sai s gy ra do nhiu xut hin ti b thu ca ngi s dng t cc
ngun nhiu nh : anten, cc b khuch i tn hiu trong b thu, cc dy dn hoc
do mch in t bn trong b thu v c nhng ngun thu pht tn hiu khc xung
quanh v tr t b thu. Mc sai s gy ra do nhiu b thu ty thuc cng
26

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

ca nhiu so vi cng tn hiu GPS thu c ti b thu ca ngi s dng v
thng c biu din bng t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR (signal to noise ratio).
Sai s b thu trong php o m vo khong 0.25m n 0.5m, cn trong php
o pha th b hn, vo khong vi mm.
Ngi s dng b thu khng c cch no loi b sai s ny, nhng h c th
kim tra cht lng ca b thu trc khi s dng chng, c bit trong cc ng
dng i hi chnh xc cao. Ngi ta thng dng 1 trong 2 phng php kim
tra l kim tra khng khong cch (zero baseline) v kim tra khong cch ngn
(short baseline).
Phng php zero baseline l phng php kim tra trong ngi ta dng
1 anten thu tn hiu GPS ri cho tn hiu ny qua b chia cng n 2 hay
nhiu b thu GPS t ngay cnh nhau. V cng 1 anten thu v cng 1 v tr nn
cc gi tr khong cch t v tinh n cc b thu phi l nh nhau, cn nu c s
khc bit nhau th s khc bit chnh l sai s gy ra do b thu ca ngi s
dng.
Phng php short baseline th dng 2 h thng (mi h thng gm 1 anten
v 1 b thu) t cch nhau khong 2m thu tn hiu GPS v theo di lin tc trong
2 ngy. Vi cch b tr ny th s khc bit gia 2 kt qu o t khong cch t v
tinh n 2 b thu chnh l sai s ca h thng thu (sai s ca b thu v c anten thu)
cng vi sai s do truyn dn a ng. Nhng do sai s truyn dn a ng l
nh nhau trong mi ngy nn khi tr kt qu theo di mi ngy cho nhau th ta s
loi b c sai s truyn dn a ng v do ch cn li sai s ca h thng thu.
- Tm li:
Cc sai s trn c minh ha hnh 2.11 trong trng hp nh v m C/A v m P.
27

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit


Hnh 2.13: Minh ha cc sai s ca h thng GPS
Do c s bo mt cao v c dng trong qun s, b mt quc gia cho nn
nh v m P s gy t sai s hn m C/A.
2.1.6 - Bin i tm pha anten :
My thu GPS thu tn hiu t v tinh sau chuyn i nng lng ny
thnh dng in, dng in ny c x l bi my thu GPS. im m ti tn
hiu GPS c thu v gi l tm pha ca anten . Thng thng, tm pha khng
trng vi tm vt l (hnh hc) ca anten. N thay i ty theo cao v phng v
ca v tinh cng nh cng ca tn hiu. Kt qu l gy thm sai s khong cch
cho php o. Mc ca sai s gy ra bi tm tm pha thay i ty theo loi anten,
thng l khong vi cm. Tuy nhin, rt kh m hnh s bin thin ca tm pha
anten, v vy cn phi ch khi chn loi anten . i vi nhng ng ranh gii
ngn vi cng loi anten mi u, sai s tm pha c th loi b nu cc anten ny
cng nh hng . Pha trn cc loi anten khc nhau hay s dng nh hng khc
nhau s khng th loi b c sai s ny. Do mc nh hng nh, sai s tm
28

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

pha anten c th b qua trong hu ht cc ng dng thc t. Cn ch ra rng li tm
pha c th khc nhau i vi cc sng mang L1 v L2. iu ny nh hng n
chnh xc ca vic kt hp tuyn tnh t do tng in ly, c bit khi quan st ng
ranh gii ngn. i vi nhng ng ranh gii ngn, sai s tng quan ln theo
khong cch v loi b nhng sai khc. V vy, s dng n tn c th thch
hp hn i vi nhng ng ranh gii trong kiu tnh.
2.1.7 - Cch tnh ta b thu da theo hnh hc:
V tr ca 1 im bt k trong khng gian c th bit c bng cch o
khong cch t im n mt vi im bit trong khng gian.
+ a cng thc tnh v tr b thu ca ngi s dng da vo 3 v tinh (hnh 2.12):
Gi s ta bit trc ta ca 3 v tinh l S
1
(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
), S
2
(x
2
, y
2
, z
2
), S
3
(x
3
,
y
3
, z
3
) v ta o c khong cch t S
1
, S
2
, S
3
n user l
1
,
2,

3
. Ta cn xc
nh v tr b thu ca ngi s dng l U(x
u
, y
u
, z
u
).
z
x
y
U(x
u
,y
u
,z
u
)
O
S
1
(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) S
2
(x
2
,y
2
,z
2
)
S
3
(x
3
,y
3
,z
3
)
1
2


Hnh 2.14: Minh ha v tr b thu ca ngi s dng v v tinh.
Ta c:
1
=
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
1
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u

+ +

2
=
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u

+ +
(2.1)


3
=
) ( ) ( ) (
3
3
3
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u

+ +
29

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

H phng trnh (2.1) gm 3 phng trnh v 3 n s. V nguyn tc, nu
bit c ta ca 3 v tinh l x
1
, y
1
, z
1
, x
2
, y
2
, z
2
, x
3
, y
3
, z
3
v cc khong cch t
b thu ca ngi s dng n 3 v tinh l
1
,
2,

3
th ta s tnh c ta b
thu ca ngi s dng l x
u
, y
u
, z
u
.
+ o cc khong cch
1
,
2,

3
t b thu ca ngi s dng n 3 v tinh:
Gi s v tinh th i pht tn hiu thi im t
Si
, b thu ca ngi s dng
nhn c tn hiu thi im tr hn l t
u
, th thi gian tn hiu i t v tinh th i
n b thu ca ngi s dng l : t
Si
- t
u
. V tn hiu truyn vi vn tc bng vn tc
ca nh sng l c=2.99792458*10
8
m/s, nn khong cch t b thu ca ngi s
dng n v tinh th i l:

iT
= c(t
u
- t
Si
) (2.2)
y
iT
l khong cch t b thu ca ngi s dng n v tinh th i
(c o bi b pseudorange). Trn thc t, xung clock ti ni pht v tinh v
xung clock ti b thu ca ngi s dng l khng ng b.
Thi im ng v tinh th i pht tn hiu n b thu ca ngi s dng l:
t

Si
= t
Si
+ Ab
i
(2.3)
Thi im ng b thu ca ngi s dng nhn c tn hiu ca v tinh th i l:
t

u
= t
u
+ b
ut
(2.4)
T (2.2), (2.3) v (2.4) ta c khong cch t b thu ca ngi s dng n v
tinh th i khi c sai s thi gian tr l:

iT
= c(t

u
- t

Si
) = c(t
u
- t
Si
) - c( Ab
i
- b
ut
) =
iT
- c( Ab
i
- b
ut
) (2.5)
Bn cnh sai s ng h xung clock, cn c cc sai s khc nh sai s nh
v v tinh AD
i
; sai s tr trong tng i lu AT
i
; sai s tr trong tng in ly AI
i
;
sai s nhiu khi o b thu
i
; s iu chnh thi gian tng i A
i
. Do ,
khong cch
i
t b thu ca ngi s dng n v tinh th i c vit li nh sau:

i
=
iT
- c( Ab
i
- b
ut
) + AD
i
+ c( AT
i
+ AI
i
+
i
+A
i
) (2.6)
30

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Mt trong cc sai s trn c th c hiu chnh. V d sai s tr trong tng
i lu c th c lp m hnh, sai s tr trong tng in ly c th c hiu chnh
trong b thu dng 2 tn s. Cc sai s trn s gy ra s mt chnh xc khi xc nh
v tr b thu ca ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, sai s ng h trn b thu ca ngi s
dng khng th c hiu chnh qua thng tin thu nhn c. Sai s ny vn cn l
n s. V vy, ta phi cng vo v phi cc phng trnh (2.1) cho h s sai s
ng h b thu ca ngi s dng l b
u
. H phng trnh (2.1) tr thnh h 3
phng trnh c 4 n s x
u
, y
u
, z
u
, b
u
. Do ta cn c thm v tinh th t c
h (2.7) gm 4 phng trnh c 4 n s nh sau:

1
=
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
1
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u

+ + + b
u


2
=
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u

+ + + b
u


3
=
) ( ) ( ) (
3
3
3
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u

+ + + b
u
(2.7)

4
=
) ( ) ( ) (
4
4
4
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u

+ + + b
u

Mt cch tng qut, ta c cng thc tnh khong cch t v tinh th i n
b thu ca ngi s dng l:

i
=
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u i
u i
u i

+ + + b
u
(2.8)
- Tm li:
+ Ta cn 4 v tinh tnh ta b thu ca ngi s dng nhm gim sai s ng
h ca v tinh v sai s ng h trn b thu ca ngi s dng.
+ Cc ngun sai s trong h thng GPS gm c 3 ngun sai s chnh l sai s do v
tinh, sai s khi truyn tn hiu v b thu ca ngi s dng. Sai s do v tinh gm
c sai s ch nh SA, sai s qu o v tinh v sai s ng h v tinh. Sai s khi
truyn tn hiu gm c sai s truyn dn a ng, sai s do tng in ly v sai s
31

