MC LC

CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V TI ....................................................................... 1

1.1. Tng quan v k thut m in .................................................................................. 1
1.1.1. S lc v k thut m in .................................................................................... 1
1.1.2. S pht trin ca cng ngh m in .................................................................... 2
1.1.3. Mc ch v ngha ca cng ngh ...................................................................... 2
1.2. C s l thuyt cng ngh m in ........................................................................... 3
1.2.1. Khi nim dung dch in ly ................................................................................... 3
1.2.2. C ch v s hnh thnh lp m in ha ........................................................... 3
1.2.3. nh lut Faraday ..................................................................................................... 4
1.2.4. K thut m kim loi ng ...................................................................................... 6
1.2.5 K thut m niken .................................................................................................... 20
1.3. Quy trnh cng ngh m in................................................................................... 29
1.3.1. S chung quy trnh ............................................................................................ 29
1.3.2. Gia cng b mt m ................................................................................................ 30
1.3.3. Ty du m ............................................................................................................... 31
1.3.4. Ty g v ty nh...................................................................................................... 36
1.4. Cc yu t v hin tng nh hng n k thut m ng Niken ............ 37
1.4.1. S phn cc .............................................................................................................. 37
1.4.3. Qu trnh anod v th ng catod ...................................................................... 40
1.4.4. pH dung dch m ..................................................................................................... 41
1.4.5. S n mn kim loi ................................................................................................. 41
1.4.6. Cht to phc v cht hot ng b mt ........................................................... 42
1.4.7. Mt s yu t khc .................................................................................................. 43
CHNG II. THC NGHIM ..................................................................................... 45
2.1. S qui trnh cng ngh ......................................................................................... 45
2.1.1. S qui trnh m hnh ......................................................................................... 46
2.1.2. Thuyt minh v bin lun qui trnh m hnh .................................................... 46
2.2. Tnh ton thit k m hnh qui trnh. .................................................................... 47
2.2.1. La chn vt liu m .............................................................................................. 47
2.2.2, Chn thit b gia cng b mt ............................................................................... 48
2.2.3. Tnh chn cc kch thc, cc b ra ................................................................. 49
2.2.4. Tnh ton v thit k b m ng ........................................................................ 56

2.2.5. Tnh ton thit k b m niken............................................................................. 57

2.2.6. Tnh chn gi treo vt m...................................................................................... 57
2.2.7 H thng sc kh ....................................................................................................... 58
2.2.8 H thng khuy lc .................................................................................................. 58
2.2.9 H thng gia nhit .................................................................................................... 63
2.2.10. H thng chnh lu ............................................................................................... 64
2.3. Ch vn hnh h thng m ng v niken ...................................................... 65
2.3.3. Pha ch dung dch ................................................................................................... 69
2.3.4. Kim tra phn tch dung dch m ........................................................................ 70
CHNG III. ..................................................................................................................... 72
KT LUN .......................................................................................................................... 72
PH LC ............................................................................................................................. 73
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................................ 74

DANH MC HNH V

Hnh 1.1 S trnh by qu trnh m in .................................................................. 1

Hnh 1.2 Bulong c m mt lp kim loi bo v ...................................................... 2
Hnh 2.1. S qui trnh thit k m hnh m ng - Niken ..................................... 45
Hnh 2.2. S qui trnh cng ngh............................................................................ 46
Hnh 2.3. S qui trnh m hnh ............................................................................... 46
Hnh 2.4. M trang sc ................................................................................................ 48
Hnh 2.5. M bng v bo v bulong .......................................................................... 48
Hnh 2.6. ng c v cc loi bnh mi ..................................................................... 48
Hnh 2.7. My mi v nh bng ................................................................................ 49
Hnh 2.8. Cu to b m tnh ....................................................................................... 50
Hnh 2.9 a Tng tr lc di y b............................................................................ 50
Hnh 2.9 b Tng tr lc xung quanh b ....................................................................... 50
Hnh 2.10. B m niken bng co di ng catot. .......................................................... 51
Hnh 2.11. B m niken bng khuy bng khng kh nn. ......................................... 52
Hnh 2.12. My siu m ty du .................................................................................. 53
Hnh 2.12 Cu to mt b m ...................................................................................... 57
Hnh 2.13. B c thit b khuy bng khng kh nn .................................................. 62
Hnh 2.14. B c b phn lc lin tc. ........................................................................ 63
Hnh 2.15. Gia nhit hnh ch U t bn cnh b. ...................................................... 64

DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1.1. ng lng in ha ca mt s nguyn t. .............................................. 5
Bng 1.2. Ch cng ngh m lt ng xianua .......................................................... 7
Bng 1.3. Ch cng ngh m ng xianua c NaKC4H4O6 ..................................... 8
Bng 1.4. Ch cng ngh m lt ng xianua nhm v km c. ........................... 9
Bng 1.5. Cng ngh m ng xianua hiu sut cao ..................................................... 9
Bng 1.6 Dung dch m ng sunfat ........................................................................... 11
Bng 1.7. Quan h gia anod ha tan v thnh phn dung dch ................................. 13
Bng 1.8. Ch cng ngh m ng sunphat thng thng ..................................... 14
Bng 1.9. Ch cng ngh m bng ng sunphat .................................................. 15
Bng 1.10. Nhng s c v cch khc phc khi m ng sunfat ................................ 17
Bng 1.11. Ch cng ngh m ng Pirophotphat ................................................. 18
Bng 1.12. Ch cng ngh m ng mui pirophotphat ........................................ 19
Bng 1.13. Ch cng ngh m niken m ................................................................ 21
Bng 1.14. Cht lm bng v cng ngh m bng niken ............................................ 22
Bng 1.15. Ch cng ngh m niken bn bng ...................................................... 23
Bng 1.16. Ch cng ngh m Niken nhiu lu hunh .......................................... 24
Bng 1.17. Ch cng ngh m Niken composit ..................................................... 24
Bng 1.18. Ch cng ngh m niken mui sunfamat ............................................. 25
Bng 1.19. Ch cng ngh m niken pirophotphat ................................................ 26
Bng 1.20. Ch cng ngh m Niken en loi th nht ......................................... 27
Bng 1.21. Ch cng ngh m Niken en loi th hai ........................................... 28
Bng 2.1. Kch thc mt s b m thng dng ....................................................... 52
Bng 2.2. Mt s dung dch ty du m trong siu m ............................................... 54
Bng 2.3. Dung dch ty du m in ha .................................................................. 55
Bng 2.4. S l lp m gia lc v khng lc............................................................. 59
Bng 2.5. Tc lc ca cc dung dch ...................................................................... 61
Bng 2.6 Ch cng ngh m bng ng sunphat ................................................... 65
Bng 2.7 Thnh phn v ch lm vic m niken m.............................................. 67
Bng 2.8 Thnh phn v ch lm vic m niken bng ........................................... 68

CHNG 1.

TNG QUAN V TI
1.1. Tng quan v k thut m in
1.1.1. S lc v k thut m in
M in l qu trnh in phn, trong anod (cc dng) xy ra qu trnh oxy ha
(ha tan kim loi hay gii phng kh oxy), cn catod (cc m) xy ra qu trnh kh (kh
ion kim loi t dung dch m thnh lp kim loi bm trn vt m hay qu trnh ph gii
phng kh hydro) khi c dng in mt chiu i qua dung dch m.
Phn ng xy ra catod:
Phn ng xy ra anod:

Mn+ + neM ne

M
Mn+

Hnh 1.1 S trnh by qu trnh m in

1. Ngun in, 2. in tr con chy R, 3. Vn k mt chiu, 4. Ampe k, 5. Anot, 6.
Catot, 7. Dung dch in ly, 8. B in phn, 9. Lp m bm trn b mt kim loi
1

1.1.2. S pht trin ca cng ngh m in

K thut m in ngy nay c nhng bc tin nhy vt, tha mn c nhiu
yu cu k thut quan trng trong sn xut v i sng. Cc nh khoa hc, h lun tp
trung mi n lc nhm tm ra nhng cht ph gia mi, pht minh nhng cht in gii
mi, phng php in phn mi vi mc ch nng cao khng ngng cht lng lp m
khng ch trn b mt kim loi m ngay trn b mt cht do hay cc phi kim loi khc.
Mi n lc u nhm to ra nhng lp m c cu trc tinh th mn, do nhng rt
cng, bm tt, khng xp, khng bong trc ngay khi thay i nhit hay va chm
mnh cng nh bn trong mi trng s dng.
K thut m i hi phi khng ngng nghin cu, ci tin cc thit b, my mc
chuyn dng, thit k cc dy chuyn sn xut ng b, t ng ha vi tin cy cao.
iu ny s gip nng cao cht lng lp m mt cch vng chc, h gi thnh sn phm,
chng nhim mi trng.
1.1.3. Mc ch v ngha ca cng ngh
Lp m c nhim v bo v kim loi khi b n mn ha hc hay in ha trong mi
trng s dng
Lp m c nhim v trang tr bn ngoi sn phm ch to kim loi hoc hp kim r
tin, n ng thi l lp m bo v cc chi tit my my mc khi b n mn.

