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3
. Ta cn xc
nh v tr b thu ca ngi s dng l U(x
u
, y
u
, z
u
).
z
x
y
U(x
u
,y
u
,z
u
)
O
S
1
(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) S
2
(x
2
,y
2
,z
2
)
S
3
(x
3
,y
3
,z
3
)
1
2
Hnh 2.14: Minh ha v tr b thu ca ngi s dng v v tinh.
Ta c:
1
=
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
1
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u
+ +
2
=
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u
+ +
(2.1)
3
=
) ( ) ( ) (
3
3
3
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u
+ +
29
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
H phng trnh (2.1) gm 3 phng trnh v 3 n s. V nguyn tc, nu
bit c ta ca 3 v tinh l x
1
, y
1
, z
1
, x
2
, y
2
, z
2
, x
3
, y
3
, z
3
v cc khong cch t
b thu ca ngi s dng n 3 v tinh l
1
,
2,
3
th ta s tnh c ta b
thu ca ngi s dng l x
u
, y
u
, z
u
.
+ o cc khong cch
1
,
2,
3
t b thu ca ngi s dng n 3 v tinh:
Gi s v tinh th i pht tn hiu thi im t
Si
, b thu ca ngi s dng
nhn c tn hiu thi im tr hn l t
u
, th thi gian tn hiu i t v tinh th i
n b thu ca ngi s dng l : t
Si
- t
u
. V tn hiu truyn vi vn tc bng vn tc
ca nh sng l c=2.99792458*10
8
m/s, nn khong cch t b thu ca ngi s
dng n v tinh th i l:
iT
= c(t
u
- t
Si
) (2.2)
y
iT
l khong cch t b thu ca ngi s dng n v tinh th i
(c o bi b pseudorange). Trn thc t, xung clock ti ni pht v tinh v
xung clock ti b thu ca ngi s dng l khng ng b.
Thi im ng v tinh th i pht tn hiu n b thu ca ngi s dng l:
t
Si
= t
Si
+ Ab
i
(2.3)
Thi im ng b thu ca ngi s dng nhn c tn hiu ca v tinh th i l:
t
u
= t
u
+ b
ut
(2.4)
T (2.2), (2.3) v (2.4) ta c khong cch t b thu ca ngi s dng n v
tinh th i khi c sai s thi gian tr l:
iT
= c(t
u
- t
Si
) = c(t
u
- t
Si
) - c( Ab
i
- b
ut
) =
iT
- c( Ab
i
- b
ut
) (2.5)
Bn cnh sai s ng h xung clock, cn c cc sai s khc nh sai s nh
v v tinh AD
i
; sai s tr trong tng i lu AT
i
; sai s tr trong tng in ly AI
i
;
sai s nhiu khi o b thu
i
; s iu chnh thi gian tng i A
i
. Do ,
khong cch
i
t b thu ca ngi s dng n v tinh th i c vit li nh sau:
i
=
iT
- c( Ab
i
- b
ut
) + AD
i
+ c( AT
i
+ AI
i
+
i
+A
i
) (2.6)
30
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Mt trong cc sai s trn c th c hiu chnh. V d sai s tr trong tng
i lu c th c lp m hnh, sai s tr trong tng in ly c th c hiu chnh
trong b thu dng 2 tn s. Cc sai s trn s gy ra s mt chnh xc khi xc nh
v tr b thu ca ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, sai s ng h trn b thu ca ngi s
dng khng th c hiu chnh qua thng tin thu nhn c. Sai s ny vn cn l
n s. V vy, ta phi cng vo v phi cc phng trnh (2.1) cho h s sai s
ng h b thu ca ngi s dng l b
u
. H phng trnh (2.1) tr thnh h 3
phng trnh c 4 n s x
u
, y
u
, z
u
, b
u
. Do ta cn c thm v tinh th t c
h (2.7) gm 4 phng trnh c 4 n s nh sau:
1
=
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
1
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u
+ + + b
u
2
=
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u
+ + + b
u
3
=
) ( ) ( ) (
3
3
3
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u
+ + + b
u
(2.7)
4
=
) ( ) ( ) (
4
4
4
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u
+ + + b
u
Mt cch tng qut, ta c cng thc tnh khong cch t v tinh th i n
b thu ca ngi s dng l:
i
=
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u i
u i
u i
+ + + b
u
(2.8)
- Tm li:
+ Ta cn 4 v tinh tnh ta b thu ca ngi s dng nhm gim sai s ng
h ca v tinh v sai s ng h trn b thu ca ngi s dng.
+ Cc ngun sai s trong h thng GPS gm c 3 ngun sai s chnh l sai s do v
tinh, sai s khi truyn tn hiu v b thu ca ngi s dng. Sai s do v tinh gm
c sai s ch nh SA, sai s qu o v tinh v sai s ng h v tinh. Sai s khi
truyn tn hiu gm c sai s truyn dn a ng, sai s do tng in ly v sai s
31
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
do tng i lu. Ti b thu ca ngi s dng c cc sai s do ng h b thu,
nhiu xut hin ti b thu ca ngi s dng t cc ngun nhiu nh anten, cc b
khuch i tn hiu trong b thu, cc ngun thu pht tn hiu khc xung quanh v
trt b thu.
+ nh v GPS dng mt b thu ch dng trong trng hp cn chnh xc thp.
+ loi tr hoc gim cc sai s ph bin khi dng SA, sai s qu o v ng h
v tinh, ta dng k thut DGPS v n cho chnh xc cao hn so vi dng 1 b thu
c m P.
+ Vn truyn dn trong mi trng mt ngi s dng cao d b hin tng
fading v can nhiu. C th gim hin tng fading v can nhiu ti b thu ca
ngi s dng bng cch dng b lc Kalman.
+ Sai s truyn dn a ng v vn truyn dn ti u ti b thu ca ngi s
dng cng c hn ch bi antenna thng minh.
2.1.8 - Gii thiu v b thu tn hiu GPS:
B thu tn hiu GPS theo cng ngh s (Digital) c s tng qut nh sau:
Hnh 2.15: S tng qut ca b thu tn hiu GPS.
32
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
B thu tn hiu GPS c chc nng thu nhn tn hiu t cc v tinh GPS v
phn bit tn hiu no thuc v tinh no ri gii m tn hiu v tinh xc nh v
tr, tc v thi im truyn tn hiu ca cc v tinh.
Tng trn trong s hnh 2.13 l phn cng hon ton gm anten thu, cc
b lc thng di BPF (Band Pass Filter) gim can nhiu nm ngoi di bng tn
m khng lm suy gim tn hiu GPS, cc b khuch i Amp (Amplification), cc
b trn (Mixer) v b chuyn i ADC (Analog to Digital Converter). thun li
cho vic x l tn hiu s tng di, li khuych i ca tng RF (Radio
Frequency) trong tng trn ca b thu GPS khong 35dB55dB. Tng trn c chc
nng thu nhn sng v tinh, chuyn i thnh tn hiu trung tn IF (Intermediate
Frequency) ri s ha.
Tng di x l d liu c s ha bng phn mm gm 2 giai on.
Giai on 1 thc hin tch m v sng mang, xc nh v tr, tc v thi gian
truyn tn hiu ca cc v tinh; ng thi cng xc nh gi tr php o m, php o
pha v dch chuyn Doppler ca tng v tinh. Giai on 2 da vo cc thut ton
thc hin tnh ton v c tnh v tr, tc , thi gian ca b thu.
Phng php o m chnh l phng php o khong cch gi s dng m
C/A hoc P da vo thi im pht tn hiu (ti v tinh), thi im thu tn hiu (ti
b thu) v vn tc truyn sng (chnh l vn tc nh sng).
Phng php o pha chnh l phng php o khong cch gia v tinh v
b thu da vo vic o pha ca sng mang tn hiu GPS (L1 v L2). Phng php
ny c th hin qua cng thc:
= N + /T (2.9)
Vi l bc sng (
L1
= 19.04cm v
L2
= 24.44cm), N l s nguyn ln
chu k sng mang gia v tinh v b thu (phn chn), /T l phn l ca 1 chu k
sng mang.
33
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Hot ng ca b thu GPS:
RF chain ADC
User
position
Satellite
positions
Ephemeris &
pseudorange
Subframe
identify
Tracking Acquisition
Antenna
Software
Hardware
Hnh 2.16 : Minh ha h thng hn v hot ng ca b thu tn hiu GPS.
Tn hiu GPS c thu vo dy anten s qua dy RF khuch i ln bin
ng v tn s c chuyn thnh tn s ng ra mong mun. Sau tn hiu
c chuyn t tng t sang s nh b chuyn i ADC.
