Professional Documents
Culture Documents
coli, hay con gi l Escherichia coli, l mt loi vi khun ph bin v thng v hi, nhng mt s dng vi khun nht nh c th gy co tht bng, st v a chy, suy gim chc nng thn, m lo, lit v thm ch c th dn n t vong. Loi vi khun ny phn ln c tm thy trong cc loi tht ti, cc loi u tng hay loi rau c l nh rau chn vt. Triu chng bnh s xut hin trong 3 n 4 ngy sau khi ngi bnh dng thc n c cha vi khun ny. Loi vi khun ny cng c th ly nhim t ngi sang ngi nu h khng ra tay sch s sau khi i v sinh
Nhm bnh do E.Coli gy tiu chy xut huyt ng rut (EHEC) c bit t nm 1982 khi c cc v dch vim rut xut huyt xy ra M do mt tp huyt thanh O157:H7 gy ra m trc y cha h c xc nh l cn nguyn gy bnh ng tiu ha. Mt s chngE.Coli trong nhm EHEC, trong c E.Coli O157:H7 c kh nng tit ra c t Shiga c xp vo nhm cc vi khun E.Coli sn xut c t Shiga (STEC). Bnh tiu chy do EHEC gy ra c th din bin t th nh, phn khng c mu hoc t mu n th nng phn ton mu nhng khng cha bch cu. Nguy him hn khi nhim chng STEC c th gy ra hi chng tan mu suy thn cp (Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrom: HUS) v cc ban do thiu tiu cu, y l cn nguyn chnh gy t vong. Bnh cnh ca hi chng tan mu suy thn cp c ghi nhn c ngi ln v tr em vi biu hin thiu mu tan huyt, gim tiu cu v suy thn cp tnh tng ur huyt, c th km theo cc ri lon thn kinh hoc st. Chng E.Coli O157:H7 l cn nguyn ch yugy ra hi chng tan mu suy thn cp trn ton th gii. Khong 15% tr em v mt t l thp hn ngi ln nhim E.Coli O157:H7 tin trin ti hi chng ny, trong 50% s bnh nhn phi chy thn v 5% t vong.
Gi trng mt trang tri thuc min Bc nc c b nhim khun E.coli chng mi.
E.Coli c ng u, ly truyn th no? Gia sc l cha vi khun quan trng nht, c bit l loi n c nhai li nh tru, b, d, cu. Vi khun c ng trong ng rut ca nhng loi vt ny v c o thi ra mi trng qua phn ca chng. Ngi cng c th coi l cha vi khun do ng vai tr trong vic ly truyn ngi - ngi.
E.Coli gy bnh cho ngi qua ng tiu ha: n phi thc phm b nhim tc nhn gy bnh nh tht tru, b, d, cu, sa b cha tit khun; rau, qu... (do nhim phn ca gia sc, ngi mang mm bnh) hoc do tip xc trc tip vi sc vt v mi trng nui sc vt b nhim bnh. Vi khun ny cng ly truyn trc tip t ngi sang ngi qua ng phn ming ch yu qua bn tay, vt nhim bn vi phn ca ngi bnh. E.Coli cn ly truyn qua ng nc: do tip xc hoc s dng ngun nc n ung, sinh hot, nc cc b bi, khu vui chi gii tr, sng, h b nhim tc nhn gy bnh. Thi gian bnh t 2-10 ngy, trung bnh 3-4 ngy. Ngi ln b bnh o thi vi khun trong phn khong 1 tun. Tr em c th o thi mm bnh qua phn n 3 tun. Nhn bit bnh do E.Coli Triu chng lm sng ca bnh bao gm au qun bng v tiu chy cp, phn c th c mu t mc t n nhiu, km theo c th c st hoc nn. Bnh ko di trong khong 10 ngy. Mt s trng hp tin trin nng gy hi chng tan mu suy thn cp tng ur huyt, y l nguyn nhn chnh gy t vong (hay gp tr nh v ngi gi). Ch cn mt lng nh vi khun c kh nng gy bnh. Bnh c th xy ra mi la tui, trong tr di 5 tui c t l mc cao nht v d tin trin ti hi chng tan huyt suy thn cp (HUS). Ngi gi cng c nguy c bin chng cao.
