2009 Slide TQVVT d07vt2 3 Co Hang BMM Kvt1 Passptit

1
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

BI GING MN
Tng quan v vin thng
Ging vin: Ths. Nguyn Th Thu Hng
in thoi/E-mail: 04 33515484
hangntt@ptit.edu.vn, bomonmangvt1@yahoo.com
B mn: Mng vin thng - KhoaVin thng 1
Hc k/Nm bin son: I/ 2009-2010
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Tng quan v vin thng
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Ni dung hc phn
L thuyt
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung
Chng 2: Mng vin thng
Chng 3: Dch v vin thng
Chng 4: K thut vin thng
Bi tp (chia nhm, mi nhm khng qu 6 sinh
vin, lp 60sv chia 10 nhm).
1. Tm hiu v mng cung cp dch v hin ti ca Vit
Nam. Nhm trnh by tng quan v mng vin thng
chung.
2. Mi sinh vin tm hiu v tr li cu hi ring
Kim tra: 2 bi trc nghim (c s dng ti
liu)
Thi: Vit (khng s dng ti liu)
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Kha hc
cng
Cch thi v tnh
im
Chuyn cn: 10%
Kim tra : 20%
Bi tp: 10%
Thi kt thc: 60%
Bi tp nhm
Thi TN cui
k
60%
Chuyn
cn/ T cch
10%
KT tr c
nghi m
20%
Bi tp
10%
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[1] Bi ging mn hc (Lectural note 2008).
[2] Moore M. S.: Telecommunications: A Beginners Guide.
McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[3] Aattalainen T.: Introduction to Telecommunications Network
Engineering. Artech House, 1999.
[4] Freeman R. L.: Fundamentals of Telecommunications. John
Wiley & Sons, 1999.
[5] Tarek N. S., Mostafa H. A.: Fundamentals of
Telecommunications Networks. John Wiley and Sons, 1994.
[6] Understanding Telecommunications. Ericsson Telecom, 1996.
[7] Sch hng dn hc tp Tng quan v vin thng (Dng
cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa), B mn Mng vin thng Khoa
Vin thng 1, TTTBCVT1, 2006.
Ti liu tham kho chnh
2
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Cc khi nim c bn trong vin thng
Cc khi nim thng tin, truyn thng v vin
thng
Bn tin v ngun tin
Tn hiu, m ho v iu ch
Cc loi knh truyn thng
Khi nim mng vin thng
Chun ha trong vin thng
ngha ca vn chun ho
Cc t chc chun ha quc t, khu vc v quc gia
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Lch s vin thng

WAN: Mng din rng
LAN: Mng ni ht
WLAN: LAN khng dy
WWW: World Wide Web
ADSL: ng dy thu bao s bt
i xng
ISDN: Mng s tch hp a dch v
AM: iu ch theo bin
FM: iu ch theo tn s
IP: Giao thc Internet
CS: Chuyn mch knh
PS: Chuyn gi
VoD: Truyn video theo yu cu
TV: Truyn hnh
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in bo ca Samuel Morse 1838-1866
in thoi (telephony) 1876-1899
Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi 1876
Xut hin tng i u tin vi 08 ng dy
Almond Strowger sng ch ra tng i c in kiu tng nc
(Step-by-step 1887)
Truyn hnh (Television) 1923-1938
Radar v vi ba 1938-1945
Truyn thng v tinh 1955
Internet 1980-1983
Di ng t bo 1980-1985
Truyn hnh s 2001-2005
Hi t
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Thng tin (information)
Thng tin l cc tnh cht xc nh ca vt cht c
tip nhn bi nh quan st t th gii vt cht xung
quanh.
Thng tin (hay cn gi l tin tc) l s hiu bit hay
tri thc, c kh nng c biu din di nhng
dng thch hp cho qu trnh trao i, truyn a,
lu gi hay x l.
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Thng tin (information)
Cc dng thc thng tin c bn bao gm:
m thanh
Hnh
D liu
a phng tin
Nhng thng tin ny c thuc tnh chung l u cha
ng tng trong hot ng t duy ca con ngi.
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V d: thng tin (information)
m thanh (ting ni, m nhc )
Hnh nh (hnh nh tnh, hnh nh ng, ha )
D liu (ch vit, k t, con s, th)
cho n a phng tin
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Truyn thng (communication)
Truyn thng l khi nim rng m t qu trnh
trao i thng tin (exchange of information)
hoc l s trao i thng tin qua li gia hai
hoc nhiu bn.
C th ly hai v d c bn l bu chnh (th,
bu phm, bu kin) v vin thng (in
thoi, in bo, video, truyn d liu ).
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Vin thng (telecommunication)
Vin thng bao gm nhng vn lin quan
n vic truyn thng tin (trao i hay qung
b thng tin) gia cc i tng qua mt
khong cch, ngha l bao gm bt k hot
ng lin quan ti vic pht/nhn tin tc (m
thanh, hnh nh, ch vit, d liu, ) qua cc
phng tin truyn thng (hu tuyn nh
ng dy kim loi, cp quang hoc v tuyn
hoc cc h thng in t khc).
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Vin thng (telecommunication)
Vin thng
n hng
Truyn
thanh
Truyn
hnh
Truyn
hnh v
tuyn
Truyn
hnh
cp
in
bo
Telex in
thoi
c
nh
in
thoi
di
ng
Truyn
d
liu
Th
in
t
Truyn
hnh
hi
ngh
Song hng
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Cc khi nim thng tin, truyn thng v vin thng
Bn tin v ngun tin
Khi nim v mng vin thng
ngha ca vn chun ho
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Bn tin:
Thng tin c th hin mt dng thc nht
nh c gi l bn tin.
Dng th hin c th l
vn bn
bn nhc
hnh v
on thoi
Mt bn tin cha ng mt lng thng tin c
th, c ngun v ch xc nh cn c
chuyn mt cch chnh xc, ng ch v kp
thi.
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Ngun tin: Ngun tin l ni sn sinh hay
cha cc bn tin cn truyn.
Ngun tin c th l
con ngi;
cc thit b thu pht m thanh, hnh nh;
cc thit b lu tr v thu nhn thng tin
5
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V d: M hnh h thng truyn thng thoi 2 chiu

TBC
pht/thu
ging ni
Mi trng truyn
dn (cp ng, cp
quang, v tuyn )
TBC
thu/pht
ging ni
Bn tin
Tn hiu
pht/thu
Tn hiu
thu/pht
Bn tin
Pht/nhn
tin (ging
ni)
Nhn/pht
tin (ging
ni)
M hnh h thng truyn thng
Vi d liu, hnh nh, a phng tin sv t suy lun)
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Bn tin v ngun tin
ngha ca vn chun ho
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Tn hiu (signal) :
Tn hiu l i lng vt l trung gian do thng
tin bin i thnh.
Trong vin thng, tn hiu thc cht l mt
dng nng lng mang theo thng tin tch ra
c v truyn t ni pht n ni nhn.
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C nhiu quan im phn loi tn hiu khc nhau
trong vin thng. Mt s quan im phn loi
thng gp nh sau :
Theo c tnh hm s: tn hiu tng t/tn hiu s
Theo thng tin (ngun tin) : tn hiu m thanh (trong
c tn hiu thoi, tn hiu ca nhc ); tn hiu hnh nh
(hnh nh tnh, hnh nh ng ); tn hiu d liu.
Theo nng lng mang: tn hiu in, tn hiu quang
Theo vng tn s : tn hiu m tn, tn hiu cao tn, tn
hiu siu cao tn
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Phn loi tn hiu theo c tnh hm s
Tn hiu tng t (analog signal)
Tn hiu k thut s (digital signal)
Cn nh rng, tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s c th
cng ti mt thng tin v c th c chuyn i ln
nhau.
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Tn hiu tng t (analog
signal) v Tn hiu k thut
s (digital signal) Thng
gi l Tn hiu s

t
i
0
i(max)
i(min)
(a) Tn hiu tng t
0
1
2
3
4
i
t
(b) Tn hiu k thut s
0
1

i
t
(c) Tn hiu nh phn
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Nhn xt v nu nhng im khc bit
ca 2 loi tn hiu
u
Nhc
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V d v d liu v tn hiu
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M ha (coding): c chia lm hai loi :
M ha ngun (source coding) nn ngun
thng tin
M ha knh (channel coding) bo v bn
tin khi truyn trn knh.
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M ha (coding):
M ha ngun l phng thc m ha tn hiu thnh cc
bt thng tin c th truyn i, ng thi cng lm
ti a dung lng knh truyn. Trong m ha ngun, c
th chia theo cc loi ngun thng tin khc nhau thoi,
s liu hoc hnh nh. Vi thoi, thng hay gp nht
trong l m ha theo bin nh PCM, ngoi ra cn c
m ha DPCM, DPCM thch ng. Hin nay c cc b m
ha thoi theo dng sng c s dng rng ri nh
CELP, cc b m ha ny c dng cho truyn thoi
qua mng gi, tn hiu thoi c nn xung c tc
thp hn nhiu so vi tc PCM.
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M ha (coding):
M ha knh l phng php b sung thm cc
bt vo bn tin truyn i nhm mc ch pht
hin v/hoc sa li.
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Real World
Data
M ho
V d v cc khun dng m ho v chun
Computer
Data Thit b vo
Hi, Joe Keyboard 10110010
My nh
s
10111010
PostScript,
TrueType, PDF
ho, font
Sound Blaster,
WAV, AU
m thanh
MPEG-2, Quick
Time
nh ng
JPEG, GIF, PCX,
TIFF
Hnh nh
(image)
ASCII, EBCDIC,
Unicode
Alphanumeric
(k t v s)
Chun Loi d liu
8
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000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L \ l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
V d m ho k t v s: Trong bng m ASCII a = 1100001
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iu ch (Modulation)
Thng tin cn truyn c trn ln vi tn s
sng mang nh mt qu trnh gi l iu ch.
Cn phi c qu trnh iu ch bi v tin tc
ca tn hiu, nh ting ni chng hn, thng
c tn s rt thp, ti mc khng d g c
pht x vo khng gian.
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T T I SAO PH I SAO PH I I I I U CH U CH