Sau khi c s ha, tn hiu s c x l tip bng phn mm.Chng
trnh nhn bit v thu thp d liu v tinh (Acquisition) c thc hin. Chng
trnh Tracking c dng tm s dch pha ca d liu nh v. Cc khung con
(Subframes) v d liu nh v c th c c t s dch pha ca d liu nh v. D
liu qu o v cc khong cch gi (Ephemeris & pseudorange) c th c c t
d liu nh v. D liu qu o c dng c c cc v tr v tinh (Satellite
positions) .Cui cng, v tr ca ngi s dng (User position) c th c tnh da
vo cc v tr ca v tinh v cc khong cch gi.
nhn bit 1 v tinh i, b thu phi t to ra nhng m ging ht vi m ca
v tinh i (m replica) ri dch chuyn chng theo thi gian so snh chng vi dy
m ca tn hiu v tinh ang thu nhn c. Nu 2 dy m trng kht nhau th v
tinh pht tn hiu ny chnh l v tinh i. Vic so trng dy m ny khng mt nhiu
thi gian i vi m C/A nhng mt nhiu thi gian i vi m P. khi xc nh
c v tinh i no ang nm trong tm quan st ca mnh, b thu s tin hnh thu
34
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
nhn d liu t v tinh ny, tch b nhiu v tip tc lp li qu trnh nhn bit v
thu thp ny.
Trong cc b thu truyn thng, 2 khi Acquisition v Tracking c thc
hin bng phn cng.
- Tm li:
n s ng dng thut ton LMS giai on 2 ca phn mm x l d liu nm
trong tng di s tng qut ca b thu tn hiu GPS hnh 2.13.
2.2 - Gii thiu v k thut DGPS:
DGPS (Differential GPS) l k thut gim sai s cc v tr trong h thng
GPS bng cch dng d liu ph t b thu ca trm tham chiu ti v tr bit.
Dng ph bin nht ca k thut DGPS l xc nh cc nh hng gp chung ca
cc sai s qu o v sai s ng h v tinh trong bn tin nh v (bao gm cc nh
hng ca SA) ti trm tham chiu v pht cc sai s khong cch (pseudorange
corrections) n b thu ca ngi dng thi gian thc (real time). B thu dng
cc sai s ny xc nh v tr ca n. Kt qu:
+ Cc ngun sai s b loi b hon ton l sai s SA, sai s qu o v tinh, sai s
ng h v tinh.
+ Cc ngun sai s do tr trong tng in ly v tng i lu c th c hn ch
nhng cc sai s ny tng theo khong cch.
+ Cc ngun sai s hon ton khng b loi b l cc sai s truyn dn a ng v
cc sai s do my thu.
K thut DGPS c dng khi yu cu mc chnh xc vi mt. Mt b thu
t ti trm tham chiu c nh c ta bit, b thu cn li ca ngi dng
cha bit ta c th ng yn hoc di chuyn m ta cn tnh ta nh minh ha
hnh 2.15.
35
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Phng php ny da trn thc t l sai s khong cch o t v tinh n 2
b thu bng nhau khi hai b thu khng cch nhau qu vi trm km. Phn mm
c lp trnh trong b thu tham chiu s da vo ta ca b thu tham chiu
bit v ta nhn c t bn tin nh v ca cc v tinh tnh khong cch t
b thu tham chiu n cc v tinh, ri a ra chnh lch gia khong cch tnh
v khong cch m m o
i
c c cc sai s khong cch A
i
(hay cc
hiu chnh DGPS). Cc sai s ny c pht n b thu ca ngi s dng. Sau
b thu ca ngi s dng s dng cc sai s A
i
ny hiu chnh cc khong
cch o ti . Sau cng, cc khong cch hiu chnh c dng tnh ta
ti b thu ca ngi s dng.
nh v GPS sai phn ci thin c chnh xc cao t vi centimeter n
vi metre, trong khi nh v GPS dng 1 b thu c chnh xc theo phng ngang
ca cc b thu dn dng c m C/A l 100m (c kch hot SA) v 22m (khng kch
hot SA) (trang 69[1]). nh v GPS dng 1 b thu ch c dng trong trng hp
cn chnh xc thp, cn nh v GPS sai phn c dng cho cc ng dng c
chnh xc cao nh kho st v v bn , GIS (Geographical Information Systems).
Hnh 2.17: Minh ha m hnh GPS sai phn.
C 2 m hnh DGPS l DGPS cc b (LADGPS Local Area DGPS) v DGPS
din rng (Wide Area DGPS).
36
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
+ DGPS cc b (LADGPS): l m hnh DGPS s dng 1 b thu mc (base
receiver) t ti 1 trm tham kho (reference station) duy nht. B thu mc ny
nhn tn hiu t cc v tin GPS v da vo ta bit trc ca n a ra cc
sai s khong cch nhm hiu chnh cho cc b thu ca ngi s dng cch trm
tham kho khng qu vi trm km. Vic truyn d liu hiu chnh t b thu mc
n cc b thu ca ngi s dng c thc hin trn sng v tuyn da trn chun
RTCM (Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services). M hnh DGPS cc
b cho chnh xc vi m (php o m) v vi cm (php o pha) trong bi ton
nh v. Khong cch t cc b thu ca ngi s dng n b thu mc cng ngn th
chnh xc cng cao. Hiu qu ca h thng cn ph thuc vo cng sut pht tn
hiu ti trm tham kho, kh nng nhn tn hiu ti b thu ca ngi s dng, c
tnh ng truyn (mc nhiu, vt cn, ). M hnh DGPS cc b c minh
ha hnh 2.16.
Hnh 2.18: Minh ha m hnh DGPS cc b.
+ DGPS din rng (WADGPS): l m hnh DGPS s dng nhiu trm
tham kho nhm hiu chnh cc sai s khong cch cho cc b thu ca ngi s
dng vt qu khong cch cho php ca m hnh DGPS cc b. Trc tin cc sai
s hiu chnh t cc trm tham kho c gi n 1 trm trung tm (master station)
qua cc ng truyn mt t nh h thng cp quang. Trm trung tm s phn tch
37
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
v kt hp d liu thu c xc nh cc sai s hiu chnh cho tng v tinh GPS.
Cc sai s hiu chnh ny c truyn ln v tinh a tnh GEO (geostationary
satellite) v sau c pht ngc xung cc b thu ca ngi s dng hiu
chnh. Mi b thu ca ngi s dng s nhn duy nht 1 b hiu chnh DGPS tng
ng vi v tr ca n. M hnh DGPS m rng c minh ha hnh 2.17.
H thng WADGPS u tin c xy dng vi quy m ln nht l h thng
WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) ca M. Cc h thng WADGPS khc
nh EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) chu u,
MSAS (Multifunctional Transportation Satellite-based Augmentation System)
Nht v GAGAN (GPS And GEO Augmented Navigation) n .
Hnh 2.19: Minh ha m hnh DGPS m rng.
Tm li:
+ K thut DGPS ci thin c chnh xc cao (sai s vi cm n vi m), loi tr
hon ton cc ngun sai s do SA, sai s qu o, sai s ng h v tinh. Hn ch
cc s gim khong cch do cc ngun sai s tr trong tng in ly v tng i lu.
38
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
+ K thut DGPS khng loi tr c cc ngun sai s do hin tng fading, can
nhiu, sai s truyn dn a ng v vn truyn dn ti u ti b thu.
+ Lun vn a ra thut ton LMS m phng v thy c ng dng ca anten
thng minh.
+ ng thi lun vn cng a ra gii php antenna thng minh nhm khc phc sai
s do truyn dn a ng v ci thin vn truyn dn ti u ti b thu.
2.3 - Thut tan LMS:
2.3.1 -Thut ton LMS: (Theo trang 95-98[5])
Bng cch tng phc tp x l tn hiu dy anten, ta c th t c cc
ci thin hiu sut ng k so vi dng cc h thng bp chuyn i. Trong dy
anten thch nghi hnh 2.24, vector trng s w
k,i
c iu chnh hoc c thch
nghi cc i ha cht lung tn hiu m n c gi tr i vi b demodulator ca
tn hiu k ti thi im i.
Hnh 2.20: Cu trc dy anten thch nghi (Theo trang 95[5]).
Lu : d
i
c trng cho c tnh hay m hnh tn hiu mong i i vi
ngi s dng th i ti ng ra ca dy anten .
39
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Trong cc k thut to bp ti u, vector trng s c xc nh sao cho cc
tiu ha hm mc tiu (cost function).c bit, hm mc tiu ny lin hp nghch
o vi cht lng tn hiu ti ng ra dy anten. hm mc tiu cc tiu th cht
lng tn hiu s t cc i ti ng ra ca dy anten. Hai k thut ph bin nht
c ng dng rng ri vo cc h thng thng tin l tiu chun sai s bnh phng
trung bnh ti thiu MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) v bnh phng nh
nht LS (Least Square). Trong 2 k thut ny, bnh phng sai phn gia ng ra dy
anten z(t) = w
k
H
u
i
(t) v c tnh ca tn hiu mong i d
k
(t) c to ra i vi thu
bao th k c ti thiu ha bng cch tm vector trng s thch nghi w
k
. Cc gii
php MMSE c a ra di dng cc trung bnh v to ra vector trng s n w
k
ti u cho hu ht cc thc t c th trong mi trng dng. y l gii php c
dng trong l thuyt v b lc Wiener kinh in.
Trong gii php ny, hm mc tiu c ti thiu l:
J(w
k
) = E[w
k
H
u
i
- d
k,i
2
] (2.45)
Vi d
k,i
= d
k
(iT
s
) v u
i
= u(iT
s
), T
s
l chu k ly mu.