Cc bin php phng nga bnh do E.Coli Hin ti cha c vaccin c hiu phng bnh tiu chy cp do E.Coli nhm EHEC. Vic phng bnh ch yu l cc bin php khng c hiu p dng chung cho cc bnh ly theo ng tiu ha. phng bnh c hiu qu, mi ngi, mi nh cn thc hin tt cc bin php sau:
V sinh c nhn: Mi ngi cn thc hin tt v sinh c nhn hng ngy, c bit thng xuyn ra tay bng x phng vi nc sch trc khi n, trc khi ch bin thc n v sau khi i v sinh hoc sau khi tip xc vi ngun bnh. Thc hin v sinh an ton thc phm: Thc hin n chn, ung chn, khng n cc thc n nghi ng l ngun ly nhim theo khuyn co ca c quan y t; ra tht sch rau, hoa qu, thc phm trc khi ch bin, s dng. Hn ch tp trung n ung ng ngi trong vng ang c dch. S dng nc sch trong n ung, sinh hot: m bo s dng nc sch, tt nht l nc c kh khun bng clo theo ng quy nh cho n ung, sinh hot hng ngy V sinh mi trng sng: m bo tt v sinh mi trng sng hng ngy: v sinh mi trng xung quanh nh , v sinh nh tiu, thu gom rc, dit rui nhng. Tuyt i khng phng u ba bi v khng s dng phn ti di mi hnh thc. Khai bo khi nghi ng mc bnh: Nhng ngi nghi ng b mc bnh cn n ngay cc c s y t c khm, t vn v iu tr trnh ly lan ra nhng ngi xung quanh v gy dch.
Gim nguy c ng c thc n do vi khun E.Coli, nhng li khuyn v an ton khi n ung. Nguyn nhn ca nhng ca ng c thc n l do ct gi thc n nhit khng ng vi yu cu v do khng nu chn thc n. V vy khng ch lm nhim vi khun E.Coli m cn dn n lan truyn vi khun khc nh Salmonella. Nhng thc phm d b nhim khun bao gm tht gia cm, gia sc, hi sn, sa cha qua thanh khun..., go. gim nguy c b ng c thc n, bn nn tun th nhng hng dn sau: - Lun ra tay trc khi chm vo thc n. Khng x mi cnh ni c thc n. - Khng th vt nui vo khu vc nh bp v bn n khi ang n. - Tr thc phm cn thn, nht l trong nhng thng h. Vi khun nhn ln rt nhanh nu thc phm b nhim qu 30 pht trong iu kin nhit m. Lun gi nhit trong t lnh t 0-5oC - Lun kim tra hn s dng ca thc n. Nu qa hn s dng, vt b thc phm i. Nu thc phm c mi hoc khng c cm quan tt, cng cn loi b. TS. Nguyn Vn Trang (Vin V sinh dch t Trung ng)
Khng lu sau khi cho i, cc loi vi khun bt u xut hin trong h tiu ha ca tr em, ri dn dn pht trin thnh mt h vi khun hon chnh gi l vi khun ch ng rut. H vi khun ny gm c hai nhm chnh: nhm chim phn ln l cc vi khun ym kh (sng
trong mi trng t dng kh); nhm kia l cc vi khun i kh (pht trin trong mi trng c dng kh). E. coli l vi khun chim n 80% trong nhm vi khun i kh ny. E. coli cng cc vi khun khc trong h vi khun ch ng rut gp phn vo nhiu chc nng quan trng trong s sng ca con ngi. Nhng chc nng bao gm: -
Ngn chn s tn cng ca cc vi khun xm nhp vo h tiu ha Kch thch h min dch ca c th Sn xut cc cht c li cho c th, v d vitamin K, biotin, folate Gip chuyn ha cc cht ng .
Nh vy, ni chung E. coli l loi vi khun khng c hi, chng sng thng tr trong h tiu ha con ngi, gp phn gip ch cho con ngi. Tuy vy, mt khi v l do g chng b lc vo ch khc ngoi h tiu ha th chng c th gy bnh. V d E. coli gy bnh nhim trng tiu, bnh vim mng no Ngoi ra, c mt t loi E. coli c th gy bnh do chng tip nhn cc kh nng gy bnh t nhng vi khun khc. l cc loi E. coli gy bnh ng rut, trong nhm cc k nguy him l nhm E. coli gy tiu chy ra mu (vim i trng xut huyt), vit tt theo ting Anh l EHEC (enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli). Cc chng EHEC c th gy bnh tiu ra mu dn n tn huyt (v hng cu) v suy thn cht ngi, nh v dch ang xy ra ti Chu u t thng 5 nm 2011 va qua. Vi khun E.coli gy bnh tiu chy ra mu nguy him nht l chng no? C nhiu chng E. coli gy ra bnh tiu chy ra mu dn n tn huyt v suy thn. Ni ting nht l chng E. coli O157:H7 v 2 c im: gy dch lm cho nhiu ngi mc bnh trong mt khong thi gian ngn, v c th lm cht ngi v tn huyt v suy thn.
E. coli O157:H7 l g?
E.coli c rt nhiu chng khc nhau. phn bit, chng c t tn theo hai ch ci O, H v s th t km theo, tng t nh cch chng ta gi vi-rt cm (H5N1, H1N1). Chng E. coli O157:H7 c ghi nhn gy ra v dch u tin vo nm 1982 Hoa K, c 47 ngi b tiu chy ra mu. Trong v dch ny, E. coli O157:H7 c tm thy mn bnh m hamburger trong mt chui ca hng thc n nhanh. K t E. coli O157:H7 tr thnh mm bnh quan trng nht trong nhm cc bnh ly lan qua thc phm ti Hoa K cng nh cc nc pht trin Chu u v Nht Bn.