Sng mang
Tn hiu ang iu ch
Tn hiu c iu
ch bin
Tn hiu c iu
ch theo tn s
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iu ch (Modulation)
C hai hnh thc iu ch c s dng
rng ri l
iu bin (AM) v
iu tn (FM).
Cc hnh thc khc l iu ch bin cu phng
(QAM), iu pha (PM) v iu xung m (PCM).
9
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iu ch (Modulation)
Ngi ta cng thng s dng kt hp cc k
thut iu ch. Chng hn pht thanh FM
stereo s dng kt hp c AM v FM. Cc h
thng v tuyn s bin i cc tn hiu ting
ni thnh iu xung m, sau s dng QAM
hoc PM chuyn dng xung theo tn hiu v
tuyn.
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V d v iu tn (frequency modulation)
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Bn tin v ngun tin
ngha ca vn chun ho
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Knh (channel)
Mt h thng truyn thng phc tp thng bao gm
nhiu loi thit b khc nhau nh : TBC, thit b
truyn dn; thit b thu/pht. Cc thit b c th c
sp t cch xa nhau hoc ni tip nhau theo ng
truyn thng tin. Mi trng vt cht v k thut
xuyn qua h thng v c to sn, c th
truyn c mt tn hiu c lp c gi l mt knh
(channel). Trong truyn thng c rt nhiu khi nim
knh khc nhau.
Thit b thu/pht x l knh vt l (physical channels).
Knh vt l c c trng bi rng bng tn v
di tn hot ng. Chng hn, knh radio, knh v
tinh, knh cp quang...
10
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37
Knh (channel)
Thit b truyn dn k thut s (KTS) x l cc knh
truyn dn KTS (digital trasmission channels). Cc knh
truyn dn KTS tng ng vi cc tn hiu KTS. Chng
hn, knh E1, T1, STM-1... Trong thit b truyn dn,
knh truyn dn c to ra vi tc bt c nh
theo chun chung (64kb/s ;2048 kb/s ; 155,2 Mb/s...)
Cc thit b u cui x l knh thng tin. Knh thng
tin (knh thoi ; knh d liu ; knh video...) l mt
mi trng k thut c to ra xuyn sut HTTT v
c th truyn c mt thng tin c lp.
N
g
u
y
n
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
38
Khi nim Mng vin thng
Mng vin thng: Telecommunications
Network (Telecom. Network)
Mng (network): C s lin thng gia cc
mt xch (nt/thit b to nn h thng truyn
thng) v cc h thng qun l, gim st, bo
hiu, vn hnh, bo dng, an ninh
Mng vin thng (Telecommunication
Network): H thng thit b, c cu v th tc
gip cc thit b ngi s dng kt ni ti
mng c th trao i thng tin c ngha.
N
g
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n
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
39
Khi nim Mng vin thng
H thng vin thng (Telecommunication System)/ H
thng truyn thng (Communication System): L cc h
thng lm nhim v x l v phn phi thng tin t mt v
tr ny sang v tr khc. i khi gi l h thng thng tin
(information system). Mt h thng thng tin bao gm cc
thnh phn sau: B m ha, b pht, mi trng truyn
dn, b thu, b gii m .
Mng truyn thng (Communication network):C th nh
ngha l mt b cc thit b, c cu (mechanisms) v cc
th tc nh thit b ngi s dng cui kt ni vi
mng c th trao i nhng thng tin c ngha

B m
ho
B pht
Mi trng
truyn dn
B thu
B gii m
Thng
tin
Thng
tin
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n
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h
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
40
Telecommunications
Standards:
Cc chun vin thng
39
Chng 1. Gii thiu chung
11
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Tng quan v vin thng
41
ngha ca vn chun ho
Cc t chc chun ha
quc t
khu vc
quc gia
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y
n
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h
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h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
42
ngha ca vn chun ha
V sao cn phi chun ha?
1. Kh nng lin vn hnh
2. m bo cht lng
3. Nht qun khi pht trin
4. Hiu qu gi thnh
Cc tiu chun thc y cnh tranh lnh mnh
Cc chun chung s dn ti c mt s cn bng v
kinh t gia yu t k thut v sn xut
Cc tc ng v quyn li chnh tr s dn ti hnh
thnh nhiu chun khc nhau
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u
y
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Tng quan v vin thng
43
Cc tiu chun quc t s e do cc ngnh cng
nghip ca cc nc ln nhng l cc c hi tt cho
cho ngnh cng nghip ca cc nc nh
Cc chun chung s lm cho cc h thng thuc cc
nh cung cp khc nhau c th kt ni vi nhau
Cc tiu chun gip cho ngi s dng v cc nh
iu hnh mng, cc hng sn xut thit b, tr nn
c lp vi nhau v tng sn sng ca h thng
Cc tiu chun lm cho cc dch v quc t c tnh
kh thi
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u
y
n
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
44
Nhng nhm ngi lin quan n chun ha

Ngi s dng
Chuyn gia thuc
vin hn lm
Nh sn xut thit
b
Nh khai thc
mng
Cc t chc chun ha
1. Quc t hoc chnh ph (ITU)
2. Bn chnh thc (Semi-official)-chun ha khu vc: (ETSI)
3. Cc t chc t nguyn (3GPP, 3GGP2)
12
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Tng quan v vin thng
45
Cc t chc chun ha quc gia

BSI DIN
SFS
ANSI
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n
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h
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h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
46
Cc t chc chun ha khu vc

ETSI CEPT
CEN/
CENELEC
IEEE
FCC FCC
EIA
Chu u Chu M
N
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u
y
n
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h
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h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
47
Cc t chc chun ha quc t

ITU-T (CCITT)
ISO/IEC ITU-R(CCIR)
N
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u
y
n
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h
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h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
48
13
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
49
Cc t chc khc
Lc lng c nhim v k thut Internet (IETF)
quan tm ti vic chun ha cc giao thc TCP/IP
cho Internet
Din n phng thc truyn thng d b (ATMF)
Din n qun l mng
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u
y
n
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h
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
50
ITU (International Telecommunication Union):
Hip hi vin thng quc t
ITU-R
ITU-T
ITU-D
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force): Lc
lng c nhim v k thut Internet
RFCs (Request For Comments)
http://www.itu.int http://www.ietf.org/
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Tng quan v vin thng
51
Lch s ITU
1865 International
Telegraph Union
1903 ITU first wireless
telegraphy
1906 first radiotelegraph
convention
1885 ITU start with
telephony
1947 UN specialized
agency for
telecommunications
1948 ITU
headquarters
transferred to Geneva
1992 three sectors in
ITU
ITU-R ITU-D ITU-T
1932 Combining Telegraph and
Radiotelegraph
International Telecommunication
Union
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Tng quan v vin thng
52
Lch s v xu hng pht trin ca
cc mng vin thng
Cc phn t ca mng vin thng
Cc phng thc chuyn giao thng
tin qua mng
14
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g
u
y
n
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h
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h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
53
Lch s v xu hng pht trin ca cc
mng vin thng
Mng in thoi cng cng
Mng truyn s liu
Mng thng tin di ng
Mng my tnh
Xu hng hi t cc mng vin thng
N
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u
y
n
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h
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h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
54
Lch s
Mng tin in bo trc khi c Morse
(Primitive Telegraph before Morse)
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
55
Mng in bo ca Samuel Morse
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h
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h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
56
Mng in thoi cng cng
Tng
i
Tng
i
Tng
i
Tng
i

Ni ti vng khc
Mng truyn dn

15
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Tng quan v vin thng
57
Mng truyn s liu: truyn s liu gia cc
my tnh d liu.
Thng gp l mng X25 (chuyn gi) v FR (khung)
Mng X25
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Tng quan v vin thng
58
Mng truyn s liu (FR)
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
59
Mng thng tin di ng
Mng in thoi t ong cm tay u tin
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
60
Mng thng tin di ng
BTS
BTS
BSC

Gateway
MSC
PSTN/ISDN
Internet
MS
HLR

VLR
BTS
BSC
MSC
PDSN
16
N
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u
y
n
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h
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h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
61
Mng my tnh: Cu trc
Hnh sao (star) Chu trnh (loop) Li (mesh) Cy (tree)
Vng (ring) Xa l (bus)
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n
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Tng quan v vin thng
62
Mng my tnh

Thit b u cui (Users)
Cc nt mng
Printer
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n
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h
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
63
Khi nim v nt v lin kt
Khi nim mng li v mng truy nhp
Cc thit b mng
Thit b u cui
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n
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h
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Tng quan v vin thng
64
Nt l mt im trung trung gian trn mng vin
thng ni thc hin kt ni tm thi gia cc
u vo v u ra theo yu cu.
Cc lin kt l cc ng truyn dn tn hiu lin
tc gia hai im trn mng. Mt lin kt c th
l mt mt ng truyn dn vt l, mt bng
tn trong h thng ghp knh theo tn s hay
mt khe thi gian trong h thng ghp knh
theo thi gian. Cc lin kt y ngoi mi
trng truyn dn cn bao gm c cc phng
tin kt ni chng.
17
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u
y
n
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Tng quan v vin thng
65

Nt
mng
Nt
mng
Nt
mng
Lin
kt
Lin
kt
Lin kt
Thu
bao
Thu
bao
Thu
bao
N
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u
y
n
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h
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h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
66
Mng truy nhp (Access Network) l mt phn ca
mng vin thng, trong mng in thoi truyn thng
n thc hin kt ni cc thu bao vi cc tng i ni
ht. Mng truy nhp l phn mng tnh t im cung
cp (nt truy nhp-Access Point) dch v n khch
hng, n l mng trung gian cho php ngi dng c
th s dng c cc dch v t nh cung cp dch
v (Service Provider-SP).
Cc mng truy nhp s c kt ni ti mng li -
mng nn tng- cung cp cc dch v tng ng.
N
g
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n
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
67
Mng li bao gm cc h thng chuyn mch,
nh tuyn ng trc v cc h thng truyn
dn ng trc (backbone), trn c s tn
hiu c truyn dn v x l chuyn ti
cc mng truy nhp tng ng ph hp.
N
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u
y
n
T
h
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h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
68
Cc thit b mng
Mng vin thng l tp hp cc thit b mng
c kt ni vi nhau theo mt cu trc, kin
trc nht nh v c thit lp, qun l nh
cc h thng qun l tin cy.
Cc thit b trong cc mng vin thng rt
ang dng v chng loi tuy nhin xu hng
chung hin nay l cc thit b s ngy cng a
nng (tch hp), thng minh, bo mt v gn
nh hn.
18
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g
u
y
n
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h
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u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
69
Cc thit b mng
Trong PSTN
Tng i
B tch ghp knh
B tp trung thu bao xa, thit b bo hiu,
thit b truyn dn,
Trong mng my tnh: router, hub, gateway,
bridge,
Trong mng di ng: tng i MSC, cc trm
chuyn tip BSC, trm thu pht sng BTS,
gateway
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
70
Thit b u cui (Terminal Device) l thit b giao
tip vi ngi s dng v l cu ni gia ngi s
dng v mng. Thit b u cui c nhiu loi,
chng rt khc nhau v chc nng v yu cu dch
v. V d: in thoi, my tnh, my Fax,
N
g
u
y
n
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h
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u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
71
Cc thit b mng (cont.)
PSTN: Thit b chuyn mch v thit b truyn dn
SS7
SS7
Class 4/5
Switch
PSTN
PSTN
PRI/E1/T1
A-LINK
IMT
GR303
POST
POST
POST
PBX
RDT
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
72
Mng ISDN
19
N
g
u
y
n
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h
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h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
73
Mng in thoi di ng
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n
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
74
Cc phn t ca mng
vin thng
Mng Internet
Token
Ring