Hnh 1.2 Bulong c m mt lp kim loi bo v

Ngi ta cn to c lp m kim loi hoc hp kim c tnh cht ha l c bit
nh:
-

Lp m lm tng chng mi mn, chng ma st.

To lp m dn in tt hn kim loi nn nhiu ln, li khng g, m bo
dng in rt nh lu thng trong h thng lu di
2

Lp m cho kh nng hn c cc chi tit my theo cc phng php hn

thng thng.

Lp m cho rn cao, chu c cc lc tc dng m khng b bong trc, to

lp m bng sng, bn nhit cao

1.2. C s l thuyt cng ngh m in

1.2.1. Khi nim dung dch in ly
Trong k thut m in p dng rng ri cc dung dch axit, baz v mui. khi ha
tan trong dung dch th chng phn ly thnh cc ion, c gi l dung dch in ly.
Trong dung dch axit th axit b phn ly thnh H+ v gc axit
HCl = H+ + ClH2SO4 = 2H+ + SO42Trong dung dch kim th kim b phn ly thnh ion kim loi v ion OHNaOH = Na+ + OHKOH = K+ + OHTrong dung dch mui th mui b phn ly thnh ion kim loi v gc axit:
CuSO4 = Cu2+ +SO42ZnSO4 = Zn2+ + SO42i vi dung dch mui phc th phn ly thnh hai bc. Bc th nht, phn ly
thnh ion kim loi v ion mui phc. Bc th hai, ion mui phc phn ly thnh ion kim
loi v ion gc axit.
Na2[Zn(CN)4] = 2Na+ +Zn(CN)42Zn(CN)42- = Zn2+ + 4CNS phn ly ca ion mui phc rt nh, nn nng kim loi rt thp.
1.2.2. C ch v s hnh thnh lp m in ha
1.2.2.1. Bn cht v yu cu i vi lp m
M in l dng phng php in phn kt ta trn b mt kim loi hoc hp
kim mng, chng n mn, trang sc b mt, tng tnh dn in, tng kch thc, tng
cng b mt. Trong m in, yu t quan trng nht khng phi l tit kim nng
3

lng, tng hiu sut m l vn cht lng m. V vy, phi tm thnh phn dung dch,
iu kin in phn, m bo lp m c nhng tnh cht sau:
-

Bm chc vo kim loi nn, khng bong.

Lp m c kt tinh nh mn, xp nh.

Lp m bng, do, cng cao.

Lp m c dy nht nh.

Cu to tinh th gi vai tr quyt nh n cht lng lp m. Tinh th cng nh

mn th lp m cng tt.
1.2.2.2. Qu trnh in kt ta kim loi
Qu trnh in kt ta kim loi gm hai giai on: to mm v pht trin mm. Mi
giai on c mt tc nht nh v cn c vo iu kin in phn (nh nhit , mt
dng in, khuy trn, thnh phn dung dch) m quyt nh giai on no chim u
th.
Yu cu ca lp m l cu to nh mn, s kt hp gia cc tinh th cht ch. V vy
phi tng tc hnh thnh mm tinh th. Nu tc hnh thnh mm tinh th cng cao
th trong mt n v thi gian kim loi kt ta bm trn b mt cng nhiu. Do , phi
tng tc to mm ln hn tc pht trin mm. Mun cho tc to mm ln hn
tc pht trin mm phi tng phn cc catod. Phn cc catod c nh hng rt ln n
tnh cht lp m thnh phn dung dch, ch in phn, cht ph gia
Khi tinh th kt tinh th cc hnh thc sp xp ca chng nh th no trong kt ta
cng c nh hng quyt nh n tnh cht lp m. Nhiu trng hp cc tinh th sinh ra
b tr mt cch hn n trong kt ta. Nhng trong iu kin in phn nht nh th cc
tinh th y sp xp theo mt hng v v tr nht nh. Tnh nh hng cng cao th
cu trc tinh th cng hon chnh v c nh hng nht nh n bng, gin n
nhit ca lp m. Thay i iu kin in phn, nht l thay i mt dng in s lm
thay i tc pht trin mm, dn n s thay i cu trc tinh th nh hng. Tng
phn cc catod cng lm tng mc hon chnh ca cc tinh th nh hng.
1.2.3. nh lut Faraday
Qu trnh in phn ca dung dch xy ra theo nh lut Faraday:
Lng cht tch ra trong qu trnh in phn t l thun vi cng dng in v
thi gian in li:
m = k.I.t = k.q
4

m - Trng lng vt cht c kt ta (hoc ho tan) trn in cc;