E. coli O157:H7 ly lan bng cch no?
Tru, b l cha v l ngun ly quan trng nht ca chng E. coli O157:H7. Chng sinh sng bnh thng trong rut gi tru, b nhng khng gy bnh, ch lm tiu chy nh b (ngh). Vi khun theo phn tru b ra ngoi mi trng. un nng n 70C l git cht E. coli, nhng chng c th tn ti trong t n hn 2 thng x lnh. E. coli O157:H7 ly lan qua ng tiu ha do ngi n thc phm tht gia sc khng c nu chn, sa ti khng tit trng, rau qu khng ra sch, hoc ung nc b nhim bn. Ngoi ra bnh cng c th ly lan trc tip ngi qua ngi nu tay ngi khng c ra sch s. V dch E.coli ti Chu u va qua l do chng E.coli no gy ra? V dch i tiu chy ra mu dn n suy thn cp gy cht ngi ang xy ra ti c v lan sang khp Chu u t thng 5/2011 tip din n thng 6/2011 l do chng E. coli O104:H4 gy ra. V mt di truyn, chng ny ging vi chng E. coli O157:H7 hn 80% nhng kh nng gy ra bin chng tn huyt v suy thn cao hn chng E. coli O157:H7. l l do gii thch v sao v dch hin nay tai Chu u l ln nht t trc n gi.
Tiu chy dng thng thng do E. coli khng ng ngi v ta c th cha c khi bng cch cho ung dung dch b nc v in gii ORESOL (nc bin kh) ging nh vi cc loi tiu chy do cc nguyn nhn khc. c bit cnh gic l cc trng hp tiu chy ra mu km theo suy thn. Da trn cc biu hin bnh thng thng, ta khng th nhn bit bnh do E. coli gy ra c m phi cn n xt nghim vi sinh. Bnh ny hin nay cha thy bo co hin hu ti Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, trong thi bui phi c phn lc hin nay, vic i t chu lc ny sang chu lc khc rt d dng nhanh chng th kh nng bnh lan n Vit Nam khng phi l khng th. Gp trng hp bnh tiu chy ra mu c suy thn th cn phi ngh n bnh do EHEC gy ra. Bnh nhn cn c nhp vin iu tr, v bnh vin c xt nghim xc nh chn on, c phng tin lc mu tr suy thn, v x l tt cht thi t bnh nhn, trnh ly lan cho cng ng. V vy, nu c du hiu tiu chy ra mu, chng ta nn n khm bnh ti cc c s y t c chn on v x tr ph hp.
Bnh c th c phng nga nh th no? n ung hp v sinh v ra tay thng xuyn vi x phng l bin php tt nht phng nga cc bnh tiu chy ni chung v cc bnh do E. coli gy ra ni ring. Thc n cn phi c nu cho chn c bn ngoi ln bn trong, rau qu n sng phi c ra sch vi nc sch v ch ung sa c tit trng. Thc hnh ra tay vi x phng trc khi sa son thc n, trc khi n, sau khi i v sinh v sau khi lm v sinh cho cc em b. y l cch n gin, r tin, d thc hin v c hiu qu thc t to ln phng trnh cc bnh tiu chy bao gm bnh do E. coli gy ra, v cc bnh truyn nhim nguy him khc nh: bnh tay-chn-ming, bnh cm... Tm li, vi khun E.coli va ng gp nhng chc nng quan trng trong h tiu ha ca con ngi va c th gy hi. Vic phng bnh quan trng l v sinh c nhn bng cch ra tay sch v m bo v sinh an ton thc phm ging nh trong cc bnh truyn nhim khc. V khi pht hin c du hiu tiu chy ra mu, chng ta nn i khm bnh c chn on v iu tr ng.