Ethernet
192.168.5.0
Ethernet 192.168.3.0
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.1
192.168.3.1
192.168.5.1
192.168.5.2
192.168.5.3
Mng Trm
192.168.1 1
192.168.3 1
192.168.5
1
2
3
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
75
Cc phng thc chuyn giao thng tin qua
mng
Ch chuyn giao hng kt ni v phi kt ni
Chuyn giao kiu knh (circuit mode)
Chuyn giao kiu gi (packet mode)
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
76
mng
Thut ng ch chuyn giao c ngha l chuyn
thng tin t ngi s dng ny n ngi s dng
khc.
Mi lin h gia cc ch v yu cu ca nhng
dch v khc nhau l rt r rng.
20
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n
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Tng quan v vin thng
77
Ch chuyn giao hng kt ni v phi kt
ni
Chuyn giao hng kt ni (connection-oriented)
Chuyn giao phi kt ni (connectionless)
V d: chuyn giao hng kt ni trong mng
in thoi (chuyn knh). Mt cuc gi in
thoi c tin hnh theo 3 pha qua vic s
dng cc h thng bo hiu:
Thit lp kt ni (setup)
Duy tr kt ni (conversation) - Truyn thng
Gii phng kt ni (released)
N
g
u
y
n
T
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
78
Ch chuyn giao phi kt ni trong
mng gi
Chuyn giao phi kt ni
(connectionless):
Cc gi lun lun s dng ng i ph
hp nht thng qua mng.
Ch c pha truyn dn d liu
Mi gi d liu u c thng tin v a ch
(a ch c ngun v ch) y .
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
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2
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9
Tng quan v vin thng
79
Chuyn knh
Chuyn gi
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Tng quan v vin thng
80
Cc phng thc chuyn giao thng tin qua mng
Chuyn giao kiu knh (circuit mode): trn cc lin kt ta
chia thnh cc knh thng tin tch bit nhau v vn
c bn ca kiu chuyn giao ny l to ra mt kt ni.
Cc nt mng thc hin chc nng chuyn mch. Thit
b chuyn mch ti mt nt s chuyn tn hiu t knh
vo n knh ra v th ngi ta gi l chuyn mch knh.
Trn cc lin kt, h thng c chia thnh cc knh
thng tin (trunk circuit) nh cc mch trung k trong
mng in thoi.
21
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Tng quan v vin thng
81
mng
Chuyn giao kiu knh (circuit mode)
5 c im chnh ca chuyn giao kiu knh:
Thng tin c truyn i trong cc khe thi gian
(vi tn hiu s) c di c nh.
Khng linh hot v bng thng.
Chuyn mch da trn v tr khe thi gian trong
khung PCM.
Khng c pht hin li.
Thch hp vi thoi, video v d liu tc thp.
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Tng quan v vin thng
82
mng
Chuyn giao kiu gi (packet mode): thng tin c
chia thnh cc gi ( di gi c th khc nhau) v
gi c gn nhn truyn ti qua mng. Nhn l
tiu v c th gm c ui gn thm vo cui gi
(nh ui gn cc lp 2-3 trong m hnh OSI).
Nhn c dng cho vic chuyn mch v pht hin
li... Mng phi c trch nhim chuyn giao gi n
ng ch v theo ng th t, m bo thi gian
tr cho php.
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Tng quan v vin thng
83
Cc phng thc chuyn giao thng
tin qua mng
Ngoi ra cn c phng thc chuyn
giao
kiu khung (Frame nh trong mng FR)
kiu t bo (Cell- nh trong mng ATM)
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Tng quan v vin thng
84
Quan im phn tng khi xy dng mng
ngha ca vic phn tng
Cc tiu ch xy dng m hnh cc tng chc
nng trong mng trao i thng tin
Khi nim v giao thc, giao din v chng giao
thc truyn thng
M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
Chng giao thc TCP/IP
22
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Tng quan v vin thng
85
ngha ca vic phn tng
Gim phc tp
Tiu chun ha giao din
Thun tin module ha
m bo k thut lin mng
Tng nhanh s pht trin (nh cu trc m)
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Tng quan v vin thng
86
ngha ca vic phn tng
Vic phn tng (layering) s
gip gim phc tp ca
vic thit k v ci t cc
mng trao i thng tin
Mi h thng thnh phn
ca mng c xem nh mt
cu trc a tng (tng n
c xy trn tng kia).
N+1 N+1
N N
N N- -1 1

2 2
1 1
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Tng quan v vin thng
87
ngha
ca vic
phn tng
S lng cc tng cng nh tn v chc
nng ca tng tng l ty thuc vo cc
nh thit k. Nguyn tc chung l mi
tng tip nhn cc dch v t tng di
n, ng thi li cung cp mt b cc
dch v cho tng pha trn. Vic cc dch
v ny c cung cp nh th no th
cc tng trn khng c bit.
Cch phn tng trong cc mng c th
khc nhau, song trong cng mt mng
th cc h thng thnh phn phi c cu
trc tng (s lng tng, chc nng mi
tng) l nh nhau.
N+1 N+1
N N
N N- -1 1
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Tng quan v vin thng
88
Cc tiu ch xy dng m hnh cc
tng chc nng trong mng trao i
thng tin
S lng cc tng khng nhiu qu song cng
khng c t qu va
To ranh gii cc tng sao cho s tng tc v
m t cc dch v gia chng l ti thiu;
23
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Tng quan v vin thng
89
Cc tiu ch xy dng m hnh cc tng
chc nng trong mng trao i thng tin
(tip)
Chia cc tng sao cho cc chc nng khc nhau c
tch bit vi nhau; cc tng s dng cc loi cng
ngh khc nhau cng c tch bit;
Cc chc nng ging nhau c t vo cng mt
tng; cc chc nng c nh v sao cho c th thit
k li tng m nh hng t nht n cc tng k n;
To ranh gii cc tng sao cho c th chun ha cc
giao din tng ng v theo kinh nghim c
chng t l thnh cng;
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Tng quan v vin thng
90
Cc tiu ch xy dng m hnh cc tng
chc nng trong mng trao i thng tin
(tip)
Khi d liu c x l mt cch khc bit th cn phi
to mt tng mi;
Cc thay i v chc nng hoc giao thc trong mt
tng khng c nh hng n cc tng khc (m
bo tnh trong sut gia cc tng);
Mi tng ch c cc ranh gii (giao din) vi cc tng
k trn v di n.
C th chia mt tng thnh cc tng con khi cn thit;
nguyn tc chia tng con c p dng tng t nh
trn; khi khng cn thit cc tng con c th hy b.
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Tng quan v vin thng
91
Khi nim v giao thc, giao din v
chng giao thc truyn thng
Cc my tnh mun trao i thng tin vi nhau
th chng phi hiu c nhau. Chng phi ni
chung mt ngn ng. Ngn ng chung ny
chnh l giao thc truyn d liu.
V d: c hai my tnh tham gia trao i bn tin
th cng cn phi thng nht mt lot cc tha
thun
mc v dng ca tn hiu
Phng php xc nh kch thc ca bn tin
phng php kim tra li
hai bn c th hiu nhau.
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Tng quan v vin thng
92
Cc tha thun cn phi t c tt c cc
tng, t thp nht (vt l) cho n tng cao
nht (trin khai cc dch v cho ngi s
dng). Th tc giao tip gia hai nt mng
c m t bng mt b cc qui tc giao tip
ca tng cp tng tng ng.
24
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Tng quan v vin thng
93
Nhng qui tc hnh thc xc nh tun t v
dng ca cc bn tin trao i gia cc thnh
phn mng trn cng mt tng, nhng cc
nt khc nhau, c gi l giao thc
(protocol).
Nt A Nt B
Tng n
Giao thc tng n
Tng n
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Tng quan v vin thng
94
Khi nim v giao thc, giao din v chng
giao thc truyn thng
Cc khi chc nng thc hin cc giao thc ca cc tng
k nhau trong cng mt nt cng giao tip vi nhau
thng qua cc qui tc cht ch. Nhng qui tc c
gi l giao din (interface). Giao din xc nh b cc dch
v m tng ny c th cung cp cho tng kia. Cc khi
chc nng ca mt tng cn phi bo m tun th giao
thc ca tng mnh cng nh l cc giao din vi cc tng
k trn v di.
Nt A
Giao din vi tng n+1
Tng n
Giao din vi tng n-1
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Tng quan v vin thng
95
Chng giao thc truyn thng (protocol stack)
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Tng quan v vin thng
96
M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
M hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
do t chc tiu chun th gii ISO
(International Standards Organization) a ra
nhm tiu chun ho thit k cc h thng giao
thc mng lm tng tnh lin kt v truy cp
m n cc chun giao thc cho cc nh pht
trin phn mm.
25
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Tng quan v vin thng
97
M M h h nh nh OSI OSI
7
ng ng dng dng
6
Tr Tr nh nh din din
5
Phi Phi n n
4
Giao Giao v v n n
3
M M ng ng
2
Li Li n n kt kt DL DL
1
V V t t l l
X l d liu ngi s dng
M t biu din d liu
Thng tin gia cc trm
Kt ni u cui-u cui
nh a ch v nh tuyn
Truy nhp phng tin
Truyn di dng cc bit nh phn
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Tng quan v vin thng
98
segments/messages
packets
frames
bits
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
ng ng dng dng
Tr Tr nh nh din din
Phi Phi n n
Giao Giao v v n n
M M ng ng
Li Li n n kt kt DL DL
V V t t l l
HOST A HOST B
Applicatio
n
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Thng tin gia cc trm
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Tng quan v vin thng
99
NG NG GI GI D D LI LI U U
ng ng d d ng ng
Trnh din
Phin
Vn chuyn
Mng
Lin kt d liu
Vt l
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data
Application
Header
Data
Presentation
Header
Data
Session
Header
Data
Transport
Header
Data
Network
Header
0101101010110001
Data
Frame
Header
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Tng quan v vin thng
100
Lp ng dng
Lp trnh din
Lp phin
Lp vn chuyn
Lp mng
Lp lin kt d liu
Lp vt l
Lp ng dng
Lp vn chuyn
Lp Internet
Lp giao din mng
M hnh OSI
M hnh TCP/IP
26
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Tng quan v vin thng
101
TCP/IP
RARP ARP
TCP
Data link
IP
UDP
DNS
Application
Transport
Network
Link
FTP Telnet SMTP NNTP
RIP
IGMP ICMP BGP OSPF
TFTP
etc...
Media
(physical)
Ping
RPC
NFS
BOOTP etc...
N
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Tng quan v vin thng
102
Ni dung hc phn
L thuyt (40 tit)
Bi tp (chia nhm)
Tm hiu v k thut vin thng, dch v/mng
cung cp dch v hin ti ca Vit Nam.
Kim tra: 2 tit (2 bi trc nghim)
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Tng quan v vin thng
103
"Dch v vin thng" l dch v truyn k hiu, tn hiu, s
liu, ch vit, m thanh, hnh nh hoc cc dng khc ca
thng tin gia cc im kt cui thng qua mng vin thng.