I - Cng dng in (A);
t - Thi gian (gi);
q - in lng (ampe gi);
k - H s t l.
Khi cho in lng nh nhau vo trong dung dch khc nhau th lng cht kt ta
trn catt t l thun vi ng lng ho hc. Nu cho in lng 96.500 culng (28,6
Ampe gi) i qua dung dch s c mt ng lng gam ca bt k cht no.
ng lng gam ca mt cht bng phn t gam ca cht chia cho s in tch
hay s in t ca cht trao i hay tham gia trong phn ng cho.
ng lng in ho l s gam vt cht sinh ra khi i qua in lng 1 Ampe gi.
ng lng in ha ca mt s nguyn t (xem bng 1)

Bng 1.1. ng lng in ha ca mt s nguyn t

Tn

Zn

Cd

Cu

Cu

Ni

Ni

Sn

Sn

Cr

Cr

Ag

Au

Ha tr

mg/culng

0,339

0,852

0,658

0,329

0,304

0,203

0,615

0,307

0,18

0,0896

1,118

0,681

g/A gi

1,22

2,079

2,372

1,186

1,095

0,730

2,214

1,107

0,647

0,324

4,025

2,452

ng
lng
in
ha

ng lng in ho tnh theo cng thc:

a = A/(n. 28,6)
Trong :
A Nguyn t lng;
n Ha tr
28,6 S in lng.
Lng vt cht tch ra theo cng thc:
m = a.I.t
Trong :
m: Lng vt cht tch ra trn catt.
5

I: Cng dng in (Ampe);

t: Thi gian (gi).
a: ng lng in ha (g/A.gi).
1.2.4. K thut m kim loi ng
1.2.4.1. Dung dch m ng xianua
[1] c im cng ngh
Dung dch m ng Xianua c s dng rng ri. Dung dch xianua gm ba loi:
dung dch m ng lt, dung dch m ng xianua c NaKC4H4O6 v dung dch m ng
xianua hiu sut cao.
Dung dch m ng lt phn b tt, hiu sut dng in thp, ch m lp ng
mng v ch yu dng m lt nhng chi tit thp c.
Dung dch m ng Xianua hiu sut cao c hiu sut dng in 100%, tc kt
ta nhanh, nhng kh nng phn b km. Khi m trn st, thp hoc trn km c cn m
lt, dung dch nhy vi tp cht. Do tc kt ta nhanh, lp m bng nn c s dng
rng ri.
Dung dch m ng xianua c KNaC4H4O6 nm gia hai dung dch trn, khng nhy
lm vi tp cht khng cn m lt trn hp kim km c, nhng nhy lp m trung
bnh.
Tm li, dung dch m ng Xianua kh nng phn b tt, tc kt ta nhanh, d
khng ch dung dch, c s dng rng ri. Nhng dung dch Xianua rt c, khi thao
tc cn phi cn thn.
[2] Ch cng ngh
Trong dung dch m ng xianua, CuCN l mui cung cp ion ng, NaCN hoc
KCN l cht to phc, mui KNaC4H4O6 l cht cho anod ha tan. Ngoi nhng cht trn
ra, cn cho thm mt s ph gia v c hoc hu c ci thin tnh nng lp m. Ch
cng ngh m lt ng Xianua xem bng 1.2 v 1.3.