Gio s Bill Kevil, Trng nhm Vi sinh ng thi l Gim c c quan Sc khe mi trng (Environmental Healthcare Unit) thuc H Southampton cho bit: Mc d khng c nghin cu v quan st mt cch c bit trn chng O104, nhng nghin cu nh hng ca kim loi ng (Cu) i vi cc dng vi khun E. coli mi cho thy, tt c cc chng E. coli s dng trong nghin cu u b tiu dit nhanh chng. Nghin cu ch r, trn b mt ng kh, 10.000.000 (1.0x107) vi khun E. coli b tiu dit trong vng 10 pht. Trn b mt ng m t, qu trnh ny din ra trong tng thi gian khong 45 pht. Kh nng khng khun vn l mt trong nhng c tnh ca kim loi, v tnh cht ny cng tm thy trong cc hp kim ng nh ng thau v ng . Sau pht sinh t dch bnh ny, ra tay v chun b thc phm cn thn l mi quan tm hng u trnh ly nhim. Bt k thc phm ti sng no c t trn mt b mt hot ng u c th lm nhim nhng thc phm khc, hoc vi khun s b nhim t nhng vt c mt trc . Nu c s dng nh mt b mt cm ng trong lnh vc ch bin thc phm, kim loi ng s tiu dit bt k tc nhn gy bnh no nhim trn , lm gim nguy c nhim trn thc phm, v gip ngn nga s nhim khun trn din rng. www.sciencedaily.com
E coli gy bnh l rut (Entero-pathogenic E coli: EPEC) bm trc tip protein c chc nng th th ca chnh n vo trong t bo vt ch. Mt khi trong mng t bo vt ch, cc th th ny s gn vi cc yu t bm dnh khng phi fimbriae trn b mt t bo vi khun to thun li cho qu trnh bm dnh.
C ch c lc ca vi khun
Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia
Bc ti: menu, tm kim Cc bnh l nhim trng l nguyn nhn gy t vong hng u trn th gii. Khng ch c nhng bnh nhim trng mi pht sinh m nhng bnh nhim trng c gy cht ngi bit t lu cng ti xut hin. Hn na t l vi khun gy bnh khng khng sinh ngy cng tng cao l nguy c ln cho sc khe cng ng. Nhng bng chng gn y cho thy cc tc nhn gy bnh mc d rt khc nhau u s dng nhng phng thc chung pht ng qu trnh nhim trng v gy bnh. Nhng c ch ny to nn c lc (virulence) ca vi khun. Tm hiu cc c ch m vi khun s dng xm nhp v gy bnh c ngha quan trng trong cuc chin chng li cc tc nhn b nh ny. Vy cc tc nhn gy bnh t hon ny , ang v s s dng nhng loi v kh no to nn c lc ca chng? Sau y l nhng bn lun v cc chin lc gy bnh chung ca cc vi khun m y hc hiu phn no.
Mc lc
[n]
1 Cc yu t bm dnh 2 Kh nng xm nhp 3 V vi khun 4 Vch t bo vi khun 5 Cc c t 6 Kh nng k sinh ni bo 7 khng khng sinh 8 Trin vng nghin cu v iu tr 9 Ti liu tham kho
[sa] Cc yu t bm dnh
Bc quan trng u tin trong qu trnh tng tc gia tc nhn gy bnh v vt ch l s bm dnh (adherence) ca chng vo cc b mt ca vt ch. Cc b mt ny bao gm da, nim mc (khoang ming, mi hu, ng tit niu) v cc t chc su hn (t chc lympho, biu m d dy rut, b mt ph nang, t chc ni m). C th to ra nhiu lc c hc khc nhau nhm loi b cc vi sinh vt khi cc b mt ny nh bi tit nc bt, ho, ht hi, dch tit nim mc, nc tiu, nhu ng rut v dng mu chy. Mt c im chung ca cc tc nhn gy bnh l kh nng biu hin cc yu t gip chng bm vo cc phn t trn nhiu loi t bo khc nhau ca vt ch v gip chng chng chu c cc lc c hc ny. Mt khi bm dnh vo b mt t bo vt ch, tc nhn gy bnh c kh nng khi ng cc qu trnh ha sinh c hiu gy bnh nh tng sinh, bi tit c t, xm nhp v hot ha cc chui tn hiu ca t bo vt ch. Cc yu t bm dnh ca vi sinh vt c gi l cc adhesin. Chng c th c bn cht polypeptide hoc polysaccharide. Cc adhesin c bn cht polypeptide c chia thnh hai nhm: nhm c fimbriae v nhm khng c fimbriae. Cc fimbriae, hay cn gi l cc pili, l nhng cu trc ph ca vi sinh vt c dng nh si lng trn b mt vi khun. Cc fimbriae c cu to bi nhiu protein xp