Hm mc tiu l gi tr mong i ca sai s bnh phng gia ng ra dy
anten ca tn hiu th k v loi tn hiu mong i ti thi im th i. Ta c th vit
li (2.45):
J(w
k
) = w
k
H
E[u
i
u
i
H
]w
k
- E[d
k,i
u
i
H
]w
k
- w
k
H
E[u
i
d
k,i
*
] + E[d
k,i
d
k,i
*
] (2.46)
Tng qut, ta cc tiu hm vector bng cch xc nh v tr m dc
(gradient) ca hm t n zero. dc ca 1 hm vector phc c nh ngha
nh sau:
Vf(w) =
(
(
(
(
(
c
c
c
c
) (
...
) (
1
0
w f
w f
a
a
M
+
(
(
(
(
(
c
c
c
c
) (
...
) (
1
0
w f
w f
b
b
M
(2.47)
y w
i
= a
i
+ jb
i
. Dng nh ngha ny ta tm c:
40
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
V(w
H
Aw) = 2Aw (2.48)
V(w
H
c) = 2c (2.49)
V(c
H
w) = 0 (2.50)
Do ta c th vit : VJ(w
k
) = 2E[u
i
u
i
H
]w
k
-2E[u
i
d
k,i
*
] = 2Rw
k
2P (2.51)
y R l ma trn tng quan ca vector d liu:
R = E[u
i
u
i
H
] (2.52)
V P l tng quan cho gia vector d liu v tn hiu mong i:
P = E[u
i
d
k,i
*
] (2.53)
t dc ca hm mc tiu bng zero, ta tm ra rng gii php w
k
lm cho hm
mc tiu J(w
k
) t cc tiu l:
w
k
= R
-1
P (2.54)
Gii php (2.54) l vector trng s dy anten ti u theo ngha MMSE.
gii phng trnh (2.54), cc k thut thch nghi thng c dng vi
phng php lp nhm cung cp vector trng s c cp nht w
k,i
sau mi ln tnh
ton. c bit, cc gii thut ny c phc tp mi bc thp hn gii php trc
tip trong phng trnh (2.54), v c th di theo (track) cc knh khng dng.
Mt gii php ti u lm ti thiu hm mc tiu l:
w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
-
2
1
VJ(w
k,i
) (2.55)
y l h s hi t v n iu khin tc thch nghi.Cc loi gii thut
nh phng trnh (2.55) c gi l cc k thut dc ngu nhin (Stochastic
Gradient) bi v chng dng dc ca hm sai s bnh phng trung bnh cp
nht vector trng s. Thay (2.51) vo (2.55) ta c:
w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
- (Rw
k,i
P) = w
k,i
- ( E[u
i
u
i
H
]w
k,i
E[u
i
d
k,i
*
]) (2.56)
Nu ton t k vng c b t phung trnh (2.56) th ta c:
41
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
- u
i
(u
i
H
w
k,i
d
k,i
*
) = w
k,i
- u
i
e
i,k
*
Hay w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
- u
i
e
i,k
*
(2.57)
Phng trnh (2.57) c gi l gii thut sai s bnh phung trung bnh ti
thiu LMS (Least Mean Square) v n l 1 k thut c s dng rng ri cho cc
dy anten thch nghi cp nht theo vng lp.
Vi: e
i,k
= w
k,i
H
u
i
d
k,i
(2.58)
e
i,k
l sai s tc thi gia ng ra dy anten v p ng mong i, e
i,k
*
l lin hp
phc ca e
i,k
.
Mt gii php khc cho vic lc thch nghi l cc tiu ha sai s gia ng ra
ca dy anten v p ng mong i trn s mu thi gian hu hn thay cho vic
tnh trung bnh tng.iu ny dn n cc gii php bnh phng ti thiu LS. Ta
nh ngha hm mc tiu LS:
J(w
k
) =
=
1
0
,
2
P
m
m k
H
k
m
d u
w
(2.59)
Ton t gradient nh nh ngha (2.47) thng thu c l:
J(w
k
) = 2
=
1
0
P
m
w u u k
P
n
H
n m
=
1
0
- 2
=
1
0
P
m
d u
n k
P
n
m ,
*
1
0
=
(2.60)
Ta nh ngha ma trn d liu l: A = [u
0
u
1
u
P-1
] (2.61)
V vector tn hiu mong mun l: d
k
= [d
k,0
d
k,1
d
k,P-1
]
T
(2.62)
Gii php rng buc hm dc LS bng zero l: w
k
= (A
H
A)
-1
A
H
d
k
(2.63)
M hnh tng qut ca h thng anten thng minh dng tn hiu tham kho c dng
nh hnh 2.25 (theo hnh 2.8 mc 2.5 chng 2 [6]).
42
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
W
0
*
W
1
*
W
N-1
*
+
+ Gii thut c tnh trng s
.
.
.
.
.
.
y(t)= W
H
U
e(t)=r(t)-y(t) r(t)
(Ng ra)
(Tn hiu sai s) (Tn hiu tham kho)
-
+
u
0
(t)
u
1
(t)
u
N-1
(t)
(Anten 0)
(Anten 1)
(Anten N-1)
(Cc trng s )
Hnh 2.21: M hnh tng qut ca h thng anten thng minh dng tn hiu
tham kho.
Yu cu ca gii thut Unconstrained LMS l tm ra vector trng s ti u W
sao cho cng sut thu c ti ng ra ca dy anten P
r
trong cng thc (2.35) l nh
nht (tc E[P
r
] min vi E l k vng ton hc) m khng tha mn iu kin rng
buc v li nh hng ca h thng.
Vetor trng s c cp nht theo cng thc (3.2.1) mc 3.2 chng 3 [6] l:
W(n+1) = W(n)- g(W(n)) (2.64)
+ y W(n+1) l vector trng s cn tnh bc lp th n+1, W(n) l vector
trng s c bc lp th n.
+ (step size) l h s hi t v n iu khin c tnh hi t ca gii thut nh
nhanh v tip cn (fast and close) khi cc trng s c tnh t n gi tr trng
s ti u. Theo mc 3.2.3 chng 3 [6], ngi ta chng minh c rng gii
43
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
thut LMS s n nh v vector trng s s hi t v gi tr ti u khi tha mn
cc iu kin sau:
0 < < 1/
max
(2.65)
Hoc: 0 < < 1/Tr(R) (2.66)
Trong
max
l tr ring ln nht ca ma trn tng quan R ca ng vo h
thng, cn Tr(R) l tng cc phn t trn ng cho ca ma trn R. Gii thut s
hi t nhanh nht ti
max
v chm nht ti
min
.
+ g(W(n)) l c tnh gradient ca MSE(W(n)) v c tnh theo cng thc (3.2.7)
mc 3.2.1 chng 3 [6] nh sau:
g(W(n)) = -2U(n+1)e
*
(W(n)) (2.67)
Vi e
*
(W(n)) l lin hp phc ca e(W(n)) v e(W(n)) l sai s gia ng ra
ca dy anten v tn hiu tham kho (reference signal). thun tin cho vic m
phng ta gi R_traing l vector cha cc mu tn hiu ri rc (tn hiu tham kho)
hay cn gi l chui hun luyn. e(W(n)) c tnh da vo cng thc (3.2.6)
mc 3.2.1 chng 3 [6] nh sau:
e(W(n)) = R_traing(n+1)-W
H
(n)*U(n+1) (2.68)
y R_traing(n+1) l tn hiu tham kho hay chui hun luyn bc lp th
n+1.
+ T (2.64) v (2.67) ta suy ra cng thc cp nht vector trng s bc lp th
n+1 theo vector trng s c bc lp th n l:
W(n+1) = W(n)+2 U(n+1)e
*
(W(n)) (2.69)
+ Sai s trung bnh bnh phng MSE (Mean Squared Error) gia tn hiu tham
kho vi ng ra ca h thng c tnh theo cng thc (2.5.1) mc 2.5 chng 2
[6] nh sau:
MSE = E[e(W(n))e
*
(W(n))] (2.70)
44
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Vi e(W(n)) l sai s gia ng ra ca dy anten v tn hiu tham kho v e
*
(W(n))
l lin hp phc ca e(W(n)). E l k hiu k vng ton hc.
2.4 - Gii thiu v anten thng minh:
Mt s khi nim c bn:
+ Anten (Antenna) l thit b dng truyn nng lng trng in t gia my
pht v my thu m khng cn bt k phng tin truyn dn tp trung nh cp
ng, ng dn sng hay si quang.
+ Anten ng hng (Omnidirectional Antenna) c th bc x nh nhau trn tt
c mi hng, c ngha l kh nng thu pht thng tin theo mi hng l nh nhau.
Anten ng hng phn tn nng lng nh nhau theo cc hng lm cho nng
lng hu dng n vi ngi s dng mong mun ch l mt phn rt nh nng
lng c gi vo mi trng. Trong trng hp vi mt s lng ln ngi s
dng (v ngi gy nhiu), cc tn hiu khng n c ngi s dng mong mun
s tr thnh nhiu i vi nhng ngi s dng khc.