Bng 1.2. Ch cng ngh m lt ng xianua

Thnh phn v ch

Hm lng (g/l)

Pha ch

CuCN

18-26

15

8-23

25

25

23

12-54

30

35

NaCN
NaCN t do

5-10

Na2CO3

15-20

15

NaOH

6-8
6
2-10

NaHSO4

Na2S2O3
pH
Nhit (oC)

Mt dng in
catod (A/dm2)

0,05-1
11,0-12,2

12,5-13,0

20-30
hoc 40-50

40-60

18-50

1-3

0,2-2

20

0,5-1
hoc 1-2

Mt dng in

0,5-1

anod (A/dm2)

0,5

0,2-0,6

Bng 1.3. Ch cng ngh m ng xianua c NaKC4H4O6

Thnh phn v ch

Hm lng (g/l)

Pha ch

CuCN

22,5-30

30 - 50

19 - 45

35 - 45

50 - 70

45 - 55

40 - 65

26 - 53

50 - 72

65 - 92

60 - 70

NaCN

NaCN (t do)

4 - 7,5

Na2CO3

15 - 60

20 - 30

15 - 60

20 - 30

NaKC4H4O6.4H2O

30 - 60

30 - 60

30 - 60

30 - 40

10 - 20

30 - 40

8 - 12

15 - 20

10 - 15

8 - 12

10 - 20

NaOH

4-9

10 - 20

KSCN

8 - 10

MnSO4.5H2O

0,08-0.12

Cht lm bng Cu-60

pH

1,5-3ml/l
12,212,8

Nhit (oC)

60 - 65

50 - 60

55 - 70

50-60

55 - 65

50 - 60

3-4

1-3

1,6- 6,5

0,5 - 2

1,5 - 3

1,5 - 3

Mt dng in
2

catod (A/dm )
Ant (A/dm2)

1,5 - 2

0,8- 3,3

Ch :
-

Nu cho 0,015 0,03 g/l Pb(CH3COO)2 dung dch quay bng

Nu s dng dng in i chiu, 10 giy: 1 giy hoc 20 giy: 5 giy c
lp ng bng

Cu 60 l cht ph gia, nu di ng catod c lp ng bn bng.

8

Dung dch mui: NaKC4H4O6 cng c th m lt ng Xianua, km c v nhm,

ch cng ngh xem bng 1.4.

Bng 1.4. Ch cng ngh m lt ng xianua nhm v km c

Thnh phn v ch

Hm lng (g/l)

Pha ch

Km c

Nhm

CuCN

43,1

Cu ( dng CuCN)

13,5 - 26

NaCN

48,8

NaCN (t do)

5,6 11,2

3,8

15 - 60

30

15 37,5

60

11,5 12,5

10,2 10,5

45 - 60

38 - 54

Mt dng in (A/dm2)

1,6 8,2

Thi gian m (pht)

0,25 - 3

2,6 A/dm2 thi gian 2 pht

sau 1,3 A/dm2 thi
gian 3 pht

Na2CO3
NaKC4H4O6.4H2O
Ph
Nhit (oC)

Bng 1.5. Cng ngh m ng xianua hiu sut cao

Thnh phn v ch
Pha ch

Hm lng (g/l)
1

49-127

49-127

270

200

67,5CuCN

67,582,5

82,5

KCu(CN)2
9

NaCN
NaCN (t do)

62-154
4-11

76-178

KCN (t do)

7,5-15

K2CO3

0-120

11-19

0-90

KOH
NaOH

15

11-9

KCN

Na2CO3

10

30-52,5
22,5-37,5

31-52
22-37

KCNS

10

NaCNS
Na2SO3

1-4 Butidiol

Nhit (oC)
Mt dng in
A/dm2

0,5-2

70-80

70-80

60-80

60-80

40

3-5

3-6

1-11

1-11

1-2

M ng xianua hiu sut cao dng cht lm bng nh tioure, cumarin , nhng
cht ny phi hp vi cc cht hot ng b mt. Khi s dng cht lm bng cn dng
dng in i chiu. Chu k dng in i chiu 15 giy: 5 giy hoc 20 giy: 5 giy.
Nu dng mt dng in cao hoc yu cu lm bng tt cn dng dng in i chiu
60 giy: 45 giy. Nu dng dng in ngt qung, thng m 8 10 giy; ngng 2-3
giy.
[3] Pha ch dung dch
Pha ch dung dch xianua cn iu kin thng gi tt. Khi pha ch, ha tan NaCN
(hoc KCN) trong nc nng, va khuy va cho t t CuCN, nhit khng cao qu
60oC. Ha tan tng thng ring Na2CO3, NaOH, v NaKC4H4O6. Hn hp ha tan hai loi
trn, khuy u, cho nc n mc quy nh, lc, phn tch v iu chnh dung dch.