PC
Fax
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #
Modem
Ngi s dng
dch v vin thng
MANG VIN THNG
Nh cung cp dch v
Nh cung cp h tng mng
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Tng quan v vin thng
104
Cc quan im phn loi dch v vin
thng
Cht lng dch v v cc yu t nh
hng n cht lng dch v
Cc loi hnh dch v
27
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Tng quan v vin thng
105
Cc quan im phn loi dch v vin
thng
Phn loi theo loi tin tc: thoi, d liu,
hnh nh
Phn loi theo mng: PSTN, ISDN, di
ng,
Phn loi theo tnh cht dch v:
online/offline, c nh/di ng,
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Tng quan v vin thng
106
Phn loi theo loi tin tc:
Dch v thoi: dch truyn thng tin
thoi qua mng.
DV in thoi c nh
DV in thoi di ng
Dch v d liu
Fax, telex
Dch v hnh nh: nh tnh, nh ng
Dch v a phng tin
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Tng quan v vin thng
107
Phn loi theo mng:
PSTN: in thoi c nh
ISDN: mng a dch v
GSM: mng in thoi di ng
CDMA: mng in thoi di ng
Satellite
Internet
NGN, IMS, Ubiquitous
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Tng quan v vin thng
108
Phn loi theo tnh cht dch v:
online/offline
c nh/di ng
n phng tin/a phng tin

28
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Tng quan v vin thng
109
Ngoi ra, cn c th phn loi theo
ngi s dng dch v v theo nh
cung cp dch v:
Theo ngi s dng:
Dch v c bn
Dch v Internet
Dch v gi tr gia tng
Cc dch v trn nn mng th h sau.
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Tng quan v vin thng
110
Dch v c bn: truyn a tc thi thng
tin qua mng vin thng (bao gm c
Internet) m khng lm thay i loi hnh
hoc ni dung thng tin
Dch v Internet: bao gm dch v truy nhp
Internet, dch v kt ni Internet v dch v
ng dng Internet.
N
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Tng quan v vin thng
111
Dch v gi tr gia tng l dch v lm tng thm gi
tr thng tin ca ngi s dng dch v bng cch
hon thin loi hnh, ni dung thng tin hoc cung
cp kh nng lu tr, khi phc thng tin trn
c s s dng mng vin thng.
Cc dch v trn nn mng th h sau: Cc dch v
c cung cp trn nn mng th h sau (NGN) l
mng c h tng thng tin duy nht da trn cng
ngh gi c th trin khai nhanh chng cc loi
hnh dch v khc nhau da trn s hi t gia
thoi v s liu, gia c nh v di ng.
N
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Tng quan v vin thng
112
Theo a im cung cp dch v
Dch v ti nh thu bao l dch v c cung cp n a
ch ng k ca tng ch thu bao trn c s cc thit b
u cui thu bao c lp t ti nh thu bao v c
u ni vi mng in thoi cng cng thng qua hp
ng cung cp v s dng dch v c k gia ch thu
bao vi n v cung cp dch v.
Dch v ti im cng cng l dch v c cung cp cho
ngi s dng dch v trn c s cc thit b u cui do
n v cung cp dch v lp t ti cc im cng cng.
Dch v ti im cng cng bao gm:
Dch v c ngi phc v
Dch v khng c ngi phc v
29
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Tng quan v vin thng
113
Theo phng thc khai thc dch v, dch v
trn mng in thoi cng cng bao gm dch v
quay s trc tip v dch v qua in thoi vin:
Dch v quay s trc tip l dch v m vic lin lc gia
cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi thit
b truy nhp mng dch v qua mng in thoi cng
cng c thc hin bng phng thc t ng quay
(bm) s trc tip.
Dch v qua in thoi vin l dch v m vic lin lc
gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi
thit b truy nhp mng dch v qua mng in thoi
cng cng c thc hin bng phng thc bn t
ng thng qua s tr gip ca in thoi vin hoc
thit b hng dn kt ni cuc gi.
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u
y
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Tng quan v vin thng
114
Theo phm vi cung cp dch v, bao gm dch v ni ht,
dch v ng di trong nc v dch v quc t:
Dch v ni ht l dch v m lin lc c thit lp thng qua mng
in thoi cng cng gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit b
u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v trong cng mt phm
vi (vng cc) ni ht;
Dch v ng di trong nc l dch v m lin lc c thit lp
thng qua mng in thoi cng cng gia cc thit b u cui
hoc gia thit b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v nm
cc phm vi (vng cc) ni ht khc nhau.
Dch v quc t l dch v m lin lc c thit lp thng qua
mng in thoi cng cng gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit
b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v, trong c t nht
mt thit b u cui hoc thit b truy nhp mng dch v c lp
t hoc ng k s dng nc ngoi.
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u
y
n
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Tng quan v vin thng
115
Theo phng thc thanh ton, dch v trn mng
in thoi cng cng bao gm dch v tr tin trc
v dch v tr tin sau:
Dch v tr tin trc l dch v m ngi s dng thanh
ton cc cho n v cung cp dch v trc khi s dng
dch v, di hnh thc mua th tr trc (prepaid
calling card) v cc dch v s c tr dn trn th
hoc tr vo ti khon tr trc cho n ht ph thuc
vo phm vi v thi gian lin lc.
Cc dch v tr tin trc in hnh hin c Vit Nam
l:
in thoi di ng dng th tr trc Vinacard, Mobicard,
in thoi dng th Cardphone
in thoi dng th 1719
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Tng quan v vin thng
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Dch v tr tin sau l dch v m ngi s dng
thanh ton cc cho n v cung cp dch v sau
khi s dng dch v trn c s thng bo hoc ho
n thanh ton cc ca n v cung cp dch v.
V d:
Thu bao in thoi c nh/di ng tr sau
Truyn hnh cp
30
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Tng quan v vin thng
117
Phn loi theo nh cung cp dch v
Dch v mang (Bearer service)
Dch v xa ton phn (Teleservice)

Mng vin thng
Bearer Service
TeleService
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Tng quan v vin thng
118
Cht lng dch v vin thng v cc
yu t nh hng n cht lng
dch v
Khi nim cht lng dch v
Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng
dch v
Cc tham s nh gi cht lng dch v
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u
y
n
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Tng quan v vin thng
119
Cht lng dch v (Quality of Service-QoS):
QoS c hiu mt cch n gin l kh nng
ca mng lm th no m bo v duy tr
cc mc thc hin nht nh cho mi ng dng
dch v theo nh yu cu m ngi s dng
ch ra
QoS l c tnh c th iu khin v hon ton
xc nh (well defined) i vi cc tham s c
kh nng nh lng
N
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u
y
n
T
h
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
120
Khuyn ngh E800 ca ITU-T QoS : Cht lng
dch v l kt qu tng hp ca cc ch tiu dch
v, th hin mc hi lng ca khch hng s
dng dch v .
QoS cho php khch hng c s dng dch v c
cht lng tt hn.
Khuyn ngh E800 ca ITU-T NP : Hiu nng
mng l nng lc ca mng (hoc mt phn ca
mng) cung cp cc chc nng lin quan ti
truyn thng tin gia nhng ngi s dng
31
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u
y
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Tng quan v vin thng
121
Mng A
1 N
Mng B
QoS
node 1
QoS
node N
QoS mng A QoS mng B
QoS end-to-end
u cui
gi
u cui
nhn

M hnh tham kho cho cht lng dch v end-to-end
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Tng quan v vin thng
122
Mi quan h gia cht lng dch v
v cht lng mng

Nng lc
truyn lan
Kh nng
truyn dn
Cht lng dch v(QoS)
Cht lng dch v
Kh nng
tnh cc

kh dng
Mc
tin cy
Kh nng
bo dng
H tr
bo dng
Kh nng h
tr dch v
Kh nng khai
thc dch v
Mc an
ton dch v
Kh nng truy
nhp dch v
Kh nng duy
tr dch v
Mc hon
ho dch v
Kh nng phc v

Lp k hoch
Cung cp
Qun l
Ti nguyn v
s thun tin
Kh nng x l
lu lng
Cht lng mng (NP)
tin cy
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Tng quan v vin thng
123
Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng dch v
vin thng
QoS ph thuc vo cht lng v h tr dch v, cht
lng v khai thc dch v, cht lng v thc hin
dch v v cht lng v an ton.
Nh ta thy, nhng tham s cht lng dch v l
nhng thng s tng i theo nh gi ca khch
hng. Song nh gi c bng con s c th,
chng ta cn xt cc tham s c th o c c.
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u
y
n
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Tng quan v vin thng
124
Theo quan im ca nh cung cp dch v, khi
nim hiu nng mng (NP) l mt chui tham s
mng c th c xc nh, o c v c
iu chnh c th t c mc hi lng
ca ngi s dng dch v.
Nh cung cp phi c nhim v t hp cc tham
s cht lng mng khc nhau thnh mt b ch
tiu c th va m bo cc nhu cu li ch
kinh t ca mnh ng thi phi tho mn mt
cch tt nht cho nhng yu cu ca ngi s
dng dch v.
32
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Tng quan v vin thng
125
Cc tham s hiu nng mng (NP) dng
nh gi cht lng dch v vin
thng
kh dng :Availability
Bng thng :Bandwidth
Ting vng :Echo
Tr: delay or latency
Bin ng tr, gm jitter v wander
Tn tht (mt) gi hay t l li bit :loss / BER
bo mt: Security
N
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n
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
126
M ho v nhn thc trn tt c cc
lung lu lng
Bo mt
99.99% Tnh sn sng (kh dng/tin cy)
1 trong 1000 gi cha chuyn giao Mt thng tin (nh hng ca
li)
10% ca tr ln nht, 5 ms bin ng Jitter (bin ng tr)
50 ms tr vng, 150 ms tr vng Tr (ln nht)
64 kb/s, 1.5 Mb/s, 45 Mb/s Bng thng (nh nht)
Cc gi tr v d Tham s hiu nng mng
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Tng quan v vin thng
127
L t l thi gian mng hot ng. Gii hn thng
thng cho mng thoi l 99,999% (nm con
chn) hoc l khong 5,25 pht khng hot ng
trong 1 nm. kh dng t c thng qua
s kt hp ca tin cy thit b vi kh nng
sng ca mng.
kh dng
A
B C
D
E
F
85%
90%
70%
70%
75%
75%
95%
N
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n
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Tng quan v vin thng
128
Bng thng
L tc truyn thng tin (tnh bng KB/giy,
MB/giy...)
Bng thng cung cp cng ln th cht lng dch
v cng c ci thin.
Ty theo loi dch v m yu cu bng thng s
khc nhau: n nh, ln
Dch v thoi
Dch v s liu
Dch v a phng tin.
33
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Tng quan v vin thng
129
Ting vng