+ Anten nh hng (Directional antenna) c thit k c cc hng truyn v
nhn c nh. Cc vng ph sng ca mt thp anten thng c chia ra (hay phn
vng) thnh cc t bo (cell). Th d, mt vng 360
o
thng c chia thnh ba
vng con 120
o
, mi vng c ph sng tp trung hn bi mt anten. iu ny lm
tng li trong mt tm c nh theo gc phng v so vi anten ng hng.
2.4.1 - L thuyt v dy anten:(trang 8388 [5])
Anten mng c s dng rng ri nh nhng yu t mm do ca n. Ta c th ci
thin li ca Anten mng theo hng mong mun bng cch thay i in p
kch thch, thay i nh hng bng cch thay i s phn t anten. Anten
mng kt hp vi cc gii thut to bp thch nghi s to ra mt h thng anten c
kh nng tng thch vi cc iu kin truyn khc nhau . S kt hp to nn
mt h thng anten thng minh. Dy anten c cc phn t bt k c dng hnh
2.19.
45
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Hnh 2.22: Minh ha dy anten c cc phn t bt k (Theo trang 84[5]).
y l gc phng v (-<<) v l gc ngng ca sng phng truyn n
dy anten (-/2<</2). Trc nm ngang c = /2. n gin khi phn tch dy
anten, ta gi nh nh sau:
+ Khong cch gia cc phn t ca dy anten nh khng c s sai
khc v bin tn hiu gia cc thnh phn anten i vi cng mt tn hiu n.
+ Khng c ghp tng h gia cc phn t anten.
+ Tt c cc trng n c th c tch ra ring bit thnh cc sng mt ri
rc. Tc s lng tn hiu l hu hn.
+ Bng thng ca tn hiu n dy cc phn t anten l nh so vi tn s
sng mang.
+ i vi sng mt n dy anten theo hng (, ), sai pha gia cc tn
hiu n phn t m v phn t tham kho ti gc ta l:
m
= d
m
= (x
m
cossin + y
m
sinsin + z
m
cos) (2.32)
y = 2/ l h s truyn pha. S hng = c/f l bc sng vi c = 3*10
8
m/s
l vn tc nh sng v f l tn s sng mang (hz).
Dy anten gm nhiu phn t anten c c tnh ging nhau c sp xp
theo mt phn b hnh hc nht nh v thng c tnh i xng. V d nh dy
anten phn b trn mt ng thng ULA (Uniform Linear Array), dy anten phn
46
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
b trn hnh ch nht URA (Uniform Rectangular Array), dy anten phn b trn
hnh trn UCA (Uniform Circular Array) hay dy anten 3 chiu phn b trn hnh
hp ch nht.Cc dng ny c m t qua hnh 2.20.
y
x
x A
x A
y
x
y A
y
x
Au
(a)
(b)
(c)
x
z
y
y A
x A
z A
(d)
Hnh 2.23: Cc dy anten (a) ULA. (b) UCA. (c) URA. (d) Dy anten 3 chiu.
Dy anten ULA gm M phn t nh hng theo trc x, mi phn t cch nhau mt
khong x c minh ha hnh 2.24
Hnh 2.24: Dy anten ULA phn b u trn trc x (Theo trang 85[5]).
x
y
z
x
47
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Thnh phn sng n c xc nh bi gc phng v v gc ngng . Xoay trc
x theo phng nm ngang, trc y theo phng thng ng v trc z vung gc vi
mt phng (x, y) th ta s c hnh 2.22.
Hnh 2.25: M hnh dy anten ULA nh hng theo trc x, thu nhn sng mt theo
hng (, ) (Theo trang 85[5]).
Hnh 2.22 cn din t m hnh ng bao phc di nn ca dy anten. Mi
nhnh ca dy anten c mt phn t trng s w
m
. Phn t trng s w
m
ny c c
thnh phn bin v pha tng ng vi n.
Xt sng phng ti dy anten theo gc (, ) ng vi trc ta ca dy. Ta
biu din s iu ch sng mt s(t) bng cch dng m hnh ng bao phc di
nn. Gi s mi phn t ca dy anten u l cc anten ng hng khng nhiu c
li khng i theo mi hng. T cng thc (2.32) vi x
m
= mx, tn hiu
thuc ti phn t anten th m trn dy anten ULA l:
. . .
x A
w
0
w
1
w
2
w
M-
1
b thu
d = xcossin
y
x
mt phng sng n
phn t th 0
mt phng sng n
phn t th 2
s(t)
z(t)
u
0
(t) u
1
(t)
u
2
(t)
u
M-1
(t)
48
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
u
m
(t) = As(t)e
-jmd
= As(t)e
-jmxcossin
(2.33)
Vi A l hng s li ty , s(t) l sng mt, tn hiu z(t) ti ng ra ca dy anten l:
z(t) =
=
1
0
M
m
w
m
u
m
(t) = As(t)
=
1
0
M
m
w
m
e
-jmxcossin
= As(t)f(,) (2.34)
S hng f(,) c gi l h s dy anten. H s dy anten quyt nh t s
ca gi tr tn hiu thu c ti ng ra dy anten l z(t) v As(t) o c ti phn t
tham kho. H s dy anten c xem nh l mt hm ca hng n (, ). Bng
cch iu chnh tp cc trng s {w
m
} (vi m=1,2,,M), ta c th hng tr s cc
i bp chnh (main beam) ca h s dy anten n bt k hng mong i (
0
,
0
).
Cng sut thu c ti ng ra ca dy anten l:
P
r
=
2
1
| ) ( |
2
t z
=
2
1
| ) , ( | | ) ( |
2 2
| u f t As
(2.35)
Cc trng s {w
m
} c th c dng thay i s bc x ca dy anten. Ta nh
ngha trng s th m:
W
m
=
e
m j
|
|
O
AXcos
(2.36)
Khi h s dy anten l:
f(, ) =
=
1
0
M
m
e
-jmx(cossin-cos)
=
|
.
|
\
|
A
|
.
|
\
|
MA
O
O
) cos sin (cos
2
sin
) cos sin (cos
2
sin
|
|
u |
|
u |
|
x
x
.
e
x
j ) cos sin (cos
2
|
u |
|
O
(2.37)
Xt trng hp sng ti dy anten hnh 2.19 nm trong mt phng (x, y) l mt
phng ngang sao cho = /2.
tcos = cossin vi l gc ti ca sng mt tnh t trc x, tnh t
trc z. iu ny cho thy dy anten tuyn tnh ca cc phn t ng hng c th
bc x i xng trn quanh trc ca dy.
49
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Tng qut, h s dy anten l hm theo v . Nu trng ca mi phn t
trong dy anten l g
a
(, ) v tt c cc phn t u ng nht v c cng hng th
trng bc x tng hp ca dy anten c cho bi cng thc:
F(, ) = f(, ).g
a
(, ) (2.38)
y l nguyn l nhn th (pattern multiplication).
Vector trng s c nh ngha nh sau:
W = [w
0
w
1
w
M-1
]
H
(2.39)
y H vit pha trn l ly chuyn v Hermit, l php chuyn v kt hp vi
php ly lin hp phc. Cc tn hiu t mi phn t anten c nhm thnh cc
vector d liu nh sau:
u(t) = [u
0
(t) u
1
(t) u
M-1
(t)]
T
(2.40)
Khi ng ra ca dy anten z(t) t cng thc (2.34) c th c biu din di
dng tch ca vector trng s dy anten w v vector d liu u(t):
z(t) = w
H
u(t) (2.41)
H s dy anten theo hng (, ) l:
f(, ) = w
H
a(, ) (2.42)
Vector a(, ) c gi l vector li theo hng (, ). Vi sng mt n
theo hng (, ) trong hnh 2.14, vector li a(, ) m t pha ca tn hiu ti mi
phn t anten c lin quan vi pha ca tn hiu ti phn t tham kho (phn t 0).
T cng thc (2.32) ngi ta a ra cng thc tnh vector li nh sau:
a(, ) = [1 a
1
(, )...a
M-1
(, )]
T
(2.43)
y cc s hng a
1
(, ), a
2
(, ), , a
M-1
(, ) c tnh theo cng thc:
a
m
(, ) =
e
z
y
x m
m
m
j )) cos( ) sin( ) sin( ) sin( ) cos( ( u u | u | | + +
(2.44)
Tp hp cc vector li (o c hay tnh c) i vi cc gi tr ca v
c gi l tnh a nng ca dy (array manifold). Ngoi tin ch trong vic phn
50
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
tch cc dy , array manifold rt quan trng trong vic xc nh hng, hnh thnh
bp bc x downlink v cc hot ng khc ca dy anten.
Cp gc (, ) c gi l hng n DOA (Direction-Of-Arrival) ca sng
mt nhn c. n gin, ta gi s rng cc thnh phn truyn dn a ng
(multipath) n trm gc (base station) theo mt phng ngang ( = /2), do gc
phng v l hon ton xc nh hng n DOA.
Ni chung, tnh hu dng ca dy anten c quyt nh bi nhiu h s.