cht vi nhau to nn hnh dng ging nh tr xon c. Thng th ch c mt loi protein l cu trc chnh ca mt phn nhm fimbriae tuy nhin cc protein ph tr khc cng c th tham gia vo cu trc ca nh hoc gc fimbriae. nh ca cc fimbriae c chc nng gn vi t bo vt ch. Cc vi khun Gram m thng bm dnh nh cc fimbriae ny nh E coli (gy vim d dy rut v nhim khun tit niu), V cholera, P aeruginosa v cc loi Neisseria. Thut ng yu t bm dnh khng phi fimbriae (afimbrial adherin) dng ch cc protein c chc nng bm dnh nhng khng to thnh cu trc di, a phn nh fimbriae. Cc yu t bm dnh khng phi fimbriae thng iu khin qu trnh tip xc mt thit vi t bo vt ch tuy nhin qu trnh ny ch xy ra mt nhm nh cc loi t bo nht nh nu so vi kh nng gn c vi rt nhiu loi t bo khc nhau ca fimbriae. Cc vi khun Gram m (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, E coli gy bnh l rut, cc Neisseria), cc vi khun Gram dng (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus) v cc Mycobacteria l nhng tc nhn gy bnh c yu t bm dnh khng phi fimbriae. Cc yu t bm dnh bn cht polysaccharide thng l thnh phn cu to ca mng t bo, vch t bo v v vi khun. Teichoic acid trong vch ca vi khun c tc dng nh l cc yu t bm dnh ca Staphylococcus v ca Streptococcus. Cc polysaccharide (glucan v mannan) trong lp v ca Mycobacteria cng c cc th th ca vt ch nhn din (receptor b th 3 v mannose receptor) nh lm tng tnh bm dnh ca cc tc nhn ny. Mc d cc tng tc receptor-ligand nhm tng cng kh nng bm dnh c th chia thnh hai nhm chnh: tng tc protein-protein v protein-carbonhydrate, mt iu quan trng cn nh l cc vi sinh vt thng s dng rt nhiu th th khc nhau ca t bo vt ch. E coli gy bnh l rut (Entero-pathogenic E coli: EPEC) bm trc tip protein c chc nng th th ca chnh n vo trong t bo vt ch. Mt khi trong mng t bo vt ch, cc th th ny s gn vi cc yu t bm dnh khng phi fimbriae trn b mt t bo vi khun to thun li cho qu trnh bm dnh. Mt iu quan trng cn nh l mt tc nhn gy bnh thng biu hin nhiu yu t bm dnh khc nhau. Chin lc ny c hu ht cc loi vi khun (Gram m, Gram dng v mycobacteria) s dng. Mt hng tp trung nghin cu iu tr hin ti l pht trin cc vaccine hoc thuc phong b kh nng bm dnh.
Lipase: ging ha cc loi m ca vt ch c tch t li Nuclease: tiu hy cc ARN v ADN c gii phng ra. Cc haemolysin to cc l thng trn mng t bo c kh nng ly gii khng ch cc hng cu m c cc loi t bo khc na. Haemolysin cng tham gia vo s pht tn vi khun rng hn trong t chc vt ch. Elastase ca trc khun m xanh c kh nng ging ha cc phn t ngoi bo v gip vi khun xm nhp t chc vi cc biu hin lm sng nh vim mng keratin, hoi t t chc trong bng v to cc x nang.
Kh nng xm nhp ngoi bo cho php cc tc nhn gy bnh ny to ra cc ch n np trong t chc v ti chng c th tng sinh ri pht tn vo cc v tr khc ca c th cng nh sn xut cc c t v khi ng cc p ng vim. Cc tc nhn gy bnh xm nhp ngoi bo cng c th i vo bn trong t bo v s dng c hai con ng xm nhp ni bo v ngoi bo. Xm nhp ni bo xy ra khi cc vi sinh vt thc s i vo bn trong t bo ca vt ch v sng trong mi trng ni bo ny. Mt s cc tc nhn gy bnh l vi khun Gram m, vi khun Gram dng v cc Mycobacteria c kh nng sng bn trong t bo. Cc t bo thc bo ln t bo khng c chc nng thc bo u l ch tn cng ca cc tc nhn ny. Mt s tc nhn gy bnh c i sng k sinh ni bo bt buc ngha l chng buc phi sng bn trong t bo cc ng vt c v mi c th pht trin c. Cc tc nhn ny bao gm Chlamydia, Rickettsia v Mycobacterium leprae. Cc chng vi khun khc thuc loi k sinh ni bo khng bt buc ch s dng kh nng xm nhp ni bo nh l phng tin tng sinh v pht tn n cc t chc khc.
[sa] V vi khun
Mt s vi khun sn xut mt lng ln cc phn t polysaccharide trng lng phn t cao, cn c gi l exopolysaccharide. Lp o ngoi bo ny c gi l v vi khun (capsule). Kh nng sn xut v l mt trong nhng yu t c lc quan trng nht ca vi khun v phng din xm nhp ti v tr vim. Mt cch c th hn, v vi khun gip chng chng li c ch phng v ca c th cng nh khng khng sinh. V mt s vi khun cng c kh nng iu ha min dch. V ny bo v vi khun chng li s thc bo bng cch khng cho cc khng th to hin tng opsonin ha trn vch vi khun. Do khng c hin tng opsonin ha nn cc i thc bo v bch cu trung tnh tip cn km hoc khng th tip cn c vi khun. Hin tng "thc bo bt lc" ny cng lm cho phn ng vim thm mnh m bi cc t bo thc bo khng th tiu dit c vi khun cng c gng tit nhiu cytokine hn na trong n lc lm sch vi khun ni y. Phn ng ny li thu ht thm nhiu cc bch cu a nhn v i thc bo khc na n vim. Cc loi vi khun nguy him c kh nng to v l Streptococcus pneumoniae (ph cu khun), Neisseria meningitidis (no m cu khun) v Pseudomonas aeruginosa (trc khun m xanh).