Ngi s
dng A
Tx
Tx
Rx
Rx
Mng thoi
Ngi s
dng B
Ting
ca A
Ting
ca B
Ting vng
ca A
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Tng quan v vin thng
130
Tr
Tr l thi gian truyn trung bnh ca dch v t im vo
n im ra khi mng. C nhiu dch v - c bit l cc
dch v thi gian thc nh truyn thng thoi- b nh
hng rt ln bi tr qu ln v khng cn thit
Truyn thng tng tc s tr thnh kh khn khi tr vt
qu 100-150 ms v khi tr vt qu 200 ms, ngi s
dng s thy s ngt qung v nh gi cht lng thoi
mc thp.
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y
n
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Tng quan v vin thng
131
Thnh phn gy tr trong mng
Tr lan truyn
Tr x l
Tr hng i
Tr truyn lan
(P1)
Tr truyn lan
(P1)
Tr x l v hng
i (Q1)
Tr x l v hng
i (Q1)
Tr truyn lan
(P2)
Tr truyn lan
(P2)
Tr x l v hng
i (Q2)
Tr x l v hng
i (Q2)
Tr truyn lan
(P3)
Tr truyn lan
(P3)
Tr x l v hng
i (Q3)
Tr x l v hng
i (Q3)
Tr truyn lan
(P4)
Tr truyn lan
(P4)
Tr
ng/m gi
Tr m/ng
gi
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n
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Tng quan v vin thng
132
Bin ng tr
Bin ng tr (trong mng gi) l s khc
bit v tr ca cc gi khc nhau cng
trong mt dng lu lng
Bin ng tr c tn s cao c gi l
jitter trong khi bin ng tr c tn s thp
c gi l wander
34
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n
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
133
Tn tht gi
Tn tht, hoc l bit hoc l gi, c nh hng ti cc
dch v, c bit l dch v thi gian thc nh thoi hoc
dch v truyn hnh nh ng.
Trong khi truyn thoi, vic mt nhiu bit hoc gi ca
dng tin c th to ra hin tng nhy (pop) thoi gy
kh chu cho ngi s dng
Trong truyn d liu, vic mt mt bit hay nhiu gi c
th to gy hin tng khng u trn mn hnh nht
thi song hnh nh (video) s nhanh chng c x l
nh trc
Tuy nhin, nu vic mt gi xy ra theo dy chuyn, th
cht lng ca ton b vic truyn dn s xung cp
N
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y
n
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
134
bo mt
bo mt (security) lin quan ti tnh ring t,
s tin cy v xc nhn khch v ch.
Cc vn lin quan n bo mt thng c
gn vi mt vi hnh thc ca phng php mt
m (m ha v gii m) ca c pha mng v
thit b u cui pha ngi s dng.
C th thc hin mt phn bo mt qua firewall,
xc nhn ID v password, nhn thc
N
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n
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
135
Cc loi hnh dch v
Dch v thoi
Dch v s liu
Dch v a phng tin
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Tng quan v vin thng
136
Dch v thoi : dch v cung cp kh nng truyn a
thng tin di dng ting ni hoc ting ni cng hnh
nh (nh trng hp in thoi thy hnh videophone)
t mt thu bao ti mt hoc nhm thu bao.
Dch v thoi c bn nht l dch v in thoi c nh do mng
PSTN (mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng) cung cp. Dch
v ny cp cho khch hng ng truyn ti tn nh ring, kt
ni ti tng i in thoi c nh, cho php khch hng thc
hin c cuc gi thoi i ti cc khch hng khc.
Ngoi dch v in thoi truyn thng, cn c nhiu dch v thoi
khc nh dch v in thoi dng th (cardphone), in thoi di
ng tc thp (in thoi di ng ni vng - cityphone), in
thoi i ng, in thoi v tinh v hng hi v.v.
35
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Tng quan v vin thng
137
Dch v thoi
Mng in
thoi

Tng
i
BTS
BTS
Tng
i

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n
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
138
Dch v truyn s liu l dch v truyn ti hoc
cc ng dng truyn ti thng tin di dng
s liu trong mng vin thng. Dch v truyn s
liu thch hp vi cc kho thng tin d liu ln
nh ngn hng, th vin, thng k, iu khin
t xa thng qua thit b u cui...
Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit Nam, Cng
ty VDC c coi nh cung cp dch v truyn s
liu ln nht vi cc sn phm dch v nh:
truyn s liu X25, Frame relay... , truyn s liu
trn VPN
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
139
Dch v a phng tin:
Cung cp cho khch hng kh nng
truyn ti thng tin vi rng bng tn
ln ln ti vi chc Mbit trn giy
(Mbit/s)
Cung cp ng thi nhiu loi thng tin
khc nhau ti khch hng: m thanh,
hnh nh, d liu
N
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u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
140
Dch v a phng tin: V d v dch
v truyn hnh hi ngh
36
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Tng quan v vin thng
141
Q: Dch v no l a phng tin?
Ly v d thc t cc dch v trong mng
PSTN, GSM, ISDN, INTERNET
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
142
Xu hng pht trin dch v vin thng:
Bng rng
nh ng, a phng tin
Truyn hnh cht lng cao HDTV
s lng, kiu loi v cht lng dch v tng nhanh
v a dng
S tng trng v a dng ny cn ty thuc vo
nhu cu ca cc i tng khch hng khc nhau:
Dch v, t nhn, cng ty, nhm v cc t chc...
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Tng quan v vin thng
143
Cc loi dch v
9a phng tin tng tc
9Th in t a phng tin
9Cc dch v 700, 800, 900 a phng tin
9Gio dc tng tc t xa
9Dch v Internet c h tr a phng tin
9Cc tr chi in t tng tc
9in thoi a phng tin v thc ti o
9Ch bn, x l nh
9Trao i cc hnh nh ho c
phn gii cao
9Dch v video theo yu cu
9Dch v qung co, cho hng qua video
9Mua hng t xa
9Trao i cc hnh nh ho c
phn gii cao
9Cc dch v video tr tin theo ln xem 9Ch bn, x l nh
9Dch v qung b gio dc t xa 9T vn, chiu chp y khoa
9Dch v qung b TV/HDTV 9 T ng thit k
(CAD/CAM/CAE)
9Dch v phn b tn hiu video 9Dch v truyn hnh nh tc cao
Cc dch v phc v thng thng phc v
cc h thu bao
Cc dch v phc v kinh
doanh
N
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u
y
n
T
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h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
144

1 8 7 0
1 9 7 0
1 9 8 0
1 9 9 0
2 0 0 0

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- Y t t x a
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t c
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t i n
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- N h n t i n q u c t
- L m v i c t x a
- M u a h n g t i n h
- B o c h t i n h
- F a x m u
- n g d n g I S D N
-

- i n b o
- T e l e x
- F a x
- i n t h o i
- i n b o
- i n t h o i v t u y n
- T r u y n s l i u t r n
n g t h o i ( D a t e l )
- T e l e x
- F a x
- i n t h o i
- i n b o
- n g d n g I S D N
- H o t n g n g n h n g
t i n h
- i n t h o i t h
- C c d c h v t h a y t h
i n t h o i m i n p h
- B o c h u n g l a c h n
- B p h i u t x a
- P h n p h i c c c u c
g i t n g
- T r u n g t m d c h v
( C e n t r e x )
d i n r n g
- T h i n t
- V i d e o t e x t
- i n t h o i d i n g
- N h n t i n
- S k y p h o n e
- i n t h o i t h y h n h
- N h n t i n v t u y n
- F a x g i r
- i u k h i n t x a
- o l n g t x a
- D l i u n n g c p
- i n t h o i v tu y n
- D a t e l
- T e l e x
- F a x
- i n t h o i
- i n b o
- n g d n g B - I S D N
- H D T V
- T r u y n b n t i n v i d e o
- V i d e o t n g t c
- a p h n g t i n
- C h u y n i n g n n g
- i n t h o i b t i
- N h n d n g t i n g n i
- S i m c u i - i m c u i
- H s d c h v c n h n
- D i n g s
- C c d c h v t h n g t i n
v t i n h
- T h n g t i n c n h n
- M n g r i n g o
- N h n t i n q u c t
- L m v i c t x a
- M u a h n g t i n h
- B o c h t i n h
- F a x m u
- n g d n g I S D N
- H o t n g n g n h n g t i
n h
- i n t h o i t h
- C c d c h v t h a y t h
i n t h o i m i n p h
- B o c h u n g l a c h n
- B p h i u t x a
- P h n p h i c c c u c g i
t n g
( C e n t r e x )
- T r u n g t m d c h v d i n
r n g
- T h i n t
- V i d e o t e x t
- i n t h o i d i n g
- N h n t i n
- S k y p h o n e
- i n t h o i t h y h n h
- N h n t i n v t u y n
- F a x g i r
- i u k h i n t x a
- o l n g t x a
- D l i u n n g c p
- i n t h o i v tu y n
- D a t e l
- T e l e x
- F a x
- i n t h o i
- i n b o
37
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2
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9
Tng quan v vin thng
145
Ni dung hc phn
L thuyt (40 tit)
Bi tp (chia nhm)
Tm hiu v k thut vin thng, dch v/mng
cung cp dch v hin ti ca Vit Nam.
Kim tra: 2 tit (2 bi trc nghim)
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g
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n
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Tng quan v vin thng
146
Truyn dn (Transmission)
Chuyn mch (Switching)
nh a ch (Addressing)
Bo hiu (Signalling)
ng b (Synchronizing)
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y
n
T
h
T
h
u

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v
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2
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9
Tng quan v vin thng
147
Truyn dn
(K thut m ha, iu ch, gii iu ch)
Cc khi nim c bn:
rng bng tn (bandwidth-cn gi l bng thng)
Mi trng truyn dn
Vt mang (carrier)
iu ch v truyn dn bng tn gc
Hai dy, bn dy, lai ghp
n cng, bn song cng, song cng hon ton
Ti to
Khuch i
M ng truyn
Ghp knh
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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T
n
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2
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9
Tng quan v vin thng
148
rng bng tn (bandwidth-cn gi l bng
thng) l rng tn s c th s dng cho mt
kt ni.
i vi in thoi, cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T cho rng cc kt
ni c th x l tn s trong khong 300 n 3400 Hz, ngha l
rng bng l 3,1kHz. Thng thng, tai ngi c th nhn
bit m thanh c tn s trong khong 15 n (xp x) 15000Hz,
nhng cc php o ch ra rng khong tn s 300-3400Hz l
hon ton ting ni c nhn bit r rng, v chng ta
c th nhn ra c ting ni ca ngi ni.