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

do tng i lu. Ti b thu ca ngi s dng c cc sai s do ng h b thu,
nhiu xut hin ti b thu ca ngi s dng t cc ngun nhiu nh anten, cc b
khuch i tn hiu trong b thu, cc ngun thu pht tn hiu khc xung quanh v
trt b thu.
+ nh v GPS dng mt b thu ch dng trong trng hp cn chnh xc thp.
+ loi tr hoc gim cc sai s ph bin khi dng SA, sai s qu o v ng h
v tinh, ta dng k thut DGPS v n cho chnh xc cao hn so vi dng 1 b thu
c m P.
+ Vn truyn dn trong mi trng mt ngi s dng cao d b hin tng
fading v can nhiu. C th gim hin tng fading v can nhiu ti b thu ca
ngi s dng bng cch dng b lc Kalman.
+ Sai s truyn dn a ng v vn truyn dn ti u ti b thu ca ngi s
dng cng c hn ch bi antenna thng minh.
2.1.8 - Gii thiu v b thu tn hiu GPS:
B thu tn hiu GPS theo cng ngh s (Digital) c s tng qut nh sau:

Hnh 2.15: S tng qut ca b thu tn hiu GPS.
32

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

B thu tn hiu GPS c chc nng thu nhn tn hiu t cc v tinh GPS v
phn bit tn hiu no thuc v tinh no ri gii m tn hiu v tinh xc nh v
tr, tc v thi im truyn tn hiu ca cc v tinh.
Tng trn trong s hnh 2.13 l phn cng hon ton gm anten thu, cc
b lc thng di BPF (Band Pass Filter) gim can nhiu nm ngoi di bng tn
m khng lm suy gim tn hiu GPS, cc b khuch i Amp (Amplification), cc
b trn (Mixer) v b chuyn i ADC (Analog to Digital Converter). thun li
cho vic x l tn hiu s tng di, li khuych i ca tng RF (Radio
Frequency) trong tng trn ca b thu GPS khong 35dB55dB. Tng trn c chc
nng thu nhn sng v tinh, chuyn i thnh tn hiu trung tn IF (Intermediate
Frequency) ri s ha.
Tng di x l d liu c s ha bng phn mm gm 2 giai on.
Giai on 1 thc hin tch m v sng mang, xc nh v tr, tc v thi gian
truyn tn hiu ca cc v tinh; ng thi cng xc nh gi tr php o m, php o
pha v dch chuyn Doppler ca tng v tinh. Giai on 2 da vo cc thut ton
thc hin tnh ton v c tnh v tr, tc , thi gian ca b thu.
Phng php o m chnh l phng php o khong cch gi s dng m
C/A hoc P da vo thi im pht tn hiu (ti v tinh), thi im thu tn hiu (ti
b thu) v vn tc truyn sng (chnh l vn tc nh sng).
Phng php o pha chnh l phng php o khong cch gia v tinh v
b thu da vo vic o pha ca sng mang tn hiu GPS (L1 v L2). Phng php
ny c th hin qua cng thc:
= N + /T (2.9)
Vi l bc sng (
L1
= 19.04cm v
L2
= 24.44cm), N l s nguyn ln
chu k sng mang gia v tinh v b thu (phn chn), /T l phn l ca 1 chu k
sng mang.

33

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Hot ng ca b thu GPS:
RF chain ADC
User
position
Satellite
positions
Ephemeris &
pseudorange
Subframe
identify
Tracking Acquisition
Antenna
Software
Hardware

Hnh 2.16 : Minh ha h thng hn v hot ng ca b thu tn hiu GPS.
Tn hiu GPS c thu vo dy anten s qua dy RF khuch i ln bin
ng v tn s c chuyn thnh tn s ng ra mong mun. Sau tn hiu
c chuyn t tng t sang s nh b chuyn i ADC.
Sau khi c s ha, tn hiu s c x l tip bng phn mm.Chng
trnh nhn bit v thu thp d liu v tinh (Acquisition) c thc hin. Chng
trnh Tracking c dng tm s dch pha ca d liu nh v. Cc khung con
(Subframes) v d liu nh v c th c c t s dch pha ca d liu nh v. D
liu qu o v cc khong cch gi (Ephemeris & pseudorange) c th c c t
d liu nh v. D liu qu o c dng c c cc v tr v tinh (Satellite
positions) .Cui cng, v tr ca ngi s dng (User position) c th c tnh da
vo cc v tr ca v tinh v cc khong cch gi.
nhn bit 1 v tinh i, b thu phi t to ra nhng m ging ht vi m ca
v tinh i (m replica) ri dch chuyn chng theo thi gian so snh chng vi dy
m ca tn hiu v tinh ang thu nhn c. Nu 2 dy m trng kht nhau th v
tinh pht tn hiu ny chnh l v tinh i. Vic so trng dy m ny khng mt nhiu
thi gian i vi m C/A nhng mt nhiu thi gian i vi m P. khi xc nh
c v tinh i no ang nm trong tm quan st ca mnh, b thu s tin hnh thu
34

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

nhn d liu t v tinh ny, tch b nhiu v tip tc lp li qu trnh nhn bit v
thu thp ny.
Trong cc b thu truyn thng, 2 khi Acquisition v Tracking c thc
hin bng phn cng.
- Tm li:
n s ng dng thut ton LMS giai on 2 ca phn mm x l d liu nm
trong tng di s tng qut ca b thu tn hiu GPS hnh 2.13.
2.2 - Gii thiu v k thut DGPS:
DGPS (Differential GPS) l k thut gim sai s cc v tr trong h thng
GPS bng cch dng d liu ph t b thu ca trm tham chiu ti v tr bit.
Dng ph bin nht ca k thut DGPS l xc nh cc nh hng gp chung ca
cc sai s qu o v sai s ng h v tinh trong bn tin nh v (bao gm cc nh
hng ca SA) ti trm tham chiu v pht cc sai s khong cch (pseudorange
corrections) n b thu ca ngi dng thi gian thc (real time). B thu dng
cc sai s ny xc nh v tr ca n. Kt qu:
+ Cc ngun sai s b loi b hon ton l sai s SA, sai s qu o v tinh, sai s
ng h v tinh.
+ Cc ngun sai s do tr trong tng in ly v tng i lu c th c hn ch
nhng cc sai s ny tng theo khong cch.
+ Cc ngun sai s hon ton khng b loi b l cc sai s truyn dn a ng v
cc sai s do my thu.
K thut DGPS c dng khi yu cu mc chnh xc vi mt. Mt b thu
t ti trm tham chiu c nh c ta bit, b thu cn li ca ngi dng
cha bit ta c th ng yn hoc di chuyn m ta cn tnh ta nh minh ha
hnh 2.15.
35

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Phng php ny da trn thc t l sai s khong cch o t v tinh n 2
b thu bng nhau khi hai b thu khng cch nhau qu vi trm km. Phn mm
c lp trnh trong b thu tham chiu s da vo ta ca b thu tham chiu
bit v ta nhn c t bn tin nh v ca cc v tinh tnh khong cch t
b thu tham chiu n cc v tinh, ri a ra chnh lch gia khong cch tnh
v khong cch m m o
i
c c cc sai s khong cch A
i
(hay cc
hiu chnh DGPS). Cc sai s ny c pht n b thu ca ngi s dng. Sau
b thu ca ngi s dng s dng cc sai s A
i
ny hiu chnh cc khong
cch o ti . Sau cng, cc khong cch hiu chnh c dng tnh ta
ti b thu ca ngi s dng.
nh v GPS sai phn ci thin c chnh xc cao t vi centimeter n
vi metre, trong khi nh v GPS dng 1 b thu c chnh xc theo phng ngang
ca cc b thu dn dng c m C/A l 100m (c kch hot SA) v 22m (khng kch
hot SA) (trang 69[1]). nh v GPS dng 1 b thu ch c dng trong trng hp
cn chnh xc thp, cn nh v GPS sai phn c dng cho cc ng dng c
chnh xc cao nh kho st v v bn , GIS (Geographical Information Systems).

Hnh 2.17: Minh ha m hnh GPS sai phn.
C 2 m hnh DGPS l DGPS cc b (LADGPS Local Area DGPS) v DGPS
din rng (Wide Area DGPS).
36

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

+ DGPS cc b (LADGPS): l m hnh DGPS s dng 1 b thu mc (base
receiver) t ti 1 trm tham kho (reference station) duy nht. B thu mc ny
nhn tn hiu t cc v tin GPS v da vo ta bit trc ca n a ra cc
sai s khong cch nhm hiu chnh cho cc b thu ca ngi s dng cch trm
tham kho khng qu vi trm km. Vic truyn d liu hiu chnh t b thu mc
n cc b thu ca ngi s dng c thc hin trn sng v tuyn da trn chun
RTCM (Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services). M hnh DGPS cc
b cho chnh xc vi m (php o m) v vi cm (php o pha) trong bi ton
nh v. Khong cch t cc b thu ca ngi s dng n b thu mc cng ngn th
chnh xc cng cao. Hiu qu ca h thng cn ph thuc vo cng sut pht tn
hiu ti trm tham kho, kh nng nhn tn hiu ti b thu ca ngi s dng, c
tnh ng truyn (mc nhiu, vt cn, ). M hnh DGPS cc b c minh
ha hnh 2.16.

Hnh 2.18: Minh ha m hnh DGPS cc b.
+ DGPS din rng (WADGPS): l m hnh DGPS s dng nhiu trm
tham kho nhm hiu chnh cc sai s khong cch cho cc b thu ca ngi s
dng vt qu khong cch cho php ca m hnh DGPS cc b. Trc tin cc sai
s hiu chnh t cc trm tham kho c gi n 1 trm trung tm (master station)
qua cc ng truyn mt t nh h thng cp quang. Trm trung tm s phn tch
37

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

v kt hp d liu thu c xc nh cc sai s hiu chnh cho tng v tinh GPS.
Cc sai s hiu chnh ny c truyn ln v tinh a tnh GEO (geostationary
satellite) v sau c pht ngc xung cc b thu ca ngi s dng hiu
chnh. Mi b thu ca ngi s dng s nhn duy nht 1 b hiu chnh DGPS tng
ng vi v tr ca n. M hnh DGPS m rng c minh ha hnh 2.17.
H thng WADGPS u tin c xy dng vi quy m ln nht l h thng
WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) ca M. Cc h thng WADGPS khc
nh EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) chu u,
MSAS (Multifunctional Transportation Satellite-based Augmentation System)
Nht v GAGAN (GPS And GEO Augmented Navigation) n .