Cc thnh phn c t ca vch t bo khng nhn l nhng thnh phn cu trc c bn rt t gii phng vo mi trng xung quanh nu t bo khng b cht v b ly gii. Mt iu tri khoy l cc khng sinh s dng trong lm sng li lm gi phng mt lng ln cc thnh phn gy c ny. Do li lm xu hn tnh trng bnh sn c cng nh tin lng ca bnh nhn. Nhiu bng chng khoa hc cho thy rng vi khun Gr (-) v vi khun Gr (+) cng dng chung mt chin lc gy nhim khun huyt. Nhim trng huyt l hu qu t cc tc ng lin hp ca cytokine, cc thnh phn b th v cc thnh phn ca con ng ng mu. Cc thnh phn ca vch vi khun c th gy nn s sn xut hoc hot ha cc cht trung gian iu ha ny. Tht vy, cc bin c trc tip gy nn nhim trng huyt l qu trnh gii phng cc ni c t (endotoxin hay lipopolysaccharide) hoc gii phng cc thnh phn gy c khc ca vch vi khun vo trong h tun hon. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) vi khun l mt phn t lng tnh nm trong lp mng ngoi ca vch vi khun Gram m thng c xem l yu t chnh chu trch nhim trong qu trnh gy nn sc nhim trng huyt. Th th chnh ca LPS l CD14, mt marker b mt ca i thc bo. Lipid A, thnh phn gy c ca phn t LPS, gy nn s gii phng hng lot cc cytokine gy vim v hot ha h thng b th v con ng ng mu. Cc nghin cu gn y cho thy cc th th ging Toll (Toll-like receptor), cytokine vim, eicosanoid, gc t do xy ha, yu t c ch di chuyn i thc bo, cc protein kinase truyn tn hiu v cc yu t sao m u ng vai tr quan trng trong sinh bnh hc ca sc nhim trng huyt do vi khun Gram m. Cc mnh Peptidoglycan v teichoic acid trong vch t bo vi khun Gram dng c kh nng to nn nhiu hiu ng sinh l bnh ging nh LPS. Peptidoglycan v teichoic acid ca vi khun Gram dng l thnh phn khi ng chnh ca nhim trng huyt do nhm vi khun ny. Cc thnh phn ca vch t bo c vi khun Gram m v vi khun Gram dng u tc ng ch yu thng qua khi ng p ng vim bng cch hot ha cc monocyte, i thc bo. Cc t bo ny khi c hot ha s gii phng mt lot cc cytokine, c bit l TNF v interleukin-1. Mc khc, c ni c t ln peptodoglycan u c th hot ha h thng b th. S hot ha ny li lm gii phng TNF t cc monocyte v gy nn tp trung cc bch cu trung tnh v lm co mch phi. Nh vy, bt k nhim trng huyt gy nn do vi khun Gram dng hay vi khun Gram m, du hiu v triu chng nhim trng u kh tng t nhau.
[sa] Cc c t
c t (toxin) l cc v kh sinh hc c bn cht protein hoc khng phi protein c sn xut bi vi khun nhm tiu dit cc t bo vt ch. Cc v d v c t khng phi protein l ni c t (LPS) ca cc vi khun Gram m v teichoic acid ca cc vi khun Gram dng. Cc c t bn cht protein (ngoi c t) thng l cc enzyme i vo t bo c nhn bng hai phng thc: (1) tit vo mi trng ln cn hoc (2) trc tip bm vo bo tng ca t bo vt ch thng qua h thng tit loi III (type III secretion system) hoc mt s c ch khc. Cc ngoi c t vi khun c th tm chia thnh 4 loi chnh da trn thnh phn cu trc amino acid cng nh chc nng ca chng:
Mt s chng vi khun c c t A-B l P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, Corynebacterium diphtheria v Bordetella pertussis. Cc c t A-B c hai phn: tiu n v A c hot tnh enzyme v tiu n v B chu trch nhim gn v a c t vo t bo vt ch. Hot tnh enzyme ca tiu n v A c th c hot tnh tiu protein v d nh c t tetanus v botulinum hoc c hot tnh ADP ribosyl ha (ADP ribosylating activity) nh c t ca vi khun t, ho g, bch hu v c t A ca trc khun m xanh. Cc c t tiu protein ph hy cc protein vt ch c hiu gy nn nhng c tnh lm sng ring ca bnh. V d c t botulinum ca Clostridium botulinum, c t tetanus