15 300 3400 15000
f Hz
38
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2
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Tng quan v vin thng
149
Mi trng truyn dn
Ba mi trng quan trng nht hay c s dng
trong truyn dn l:
cp ng
cp quang
v tuyn.
V nguyn tc, tt c cc mi trng truyn dn
c s dng cho thng tin im-im, nhng ch
cng ngh v tuyn c th truyn thng vi cc
u cui di ng.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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n
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q
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v
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g
2
0
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9
Tng quan v vin thng
150
Vt mang (carrier)
V bn cht, vt mang l tng t, ngha l chng mang
mt vi loi sng no : sng nh sng hay sng in t.
Theo ngha vt l thun ty, nh sng cng l nhng sng
in t, nhng nh c c tnh c bit ca nh sng m
ta nhn nhn cp quang nh l vt mang tn hiu ca chnh
n. Ni cch khc, thng tin c truyn ti l s trong
hu ht cc trng hp, t nht l tn hiu t cc b m
ha thoi, video v my vi tnh. H thng GSM th hin s
kt hp ca thng tin s trn vt mang tng t (sng v
tuyn), cho n nay cc b m ha thoi c t
trong in thoi di ng (trong mng in thoi c nh,
cc b m ha thoi lun lun c t trong tng i ni
ht hay cc nt truy nhp).
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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q
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2
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9
Tng quan v vin thng
151
iu ch v truyn dn bng tn gc
Bng cch cho php thng tin cn truyn c
iu khin vt mang theo cch no , chng
hn bng cch bt v tt sng nh sng, thng
tin c th c nhn tng i hay thit b u
cui. Cch iu khin vt mang ny c gi l
iu ch.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
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q
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2
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9
Tng quan v vin thng
152
Truyn dn tng t trong mng truy nhp c mt u
im l: hai hng thoi cng truyn trn cng i dy
cp. K thut ny c gi l truyn dn 2 dy, n c u
im l gim gi thnh mng, nhng li yu cu s dng
cc b lai ghp ti giao din gia mng truy nhp v
mng trung k v trong my in thoi. i vi truyn
dn 4 dy, tn hiu thoi c truyn ring bit trn mi
hng. B lai ghp (im chuyn i gia phn 4 dy v 2
dy) c th gy ra cc vn lin quan n cht lng
nht nh (ting vng).
39
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g
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u

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2
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9
Tng quan v vin thng
153
2 si 2 si
4 si
B lai ghp
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n
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T
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u

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2
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Tng quan v vin thng
154
n cng, bn song cng v song cng hon ton
Ngun tin ch
n cng:
Tn hiu ch truyn dn theo mt chiu.
V d: v tuyn truyn thanh, truyn
hnh (TV) v dch v nhn tin.
Ngun/
ch
ch/
Ngun
Bn song cng:
Tn hiu truyn dn theo mt chiu k
tip nhau. V d: H thng v tuyn
(in m trong qun i v hng hi)
v mt s h thng truyn d liu.
Ngun +
ch
Ngun +
ch
Song cng ho n to n (song cng):
Tn hiu truyn dn theo hai chiu trong
cng thi im. V d: H thng thoi
v mt s h thng di ng hin i.
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n
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Tng quan v vin thng
155
Khuch i: Do hin tng suy hao, cn c thit b c bit
t gia cc nt khi khong cch truyn dn vt qu mt
gi tr nht nh (cn ph thuc c vo mi trng truyn dn).
Thit b c t ti nhng im c gi l cc b lp
trung gian. Cc b lp c th c s dng thun ty cho mc
ch khuch i (khi m sng mang tng t tr nn qu yu)
hoc kt hp khuch i v ti to, khi nhng tn hiu
bng tn gc s suy gim.

B khuch i
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Tng quan v vin thng
156

R
Ti to c ngha l nhng tn hiu thng tin b mo c c
v din dch, c to li v khuch i ti hnh dng ban u
trc khi chng c truyn i. Vic ti to gip loi b ton
b tp m v nhiu khc nh hng ln tn hiu. Vic ti to
khng p dng c i vi truyn dn tng t khi m nhiu
cng c khuch i cng tn hiu.
40
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9
Tng quan v vin thng
157
M ng truyn: ti to nhng tn hiu s th
cc b ti to phi nhn c thng tin nh thi
sao cho nhng tn hiu n c th c c ti cc
khong thi gian chnh xc. Bi vy m cc m
ng truyn c bit c s dng ngn cn
cc chui bt 0 (khng c tn hiu nh thi).
Ghp knh: Thc hin v duy tr cc ng truyn
dn trong mng vin thng l mt cng vic tn
km i vi cc nh khai thc mng. Chi ph c th
gim nu truyn nhiu cuc gi trn cng mt kt
ni vt l (chng hn nh cc i dy). K thut
nh th ny c s dng trong c mng tng t
v s cho h thng a knh c gi l ghp knh.
N
g
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Tng quan v vin thng
158
Truyn dn
Ghp knh
thi gian
Ghp knh
tn s
M ng Gii m
iu ch Gii iu ch
Ghp knh
bc sng
Gii ghp knh
bc sng
A/D A/D
Gii ghp
knh tn s
Gii ghp
knh thi gian
R
V tuyn
Cp ng
Cp quang
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Thng tin s
Thng tin tng
t
Thng tin tng
t
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Thng tin s
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n
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Tng quan v vin thng
159
Cc mi trng truyn dn
Cp ng, s dng 2 kiu chnh: cp i v cp ng trc.
Cp quang, s dng trong cp si quang.
Sng v tuyn, s dng trong cc h thng thng tin mt
t im-ti-im hoc cc h thng ph sng khu vc
(nh in thoi di dng) hoc cho thng tin ph sng khu
vc thng qua v tinh.

V
V cch ly
i si
Pair
Quad
Quad
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Tng quan v vin thng
160
Cc mi trng truyn dn
Cp ng trc
Cp quang
V tuyn

Li V Lp v bc s cp
41
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Tng quan v vin thng
161
THNG TIN QUANG THNG TIN QUANG
ng dng
Trin khai trong cc mng ng di
(lin tnh, quc t) ca PSTN, GSM,
Internet, NGN
Trin khai trong cc mng ni ht
Trin khai trong phn truy nhp (FTTx)
Cc loi cp si quang
u nhc im
Cu to, tnh cht v cc thng s si
quang
H thng thng tin quang
H thng v u im
My pht v my thu tn hiu quang
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Tng quan v vin thng
162
ng ng
d d ng ng
c c p p
quang quang
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Tng quan v vin thng
163
Thng tin in qua ng dy kim loi
Thng tin quang qua si quang
Dy kim loi
(m thanh)
(Tn hiu in)
(Tn hiu in)
(m thanh)
(m thanh Tn hiu in) (Tn hiu in m thanh )
Tn hiu in
Tn hiu quang
Tn hiu quang
Tn hiu in
Dy kim loi
Si
quang
N
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n
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Tng quan v vin thng
164
Thng tin quang l mt h thng truyn
tin qua si quang
Thng tin tn hiu in nh sng
======== si quang========
nh sng tn hiu in thng tin
42
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Tng quan v vin thng
165
u im ca thng tin quang
u th v
trng lng v
rng bng
u th v suy
hao v khong
lp
Khong lp ca h thng kim loi
Khong lp ca h thng quang
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

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2
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Tng quan v vin thng
166
Li V Lp v
bc s
cp
Cu to si quang
Si quang n mt
(Singlemode Optical Fiber)
N
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u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
167
Cu trc c s ca si quang
Li
(n
1
)
V (n
2
)
(n
2
) n
2
n
2
n
1
Phn b chit sut
Si quang
N
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n
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
168
Truyn nh sng qua si quang
Si quang S S i i quang quang
Lut Snell (khc x nh sng)
n
1
sin(
1
) = n
2
sin(
2
)
Hin tng khc x ton phn
43
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g
u
y
n
T
h
T
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u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
169
Cc loi si quang c bn v nh hng ca tn sc
ti tng loi.
Si quang S S i i quang quang
N
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u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
170
n knh v a knh
u im ca si quang l c bng thng
(bandwidth) ln nn thch hp vi nhng
h thng a knh.
Si quang c th truyn dn vi tc
hng Terabit/s (~10
12
bit/s)
n knh: 1 si (n mode) 1 bc sng
a knh: 1 si (n mode) - nhiu bc sng
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
171
H H TH TH NG THNG TIN QUANG NG THNG TIN QUANG
S n gin h thng quang

MUX

E/O

O/E

E/O O/E
DE-
MUX

Trm u cui Trm u cui
Trm lp
Telephone
Fax
Data
TV
Telephone
Fax
Data
TV
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
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Tng quan v vin thng
172
Thng tin v tuyn
Thng tin v tuyn
Cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
H thng truyn dn vi ba s
H thng thng tin di ng
H thng thng tin v tinh
44
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n
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H
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2
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Tng quan v vin thng
173
C C c c phng phng ph ph p p a a truy truy nh nh p p v v tuy tuy n n
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
(FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access).
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian
(TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access).
a truy nhp phn chia theo m
(CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access).
a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian
(SDMA: Space Division Access).
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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T
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Tng quan v vin thng
174
C C c c phng phng ph ph p p a a truy truy nh nh p p v v
tuy tuy n n
Cc h thng a truy nhp
N
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n
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T
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u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
175
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
tuy tuy n n
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
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u

H
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2
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Tng quan v vin thng
176
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian
tuy tuy n n
45
N
g
u
y
n
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h
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h
u

H
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g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
177
a truy nhp phn chia theo m
C C c c phng phng ph ph p p a a truy truy nh nh p p v v tuy tuy n n
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
178
TRUY TRUY N D N D N VI BA S N VI BA S
Mt s c im
Hin tng pha inh
- Pha inh phng
- Pha inh la chn tn s
Nhiu v phn b tn s chng nhiu
Phn tp
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
179
THNG TIN DI THNG TIN DI NG NG
Mng thng tin di ng
Mng in thoi t ong cm tay u tin
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
180
THNG TIN DI THNG TIN DI NG NG
MSC MSC
G G
M M
S S
C C
AuC
EIR
VLR
HLR
BSC BSC
B
T
S
B
T
S
B
T
S
B
T
S
B
T
S
B
T
S
ISDN
PSTN
PLMN
PDN
SSS SSS BSS BSS
OMC
OMC
Abis
Um
MS MS
Cu hnh h thng GSM
46
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
181
Kin trc mng GSM
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
182
THNG TIN V THNG TIN V TINH TINH
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
183
My thu My pht
6 GHz
4 GHz
6 GHz
4 GHz
Trm mt t 1 Trm mt t 2
Cu hnh c bn h thng thng tin v tinh
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
184
Cu hnh c bn h thng thng tin v tinh
47
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
185
Khi nim ghp knh
V sao cn phi ghp knh
Cc kiu ghp knh (phn loi)
Ghp knh theo tn s (FDM)
Ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM)
Ghp knh theo a ch hay ghp knh thng k (ADM)
Ghp knh theo m (CDM)
GV: Nguyn Th Thu Hng 2009
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
186
K thut ghp knh
Ghp knh l qu trnh kt hp nhiu tn
hiu truyn dn ng thi trn cng
mt ng truyn dn.

Demux/
Mux

Mux/
Demux
Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh 3
Knh 4
xxxx
Mi trng
truyn dn
dng chung
Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh 3
Knh 4
xxxx
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
187
K thut ghp knh
C nhiu phng php ghp knh song thng hay nhc
ti nht l ghp knh theo tn s v ghp knh
theo thi gian.