Hnh 2.19: Minh ha m hnh DGPS m rng.
Tm li:
+ K thut DGPS ci thin c chnh xc cao (sai s vi cm n vi m), loi tr
hon ton cc ngun sai s do SA, sai s qu o, sai s ng h v tinh. Hn ch
cc s gim khong cch do cc ngun sai s tr trong tng in ly v tng i lu.
38

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

+ K thut DGPS khng loi tr c cc ngun sai s do hin tng fading, can
nhiu, sai s truyn dn a ng v vn truyn dn ti u ti b thu.
+ Lun vn a ra thut ton LMS m phng v thy c ng dng ca anten
thng minh.
+ ng thi lun vn cng a ra gii php antenna thng minh nhm khc phc sai
s do truyn dn a ng v ci thin vn truyn dn ti u ti b thu.
2.3 - Thut tan LMS:
2.3.1 -Thut ton LMS: (Theo trang 95-98[5])
Bng cch tng phc tp x l tn hiu dy anten, ta c th t c cc
ci thin hiu sut ng k so vi dng cc h thng bp chuyn i. Trong dy
anten thch nghi hnh 2.24, vector trng s w
k,i
c iu chnh hoc c thch
nghi cc i ha cht lung tn hiu m n c gi tr i vi b demodulator ca
tn hiu k ti thi im i.

Hnh 2.20: Cu trc dy anten thch nghi (Theo trang 95[5]).
Lu : d
i
c trng cho c tnh hay m hnh tn hiu mong i i vi
ngi s dng th i ti ng ra ca dy anten .
39

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Trong cc k thut to bp ti u, vector trng s c xc nh sao cho cc
tiu ha hm mc tiu (cost function).c bit, hm mc tiu ny lin hp nghch
o vi cht lng tn hiu ti ng ra dy anten. hm mc tiu cc tiu th cht
lng tn hiu s t cc i ti ng ra ca dy anten. Hai k thut ph bin nht
c ng dng rng ri vo cc h thng thng tin l tiu chun sai s bnh phng
trung bnh ti thiu MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) v bnh phng nh
nht LS (Least Square). Trong 2 k thut ny, bnh phng sai phn gia ng ra dy
anten z(t) = w
k
H
u
i
(t) v c tnh ca tn hiu mong i d
k
(t) c to ra i vi thu
bao th k c ti thiu ha bng cch tm vector trng s thch nghi w
k
. Cc gii
php MMSE c a ra di dng cc trung bnh v to ra vector trng s n w
k

ti u cho hu ht cc thc t c th trong mi trng dng. y l gii php c
dng trong l thuyt v b lc Wiener kinh in.
Trong gii php ny, hm mc tiu c ti thiu l:
J(w
k
) = E[w
k
H
u
i
- d
k,i

2
] (2.45)
Vi d
k,i
= d
k
(iT
s
) v u
i
= u(iT
s
), T
s
l chu k ly mu.

Hm mc tiu l gi tr mong i ca sai s bnh phng gia ng ra dy
anten ca tn hiu th k v loi tn hiu mong i ti thi im th i. Ta c th vit
li (2.45):
J(w
k
) = w
k
H
E[u
i
u
i
H
]w
k
- E[d
k,i
u
i
H
]w
k
- w
k
H
E[u
i
d
k,i
*
] + E[d
k,i
d
k,i
*
] (2.46)
Tng qut, ta cc tiu hm vector bng cch xc nh v tr m dc
(gradient) ca hm t n zero. dc ca 1 hm vector phc c nh ngha
nh sau:
Vf(w) =
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c

) (
...
) (
1
0
w f
w f
a
a
M
+
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c

) (
...
) (
1
0
w f
w f
b
b
M
(2.47)
y w
i
= a
i
+ jb
i
. Dng nh ngha ny ta tm c:
40

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

V(w
H
Aw) = 2Aw (2.48)
V(w
H
c) = 2c (2.49)
V(c
H
w) = 0 (2.50)
Do ta c th vit : VJ(w
k
) = 2E[u
i
u
i
H
]w
k
-2E[u
i
d
k,i
*
] = 2Rw
k
2P (2.51)
y R l ma trn tng quan ca vector d liu:
R = E[u
i
u
i
H
] (2.52)
V P l tng quan cho gia vector d liu v tn hiu mong i:
P = E[u
i
d
k,i
*
] (2.53)
t dc ca hm mc tiu bng zero, ta tm ra rng gii php w
k
lm cho hm
mc tiu J(w
k
) t cc tiu l:
w
k
= R
-1
P (2.54)
Gii php (2.54) l vector trng s dy anten ti u theo ngha MMSE.
gii phng trnh (2.54), cc k thut thch nghi thng c dng vi
phng php lp nhm cung cp vector trng s c cp nht w
k,i
sau mi ln tnh
ton. c bit, cc gii thut ny c phc tp mi bc thp hn gii php trc
tip trong phng trnh (2.54), v c th di theo (track) cc knh khng dng.
Mt gii php ti u lm ti thiu hm mc tiu l:
w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
-
2
1
VJ(w
k,i
) (2.55)
y l h s hi t v n iu khin tc thch nghi.Cc loi gii thut
nh phng trnh (2.55) c gi l cc k thut dc ngu nhin (Stochastic
Gradient) bi v chng dng dc ca hm sai s bnh phng trung bnh cp
nht vector trng s. Thay (2.51) vo (2.55) ta c:
w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
- (Rw
k,i
P) = w
k,i
- ( E[u
i
u
i
H
]w
k,i
E[u
i
d
k,i
*
]) (2.56)
Nu ton t k vng c b t phung trnh (2.56) th ta c:
41

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
- u
i
(u
i
H
w
k,i
d
k,i
*
) = w
k,i
- u
i
e
i,k
*

Hay w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
- u
i
e
i,k
*
(2.57)
Phng trnh (2.57) c gi l gii thut sai s bnh phung trung bnh ti
thiu LMS (Least Mean Square) v n l 1 k thut c s dng rng ri cho cc
dy anten thch nghi cp nht theo vng lp.
Vi: e
i,k
= w
k,i
H
u
i
d
k,i
(2.58)
e
i,k
l sai s tc thi gia ng ra dy anten v p ng mong i, e
i,k
*
l lin hp
phc ca e
i,k
.
Mt gii php khc cho vic lc thch nghi l cc tiu ha sai s gia ng ra
ca dy anten v p ng mong i trn s mu thi gian hu hn thay cho vic
tnh trung bnh tng.iu ny dn n cc gii php bnh phng ti thiu LS. Ta
nh ngha hm mc tiu LS:
J(w
k
) =

=

1
0
,
2
P
m
m k
H
k
m
d u
w
(2.59)
Ton t gradient nh nh ngha (2.47) thng thu c l:
J(w
k
) = 2

=
1
0
P
m
w u u k
P
n
H
n m

=
1
0
- 2

=
1
0
P
m
d u
n k
P
n
m ,
*
1
0

=
(2.60)
Ta nh ngha ma trn d liu l: A = [u
0
u
1
u
P-1
] (2.61)
V vector tn hiu mong mun l: d
k
= [d
k,0
d
k,1
d
k,P-1
]
T
(2.62)
Gii php rng buc hm dc LS bng zero l: w
k
= (A
H
A)
-1
A
H
d
k
(2.63)
M hnh tng qut ca h thng anten thng minh dng tn hiu tham kho c dng
nh hnh 2.25 (theo hnh 2.8 mc 2.5 chng 2 [6]).
42

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

W
0
*
W
1
*
W
N-1
*
+
+ Gii thut c tnh trng s
.
.
.
.
.
.
y(t)= W
H
U
e(t)=r(t)-y(t) r(t)
(Ng ra)
(Tn hiu sai s) (Tn hiu tham kho)
-
+
u
0
(t)
u
1
(t)
u
N-1
(t)
(Anten 0)
(Anten 1)
(Anten N-1)
(Cc trng s )

Hnh 2.21: M hnh tng qut ca h thng anten thng minh dng tn hiu
tham kho.
Yu cu ca gii thut Unconstrained LMS l tm ra vector trng s ti u W
sao cho cng sut thu c ti ng ra ca dy anten P
r
trong cng thc (2.35) l nh
nht (tc E[P
r
] min vi E l k vng ton hc) m khng tha mn iu kin rng
buc v li nh hng ca h thng.
Vetor trng s c cp nht theo cng thc (3.2.1) mc 3.2 chng 3 [6] l:
W(n+1) = W(n)- g(W(n)) (2.64)
+ y W(n+1) l vector trng s cn tnh bc lp th n+1, W(n) l vector
trng s c bc lp th n.
+ (step size) l h s hi t v n iu khin c tnh hi t ca gii thut nh
nhanh v tip cn (fast and close) khi cc trng s c tnh t n gi tr trng
s ti u. Theo mc 3.2.3 chng 3 [6], ngi ta chng minh c rng gii
43