Kch c hoc m (aperture) ca dy anten quyt nh li ln nht m dy
anten c th t c. Ni cch khc, s lng phn t quyt nh s bc t do
(degrees of freedom) m mi phn t c khi thit k cc m hnh dy. i vi cc
dy anten ULA, 2 i lng ny c mi quan h vi nhau. Nu khong cch gia
cc phn t trong dy anten ULA vt qu /2, th cc hin tng grating lobe c
th xy ra, lm sinh ra cc bp khng mong mun ca dy anten, n c th lm tng
thm can nhiu.
Tuy nhin, ta mong mun t c m cao hn (longer aperture) bng
cch dng nhiu phn t hn l dng cc dy anten c khong cch bng mt na
bc sng. iu ny thng c thc hin bng phn cng RF kt hp vi mi
phn t anten c th t v cng knh.
2.4.2 - Phn loi cc h thng anten thng minh:
Cc h thng anten thng minh c th c chia thnh 2 loi l anten thch nghi
(adaptive antenna) v cc k thut to bp chuyn i (Switched beam).
Anten thch nghi l dy cc anten m n c th thay i h s bc x anten ng
ca n iu chnh can nhiu v truyn dn a ng. Cc anten dy thch nghi c
th iu chnh th bc x ca chng di theo (tracking) ngi dng ang di
chuyn. Cc anten thch nghi c dng tng cht lng cc tn hiu thu c v
to cc bp cho vic truyn i.
51
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Cc h thng bp chuyn i dng nhiu bp c nh ti 1 v tr t anten. B
thu s chn bp cung cp tn hiu mnh nht v gim nhiu. Cc h thng bp
chuyn i khng th cung cp ci thin hiu qu bng cc h thng thch nghi,
nhng chng thng t phc tp v d trang b thm cho cc k thut khng dy
hin hu.
2.4.2.1 - Cc h thng to bp chuyn i: (trang 93-94[5])
Trong cc h thng anten thng minh dng mng to bp c nh, b thu
dng chuyn mch iu khin (switch control) chn bp tt nht nhm thu nhn
tn hiu mong i. H thng to bp chuyn i trong hnh 2.23 kh n gin, ch
yu cu 1 mng to bp, 1 chuyn mch RF (Radio Frequency), v logic iu khin
chn bp mong mun. Mi bp mong i tng ng vi mt b vector trng s
c xc nh trc ti ng ra ca b to bp. S chn bp song song phi c
thc hin cho mi b thu. K thut chn bp hu hiu ph thuc vo ta ang xt
h thng FDMA, TDMA hay CDMA.
Cc h thng to bp chuyn i cung cp nhiu u im ca cc h thng
anten thng minh tinh vi hn trong s phn chia phc tp v ph tn. Tuy nhin
c mt vi hn ch trong cc h thng bp chuyn i. Th nht, h thng khng
th cung cp bt k s bo v no t cc thnh phn a ng m chng n theo
cc hng n gn vi thnh phn mong i. Cc h thng mng to bp c nh
ch nhy hn i vi s phn tch gc cc thnh phn truyn dn a ng so vi
cc h thng dy anten thch nghi.Nhc im th hai ca cc h thng to bp
chuyn i l chng hu nh khng th em li li im a dng ng i bng
cch kt hp cht ch cc thnh phn truyn dn a ng. Sau cng, cng sut m
ngi tiu dng thu nhn thay i bt thng khi di chuyn theo hnh cung quanh
trm. Do vy, cng tn hiu thu bao thay i khi ngi tiu dng di chuyn t
tm bp n cnh ca vng bao ph ca bp.
52
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Hnh 2.27: Mng to bp chuyn i to M bp t M phn t dy (trang 94[5])
Tuy c cc nhc im trn nhng cc h thng bp chuyn i vn c
thng dng v chng cho cc u im nh m rng phm vi t cc h thng phc
tp hn.Ty thuc vo mi trng truyn, cc h thng bp chuyn i lm gim
khong thi gian tr hon khi trin khai cc h thng PCS bc thp trong cc mi
trng tc thu bao cao. Cc h thng bp chuyn i ch yu cu s tng tc
va phi vi b thu trm gc.
2.4.2.2 - B to bp thch nghi dng gii thut LMS: (Theo trang 95-98[5])
Bng cch tng phc tp x l tn hiu dy anten, ta c th t c cc ci
thin hiu sut ng k so vi dng cc h thng bp chuyn i. Trong dy anten
thch nghi hnh 2.24, vector trng s w
k,i
c iu chnh hoc c thch nghi
cc i ha cht lung tn hiu m n c gi tr i vi b demodulator ca tn hiu
k ti thi im i.
53
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Hnh 2.28: Cu trc dy anten thch nghi (Theo trang 95[5]).
Lu : d
i
c trng cho c tnh hay m hnh tn hiu mong i i vi ngi s
dng th i ti ng ra ca dy anten .
Trong cc k thut to bp ti u, vector trng s c xc nh sao cho cc
tiu ha hm mc tiu (cost function).c bit, hm mc tiu ny lin hp nghch
o vi cht lng tn hiu ti ng ra dy anten. hm mc tiu cc tiu th cht
lng tn hiu s t cc i ti ng ra ca dy anten. Hai k thut ph bin nht
c ng dng rng ri vo cc h thng thng tin l tiu chun sai s bnh phng
trung bnh ti thiu MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) v bnh phng nh
nht LS (Least Square). Trong 2 k thut ny, bnh phng sai phn gia ng ra dy
anten z(t) = w
k
H
u
i
(t) v c tnh ca tn hiu mong i d
k
(t) c to ra i vi thu
bao th k c ti thiu ha bng cch tm vector trng s thch nghi w
k
. Cc gii
php MMSE c a ra di dng cc trung bnh v to ra vector trng s n w
k
ti u cho hu ht cc thc t c th trong mi trng dng. y l gii php c
dng trong l thuyt v b lc Wiener kinh in.
Trong gii php ny, hm mc tiu c ti thiu l:
J(w
k
) = E[w
k
H
u
i
- d
k,i
2
] (2.45)
Vi d
k,i
= d
k
(iT
s
) v u
i
= u(iT
s
), T
s
l chu k ly mu.
54
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Hm mc tiu l gi tr mong i ca sai s bnh phng gia ng ra dy
anten ca tn hiu th k v loi tn hiu mong i ti thi im th i. Ta c th vit
li (2.45):
J(w
k
) = w
k
H
E[u
i
u
i
H
]w
k
- E[d
k,i
u
i
H
]w
k
- w
k
H
E[u
i
d
k,i
*
] + E[d
k,i
d
k,i
*
] (2.46)
Tng qut, ta cc tiu hm vector bng cch xc nh v tr m dc (gradient)
ca hm t n zero. dc ca 1 hm vector phc c nh ngha nh sau:
Vf(w) =
(
(
(
(
(
c
c
c
c
) (
...
) (
1
0
w f
w f
a
a
M
+
(
(
(
(
(
c
c
c
c
) (
...
) (
1
0
w f
w f
b
b
M
(2.47)
y w
i
= a
i
+ jb
i
. Dng nh ngha ny ta tm c:
V(w
H
Aw) = 2Aw (2.48)
V(w
H
c) = 2c (2.49)
V(c
H
w) = 0 (2.50)
Do ta c th vit : VJ(w
k
) = 2E[u
i
u
i
H
]w
k
-2E[u
i
d
k,i
*
] = 2Rw
k
2P (2.51)
y R l ma trn tng quan ca vector d liu:
R = E[u
i
u
i
H
] (2.52)
V P l tng quan cho gia vector d liu v tn hiu mong i:
P = E[u
i
d
k,i
*
] (2.53)
t dc ca hm mc tiu bng zero, ta tm ra rng gii php w
k
lm cho hm
mc tiu J(w
k
) t cc tiu l:
w
k
= R
-1
P (2.54)
Gii php (2.54) l vector trng s dy anten ti u theo ngha MMSE.
gii phng trnh (2.54), cc k thut thch nghi thng c dng vi
phng php lp nhm cung cp vector trng s c cp nht w
k,i
sau mi ln tnh
55
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
ton. c bit, cc gii thut ny c phc tp mi bc thp hn gii php trc
tip trong phng trnh (2.54), v c th di theo (track) cc knh khng dng.
Mt gii php ti u lm ti thiu hm mc tiu l:
w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
-
2
1
VJ(w
k,i
) (2.55)
y l h s hi t v n iu khin tc thch nghi.Cc loi gii thut
nh phng trnh (2.55) c gi l cc k thut dc ngu nhin (Stochastic
Gradient) bi v chng dng dc ca hm sai s bnh phng trung bnh cp
nht vector trng s. Thay (2.51) vo (2.55) ta c:
w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
- (Rw
k,i
P) = w
k,i
- ( E[u
i
u
i
H
]w
k,i
E[u
i
d
k,i
*
]) (2.56)
Nu ton t k vng c b t phung trnh (2.56) th ta c:
w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
- u
i
(u
i
H
w
k,i
d
k,i
*
) = w
k,i
- u
i
e
i,k
*
Hay w
k,i+1
= w
k,i
- u
i
e
i,k
*
(2.57)
Phng trnh (2.57) c gi l gii thut sai s bnh phung trung bnh ti
thiu LMS (Least Mean Square) v n l 1 k thut c s dng rng ri cho cc
dy anten thch nghi cp nht theo vng lp.