300 Hz 3400 Hz
Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh 3
3,1 kHz
f [kHz]
10 15 20
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
188
K thut ghp knh
Ghp knh theo thi gian.
A B C A B C A B C
Knh A
Knh B
Knh C
t
T/3
T
48
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
189
-ng thng tin tc
cao
TS0
TS0
TS0
TS0
TS0
TS0
TS0
TS0
P0
P1
P2
P3
K1
K2
K3
K4
TS
- - - - - -
B iu
khin
TS0
TS0
TS0
TS0
P
0
P
1
P
2
P
3
K4
K3
K2
K1
B iu
khin Thng tin ng
b
P
3
P
2
P
1
P
0
TS: Khe thi gian
Pi: Tn hiu Iu khin
Nguyn l ghp knh TDM
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
190
Ghp knh theo a ch (ADM)
-ng thng tin
tc cao
K1
K2
K3
K4
K4
K3
K2
K1
BUFFER
BUFFER
BUFFER
BUFFER
BUFFER
BUFFER
BUFFER
BUFFER
Phn mang thng tin
Phn nhn tiu
B iu
khin
B iu
khin
Gi d liu
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
191
CU TRC KHUNG V A KHUNG PCM-
30

F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10F11F12F13F14F15
T
MF
=125s 16= 2ms
a khung
16 khung
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
T
F
=125s
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
Cc khung chn
Si 1 A S S S S S
Cc khung l
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7b8
Khung F0
0 0 0 0 S A S S
Ch thch:
TS - khe thi gian
CH- knh thoi
TS
CH
Khung
a khung
16 khung
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
192
Chuyn mch
Khi nim: thit lp mt tuyn ni theo
yu cu t mt thit b ny ti mt thit b
khc th mng phi c thit b chuyn mch
la chn mt tuyn ni ph hp.
ITU- T nh ngha chuyn mch nh sau:
Chuyn mch l s thit lp ca mt kt
ni c th t mt li vo n mt li ra
mong mun trong mt tp hp cc li vo
v ra cho n khi no t c yu cu
truyn ti thng tin
49
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
193
Chuyn mch
Trong mng in thoi, cc h thng chuyn mch
ny c gi l cc tng i. Thu bao s nhn
c cuc ni theo yu cu nh vo cc thng tin
bo hiu truyn qua ng dy thu bao. Thng tin
bo hiu ny rt cn thit cho vic truyn cc thng
tin iu khin ca mt cuc gi hay truyn trn cc
mch kt ni cc tng i vi nhau.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
194
Chuyn mch- Phn loi : Trong thc t hin nay, c rt nhiu k
thut chuyn mch ang c p dng. Trong , ph bin nht
l k thut chuyn mch knh v k thut chuyn mch gi.
Cng ngh chuyn mch
Chuyn mch knh
Chuyn mch gi
Chuyn tip
khung
Chuyn mch
t bo
ATM DQDB
( di c nh)
( di thay i)
PSTN
CSPDN ISDN PSPDN
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
195
Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi.
Chuyn mch knh c nh ngha l k thut
chuyn mch m bo vic thit lp cc ng
truyn dn dnh ring cho vic truyn tin ca mt
qu trnh trao i thng tin gia hai hay nhiu thu
bao khc nhau.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
196
Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi.
Chuyn mch knh c ng dng cho vic lin lc
mt cch tc thi, qu trnh chuyn mch c a
ra mt cch khng c cm gic v s chm tr (thi
gian thc) v tr bin thin gia ni thu v ni
phn phi tin hay bt k phn no ca h thng
truyn tin. Chuyn mch knh tn hiu s l qu
trnh kt ni, trao i thng tin cc khe thi gian
gia mt s on ca tuyn truyn dn TDM s.
(c thm t ti liu Tng quan v vin thng)
50
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
197
Chuyn mch knh
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
198
Chuyn mch knh
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
199
Chuyn mch knh trong mng in thoi cng cng

Tng
i
Ni ti vng khc
Mng truyn dn

Chuyn mch
Tng
i
Tng
i
Tng
i
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
200
Chuyn mch knh tn hiu s
Chuyn mch knh tn hiu s l qu trnh
kt ni, trao i thng tin cc khe thi gian.
C hai c ch thc hin qu trnh chuyn
mch knh tn hiu s
Chuy Chuy n n m m ch ch knh knh
(circuit switching) (circuit switching)
Chuy Chuy n n m m ch ch th th i i
gian gian
(Time switching (Time switching) )
Chuy Chuy n n m m ch ch khng khng gian gian
(Space switching (Space switching) )
51
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
201
0
n
0
n
Selector 1
Selector 2
TS
count
Clock
R/W
R/W
R W Data
R W
Add
Local controller
HW vo
HW ra
Trung tm iu khin
TS 3
TS 7 0
7(3)
S-MEM
C-MEM
c vo tun t
S-MEM (Speech
Memory -b nh tn
hiu thoi): Nh tm
thi cc tn hiu PCM
cha trong mi khe
thi gian pha u vo
c ra iu khin
C-MEM (Control
Memory -b nh iu
khin): c chc nng
iu khin qu trnh
c thng tin lu
m ti S-Mem.
V d: vo TS3 ra TS7
C ch iu khin chuyn
mch thi gian (T)
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
202
Chuyn mch khng gian
CHUYN
MCH
KHNG
GIAN
(SSW)
CHUY CHUY N N
M M CH CH
KHNG KHNG
GIAN GIAN
(SSW) (SSW)
SSW
CTLM
SSW SSW
CTLM CTLM
A A
S S
E E
L L
TSC TSC
NG NG
V V O CAO O CAO
T T C C
NG NG
RA CAO RA CAO
T T C C
CLK CLK
CP CP
SSW SSW - - CTLM: CTLM: B B nh nh i i u u
khi khi n n chuy chuy n n m m ch ch khng khng gian gian
A SEL: A SEL: C C ng ng ch ch n n a a ch ch
TSC : TSC : B B m m khe khe th th i i gian gian
CLK : CLK : ng ng h h
CP : CP : B B x x l l trung trung tm tm
0
1
2
3
4
n
0 1 2 m
PCM
vo
P
C
M

r
a
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
203
Ghp trng CM thi gian v khng gian
IT#0
IT#1
IT#2
IT#3
S
TS3 TS10
TS10 TS11 TS7
TS11
Chuyn mch T Chuyn mch S
OT#0
OT#1
OT#2
OT#3
S
TS10
TS10 TS11
TS11 TS3
TS7
Chuyn mch S Chuyn mch T
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
204
Kt hp chuyn mch khng gian v thi
gian: Chuyn mch TST
52
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
205
Kt hp chuyn mch khng gian v thi
gian: Chuyn mch TST
IT#0
IT#1
IT#2
IT#3
OT#0
OT#1
OT#2
OT#3
S
Tng T1 Tng S Tng T2
TS3 TS10
TS10 TS11 TS7
TS11 TS3
TS7
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
206
Chuyn mch gi: Nguyn l ca chuyn mch gi l da trn kh nng ca
cc my tnh tc cao v cc quy tc tc ng vo bn tin cn truyn
sao cho c th chia ct cc cuc gi, cc bn tin hoc cc giao dch
(Transaction) thnh cc thnh phn nh gi l Gi tin.
Transaction / Message c di L
u Trng tin
CRC
Trng tin c di ti M bit
(M>=N)
Tiu Ti tin (Ti Nbit) CRC
To khung bt
u
To khung kt thc
Segment#1 Segment#2 .. Segment#n
Bn tin
Segment
Gi
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
207
Chuyn mch gi
Nguyn l chuyn mch gi
(Packet switching)
Cc cng ngh chuyn mch gi
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
208
Chuyn mch gi
C ch chuyn mch gi:
Ti trm pht, thng tin ca ngi dng c
chia thnh nhiu gi nh (c th c di khc
nhau), mi gi c gn mt nhn (tiu )
c th nh tuyn gi tin n ch. Mi gi tin c
th c nh tuyn c lp.
Khi gi tin n mt trm bt k trn ng
truyn dn, gi tin c trm lu tm v x l:
tch tiu , kim tra li
Ti trm ch: thc hin qu trnh kt hp cc
gi tin nhn c theo th t c quy nh
trong phn tiu ca mi gi tin thnh thng
tin ngi dng nh pha pht
53
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
209
Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi
Chuyn mch knh
Chuyn mch gi
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
210
nh a ch
ngha vic nh a ch
Xc nh c im xut pht v ch ca phin
truyn thng (i tng dch v).
H tr vic trin khai, bo hiu v qun l mng.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
211
nh a ch
Cc phng php nh a ch
nh s trong mng PSTN: Chun E.164 ca
ITU-T: M quc t (tin t)+M quc gia+M
mng/m dch v/m vng+M tng i+M
thu bao
nh a ch IP, tn vng, a ch email trong
mng Internet
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
212
nh gi
Nm c khi nim v v tr cc thnh
phn trong mng vin thng.
Truyn dn
Chuyn mch:
Khi nim v phn loi
So snh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi (c bn)
a ch trong mng vin thng
54
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
213
Ni dung hc phn
L thuyt (40 tit)
Bi tp (chia nhm)
Tm hiu v k thut vin thng, dch
v/mng cung cp dch v hin ti ca
Vit Nam.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
0
9
Tng quan v vin thng
214
Bi tp nhm: dnh cho lp vin thng
Tn bi tp: Tm hiu v vin thng v ng dng Vit Nam
Gii thiu chung v mng cung cp dch v: Tn, loi hnh dch v, s
khi chc nng v thit b (nu c). C bn cu hi ring cho tng sinh
vin.
C th phn tm hiu theo cu hi nhm
Chc nng
V tr trong mng
K thut thc hin
Ph lc v cc a ch tham kho trn Web, sch gio trnh
Mng cung cp dch v mi Vit Nam v trn th gii Nhm n
Mng VoIP Nhm 4
Internet Nhm 3
Dch v in thoi di ng Vinaphone/Mobiphone/Vinadaily (GSM) Nhm 2
Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (thoi c nh PSTN ca VNPT) Nhm 1
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

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2
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Tng quan v vin thng
215
Cu hi cho mi bi tp (1/2)
1. Mng ny l mng chuyn knh hay gi?
2. Hai thnh phn c bn ca mng vin
thng ny l g?
3. Mng ny cung cp nhng dch v c bn
g? Nu tnh cht c bn ca dch v.
4. V s /cu hnh mng cung cp dch v.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

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2
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Tng quan v vin thng
216
Cu hi cho mi bi tp (2/2)
5. Yu t cht lng no nh hng ti dch
v ny?
6. K hoch nh a ch, bo hiu ca
mng ny ra sao?
7. Thng s k thut lin quan ti mng v
dch v ny.
55
N
g
u
y
n
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h
T
h
u