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

thut LMS s n nh v vector trng s s hi t v gi tr ti u khi tha mn
cc iu kin sau:
0 < < 1/
max
(2.65)
Hoc: 0 < < 1/Tr(R) (2.66)
Trong
max
l tr ring ln nht ca ma trn tng quan R ca ng vo h
thng, cn Tr(R) l tng cc phn t trn ng cho ca ma trn R. Gii thut s
hi t nhanh nht ti
max
v chm nht ti
min
.
+ g(W(n)) l c tnh gradient ca MSE(W(n)) v c tnh theo cng thc (3.2.7)
mc 3.2.1 chng 3 [6] nh sau:
g(W(n)) = -2U(n+1)e
*
(W(n)) (2.67)
Vi e
*
(W(n)) l lin hp phc ca e(W(n)) v e(W(n)) l sai s gia ng ra
ca dy anten v tn hiu tham kho (reference signal). thun tin cho vic m
phng ta gi R_traing l vector cha cc mu tn hiu ri rc (tn hiu tham kho)
hay cn gi l chui hun luyn. e(W(n)) c tnh da vo cng thc (3.2.6)
mc 3.2.1 chng 3 [6] nh sau:
e(W(n)) = R_traing(n+1)-W
H
(n)*U(n+1) (2.68)
y R_traing(n+1) l tn hiu tham kho hay chui hun luyn bc lp th
n+1.
+ T (2.64) v (2.67) ta suy ra cng thc cp nht vector trng s bc lp th
n+1 theo vector trng s c bc lp th n l:
W(n+1) = W(n)+2 U(n+1)e
*
(W(n)) (2.69)
+ Sai s trung bnh bnh phng MSE (Mean Squared Error) gia tn hiu tham
kho vi ng ra ca h thng c tnh theo cng thc (2.5.1) mc 2.5 chng 2
[6] nh sau:
MSE = E[e(W(n))e
*
(W(n))] (2.70)
44

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Vi e(W(n)) l sai s gia ng ra ca dy anten v tn hiu tham kho v e
*
(W(n))
l lin hp phc ca e(W(n)). E l k hiu k vng ton hc.
2.4 - Gii thiu v anten thng minh:
Mt s khi nim c bn:
+ Anten (Antenna) l thit b dng truyn nng lng trng in t gia my
pht v my thu m khng cn bt k phng tin truyn dn tp trung nh cp
ng, ng dn sng hay si quang.
+ Anten ng hng (Omnidirectional Antenna) c th bc x nh nhau trn tt
c mi hng, c ngha l kh nng thu pht thng tin theo mi hng l nh nhau.
Anten ng hng phn tn nng lng nh nhau theo cc hng lm cho nng
lng hu dng n vi ngi s dng mong mun ch l mt phn rt nh nng
lng c gi vo mi trng. Trong trng hp vi mt s lng ln ngi s
dng (v ngi gy nhiu), cc tn hiu khng n c ngi s dng mong mun
s tr thnh nhiu i vi nhng ngi s dng khc.
+ Anten nh hng (Directional antenna) c thit k c cc hng truyn v
nhn c nh. Cc vng ph sng ca mt thp anten thng c chia ra (hay phn
vng) thnh cc t bo (cell). Th d, mt vng 360
o
thng c chia thnh ba
vng con 120
o
, mi vng c ph sng tp trung hn bi mt anten. iu ny lm
tng li trong mt tm c nh theo gc phng v so vi anten ng hng.
2.4.1 - L thuyt v dy anten:(trang 8388 [5])
Anten mng c s dng rng ri nh nhng yu t mm do ca n. Ta c th ci
thin li ca Anten mng theo hng mong mun bng cch thay i in p
kch thch, thay i nh hng bng cch thay i s phn t anten. Anten
mng kt hp vi cc gii thut to bp thch nghi s to ra mt h thng anten c
kh nng tng thch vi cc iu kin truyn khc nhau . S kt hp to nn
mt h thng anten thng minh. Dy anten c cc phn t bt k c dng hnh
2.19.
45

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit







Hnh 2.22: Minh ha dy anten c cc phn t bt k (Theo trang 84[5]).
y l gc phng v (-<<) v l gc ngng ca sng phng truyn n
dy anten (-/2<</2). Trc nm ngang c = /2. n gin khi phn tch dy
anten, ta gi nh nh sau:
+ Khong cch gia cc phn t ca dy anten nh khng c s sai
khc v bin tn hiu gia cc thnh phn anten i vi cng mt tn hiu n.
+ Khng c ghp tng h gia cc phn t anten.
+ Tt c cc trng n c th c tch ra ring bit thnh cc sng mt ri
rc. Tc s lng tn hiu l hu hn.
+ Bng thng ca tn hiu n dy cc phn t anten l nh so vi tn s
sng mang.
+ i vi sng mt n dy anten theo hng (, ), sai pha gia cc tn
hiu n phn t m v phn t tham kho ti gc ta l:

m
= d
m
= (x
m
cossin + y
m
sinsin + z
m
cos) (2.32)
y = 2/ l h s truyn pha. S hng = c/f l bc sng vi c = 3*10
8
m/s
l vn tc nh sng v f l tn s sng mang (hz).
Dy anten gm nhiu phn t anten c c tnh ging nhau c sp xp
theo mt phn b hnh hc nht nh v thng c tnh i xng. V d nh dy
anten phn b trn mt ng thng ULA (Uniform Linear Array), dy anten phn
46

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

b trn hnh ch nht URA (Uniform Rectangular Array), dy anten phn b trn
hnh trn UCA (Uniform Circular Array) hay dy anten 3 chiu phn b trn hnh
hp ch nht.Cc dng ny c m t qua hnh 2.20.
y
x
x A
x A
y
x
y A
y
x
Au
(a)
(b)
(c)
x
z
y
y A
x A
z A
(d)

Hnh 2.23: Cc dy anten (a) ULA. (b) UCA. (c) URA. (d) Dy anten 3 chiu.
Dy anten ULA gm M phn t nh hng theo trc x, mi phn t cch nhau mt
khong x c minh ha hnh 2.24

Hnh 2.24: Dy anten ULA phn b u trn trc x (Theo trang 85[5]).


x
y
z
x
47

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Thnh phn sng n c xc nh bi gc phng v v gc ngng . Xoay trc
x theo phng nm ngang, trc y theo phng thng ng v trc z vung gc vi
mt phng (x, y) th ta s c hnh 2.22.

Hnh 2.25: M hnh dy anten ULA nh hng theo trc x, thu nhn sng mt theo
hng (, ) (Theo trang 85[5]).
Hnh 2.22 cn din t m hnh ng bao phc di nn ca dy anten. Mi
nhnh ca dy anten c mt phn t trng s w
m
. Phn t trng s w
m
ny c c
thnh phn bin v pha tng ng vi n.
Xt sng phng ti dy anten theo gc (, ) ng vi trc ta ca dy. Ta
biu din s iu ch sng mt s(t) bng cch dng m hnh ng bao phc di
nn. Gi s mi phn t ca dy anten u l cc anten ng hng khng nhiu c
li khng i theo mi hng. T cng thc (2.32) vi x
m
= mx, tn hiu
thuc ti phn t anten th m trn dy anten ULA l:
. . .
x A

w
0
w
1
w
2
w
M-
1

b thu
d = xcossin
y
x


mt phng sng n
phn t th 0
mt phng sng n
phn t th 2
s(t)
z(t)
u
0
(t) u
1
(t)
u
2
(t)
u
M-1
(t)
48

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

u
m
(t) = As(t)e
-jmd
= As(t)e
-jmxcossin
(2.33)
Vi A l hng s li ty , s(t) l sng mt, tn hiu z(t) ti ng ra ca dy anten l:
z(t) =

=
1
0
M
m
w
m
u
m
(t) = As(t)

=
1
0
M
m
w
m
e
-jmxcossin
= As(t)f(,) (2.34)
S hng f(,) c gi l h s dy anten. H s dy anten quyt nh t s
ca gi tr tn hiu thu c ti ng ra dy anten l z(t) v As(t) o c ti phn t
tham kho. H s dy anten c xem nh l mt hm ca hng n (, ). Bng
cch iu chnh tp cc trng s {w
m
} (vi m=1,2,,M), ta c th hng tr s cc
i bp chnh (main beam) ca h s dy anten n bt k hng mong i (
0
,
0
).
Cng sut thu c ti ng ra ca dy anten l:
P
r
=
2
1
| ) ( |
2
t z
=
2
1
| ) , ( | | ) ( |
2 2
| u f t As
(2.35)
Cc trng s {w
m
} c th c dng thay i s bc x ca dy anten. Ta nh
ngha trng s th m:
W
m
=
e
m j
|
|
O
AXcos
(2.36)
Khi h s dy anten l:
f(, ) =

=
1
0
M
m
e
-jmx(cossin-cos)

=
|
.
|

\
|

A
|
.
|

\
|

MA
O
O
) cos sin (cos
2
sin
) cos sin (cos
2
sin
|
|
u |
|
u |
|
x
x
.
e
x
j ) cos sin (cos
2
|
u |
|
O

(2.37)
Xt trng hp sng ti dy anten hnh 2.19 nm trong mt phng (x, y) l mt
phng ngang sao cho = /2.
tcos = cossin vi l gc ti ca sng mt tnh t trc x, tnh t
trc z. iu ny cho thy dy anten tuyn tnh ca cc phn t ng hng c th
bc x i xng trn quanh trc ca dy.
49