Vi: e
i,k
= w
k,i
H
u
i
d
k,i
(2.58)
e
i,k
l sai s tc thi gia ng ra dy anten v p ng mong i, e
i,k
*
l lin hp
phc ca e
i,k
.
Mt gii php khc cho vic lc thch nghi l cc tiu ha sai s gia ng ra
ca dy anten v p ng mong i trn s mu thi gian hu hn thay cho vic
tnh trung bnh tng.iu ny dn n cc gii php bnh phng ti thiu LS. Ta
nh ngha hm mc tiu LS:
J(w
k
) =
=
1
0
,
2
P
m
m k
H
k
m
d u
w
(2.59)
56
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Ton t gradient nh nh ngha (2.47) thng thu c l:
J(w
k
) = 2
=
1
0
P
m
w u u k
P
n
H
n m
=
1
0
- 2
=
1
0
P
m
d u
n k
P
n
m ,
*
1
0
=
(2.60)
Ta nh ngha ma trn d liu l: A = [u
0
u
1
u
P-1
] (2.61)
V vector tn hiu mong mun l: d
k
= [d
k,0
d
k,1
d
k,P-1
]
T
(2.62)
Gii php rng buc hm dc LS bng zero l: w
k
= (A
H
A)
-1
A
H
d
k
(2.63)
M hnh tng qut ca h thng anten thng minh dng tn hiu tham kho c dng
nh hnh 2.25 (theo hnh 2.8 mc 2.5 chng 2 [6]).
W
0
*
W
1
*
W
N-1
*
+
+ Gii thut c tnh trng s
.
.
.
.
.
.
y(t)= W
H
U
e(t)=r(t)-y(t) r(t)
(Ng ra)
(Tn hiu sai s) (Tn hiu tham kho)
-
+
u
0
(t)
u
1
(t)
u
N-1
(t)
(Anten 0)
(Anten 1)
(Anten N-1)
(Cc trng s )
Hnh 2.25: M hnh tng qut ca h thng anten thng minh dng tn hiu tham
kho.
Yu cu ca gii thut Unconstrained LMS l tm ra vector trng s ti u W
sao cho cng sut thu c ti ng ra ca dy anten P
r
trong cng thc (2.35) l nh
57
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
nht (tc E[P
r
] min vi E l k vng ton hc) m khng tha mn iu kin rng
buc v li nh hng ca h thng.
Vetor trng s c cp nht theo cng thc (3.2.1) mc 3.2 chng 3 [6] l:
W(n+1) = W(n)- g(W(n)) (2.64)
+ y W(n+1) l vector trng s cn tnh bc lp th n+1, W(n) l vector
trng s c bc lp th n.
+ (step size) l h s hi t v n iu khin c tnh hi t ca gii thut nh
nhanh v tip cn (fast and close) khi cc trng s c tnh t n gi tr trng
s ti u. Theo mc 3.2.3 chng 3 [6], ngi ta chng minh c rng gii
thut LMS s n nh v vector trng s s hi t v gi tr ti u khi tha mn
cc iu kin sau:
0 < < 1/
max
(2.65)
Hoc: 0 < < 1/Tr(R) (2.66)
Trong
max
l tr ring ln nht ca ma trn tng quan R ca ng vo h
thng, cn Tr(R) l tng cc phn t trn ng cho ca ma trn R. Gii thut s
hi t nhanh nht ti
max
v chm nht ti
min
.
+ g(W(n)) l c tnh gradient ca MSE(W(n)) v c tnh theo cng thc (3.2.7)
mc 3.2.1 chng 3 [6] nh sau:
g(W(n)) = -2U(n+1)e
*
(W(n)) (2.67)
Vi e
*
(W(n)) l lin hp phc ca e(W(n)) v e(W(n)) l sai s gia ng ra
ca dy anten v tn hiu tham kho (reference signal). thun tin cho vic m
phng ta gi R_traing l vector cha cc mu tn hiu ri rc (tn hiu tham kho)
hay cn gi l chui hun luyn. e(W(n)) c tnh da vo cng thc (3.2.6)
mc 3.2.1 chng 3 [6] nh sau:
e(W(n)) = R_traing(n+1)-W
H
(n)*U(n+1) (2.68)
58
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
y R_traing(n+1) l tn hiu tham kho hay chui hun luyn bc lp th
n+1.
+ T (2.64) v (2.67) ta suy ra cng thc cp nht vector trng s bc lp th
n+1 theo vector trng s c bc lp th n l:
W(n+1) = W(n)+2 U(n+1)e
*
(W(n)) (2.69)
+ Sai s trung bnh bnh phng MSE (Mean Squared Error) gia tn hiu tham
kho vi ng ra ca h thng c tnh theo cng thc (2.5.1) mc 2.5 chng 2
[6] nh sau:
MSE = E[e(W(n))e
*
(W(n))] (2.70)
Vi e(W(n)) l sai s gia ng ra ca dy anten v tn hiu tham kho v e
*
(W(n))
l lin hp phc ca e(W(n)). E l k hiu k vng ton hc.
2.4.3 Nhng li ch ca h thng anten thng minh:
+ Gim nhiu ng knh:
H thng anten thng minh vi c tnh lc theo khng gian v tp trung
nng lng bc x di dng cc chm hp hng theo hng tn hiu di ng
mong mun. Ngoi ra chng cng to ra cc im khng (null) trong th bc x
ca chng cc hng di ng khc trong mt khong ln cn xung quanh. Do ,
c th xem nhiu ng knh l khng ng k trong h thng anten thng minh.
+ Ci thin tm ph sng:
H thng anten thng minh gm tp hp cc phn t n l c sp xp to
thnh mt dy anten, s lm tng li chm ph sng khi so snh vi cc loi
anten thng thng c cng cng sut. Vic tng li ny dn n m rng vng
hot ng v tm ph sng ca h thng.
+ Tng dung lng h thng:
59
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
H thng anten thng minh gim nhiu ng knh, t lm tng c tnh
ti s dng tn s. Ngha l h thng anten thng minh cho php nhiu thu bao hn
dng chung ph tn s ti cng mt thi im, lm tng hiu sut s dng ph v
tng dung lng h thng.
+ Gim cng sut pht:
Cc anten thng thng bc x nng lng trn tt c cc hng dn n
lm lng ph mt lng ln cng sut. Trong khi , h thng anten thng minh ch
bc x theo hng mong mun. Do ch cn lng cng sut t hn dng bc
x ti trm nn. Gim cng sut pht cng c xem l gim c can nhiu vi
cc thu bao khc.
+ Gim nhu cu v chuyn vng (hand-off):
ci thin dung lng trong mt h thng thng tin t bo ln, cc t bo
b tt nghn trc y thng c phn thnh cc t bo nh lm tng c tnh
ti s dng tn s, to ra cc chuyn vng. S dng h thng anten thng minh ti
trm nn, s khng cn phi phn chia cc t bo khi dung lng c tng ln
do s dng cc chm sng c lp. Do , hin tng chuyn vng him khi xy ra,
ch khi m hai chm cng tn s ng nhau.
+ Gim nh hng ca truyn dn a ng:
H thng anten thng minh c th loi b cc thnh phn truyn dn a
ng di dng can nhiu, do lm gim bt s nh hng ca hin tng
truyn dn a ng, hoc n c th s dng cc thnh phn truyn dn a ng
v thm chng vo ci thin hot ng ca h thng.
+ Tng thch cao:
K thut anten thng minh c th c ng dng trong nhiu k thut a
truy cp khc nhau nh TDMA, FDMA, v CDMA. N c th tng thch vi hu
ht cc phng thc iu ch, bng thng hay di tn.
60
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Chng 3
NG DNG ANTEN THNG MINH TRONG H THNG GPS V DGPS
Lun vn a ra m hnh t anten thng minh kt hp vi k thut DGPS
nh hnh 3.3 (gi s l m hnh DGPS cc b). Anten thu 1 c b to bp s dng
hng n dng gii thut LCMV t ti trm tham kho c nh thu tn hiu
GPS t cc hng n (
i
,
i
) ca t nht 4 v tinh GPS. Anten pht 1 c b to bp
thch nghi LMS s dng tn hiu tham kho t ti trm tham kho c nh pht
cc sai s khong cch A
i
t trm tham kho n b thu ca ngi s dng.
Anten thu 3 c th l anten thng hoc anten thng minh c b to bp thch nghi
LMS s dng tn hiu tham kho t ti b thu ca ngi s dng nhm thu tn hiu
c cha cc sai s khong cch A
i
. Anten thu 2 c th l anten thng hoc anten
thng minh c b to bp s dng hng n dng gii thut LCMV t ti b thu
ca ngi s dng ty theo loi b thu c dng cho ng dng c th no (b thu
ca ngi s dng c th c dng cho cc thit b xch tay, xe, tu, my bay, ).
61
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
. . .