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2
0
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Tng quan v vin thng
217
Bo hiu (Signalling)
N
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u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
218
Bo hiu
ngha ca vn bo hiu: Trong mng vin
thng bo hiu c coi l mt phng tin
chuyn thng tin v cc lnh t im ny n im
khc, cc thng tin v cc lnh ny c lin quan n
thit lp, iu khin kt ni (cho hi thoi, truyn d
liu ) hoc qun l mng.
Bo hiu thc hin 3 chc nng chnh:
Chc nng gim st: gim st ng thu bao, ng
trung k...
Chc nng tm chn: chc nng iu khin v chuyn
thng tin a ch
Chc nng khai thc v vn hnh mng: phc v cho vic
khai thc mng mt cch ti u nht.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
219
Bo hiu : Phn loi
Thng thng bo hiu c chia lm 2 loi ty
thuc vo phng thc x l tn hiu bo hiu v
ng dng ca n l
bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh
bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch gi.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
220
Bo hiu : Phn loi
Trong mng chuyn mch gi bo hiu c thc
hin thng qua cc giao thc bo hiu.
C th xem c hai loi bo hiu trong mng chuyn
mch gi hay chnh xc hn c hai loi nhm giao
thc bo hiu trng mng chuyn mch gi:
Cc giao thc bo hiu lp ng dng: thc hin cc chc
nng c bn ca mt cuc gi: thit lp, duy tr v gii
phng phin truyn thng.
Cc giao thc bo hiu lp li: thc hin chc nng iu
khin, qun l cc phn t trn mng.
56
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
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h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
221
Bo hiu :
Bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh
BO HIU (mng
chuyn knh)
BO HIU (mng
chuyn knh)
Bo hiu knh ring
(CAS)
Bo hiu knh
chung (CCS)
Bo hiu ng dy
thu bao
Bo hiu lin i
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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T
n
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q
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Tng quan v vin thng
222
Bo hiu lin i
H thng bo hiu s 7
Khi nim
u im
Cc phn t
M hnh tham chiu
Phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP
V d v bo hiu trong ISDN
Bo hiu knh chung s 7
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
223
Khi nim bo hiu lin i

Tng i Tng i
My in
thoi
My in
thoi
Bo hiu thu
bao
Bo hiu thu
bao
Bo hiu lin
i
Bo hiu lin i c phn chia thnh bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS) v bo hiu

knh chung (CCS). i h thng bo hiu knh kt hp, cc tn hiu c thu v
pht trn cng mt ng vi tn hiu ting ni. Trong khi , bo hiu knh chung
tn hiu bo hiu c thu v pht qua mt ng dnh ring cho bo hiu khc
vi knh ting ni.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
224
H thng bo hiu s 7
H thng bo hiu s 7 l h thng bo hiu
knh chung, c nhim v truyn thng tin bo
hiu gia cc tng i vi nhau thit lp,
kt ni, qun l v gim st cc phin truyn
thng (cuc gi thoi, truyn s liu, hnh nh
).
57
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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2
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Tng quan v vin thng
225
u im SS7
Cu trc modun vi kin trc lp cho php nhanh chng
a vo cc dch v mi.
Nhanh: Trong hu ht cc trng hp, thi gian thit
lp cuc gi t hn 1 giy.
Dung lng cao: Mt knh bo hiu c th x l tn hiu
bo hiu cho hng nghn cuc gi cng lc.
Kinh t: t i hi thit b bo hiu hn so vi cc h
thng khc.
Tin cy: Mng SS7 c tin cy rt cao nh s dng
cc tuyn v nt bo hiu d phng. C kh nng t
ng iu chnh cu hnh mng c lp vi mng thoi.
Linh hot: H thng c th cha nhiu tn hiu, c th
s dng cho nhiu mc ch ch khng ch dnh cho
dch v thoi.
N
g
u
y
n
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h
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
226
Cc phn t trong SS7
SP (signaling point): im/nt bo hiu (trong mng
PSTN, SP thng l cc tng i t cp host tr ln).
STP: im chuyn giao bo hiu, l mt nt trong CCS7
chuyn tip cc bn tin bo hiu t lin kt ny n lin
kt khc.
SL (signaling link): Gia cc im bo hiu c lin kt
vi nhau bng lin kt bo hiu. y l mt knh truyn
dn s, trn cc bit ch m ho thng tin tn hiu. Cc
lin kt bo hiu c thit k vi tin cy rt cao
ngha l kh nng nghn mch trong trao i thng tin
bo hiu him khi xy ra.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
227
Cc phn t trong SS7
N
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n
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Tng quan v vin thng
228
Cc phn t trong SS7
58
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y
n
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u

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Tng quan v vin thng
229
M hnh tham chiu ca SS7
N
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u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

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Tng quan v vin thng
230
Phn chuyn giao bn tin
MTP
MTP (Message Transfer Part): Phn chuyn giao
tin bo (hay cn gi l phn chuyn giao bn tin
bo hiu trong CCS7)
Bao gm cc chc nng chung i vi tt c cc
bn tin, nhng chc nng ny cung cp kh
nng chuyn cc bn tin mt cch tin cy v
trong sut gia cc i tng s dng ca
mng bo hiu v ni dung mi bn tin bo hiu
l hon ton c lp vi nhau.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
231
MTP
Nh MTP, cc bn tin bo hiu s c
chuyn giao:
ng: Tt c cc bn tin mo phi c sa
li trc khi chng c chuyn giao ti phn
ca ngi s dng bn thu/nhn bn tin.
c sa li lin tip.
Khng b tn tht hoc lp li.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
232
MTP
MTP gm 3 lp l MTP1, MTP2 v MTP3
MTP1 nh ngha cc phng tin vt l dng
chuyn thng tin t im ny ti im khc, n
l giao din vi ti thng tin.
knh d liu
cc thit b u cui truy nhp ti h thng chuyn mch
MTP2 thc hin cc chc nng ng bo hiu, bao
gm
iu khin thu (ti lp 3)
iu khin pht (t lp 3)
iu khin trng thi knh
Pht hin li, phn tch bn tin, kt ni (gia cc phn thu,
pht n lp 1)
59
N
g
u
y
n
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h
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u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
233
MTP
MTP2: Bn tin lp 2 tng t bn tin lp 2 ca
h thng truyn d liu.
C 3 loi SU c s dng vi 3 mc ch khc
nhau:
MSU: l mt n v tn hiu c cha bn tin bo
hiu n>2
LSSU: l mt n v tn hiu khng cha bn tin
bo hiu m cha thng tin v trng thi ca
lin kt bo hiu (SIO+SIF=SF =8 hoc 16bit)
FISU: l mt n v tn hiu lp y khong ri
khi trn lin kt bo hiu khng truyn bn tin
bo hiu hay trng thi lin kt bo hiu. SIO +
SIF = 0
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
234
Phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
235
MTP
MTP3: Cha cc chc nng mng bo hiu SNF gm
iu khin bn tin bo hiu v iu hnh mng bo
hiu.
iu khin bn tin bo hiu:
nh tuyn bn tin
Phn bit bn tin
Phn b bn tin
iu hnh mng bo hiu: Mc ch ca phn ny trong
chc nng mng bo hiu l thc hin cc hnh ng
cn thit duy tr dng bo hiu trong trng hp h
thng c sai hng.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
236
H thng bo hiu s 7
SCCP: L phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu
a thm vo thch ng vi UD theo c hai
kiu: hng kt ni v phi kt ni.
UP(User part) : cc phn ca ngi s dng.
Phn ny to ra v phn tch cc thng tin bo
hiu. Chng s dng MTP nh l chc nng
truyn ti mang thng tin bo hiu ti cc
phn s dng khc cng loi.
TUP: Phn ngi s dng in thoi
DUP: Phn ngi s dng s liu
MTUP: Phn ngi s dng in thoi di ng.
ISUP: Phn ngi s dng mng ISDN
60
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
237
Bo hiu (Signalling)
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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g
T
n
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Tng quan v vin thng
238
ng b
Khi nim v ngha
ng b c nh hng ln n n nh v
cht lng dch v ca mng thng tin. Vic
mt ng b hay km ng b gy nn rung
pha, tri pha, trt... lm suy gim cht lng
dch v.
cc thit b trong cng mng li hot
ng ng b vi nhau v cng theo mt thi
gian chun, i hi tn hiu ng b phi c
tin cy cao v phng php thc hin
ng b ti u.
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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g
T
n
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Tng quan v vin thng
239
ng b
Cc phng php ng b mng
Phng php cn ng b
Phng php ng b ch t
Phng php ng b tng h
Phng php ng b kt hp
Phng php ng b ngoi
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
240
Phng php cn ng
b
M
G
M
G
Phng php cn ng b
M: ng h ch
(Master Clock)
G: Chuyn mch
quc t (Gateway)
61
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
241
Phng php ng b ch t
Tn hiu ng
b
ng h ch
ng h t
Phng php ng b ch - t
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
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q
u
a
n
v
v
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2
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Tng quan v vin thng
242
Phng php ng b tng
h
PRC
Nt
mng
ng b tng h c ngun ch
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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Tng quan v vin thng
243
Phng php ng b kt
hp
PRC
Vng 1
Cp 1
Cp 2
Cp 3
PRC
Vng 2
Cp 1
Cp 2
ng b kt hp
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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2
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Tng quan v vin thng
244
Phng php
ng b ngoi:
thc cht phng
php ng b
ngoi l s dng
mt s ngun thi
gian v tn s c
sn nh GPS (H
thng nh v ton
cu) hoc tham
chiu theo ng
h ch ca mt
quc gia khc (gi
l ng h ch
gi)...
Cp 1
Cp 2
Cp 3
ng h
ch
ng b tng h c mt tham
chiu ch v phn cp
62
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
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n
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2
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Tng quan v vin thng
245
ng b
Mng ni ht Phc tp
Ph hp vi
cu hnh
mng li
Phc tp
Tin cy,
Gi
thnh
thp
ng b
tng h
-Mng quc
gia
-Mng ni ht
phc tp
trung
bnh
Ph hp vi
cu hnh
mng hnh
sao
Gi
thn
h
trung
bnh
Tin cy
ng b
ch t
Mng quc t t phc tp n gin
Gi
thn
h cao
n nh
tn s
cao
Cn ng
b
Phm vi
ng dng
phc tp Cu hnh
Nhc
im
u im
Phng
php
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
g
q
u
a
n
v
v
i
n
t
h
n
g
2
0
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Tng quan v vin thng
246
Ni dung n tp
Ni dung:
Bi ging trn lp
Bi tp nhm
Bi kim tra iu kin
Tnh im: 60% tng
im mn hc
Thi TNcui
k
60%
Chuyn
cn/ T cch
10%
KT trc
nghi m
20%
Bi tp
10%
N
g
u
y
n
T
h
T
h
u

H
n
g
T
n
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q
u
a
n
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2
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Tng quan v vin thng
247
Ni dung n tp
Chun ha
Cc thnh phn mng
Khi nim dch v vin thng v thc t (bi
tp nhm)
Chuyn mch, truyn dn, bo hiu v ng b
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING MN
Tng quan v vin thng
Ging vin: Ths. Nguyn Th Thu Hng
in thoi/E-mail: 04 33515484
hangntt@ptit.edu.vn, bomonmangvt1@yahoo.com
B mn: Mng vin thng - KhoaVin thng 1
Hc k/Nm bin son: I/ 2009-2010

2009 Slide TQVVT d07vt2 3 Co Hang BMM Kvt1 Passptit

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Bo hiu lin i c phn chia thnh bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS) v bo hiu

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