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Tng qut, h s dy anten l hm theo v . Nu trng ca mi phn t
trong dy anten l g
a
(, ) v tt c cc phn t u ng nht v c cng hng th
trng bc x tng hp ca dy anten c cho bi cng thc:
F(, ) = f(, ).g
a
(, ) (2.38)
y l nguyn l nhn th (pattern multiplication).
Vector trng s c nh ngha nh sau:
W = [w
0
w
1
w
M-1
]
H
(2.39)
y H vit pha trn l ly chuyn v Hermit, l php chuyn v kt hp vi
php ly lin hp phc. Cc tn hiu t mi phn t anten c nhm thnh cc
vector d liu nh sau:
u(t) = [u
0
(t) u
1
(t) u
M-1
(t)]
T
(2.40)
Khi ng ra ca dy anten z(t) t cng thc (2.34) c th c biu din di
dng tch ca vector trng s dy anten w v vector d liu u(t):
z(t) = w
H
u(t) (2.41)
H s dy anten theo hng (, ) l:
f(, ) = w
H
a(, ) (2.42)
Vector a(, ) c gi l vector li theo hng (, ). Vi sng mt n
theo hng (, ) trong hnh 2.14, vector li a(, ) m t pha ca tn hiu ti mi
phn t anten c lin quan vi pha ca tn hiu ti phn t tham kho (phn t 0).
T cng thc (2.32) ngi ta a ra cng thc tnh vector li nh sau:
a(, ) = [1 a
1
(, )...a
M-1
(, )]
T
(2.43)
y cc s hng a
1
(, ), a
2
(, ), , a
M-1
(, ) c tnh theo cng thc:
a
m
(, ) =
e
z
y
x m
m
m
j )) cos( ) sin( ) sin( ) sin( ) cos( ( u u | u | | + +
(2.44)
Tp hp cc vector li (o c hay tnh c) i vi cc gi tr ca v
c gi l tnh a nng ca dy (array manifold). Ngoi tin ch trong vic phn
50

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

tch cc dy , array manifold rt quan trng trong vic xc nh hng, hnh thnh
bp bc x downlink v cc hot ng khc ca dy anten.
Cp gc (, ) c gi l hng n DOA (Direction-Of-Arrival) ca sng
mt nhn c. n gin, ta gi s rng cc thnh phn truyn dn a ng
(multipath) n trm gc (base station) theo mt phng ngang ( = /2), do gc
phng v l hon ton xc nh hng n DOA.
Ni chung, tnh hu dng ca dy anten c quyt nh bi nhiu h s.
Kch c hoc m (aperture) ca dy anten quyt nh li ln nht m dy
anten c th t c. Ni cch khc, s lng phn t quyt nh s bc t do
(degrees of freedom) m mi phn t c khi thit k cc m hnh dy. i vi cc
dy anten ULA, 2 i lng ny c mi quan h vi nhau. Nu khong cch gia
cc phn t trong dy anten ULA vt qu /2, th cc hin tng grating lobe c
th xy ra, lm sinh ra cc bp khng mong mun ca dy anten, n c th lm tng
thm can nhiu.
Tuy nhin, ta mong mun t c m cao hn (longer aperture) bng
cch dng nhiu phn t hn l dng cc dy anten c khong cch bng mt na
bc sng. iu ny thng c thc hin bng phn cng RF kt hp vi mi
phn t anten c th t v cng knh.
2.4.2 - Phn loi cc h thng anten thng minh:
Cc h thng anten thng minh c th c chia thnh 2 loi l anten thch nghi
(adaptive antenna) v cc k thut to bp chuyn i (Switched beam).
Anten thch nghi l dy cc anten m n c th thay i h s bc x anten ng
ca n iu chnh can nhiu v truyn dn a ng. Cc anten dy thch nghi c
th iu chnh th bc x ca chng di theo (tracking) ngi dng ang di
chuyn. Cc anten thch nghi c dng tng cht lng cc tn hiu thu c v
to cc bp cho vic truyn i.
51

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Cc h thng bp chuyn i dng nhiu bp c nh ti 1 v tr t anten. B
thu s chn bp cung cp tn hiu mnh nht v gim nhiu. Cc h thng bp
chuyn i khng th cung cp ci thin hiu qu bng cc h thng thch nghi,
nhng chng thng t phc tp v d trang b thm cho cc k thut khng dy
hin hu.
2.4.2.1 - Cc h thng to bp chuyn i: (trang 93-94[5])
Trong cc h thng anten thng minh dng mng to bp c nh, b thu
dng chuyn mch iu khin (switch control) chn bp tt nht nhm thu nhn
tn hiu mong i. H thng to bp chuyn i trong hnh 2.23 kh n gin, ch
yu cu 1 mng to bp, 1 chuyn mch RF (Radio Frequency), v logic iu khin
chn bp mong mun. Mi bp mong i tng ng vi mt b vector trng s
c xc nh trc ti ng ra ca b to bp. S chn bp song song phi c
thc hin cho mi b thu. K thut chn bp hu hiu ph thuc vo ta ang xt
h thng FDMA, TDMA hay CDMA.
Cc h thng to bp chuyn i cung cp nhiu u im ca cc h thng
anten thng minh tinh vi hn trong s phn chia phc tp v ph tn. Tuy nhin
c mt vi hn ch trong cc h thng bp chuyn i. Th nht, h thng khng
th cung cp bt k s bo v no t cc thnh phn a ng m chng n theo
cc hng n gn vi thnh phn mong i. Cc h thng mng to bp c nh
ch nhy hn i vi s phn tch gc cc thnh phn truyn dn a ng so vi
cc h thng dy anten thch nghi.Nhc im th hai ca cc h thng to bp
chuyn i l chng hu nh khng th em li li im a dng ng i bng
cch kt hp cht ch cc thnh phn truyn dn a ng. Sau cng, cng sut m
ngi tiu dng thu nhn thay i bt thng khi di chuyn theo hnh cung quanh
trm. Do vy, cng tn hiu thu bao thay i khi ngi tiu dng di chuyn t
tm bp n cnh ca vng bao ph ca bp.
52

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit








Hnh 2.27: Mng to bp chuyn i to M bp t M phn t dy (trang 94[5])
Tuy c cc nhc im trn nhng cc h thng bp chuyn i vn c
thng dng v chng cho cc u im nh m rng phm vi t cc h thng phc
tp hn.Ty thuc vo mi trng truyn, cc h thng bp chuyn i lm gim
khong thi gian tr hon khi trin khai cc h thng PCS bc thp trong cc mi
trng tc thu bao cao. Cc h thng bp chuyn i ch yu cu s tng tc
va phi vi b thu trm gc.
2.4.2.2 - B to bp thch nghi dng gii thut LMS: (Theo trang 95-98[5])
Bng cch tng phc tp x l tn hiu dy anten, ta c th t c cc ci
thin hiu sut ng k so vi dng cc h thng bp chuyn i. Trong dy anten
thch nghi hnh 2.24, vector trng s w
k,i
c iu chnh hoc c thch nghi
cc i ha cht lung tn hiu m n c gi tr i vi b demodulator ca tn hiu
k ti thi im i.
53

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit


Hnh 2.28: Cu trc dy anten thch nghi (Theo trang 95[5]).
Lu : d
i
c trng cho c tnh hay m hnh tn hiu mong i i vi ngi s
dng th i ti ng ra ca dy anten .
Trong cc k thut to bp ti u, vector trng s c xc nh sao cho cc
tiu ha hm mc tiu (cost function).c bit, hm mc tiu ny lin hp nghch
o vi cht lng tn hiu ti ng ra dy anten. hm mc tiu cc tiu th cht
lng tn hiu s t cc i ti ng ra ca dy anten. Hai k thut ph bin nht
c ng dng rng ri vo cc h thng thng tin l tiu chun sai s bnh phng
trung bnh ti thiu MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) v bnh phng nh
nht LS (Least Square). Trong 2 k thut ny, bnh phng sai phn gia ng ra dy
anten z(t) = w
k
H
u
i
(t) v c tnh ca tn hiu mong i d
k
(t) c to ra i vi thu
bao th k c ti thiu ha bng cch tm vector trng s thch nghi w
k
. Cc gii
php MMSE c a ra di dng cc trung bnh v to ra vector trng s n w
k

ti u cho hu ht cc thc t c th trong mi trng dng. y l gii php c
dng trong l thuyt v b lc Wiener kinh in.
Trong gii php ny, hm mc tiu c ti thiu l:
J(w
k
) = E[w
k
H
u
i
- d
k,i

2
] (2.45)
Vi d
k,i
= d
k
(iT
s
) v u
i
= u(iT
s
), T
s
l chu k ly mu.