ca Clostridium tetani, elastase v protease IV ca P. aeruginosa. c t botulinum c a vo bng ng tiu ha v gy nn lit mm (flaccid paralysis) cc dy thn kinh ngoi bin trong khi c t tetanus hnh thnh cc vt thng su v gy nn lit cng (spastic paralysis) do nh hng n thn kinh trung ng. Elastase v protease IV ca trc khun m xanh ph hy cc cht c bn ca t bo, cho php nhim trng lan ta n cc khu vc rng hn. Cc c t ph v mng t bo hin din mt s vi khun. c t ny c kh nng to l thng trn mng t bo vt ch gy ly gii t bo. Cng ngy cng c nhiu c t to l thng mng t bo c pht hin cc vi khun Gram m nh h RTX (Repeat arginine Threonine X motif). Mc d c ch to l thng ging nhau cc thnh vin ca h ny, cc t bo ch li khc nhau. Cc c t khc bao gm: cc protein dng enzyme thy phn globulin min dch A (immunoglobulin A protease-type protein), cc c t bn vi nhit hot ha Guanylate cyclase v cc c t lm thay i khung nng (cytoskeleton) ca t bo vt ch. Nh vy, vi khun c kh nng s dng nhiu phng thc khc nhau nhm ph hy cc con ng truyn tin cng nh tnh ton vn cu trc ca t bo thit lp v duy tr nhim trng. Hin nay y hc bt u hiu c c ch phn t ca cc tc ng do c t. iu ng mng l mt s cc c t quan trng trn y c chung nhng motif cu trc v sinh ha. Chng ta c th li dng c im ny pht trin cc phng php tr liu trong tng lai v cc phng php ny c th hiu qu chng li nhiu vi khun khc nhau.
Bn trong cc khng bo tiu th-thc bo th (lysophagosome) c kh nng thy phn v c tnh acid, Bn trong cc khng bo cha ha mng vi tiu th, v Bn trong dch bo tng.
Coxiella burnetti l mt v d v kh nng vi khun sng bn trong cc mi trng c ca khng bo tiu th-thc bo th. Chnh pH thp l iu kin cn thit tc nhn ny tng sinh. Cc chng Mycobacterium, Salmonella, Legionella pneumophila v Chlamydia trachomatis thuc nhm c tr bn trong cc khng bo cha ha mng vi tiu th. Cc khng bo b cc vi khun ny chim c c xem l c "c bit ha" hoc c "ti cu trc" v v mt hnh th chng thng khc bit vi cc khng bo khc trong t bo v cha cc marker b mt c trng. Shigella flexneri, L monocytogenes v Rickettsia rickettsii l nhng tc nhn gy bnh sng trong dch bo tng. Cc vi khun ny c cng chung mt chin lc dng enzyme ph hy cc khng bo ln cn v pht tn ni bo thng qua s dng cc khung nng ca t bo. Cc vi khun k sinh ni bo c th nhn ln v lan trn n cc t bo khc trong vng nhim trng hoc c th i xa hn. Chlamydia v Rickettsia ly gii mng t bo vt ch, phng thch cc t vi khun gy nhim trng, cc vi khun ny s bm v xm nhp cc t bo ln cn. Ngoi tc ng lm ly gii t bo vt ch, Shigella v Listeria cn s dng mt con ng lan truyn t t bo n t bo thng qua vic truyn trc tip mt phn cu trc t bo nhim bnh cho t bo lnh ln cn. Cc t bo nhim vi khun ny to ra cc phn li vo t bo lnh, sau phn li ny s ha mng vi t bo lnh v to nn cc khng bo cha vi khun bn trong t bo lnh. Cc vi khun k sinh trong i thc bo v bch cu trung tnh cng c kh nng s dng cc thc bo ny nh l cc phng tin chuyn ch gy nhim trng ton thn thng qua h thng mu v bch huyt. Salmonella typhi, cc chng Yersinia v Brucella c xem l c kh nng di chuyn gia cc t chc theo phng thc ny. Cc vi khun ni bo gy nn nhng vn nghim trng trong mt s bnh l nhim trng. Mt s tc nhn nhim trng ni bo c th tn ti hng nm tri v cn phi s dng mt liu php khng sinh rt mnh m. Nhim trc khun lao Mycobacterium tuberculosis l v d in hnh nht. Trng tm ca cc nghin cu hin ti l nhn din v xc nh c trng ca cc yu t c lc m vi khun k sinh ni bo s dng chim lnh ni n nu kh tip cn ny.