S
1
(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
)
S
2
(x
2
,y
2
,z
2
) S
3
(x
3
,y
3
,z
3
)
S
i
(x
i
,y
i
,z
i
)
Anten thu 1
(LCMV)
Anten pht 1
(LMS)
Anten thu 3
(Loi thng
hoc LMS)
U(x
u
,y
u
,z
u
)
B thu ca
ngi s dng
(di chuyn)
Anten thu 2
(Loi thng
hoc LCMV)
Trm tham kho
(c nh)
i
i
A
U
R
(x
R
,y
R
,z
R
)
'
i
'
3
'
2
'
1
Cc v tinh GPS
Hnh 3.1:M hnh t anten thng minh kt hp vi k thut DGPS.
M t hot ng ca m hnh trn:
Gi s ti thi im t
1i
v tinh S
i
pht tn hiu GPS v b thu t ti trm tham kho
nhn tn hiu ny ti thi im t
2i
. Nh vy khong thi gian tn hiu GPS truyn
t v tinh S
i
v b thu t ti trm tham kho l t
i
= t
2i
t
1i
. V vn tc truyn ca
tn hiu bng vi tc nh sng l c = 3.10
8
m/s nn qung ng t v tinh S
i
n
b thu t ti trm tham kho l
i
= c.t
i
.
i
cn c gi l khong cch gi - l
khong cch bao gm c sai s, m trong c hng lot cc sai s phn tch
trong phn 2.1.5 chng 2, c th l do tr trong cc tng in ly v tng i lu
hay nhiu sai s khc nh sai s qu o v tinh, sai s gia ng h v tinh v
ng h b thu ca ngi s dng.
Mt khc, ta bit c ta ca cc v tinh S
i
(x
i
, y
i
, z
i
) qua bn tin nh v thu
c t cc tn hiu GPS ca t nht 4 v tinh GPS v ta cng bit c ta R(x
r
,
62
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
y
r
, z
r
) ca b thu t ti trm tham kho. T cng thc (2.8) trong mc 2.1.6
chng 2 ta s ln lt tnh c cc sai s khong cch A
i
t b thu t ti trm
tham kho n cc v tinh S
i
(x
i
, y
i
, z
i
) nh sau:
A
i
=
i
-
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
r i
r i
r i
+ + (3.31)
Cc sai s khong cch A
i
ny c pht t trm tham kho n b thu ca ngi
s dng. Cc khong cch gi
i
t v tinh S
i
n b thu ca ngi s dng cng
c tnh tng t nh cc khong cch gi t v tinh S
i
n b thu ca trm tham
kho thng qua bn tin nh v t tn hiu GPS.
V sai s khong cch t mt v tinh S
i
n hai b thu l bng nhau nu hai b thu
khng cch nhau qu vi trm kilometers (mc 2.2 chng 2), nn A
i
l sai s t
v tinh S
i
n trm tham kho v cng l sai s t v tinh S
i
n b thu ca ngi s
dng.
Sau cng, b thu ca ngi s dng s dng cc sai s A
i
ny hiu chnh cc
khong cch gi
i
(tc ly hiu
i
- A
i
) v dng cc khong cch hiu
chnh ny tnh ta U(x
u
, y
u
, z
u
) ca mnh, tc da vo h 3 phng trnh
cng thc (2.1) mc 2.1.6 chng 2 tnh x
u
, y
u
, z
u
nh sau:
- A
1
=
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
1
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u
+ +
- A
2
=
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u
+ +
(3.32)
- A
3
=
) ( ) ( ) (
3
3
3
2 2 2
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u
+ +
3.1 - ng dng gii thut thch nghi Unconstrained LMS Beamforming bng
hp trong b to bp s dng tn hiu tham kho cho dy anten ULA trong
khng gian 2D:
Gii thut thch nghi LMS (Least Mean Square) c trnh by trong mc
2.4.2.2 chng 2. y l gii thut i tm vector trng s ti u ca h thng anten
63
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
bng phng php lp. Gi tr ca vector trng s s c cp nht sau mi ln lp
bng vic c lng dc (gradient) v gim trng s i mt lng nh dc
lng nh dc ny c gi l step-size v c k hiu l . Vi nh,
sau mt s ln lp th vector trng s s t n gi tr ti u mong mun. mi
bc lp, nu vector trng s c cp nht trong iu kin tha mn rng buc v
li nh hng ca h thng [g=1 trong cng thc (3.36)] th gii thut LMS
c gi l Constrained LMS. Ngc li, nu vector trng s c cp nht trong
iu kin khng tha mn rng buc v li nh hng ca h thng th gii
thut LMS c gi l Unconstrained LMS.
Do b thu ca ngi s dng c v tr khng c nh v khong cch t b
thu ca ngi s dng n trm tham kho khng qu ln nn hng n DOA thay
i lin tc. V vy lun vn ny dng gii thut Unconstrained LMS Beamforming
trong b to bp s dng tn hiu tham kho ca anten thng minh nng cao cht
lng truyn dn gia cc b thu ca ngi s dng v trm tham kho trong h
thng DGPS.
M hnh tng qut ca h thng anten thng minh dng tn hiu tham kho
c dng nh hnh 2.25 chng 2.
T (2.64) v (2.67) ta suy ra cng thc cp nht vector trng s bc
lp th n+1 theo vector trng s c bc lp th n l:
W(n+1) = W(n)+2 U(n+1)e
*
(W(n)) (3.52)
+ Chn dy anten ULA c N phn t phn b u trn trc x, mi phn t cch
nhau mt khong l d v trc z vung gc vi mt phng (x,y) nh hnh 3.4.
+ Chn hng 0
0
trng vi trc x. n gin ta gi s gc ngng = /2 nn
sin() = 1. V dy anten ULA phn b u N phn t trn trc x nn N phn t ny
ch c ta x
m
khc khng cn cc ta y
m
v z
m
u bng 0. Cch tnh vector
li [S
m
(, )], ta tng phn t ca dy anten ULA [x
m
] v h s truyn pha []
da theo cc cng thc (3.39), (3.40), (3.41).
64
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
Gi s f
R
l tn s pht t trm tham kho n cc b thu ca ngi s dng
(f
R
nm trong dy bng tn dng cho nh v). Bc sng tng ng tn s f
R
l:
R
= c/f
R
(3.53)
Trong c = 3*10
8
m/s l vn tc nh sng.
+ Chn khong cch gia cc phn t anten ging cng thc (3.43) l d =
R
/2 hay: d/
R
= 0.5
(3.54)
Ta cng chn khong cch gia cc phn t anten l d=9.5 [cm].
Vector li hng cng c tnh da theo cng thc (3.45) nh sau:
S
m
(, ) = exp[-j(2/
R
)(kd))sin()] = exp[-j2(d/
R
)ksin()] (3.55)
T cng thc (3.55), ta thy vector li hng S
m
ca phn t anten th
m khng ph thuc vo gc ngng m ch ph thuc vo gc phng v . Do
trong trng hp c bit ny, gc phng v s i din cho hng n (, ).
Cc chn la ban u nh sau:
+ Chn 9 hng n DOA v v 4 hng n SOI ging nh cch chn ca
dy anten ULA trong gii thut Multiple LCMV beamforming trong khng gian
2D.
+ Chn cng sut pht ca cc tn hiu mong i SOI l 0dBw v cng sut
ca nhiu v can nhiu l -20 dBw. Vy cng sut ca cc tn hiu mong i SOI
tnh bng watt l: 10
-0/10
[w] = 1w v cng sut ca cc tn hiu nhiu v can nhiu
tnh bng watt l: 10
-20/10
[w] = 0.01w.
+ Chn s mu ca tn hiu tham kho l 1000 mu v cch tnh ma trn
li 9x1000 ging cch tnh gii thut Multiple LCMV beamforming trong khng
gian 2D.
+ Vector li hng S l ma trn Nx9 tng ng vi N phn t anten v 9
hng n DOA. Ta s dng vng lp tnh cho tng hng n DOA, ng vi mi
65
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
hng n ta s dng cng thc (3.55) tnh tng h s S
m
tng ng vi N phn
t anten (0smsN).
+ To ma trn tn hiu tham kho R
s
(9x1000) c 9 hng l 9 hng n
DOA v 1000 ct l 1000 mu tn hiu tham kho ging gii thut Multiple
LCMV beamforming trong khng gian 2D. R
s
chnh l chui hun luyn theo 9
hng mong i.
+ Tnh ma trn U theo cng thc (3.46). U l ma trn Nx1000 cha cc mu
tn hiu ri rc d liu thu c ti ng ra ca dy anten (N hng c trng cho N
phn t ca dy anten URA, 1000 ct l 1000 mu tn hiu ri rc).
+ Trong cng thc (3.46): S l vector li hng Nx9 c N hng c trng
cho N phn t anten v 9 ct l 9 hng n DOA, R
S
l ma trn tn hiu tham kho
9x1000. NOISE l vector nhiu ngu nhin Nx1000 c to t hm randn c N
hng c trng cho N phn t anten v 1000 ct l nhiu ca 1000 mu tn hiu ri
rc d liu v c nhn vi cn bc 2 ca cng sut cc tn hiu nhiu.
+ Ma trn tng quan R c tnh theo cng thc (3.47). R l vector NxN v
c nh ngha theo trung bnh thng k.
+ H s hi t c chn t cng thc (2.66) l:
= 0.5*[1/Tr(R)] (3.56)
(Cch chn v s phn t ca dy anten s c cp phn tip theo).