54

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Hm mc tiu l gi tr mong i ca sai s bnh phng gia ng ra dy
anten ca tn hiu th k v loi tn hiu mong i ti thi im th i. Ta c th vit
li (2.45):
J(w
k
) = w
k
H
E[u
i
u
i
H
]w
k
- E[d
k,i
u
i
H
]w
k
- w
k
H
E[u
i
d
k,i
*
] + E[d
k,i
d
k,i
*
] (2.46)
Tng qut, ta cc tiu hm vector bng cch xc nh v tr m dc (gradient)
ca hm t n zero. dc ca 1 hm vector phc c nh ngha nh sau:
Vf(w) =
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c

) (
...
) (
1
0
w f
w f
a
a
M
+
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c

) (
...
) (
1
0
w f
w f
b
b
M
(2.47)
y w
i
= a
i
+ jb
i
. Dng nh ngha ny ta tm c:
V(w
H
Aw) = 2Aw (2.48)
V(w
H
c) = 2c (2.49)
V(c
H
w) = 0 (2.50)
Do ta c th vit : VJ(w
k
) = 2E[u
i
u
i
H
]w
k
-2E[u
i
d
k,i
*
] = 2Rw
k
2P (2.51)
y R l ma trn tng quan ca vector d liu:
R = E[u
i
u
i
H
] (2.52)
V P l tng quan cho gia vector d liu v tn hiu mong i:
P = E[u
i
d
k,i
*
] (2.53)
t dc ca hm mc tiu bng zero, ta tm ra rng gii php w
k
lm cho hm
mc tiu J(w
k
) t cc tiu l:
w
k
= R
-1
P (2.54)
Gii php (2.54) l vector trng s dy anten ti u theo ngha MMSE.
gii phng trnh (2.54), cc k thut thch nghi thng c dng vi
phng php lp nhm cung cp vector trng s c cp nht w
k,i
sau mi ln tnh
55

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

ton. c bit, cc gii thut ny c phc tp mi bc thp hn gii php trc
tip trong phng trnh (2.54), v c th di theo (track) cc knh khng dng.
Mt gii php ti u lm ti thiu hm mc tiu l:
w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
-
2
1
VJ(w
k,i
) (2.55)
y l h s hi t v n iu khin tc thch nghi.Cc loi gii thut
nh phng trnh (2.55) c gi l cc k thut dc ngu nhin (Stochastic
Gradient) bi v chng dng dc ca hm sai s bnh phng trung bnh cp
nht vector trng s. Thay (2.51) vo (2.55) ta c:
w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
- (Rw
k,i
P) = w
k,i
- ( E[u
i
u
i
H
]w
k,i
E[u
i
d
k,i
*
]) (2.56)
Nu ton t k vng c b t phung trnh (2.56) th ta c:
w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
- u
i
(u
i
H
w
k,i
d
k,i
*
) = w
k,i
- u
i
e
i,k
*

Hay w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
- u
i
e
i,k
*
(2.57)
Phng trnh (2.57) c gi l gii thut sai s bnh phung trung bnh ti
thiu LMS (Least Mean Square) v n l 1 k thut c s dng rng ri cho cc
dy anten thch nghi cp nht theo vng lp.
Vi: e
i,k
= w
k,i
H
u
i
d
k,i
(2.58)
e
i,k
l sai s tc thi gia ng ra dy anten v p ng mong i, e
i,k
*
l lin hp
phc ca e
i,k
.
Mt gii php khc cho vic lc thch nghi l cc tiu ha sai s gia ng ra
ca dy anten v p ng mong i trn s mu thi gian hu hn thay cho vic
tnh trung bnh tng.iu ny dn n cc gii php bnh phng ti thiu LS. Ta
nh ngha hm mc tiu LS:
J(w
k
) =

=

1
0
,
2
P
m
m k
H
k
m
d u
w
(2.59)
56

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Ton t gradient nh nh ngha (2.47) thng thu c l:
J(w
k
) = 2

=
1
0
P
m
w u u k
P
n
H
n m

=
1
0
- 2

=
1
0
P
m
d u
n k
P
n
m ,
*
1
0

=
(2.60)
Ta nh ngha ma trn d liu l: A = [u
0
u
1
u
P-1
] (2.61)
V vector tn hiu mong mun l: d
k
= [d
k,0
d
k,1
d
k,P-1
]
T
(2.62)
Gii php rng buc hm dc LS bng zero l: w
k
= (A
H
A)
-1
A
H
d
k
(2.63)
M hnh tng qut ca h thng anten thng minh dng tn hiu tham kho c dng
nh hnh 2.25 (theo hnh 2.8 mc 2.5 chng 2 [6]).
W
0
*
W
1
*
W
N-1
*
+
+ Gii thut c tnh trng s
.
.
.
.
.
.
y(t)= W
H
U
e(t)=r(t)-y(t) r(t)
(Ng ra)
(Tn hiu sai s) (Tn hiu tham kho)
-
+
u
0
(t)
u
1
(t)
u
N-1
(t)
(Anten 0)
(Anten 1)
(Anten N-1)
(Cc trng s )

Hnh 2.25: M hnh tng qut ca h thng anten thng minh dng tn hiu tham
kho.
Yu cu ca gii thut Unconstrained LMS l tm ra vector trng s ti u W
sao cho cng sut thu c ti ng ra ca dy anten P
r
trong cng thc (2.35) l nh
57

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

nht (tc E[P
r
] min vi E l k vng ton hc) m khng tha mn iu kin rng
buc v li nh hng ca h thng.
Vetor trng s c cp nht theo cng thc (3.2.1) mc 3.2 chng 3 [6] l:
W(n+1) = W(n)- g(W(n)) (2.64)
+ y W(n+1) l vector trng s cn tnh bc lp th n+1, W(n) l vector
trng s c bc lp th n.
+ (step size) l h s hi t v n iu khin c tnh hi t ca gii thut nh
nhanh v tip cn (fast and close) khi cc trng s c tnh t n gi tr trng
s ti u. Theo mc 3.2.3 chng 3 [6], ngi ta chng minh c rng gii
thut LMS s n nh v vector trng s s hi t v gi tr ti u khi tha mn
cc iu kin sau:
0 < < 1/
max
(2.65)
Hoc: 0 < < 1/Tr(R) (2.66)
Trong
max
l tr ring ln nht ca ma trn tng quan R ca ng vo h
thng, cn Tr(R) l tng cc phn t trn ng cho ca ma trn R. Gii thut s
hi t nhanh nht ti
max
v chm nht ti
min
.
+ g(W(n)) l c tnh gradient ca MSE(W(n)) v c tnh theo cng thc (3.2.7)
mc 3.2.1 chng 3 [6] nh sau:
g(W(n)) = -2U(n+1)e
*
(W(n)) (2.67)
Vi e
*
(W(n)) l lin hp phc ca e(W(n)) v e(W(n)) l sai s gia ng ra
ca dy anten v tn hiu tham kho (reference signal). thun tin cho vic m
phng ta gi R_traing l vector cha cc mu tn hiu ri rc (tn hiu tham kho)
hay cn gi l chui hun luyn. e(W(n)) c tnh da vo cng thc (3.2.6)
mc 3.2.1 chng 3 [6] nh sau:
e(W(n)) = R_traing(n+1)-W
H
(n)*U(n+1) (2.68)
58

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

y R_traing(n+1) l tn hiu tham kho hay chui hun luyn bc lp th
n+1.
+ T (2.64) v (2.67) ta suy ra cng thc cp nht vector trng s bc lp th
n+1 theo vector trng s c bc lp th n l:
W(n+1) = W(n)+2 U(n+1)e
*
(W(n)) (2.69)
+ Sai s trung bnh bnh phng MSE (Mean Squared Error) gia tn hiu tham
kho vi ng ra ca h thng c tnh theo cng thc (2.5.1) mc 2.5 chng 2
[6] nh sau:
MSE = E[e(W(n))e
*
(W(n))] (2.70)
Vi e(W(n)) l sai s gia ng ra ca dy anten v tn hiu tham kho v e
*
(W(n))
l lin hp phc ca e(W(n)). E l k hiu k vng ton hc.
2.4.3 Nhng li ch ca h thng anten thng minh:
+ Gim nhiu ng knh:
H thng anten thng minh vi c tnh lc theo khng gian v tp trung
nng lng bc x di dng cc chm hp hng theo hng tn hiu di ng
mong mun. Ngoi ra chng cng to ra cc im khng (null) trong th bc x
ca chng cc hng di ng khc trong mt khong ln cn xung quanh. Do ,
c th xem nhiu ng knh l khng ng k trong h thng anten thng minh.
+ Ci thin tm ph sng:
H thng anten thng minh gm tp hp cc phn t n l c sp xp to
thnh mt dy anten, s lm tng li chm ph sng khi so snh vi cc loi
anten thng thng c cng cng sut. Vic tng li ny dn n m rng vng
hot ng v tm ph sng ca h thng.
+ Tng dung lng h thng:
59

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

H thng anten thng minh gim nhiu ng knh, t lm tng c tnh
ti s dng tn s. Ngha l h thng anten thng minh cho php nhiu thu bao hn
dng chung ph tn s ti cng mt thi im, lm tng hiu sut s dng ph v
tng dung lng h thng.
+ Gim cng sut pht:
Cc anten thng thng bc x nng lng trn tt c cc hng dn n
lm lng ph mt lng ln cng sut. Trong khi , h thng anten thng minh ch
bc x theo hng mong mun. Do ch cn lng cng sut t hn dng bc
x ti trm nn. Gim cng sut pht cng c xem l gim c can nhiu vi
cc thu bao khc.
+ Gim nhu cu v chuyn vng (hand-off):
ci thin dung lng trong mt h thng thng tin t bo ln, cc t bo
b tt nghn trc y thng c phn thnh cc t bo nh lm tng c tnh
ti s dng tn s, to ra cc chuyn vng. S dng h thng anten thng minh ti
trm nn, s khng cn phi phn chia cc t bo khi dung lng c tng ln
do s dng cc chm sng c lp. Do , hin tng chuyn vng him khi xy ra,
ch khi m hai chm cng tn s ng nhau.
+ Gim nh hng ca truyn dn a ng:
H thng anten thng minh c th loi b cc thnh phn truyn dn a
ng di dng can nhiu, do lm gim bt s nh hng ca hin tng
truyn dn a ng, hoc n c th s dng cc thnh phn truyn dn a ng
v thm chng vo ci thin hot ng ca h thng.
+ Tng thch cao:
K thut anten thng minh c th c ng dng trong nhiu k thut a
truy cp khc nhau nh TDMA, FDMA, v CDMA. N c th tng thch vi hu
ht cc phng thc iu ch, bng thng hay di tn.
60