Enterococcus faecium; cc tc nhn gy bnh ng h hp nh Klebsiella pneumoniae v P aeruginosa; gy bnh ng tit niu nh E coli, M tuberculosis. Cc tc nhn gy bnh ny vn l nguyn nhn gy t vong do nhim trng hng u trn th gii. Hn na, Staph aureus khng vi methicillin, mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy nhim trng bnh vin thng gp nht, v cc vi khun Gram m khng vancomycin nh Enterococcus (v c Staph aureus) l nhng thch thc thc s i vi cc bc s lm sng. C ba c ch thng gp ca hin tng khng khng sinh vi khun:
Thay i v tr ch tc ng, Thay i s thu nhn khng sinh, v Bt hot khng sinh.
S pht trin kh nng khng c thc hin thng qua hai qu trnh di truyn: do t bin t pht v ch yu l do thu nhn cc gene t ngun gc bn ngoi thng qua hin tng chuyn gene theo chiu ngang. Hin tng chuyn gene theo chiu ngang xut hin khi cc yu t di truyn c chuyn t mt c th ny n c th khc cng loi hoc khc loi. Ngoi ra, thay i vt cht di truyn a n hin tng khng cng c gy nn bi t bin t pht. V d mt t bin lm thay i v tr gn khng sinh c th lm gim nhy cm khng sinh v lm gia tng khng thuc. c bit, M tuberculosis, tc nhn gy bnh lao, vn l mi e da cho sc khe loi ngi v vi khun ny c kh nng a khng, bao gm khng vi isoniazid v streptomycin. khng vi streptomycin l do vi khun c cc t bin lm thay i cc ch ca khng sinh ny. Kh nng lan trn ca cc vi khun khng khng sinh l mi e da thc s i vi sc khe cng ng trn ton th gii. Qu trnh ny c th thun li nh kh nng to cc biofilm. Cc biofilm ny l cc tp hp vi sinh vt c t chc nh chng c th chia s kh nng sng st v tng cng khng i vi cc kch tc ca mi trng. S ly lan ny c th xy ra gia ng vt vi ng vt do thc n b nhim cht thi hoc t ng vt ly cho ngi do n phi cc thc n nhim bn, do xut nhp khu ng vt sng hoc cc sn phm ca chng v ly t ngi sang ngi, c bit l trong cc c s chm sc y t. Nguy c to thnh dch (epidemic) hoc i dch (pandemic) l nguy c c tht v n t ra mt thch thc ln cho vic iu tr cc bnh nhim trng trn bnh din ton cu. Do vy cn phi c cc nghin cu pht trin cc thuc mi hiu qu trong vic kim sot v nga s lan trn ny.
J W Wilson, M J Schurr, C L LeBlanc, R Ramamurthy, K L Buchanan and C A Nickerson. Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002; 78: 216-224 University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Bacteriology. The Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity. Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology . 2002 Kenneth Todar. http://textbookofbacteriology.net/pathogenesis.html Stephen T. Abedon. Bacterial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity. http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol2060.htm
Escherichia coli (thng c vit tt l E. coli) hay cn c gi l vi khun i trng l mt trong nhng loi vi khun chnh k sinh trong ng rut ca ng vt mu nng (bao gm chim v ng vt c v). Vi khun ny cn thit trong qu trnh tiu ha thc n v l thnh phn ca khun lc rut. S c mt ca E. coli trong nc ngm l mt ch th thng gp cho nhim phn. E. coli thuc h vi khun Enterobacteriaceae v thng c s dng lm sinh vt m hnh cho cc nghin cu v vi khun. Thc ra, phn ln cc vi khun E.coli khng c nh hng g ng k n sc khe tr mt s c th gy tiu chy v ty vo a phng, tui ngi bnh m cc vi khun trn y c nhng nh hng khc nhau.
E-coli chng mi
T thp k 80 ca th k trc, ngi ta pht hin chng E.coli mi k hiu l E.coli O157: H7. y l chng ph bin nht trong cc E.coli gy bnh tiu chy. vi bnh nhn, vi khun ny c th gy ri lon mu v suy thn, thm ch dn n t vong. Vi trn dch va qua chu u, vi khun b coi l th phm l dng t bin ca hai chng vi khun E.coli khc nhau. y l chng vi khun mi c nhng c tnh khin chng nguy him hn nhiu so vi hng trm loi chng vi khun E.coli trong rut ngi
cm hay tht heo trong qu trnh lm tht nn nu tht b nhim v khng nu chn th vi khun c th sng st v tht vn b nhim khun. Chng ta cng c th nhim E.coli qua tm sng nu nc b nhim khun hay nc cha c kh trng bng chlorine.
E.Coli l thnh vin ca h Enterobacteriace c c trng bi tnh cht c enzym bgalctosidase v b - Glucoronidase. N pht trin nhit 44-45 C trn mi trng tng hp, ln men ng lactose v mannitol c sinh hi v sinh axit, sinh endol t triptophan. Tuy nhin mt s chng c th pht trin 37 C ch khng pht trin 44-45 C v mt s th khng sinh hi. E.Coli khng sinh oxidase hoc thu phn ur.