+ Ta dng vng lp cho tng hng tn hiu mong i v ln lt cp nht
trng s ti ln lp th n+1 theo trng s ti ln lp th n trn 1000 mu tn hiu ri
rc da vo cng thc (2.69) vi e(W(n)) l sai s gia ng ra ca dy anten v tn
hiu tham kho c tnh theo cng thc (2.68).
+ Da vo cng thc (2.70) ta tnh sai s trung bnh bnh phng MSE
(Mean Squared Error) gia tn hiu tham kho vi ng ra ca h thng nh sau:
MSE = e(W(n))e
*
(W(n)) (3.57)
66
SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
y sai s gia ng ra ca dy anten v tn hiu tham kho e(W(n)) ph
thuc vo trng s W(n) theo cng thc (2.68), m W(n) l s phc nn e(W(n))
cng l s phc. Gi s e(W(n)) l s phc a+jb th e
*
(W(n)) l s phc a-jb v
MSE s l:
MSE = e(W(n))e
*
(W(n))
= (a+jb)(a-jb) = (a)
2
(jb)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
= (
b a
2 2
+ )
2
= a+jb (3.58)
T cng thc (3.58) ta thy gi tr (
b a
2 2
+ )
2
ni ln ngha ca sai s
trung bnh bnh phng MSE.
Trong gii thut Unconstrained LMS Beamforming, tng ng vi 1 hng
n ca tn hiu mong i SOI, sau khi cp nht vector trng s theo cng thc
(2.69) trn 1000 mu tn hiu ri rc ta s c c 1 b vector trng s ti u W c
N trng s ti u W
0
, W
1
, , W
N
tng ng vi N phn t ca dy anten l phn t
0, phn t 1, , phn t N. Nh vy tng ng vi 4 hng n ca tn hiu mong
i SOI, da vo cng thc (2.69) ta cng tnh c 4 b vector trng s ti u W,
mi b l mt vector Nx1.
+ Tnh ta ca N phn t anten: Chn gc ta t ti phn t anten th
nht, th ta ca tng phn t ca dy anten s c tnh theo cng thc:
x
m
= m*d (3.59)
y 0smsN v d = 9.5cm l khong cch gia 2 phn t anten lin tip
trong dy.
+ Vi 4 b vector trng s ti u tng ng 4 hng n ca tn hiu mong i
SOI, da vo cng thc (3.38) ta dng vng lp tnh c h s dy anten ULA
theo tng hng n ca tn hiu mong i SOI (4 hng n ca tn hiu mong
i).
Trong chng trnh m phng thut ton Unconstrained LMS Beamforming
trong khng gian 2D, ta chia phn gii ca gc phng v l 0.5
0
trong tm [-
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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
90
0
:90
0
].Ni cch khc s c [90
0
-(-90
0
)]/0.5
0
+ 1 = 361 gc trong tm [-90
0
:90
0
]
v mi gc cch nhau 0.5
0
, gc u tin l -90
0
v gc cui cng l 90
0
. Ta s dng
vng lp tnh h s dy anten cho tng hng n ca 4 hng tn hiu mong i
SOI. Trn mi hng ta s dng vng lp tnh h s dy anten cho tng gc
i
trong s 361 gc (i=1:361). Ti mi gc
i
ta s dng cng thc (3.55) tnh
vector li tng ng vi N phn t ca dy anten (phn t th m ca dy anten c
ta l x
m
). Vi vector li va tnh c t gc
i
trn v vector trng s ti u W
ca hng tn hiu mong i SOI, da vo cng thc (3.38) ta s tnh c h s
dy anten tng ng gc
i
. Nh vy trn mi hng ca tn hiu mong i SOI, ta
s tnh c 361 h s dy anten ng vi 361 gc
i
.Ni cch khc, h s dy anten
ng vi 1 hng n ca tn hiu mong i SOI l mt vector c 361 hng v 1 ct.
+ Cui cng l v th hng tnh ca dy anten ULA da vo h s dy anten
theo 4 hng n ca tn hiu mong i SOI tnh c (gi s N=20 phn t).
+ Tnh thi gian hi t ca gii thut LMS:
Thi gian hi t khi vetor trng s trung bnh t c gi tr trng s ti u
ph thuc vo tr ring
i
ca ma trn tng quan dy anten v tc hi t
nh sau:
t
i
= -1/[ln(1-2
i
)] (3.60)
Nu 2
i
<< 1 th:
t
i
= 1/(2
i
) (3.61)
Gii thut LMS s hi t nhanh nht ti
max
v chm nht ti
min
. V phng
din trit can nhiu th iu ny ng ngha vi nhiu cng sut ln s c trit
trc cc nhiu cng sut b. T cng thc (3.61) ta thy nu cng ln th t
i
cng nh hay tc hi t cng cao. Tuy nhin khng phi tc hi cao l
tt.Mc tiu ca gii thut LMS l ti thiu ha sai s MSE (Mean Square
Error)gia tn hiu mu vi ng ra ca h thng. V vy ta cn lu xem khi h
thng hi t th sai s MSE c t cc tiu hay cha. Trong trng hp vector
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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
trng s hi t nhng sai s MSE vn cha t gi tr nh nht MMSE
(Minimum Mean Square Error) th ta gi l trng hp iu chnh sai
(misadjustment) v dng thng s M
u
biu din cho s sai lch ny:
M
u
=
MMSE
MMSE MSE
=
=
=
N
i
i
i
N
i
i
i
1
1
1
1
1
(3.62)
Vi N l s phn t ca dy anten. Nu nh th ta c:
M
u
= Tr(R) (3.63)
T cng thc (3.63) ta thy khi tng th M
u
cng tng theo. Chnh v vy khi
chn gi tr ca ta cn lu l hoc t c tc hi t nhanh vi gi tr
ca M
u
cao; hoc l t c tc hi t chm vi gi tr ca M
u
thp.
Ta bit rng nu c N phn t anten th ta cn tnh N gi tr trng s W tng
ng. Ta s tnh thi gian hi t trn tng gi tr trng s W. Gi s gii thut hi
t ti mu th 1000. Ta tnh cc gi tr trng s W(1), W(2), , W(1000) tng
ng vi mu th 1, mu th 2, , mu th 1000. Nu gi tr tuyt i ca
[W(n)-W(1000)] < 10
-3
t mu th n cho n mu th 1000 v gi tr tuyt i
ca [W(n-1)-W(1000)] > 10
-3
mu th n-1 th ta xem nh gii thut hi t ti
mu th n. Ta phi tnh trung bnh ca mi trng s trn 200 ln lp trc khi
tnh thi gian hi t ca trng s .
+ Tnh t s tn hiu trn nhiu SIR:
T s tn hiu trn nhiu SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) c tnh theo cng
thc:
SIR = P
S
/ P
I
(3.64)
Vi P
S
l cng sut tn hiu mong i (Signal) v P
I
l cng sut tn hiu khng
mong i hay cn gi l can nhiu (Interference).
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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
+ Tnh li G:
Gi s ng vo ca mt h thng c cng sut tn hiu mong i l P
S
(in)
[w] v cng sut can nhiu l P
I
(in) [w], cn ng ra ca h thng thu c cng sut
tn hiu mong i l P
S
(out) [w] v cng sut can nhiu l P
I
(out) [w] nh hnh 3.7 sau:
3.1
H thng
Input
Output
P
S
(in), P
I
(in) P
S
(out), P
I
(out)
Hnh 3.7: Minh ha cc ng vo v ng ra ca mt h thng.
T s tn hiu trn nhiu SIR ti ng vo v ng ra ca h thng l:
SIR
in
= P
S
(in)/P
I
(in) (3.65)
SIR
out
= P
S
(out)/P
I
(out) (3.66)
li G (Gain) ca h thng c tnh theo cng thc:
G = SIR
out
/SIR
in
(3.67)
li G trong cng thc (3.67) khng c th nguyn (tc l s ln). T (3.67)
ta c cng thc tnh li theo dB l:
G(dB) = 10log
10
G
= 10log
10
(SIR
out
/SIR
in
)
= 10log
10
(SIR
out
)-10log
10
(SIR
in
)
= SIR
out
(dB)-SIR
in
(dB) (3.68)
+Chn la s phn t cho dy anten ULA v h s hi t :
chn h s hi t v s phn t ca dy anten ULA, lun vn chia ra 10 gi tr
ca trong tm t 0 n
max
vi
max
= 1/[Tr(R)] v R l ma trn tng quan ca
dy anten. Chn s phn t N ca dy anten c chy t 1 n 20 (1sNs20). Nh
vy, ng vi mt gi tr ca N ta s c 10 trng hp tng ng vi 10 gi tr ca
. Ni cch khc ng vi 20 gi tr ca N v 10 gi tr ca , ta s c 200 cp gi
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SVTH:Minh Tun-Hong Huy GVHD:Ths Nguyn Tun Kit
tr (N, ). Ln lt tng cp (N, ) cho ta bit gii thut LMS s hi t ti mu th
my.Nh vy ta s chn cp (N, ) ti u trong s 200 cp trn sao cho thi gian
hi t ca gii thut LMS l nh nht.