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Chng 3
NG DNG ANTEN THNG MINH TRONG H THNG GPS V DGPS
Lun vn a ra m hnh t anten thng minh kt hp vi k thut DGPS
nh hnh 3.3 (gi s l m hnh DGPS cc b). Anten thu 1 c b to bp s dng
hng n dng gii thut LCMV t ti trm tham kho c nh thu tn hiu
GPS t cc hng n (
i
,
i
) ca t nht 4 v tinh GPS. Anten pht 1 c b to bp
thch nghi LMS s dng tn hiu tham kho t ti trm tham kho c nh pht
cc sai s khong cch A
i
t trm tham kho n b thu ca ngi s dng.
Anten thu 3 c th l anten thng hoc anten thng minh c b to bp thch nghi
LMS s dng tn hiu tham kho t ti b thu ca ngi s dng nhm thu tn hiu
c cha cc sai s khong cch A
i
. Anten thu 2 c th l anten thng hoc anten
thng minh c b to bp s dng hng n dng gii thut LCMV t ti b thu
ca ngi s dng ty theo loi b thu c dng cho ng dng c th no (b thu
ca ngi s dng c th c dng cho cc thit b xch tay, xe, tu, my bay, ).
61

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

. . .
S
1
(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
)
S
2
(x
2
,y
2
,z
2
) S
3
(x
3
,y
3
,z
3
)
S
i
(x
i
,y
i
,z
i
)
Anten thu 1
(LCMV)
Anten pht 1
(LMS)
Anten thu 3
(Loi thng
hoc LMS)
U(x
u
,y
u
,z
u
)
B thu ca
ngi s dng
(di chuyn)
Anten thu 2
(Loi thng
hoc LCMV)
Trm tham kho
(c nh)
i

i
A
U
R
(x
R
,y
R
,z
R
)

'
i

'
3

'
2

'
1
Cc v tinh GPS

Hnh 3.1:M hnh t anten thng minh kt hp vi k thut DGPS.
M t hot ng ca m hnh trn:
Gi s ti thi im t
1i
v tinh S
i
pht tn hiu GPS v b thu t ti trm tham kho
nhn tn hiu ny ti thi im t
2i
. Nh vy khong thi gian tn hiu GPS truyn
t v tinh S
i
v b thu t ti trm tham kho l t
i
= t
2i
t
1i
. V vn tc truyn ca
tn hiu bng vi tc nh sng l c = 3.10
8
m/s nn qung ng t v tinh S
i
n
b thu t ti trm tham kho l
i
= c.t
i
.
i
cn c gi l khong cch gi - l
khong cch bao gm c sai s, m trong c hng lot cc sai s phn tch
trong phn 2.1.5 chng 2, c th l do tr trong cc tng in ly v tng i lu
hay nhiu sai s khc nh sai s qu o v tinh, sai s gia ng h v tinh v
ng h b thu ca ngi s dng.
Mt khc, ta bit c ta ca cc v tinh S
i
(x
i
, y
i
, z
i
) qua bn tin nh v thu
c t cc tn hiu GPS ca t nht 4 v tinh GPS v ta cng bit c ta R(x
r
,
62

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

y
r
, z
r
) ca b thu t ti trm tham kho. T cng thc (2.8) trong mc 2.1.6
chng 2 ta s ln lt tnh c cc sai s khong cch A
i
t b thu t ti trm
tham kho n cc v tinh S
i
(x
i
, y
i
, z
i
) nh sau:
A
i
=
i
-
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
r i
r i
r i

+ + (3.31)
Cc sai s khong cch A
i
ny c pht t trm tham kho n b thu ca ngi
s dng. Cc khong cch gi
i

t v tinh S
i
n b thu ca ngi s dng cng
c tnh tng t nh cc khong cch gi t v tinh S
i
n b thu ca trm tham
kho thng qua bn tin nh v t tn hiu GPS.
V sai s khong cch t mt v tinh S
i
n hai b thu l bng nhau nu hai b thu
khng cch nhau qu vi trm kilometers (mc 2.2 chng 2), nn A
i
l sai s t
v tinh S
i
n trm tham kho v cng l sai s t v tinh S
i
n b thu ca ngi s
dng.
Sau cng, b thu ca ngi s dng s dng cc sai s A
i
ny hiu chnh cc
khong cch gi
i

(tc ly hiu
i

- A
i
) v dng cc khong cch hiu
chnh ny tnh ta U(x
u
, y
u
, z
u
) ca mnh, tc da vo h 3 phng trnh
cng thc (2.1) mc 2.1.6 chng 2 tnh x
u
, y
u
, z
u
nh sau:

- A
1
=
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
1
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u

+ +

- A
2
=
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u

+ +
(3.32)

- A
3
=
) ( ) ( ) (
3
3
3
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u

+ +
3.1 - ng dng gii thut thch nghi Unconstrained LMS Beamforming bng
hp trong b to bp s dng tn hiu tham kho cho dy anten ULA trong
khng gian 2D:
Gii thut thch nghi LMS (Least Mean Square) c trnh by trong mc
2.4.2.2 chng 2. y l gii thut i tm vector trng s ti u ca h thng anten
63

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

bng phng php lp. Gi tr ca vector trng s s c cp nht sau mi ln lp
bng vic c lng dc (gradient) v gim trng s i mt lng nh dc
lng nh dc ny c gi l step-size v c k hiu l . Vi nh,
sau mt s ln lp th vector trng s s t n gi tr ti u mong mun. mi
bc lp, nu vector trng s c cp nht trong iu kin tha mn rng buc v
li nh hng ca h thng [g=1 trong cng thc (3.36)] th gii thut LMS
c gi l Constrained LMS. Ngc li, nu vector trng s c cp nht trong
iu kin khng tha mn rng buc v li nh hng ca h thng th gii
thut LMS c gi l Unconstrained LMS.
Do b thu ca ngi s dng c v tr khng c nh v khong cch t b
thu ca ngi s dng n trm tham kho khng qu ln nn hng n DOA thay
i lin tc. V vy lun vn ny dng gii thut Unconstrained LMS Beamforming
trong b to bp s dng tn hiu tham kho ca anten thng minh nng cao cht
lng truyn dn gia cc b thu ca ngi s dng v trm tham kho trong h
thng DGPS.
M hnh tng qut ca h thng anten thng minh dng tn hiu tham kho
c dng nh hnh 2.25 chng 2.
T (2.64) v (2.67) ta suy ra cng thc cp nht vector trng s bc
lp th n+1 theo vector trng s c bc lp th n l:
W(n+1) = W(n)+2 U(n+1)e
*
(W(n)) (3.52)
+ Chn dy anten ULA c N phn t phn b u trn trc x, mi phn t cch
nhau mt khong l d v trc z vung gc vi mt phng (x,y) nh hnh 3.4.
+ Chn hng 0
0
trng vi trc x. n gin ta gi s gc ngng = /2 nn
sin() = 1. V dy anten ULA phn b u N phn t trn trc x nn N phn t ny
ch c ta x
m
khc khng cn cc ta y
m
v z
m
u bng 0. Cch tnh vector
li [S
m
(, )], ta tng phn t ca dy anten ULA [x
m
] v h s truyn pha []
da theo cc cng thc (3.39), (3.40), (3.41).
64

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

Gi s f
R
l tn s pht t trm tham kho n cc b thu ca ngi s dng
(f
R
nm trong dy bng tn dng cho nh v). Bc sng tng ng tn s f
R
l:

R
= c/f
R
(3.53)
Trong c = 3*10
8
m/s l vn tc nh sng.
+ Chn khong cch gia cc phn t anten ging cng thc (3.43) l d =

R
/2 hay: d/
R
= 0.5
(3.54)
Ta cng chn khong cch gia cc phn t anten l d=9.5 [cm].
Vector li hng cng c tnh da theo cng thc (3.45) nh sau:
S
m
(, ) = exp[-j(2/
R
)(kd))sin()] = exp[-j2(d/
R
)ksin()] (3.55)
T cng thc (3.55), ta thy vector li hng S
m
ca phn t anten th
m khng ph thuc vo gc ngng m ch ph thuc vo gc phng v . Do
trong trng hp c bit ny, gc phng v s i din cho hng n (, ).
Cc chn la ban u nh sau:
+ Chn 9 hng n DOA v v 4 hng n SOI ging nh cch chn ca
dy anten ULA trong gii thut Multiple LCMV beamforming trong khng gian
2D.
+ Chn cng sut pht ca cc tn hiu mong i SOI l 0dBw v cng sut
ca nhiu v can nhiu l -20 dBw. Vy cng sut ca cc tn hiu mong i SOI
tnh bng watt l: 10
-0/10
[w] = 1w v cng sut ca cc tn hiu nhiu v can nhiu
tnh bng watt l: 10
-20/10
[w] = 0.01w.
+ Chn s mu ca tn hiu tham kho l 1000 mu v cch tnh ma trn
li 9x1000 ging cch tnh gii thut Multiple LCMV beamforming trong khng
gian 2D.
+ Vector li hng S l ma trn Nx9 tng ng vi N phn t anten v 9
hng n DOA. Ta s dng vng lp tnh cho tng hng n DOA, ng vi mi
65

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

hng n ta s dng cng thc (3.55) tnh tng h s S
m
tng ng vi N phn
t anten (0smsN).
+ To ma trn tn hiu tham kho R
s
(9x1000) c 9 hng l 9 hng n
DOA v 1000 ct l 1000 mu tn hiu tham kho ging gii thut Multiple
LCMV beamforming trong khng gian 2D. R
s
chnh l chui hun luyn theo 9
hng mong i.
+ Tnh ma trn U theo cng thc (3.46). U l ma trn Nx1000 cha cc mu
tn hiu ri rc d liu thu c ti ng ra ca dy anten (N hng c trng cho N
phn t ca dy anten URA, 1000 ct l 1000 mu tn hiu ri rc).
+ Trong cng thc (3.46): S l vector li hng Nx9 c N hng c trng
cho N phn t anten v 9 ct l 9 hng n DOA, R
S
l ma trn tn hiu tham kho
9x1000. NOISE l vector nhiu ngu nhin Nx1000 c to t hm randn c N
hng c trng cho N phn t anten v 1000 ct l nhiu ca 1000 mu tn hiu ri
rc d liu v c nhn vi cn bc 2 ca cng sut cc tn hiu nhiu.
+ Ma trn tng quan R c tnh theo cng thc (3.47). R l vector NxN v
c nh ngha theo trung bnh thng k.
+ H s hi t c chn t cng thc (2.66) l:
= 0.5*[1/Tr(R)] (3.56)
(Cch chn v s phn t ca dy anten s c cp phn tip theo).
+ Ta dng vng lp cho tng hng tn hiu mong i v ln lt cp nht
trng s ti ln lp th n+1 theo trng s ti ln lp th n trn 1000 mu tn hiu ri
rc da vo cng thc (2.69) vi e(W(n)) l sai s gia ng ra ca dy anten v tn
hiu tham kho c tnh theo cng thc (2.68).
+ Da vo cng thc (2.70) ta tnh sai s trung bnh bnh phng MSE
(Mean Squared Error) gia tn hiu tham kho vi ng ra ca h thng nh sau:
MSE = e(W(n))e
*
(W(n)) (3.57)
66

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

y sai s gia ng ra ca dy anten v tn hiu tham kho e(W(n)) ph
thuc vo trng s W(n) theo cng thc (2.68), m W(n) l s phc nn e(W(n))
cng l s phc. Gi s e(W(n)) l s phc a+jb th e
*
(W(n)) l s phc a-jb v
MSE s l:
MSE = e(W(n))e
*
(W(n))
= (a+jb)(a-jb) = (a)
2
(jb)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
= (
b a
2 2
+ )
2
= a+jb (3.58)
T cng thc (3.58) ta thy gi tr (
b a
2 2
+ )
2
ni ln ngha ca sai s
trung bnh bnh phng MSE.
Trong gii thut Unconstrained LMS Beamforming, tng ng vi 1 hng
n ca tn hiu mong i SOI, sau khi cp nht vector trng s theo cng thc
(2.69) trn 1000 mu tn hiu ri rc ta s c c 1 b vector trng s ti u W c
N trng s ti u W
0
, W
1
, , W
N
tng ng vi N phn t ca dy anten l phn t
0, phn t 1, , phn t N. Nh vy tng ng vi 4 hng n ca tn hiu mong
i SOI, da vo cng thc (2.69) ta cng tnh c 4 b vector trng s ti u W,
mi b l mt vector Nx1.
+ Tnh ta ca N phn t anten: Chn gc ta t ti phn t anten th
nht, th ta ca tng phn t ca dy anten s c tnh theo cng thc:
x
m
= m*d (3.59)
y 0smsN v d = 9.5cm l khong cch gia 2 phn t anten lin tip
trong dy.
+ Vi 4 b vector trng s ti u tng ng 4 hng n ca tn hiu mong i
SOI, da vo cng thc (3.38) ta dng vng lp tnh c h s dy anten ULA
theo tng hng n ca tn hiu mong i SOI (4 hng n ca tn hiu mong
i).
Trong chng trnh m phng thut ton Unconstrained LMS Beamforming
trong khng gian 2D, ta chia phn gii ca gc phng v l 0.5
0
trong tm [-
67

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

90
0
:90
0
].Ni cch khc s c [90
0
-(-90
0
)]/0.5
0
+ 1 = 361 gc trong tm [-90
0
:90
0
]
v mi gc cch nhau 0.5
0
, gc u tin l -90
0
v gc cui cng l 90
0
. Ta s dng
vng lp tnh h s dy anten cho tng hng n ca 4 hng tn hiu mong i
SOI. Trn mi hng ta s dng vng lp tnh h s dy anten cho tng gc
i

trong s 361 gc (i=1:361). Ti mi gc
i
ta s dng cng thc (3.55) tnh
vector li tng ng vi N phn t ca dy anten (phn t th m ca dy anten c
ta l x
m
). Vi vector li va tnh c t gc
i
trn v vector trng s ti u W
ca hng tn hiu mong i SOI, da vo cng thc (3.38) ta s tnh c h s
dy anten tng ng gc
i
. Nh vy trn mi hng ca tn hiu mong i SOI, ta
s tnh c 361 h s dy anten ng vi 361 gc
i
.Ni cch khc, h s dy anten
ng vi 1 hng n ca tn hiu mong i SOI l mt vector c 361 hng v 1 ct.
+ Cui cng l v th hng tnh ca dy anten ULA da vo h s dy anten
theo 4 hng n ca tn hiu mong i SOI tnh c (gi s N=20 phn t).
+ Tnh thi gian hi t ca gii thut LMS:
Thi gian hi t khi vetor trng s trung bnh t c gi tr trng s ti u
ph thuc vo tr ring
i
ca ma trn tng quan dy anten v tc hi t
nh sau:
t
i
= -1/[ln(1-2
i
)] (3.60)
Nu 2
i
<< 1 th:
t
i
= 1/(2
i
) (3.61)
Gii thut LMS s hi t nhanh nht ti
max
v chm nht ti
min
. V phng
din trit can nhiu th iu ny ng ngha vi nhiu cng sut ln s c trit
trc cc nhiu cng sut b. T cng thc (3.61) ta thy nu cng ln th t
i

cng nh hay tc hi t cng cao. Tuy nhin khng phi tc hi cao l
tt.Mc tiu ca gii thut LMS l ti thiu ha sai s MSE (Mean Square
Error)gia tn hiu mu vi ng ra ca h thng. V vy ta cn lu xem khi h
thng hi t th sai s MSE c t cc tiu hay cha. Trong trng hp vector
68

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

trng s hi t nhng sai s MSE vn cha t gi tr nh nht MMSE
(Minimum Mean Square Error) th ta gi l trng hp iu chnh sai
(misadjustment) v dng thng s M
u
biu din cho s sai lch ny:
M
u
=
MMSE
MMSE MSE
=

=
=

N
i
i
i
N
i
i
i
1
1
1
1
1

(3.62)
Vi N l s phn t ca dy anten. Nu nh th ta c:
M
u
= Tr(R) (3.63)
T cng thc (3.63) ta thy khi tng th M
u
cng tng theo. Chnh v vy khi
chn gi tr ca ta cn lu l hoc t c tc hi t nhanh vi gi tr
ca M
u
cao; hoc l t c tc hi t chm vi gi tr ca M
u
thp.
Ta bit rng nu c N phn t anten th ta cn tnh N gi tr trng s W tng
ng. Ta s tnh thi gian hi t trn tng gi tr trng s W. Gi s gii thut hi
t ti mu th 1000. Ta tnh cc gi tr trng s W(1), W(2), , W(1000) tng
ng vi mu th 1, mu th 2, , mu th 1000. Nu gi tr tuyt i ca
[W(n)-W(1000)] < 10
-3
t mu th n cho n mu th 1000 v gi tr tuyt i
ca [W(n-1)-W(1000)] > 10
-3
mu th n-1 th ta xem nh gii thut hi t ti
mu th n. Ta phi tnh trung bnh ca mi trng s trn 200 ln lp trc khi
tnh thi gian hi t ca trng s .
+ Tnh t s tn hiu trn nhiu SIR:
T s tn hiu trn nhiu SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) c tnh theo cng
thc:
SIR = P
S
/ P
I
(3.64)
Vi P
S
l cng sut tn hiu mong i (Signal) v P
I
l cng sut tn hiu khng
mong i hay cn gi l can nhiu (Interference).
69

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

+ Tnh li G:
Gi s ng vo ca mt h thng c cng sut tn hiu mong i l P
S
(in)
[w] v cng sut can nhiu l P
I
(in) [w], cn ng ra ca h thng thu c cng sut
tn hiu mong i l P
S
(out) [w] v cng sut can nhiu l P
I
(out) [w] nh hnh 3.7 sau:
3.1
H thng
Input
Output
P
S
(in), P
I
(in) P
S
(out), P
I
(out)

Hnh 3.7: Minh ha cc ng vo v ng ra ca mt h thng.
T s tn hiu trn nhiu SIR ti ng vo v ng ra ca h thng l:
SIR
in
= P
S
(in)/P
I
(in) (3.65)
SIR
out
= P
S
(out)/P
I
(out) (3.66)
li G (Gain) ca h thng c tnh theo cng thc:
G = SIR
out
/SIR
in
(3.67)
li G trong cng thc (3.67) khng c th nguyn (tc l s ln). T (3.67)
ta c cng thc tnh li theo dB l:
G(dB) = 10log
10
G
= 10log
10
(SIR
out
/SIR
in
)
= 10log
10
(SIR
out
)-10log
10
(SIR
in
)
= SIR
out
(dB)-SIR
in
(dB) (3.68)
+Chn la s phn t cho dy anten ULA v h s hi t :
chn h s hi t v s phn t ca dy anten ULA, lun vn chia ra 10 gi tr
ca trong tm t 0 n
max
vi
max
= 1/[Tr(R)] v R l ma trn tng quan ca
dy anten. Chn s phn t N ca dy anten c chy t 1 n 20 (1sNs20). Nh
vy, ng vi mt gi tr ca N ta s c 10 trng hp tng ng vi 10 gi tr ca
. Ni cch khc ng vi 20 gi tr ca N v 10 gi tr ca , ta s c 200 cp gi
70

SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit

tr (N, ). Ln lt tng cp (N, ) cho ta bit gii thut LMS s hi t ti mu th
my.Nh vy ta s chn cp (N, ) ti u trong s 200 cp trn sao cho thi gian
hi t ca gii thut LMS l nh nht.

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