10

Bng 1.6. Dung dch m ng sunfat

Thnh phn
(g/l) dung dch

Dung dch s
1

200-250

150-250

200-250

180-240

240-250

50-70

50-70

35-70

45-60

40-60

Dextrin sunfo
ha

0.8-1.0

Sunfurol-8

0.1-0.2

Cht bong B7211

3-5 mg/l

Cht bng
UBAC 1A

1.5-2.5

Cht bng LTI

Avangard

1-10

Ion Cl- cho

php, mg/l

30-75

28-80

30-60

15-25

25-48

18-30

24-40

15-25

v ch m
CuSO4.5H2O
H2SO4

Nhit , oC
ic , A/dm2 tnh,
sc khng kh
nn

1-2

6-8

<8

3-6

ia , A/dm2

<2.5

1.5-3

Hiu sut dng

H, %

95-98

<2.5

11

ng dng

M m,

M m,

dy

mn

M bng

M bng,

M bng

do

[4] Duy tr cng ngh

a. Duy tr dung dch m lt ng xianua
im mu cht nht dung dch m lt ng l khng ch hm lng NaCN t do,
bo m trong phm vi 5 11 g/l, sau l hm lng ng, bo m trong phm vi 10
16 g/l. Nhng do hiu sut dng in anod cao hn bn catod, cho nn phi treo anod
nhng tm st khng ha tan, lm cho hiu sut dng in gia anod, catod bng nhau;
dung dch mi n nh.
b. Duy tr dung dch m ng xianua c NaKC4H4O6
Hm lng NaCN t do ca dung dch m ng xianua c NaKC4H4O6 bo m
trong phm vi 4 9 g/l. Khi qu thp, anod th ng ha, khi qu cao hiu sut dng in
gim, lp m m, kh nh bng.
Dung dch c NaKC4H4O6, khi gia nhit hiu sut dng in catod, anod u cao.
Khng ch pH ca dung dch rt quan trng, thng thng phi m bo pH = 12,2
12,8, nu pH cao qu, th hiu sut dng in gim, n mn chi tit km c, c th iu
chnh bng NaHSO4.
c. Duy tr dung dch m ng xianua hiu sut cao
Hm lng NaCN t do ca dung dch m ng xianua hiu sut cao trong phm vi
10 20 g/l. Hm lng ng ca dung dch trong phm vi 45 55 g/l khi m dy ng
hm lng ng 60 90 g/l.
Din tch gia anod v catod trong phm vi 4:1, khng dng anod ng pht
pho.Dung dch nhy vi tp cht hu c, lm cho lp m ti, chm kim. Trc khi m
cn phi ty sch du v ra sch. Nu dung dch c tp cht hu c cn phi cho H2O2 1
ml/l v lc qua than hot tnh.
d. Khng ch hm lng nc ccbonat
Mui ccbonat qu nhiu lm gim mt dng in, gim hiu sut dng in,
nht dung dch tng, thm ch c kt tinh. Dung dch m thng thng hm lng

12

Na2CO3 trn 60 75 g/l c s c, dung dch m hiu sut cao Na2CO3 trn 90 g/l hoc
K2CO3 trn 118g/l c s c.
C th kh Na2CO3 bng phng php h nhit , nhit h xung 0oC hoc 5oC,
thi gian trn 8 gi c th kh 25 45 g/l Na2CO3, mui ng mt i 10%.
Kh K2CO3 bng phng php kt ta dng mui Canxi hoc Bari, c 1 gam
Ba(OH)2 c th kt ta 2g K2CO3.
e. Kh tp cht kim loi
Dung dch xianua ng hiu sut cao rt nhy vi tp cht.
Kh ch: Hm lng ch 0,08 g/l nh hng cht lng m. kh ch, gia nhit
dung dch 60oC, va khuy va cho Na2S 0,2 0,4 g/l Na2S2O8.
Kh km: Tp cht km lm cho lp m gin, khi hm lng Zn2+ 0,4 g/l c hai lp
m. Kh tp cht Zn bng cch in phn dung dch vi mt dng in 0,3 0,5
A/dm2.
f. Quan h gia Anod ha tan v thnh phn dung dch
Da vo trng thi anod ha tan m phn on thnh phn dung dch, bng 1.6.

Bng 1.7. Quan h gia anod ha tan v thnh phn dung dch
Trng thi anod

Thnh phn dung dch

Mu m

Bnh thng

Anot ha tan nhanh

Hp cht xianua t do qu cao

Gn anod dung dch mu xanh

Hp cht xianua t do qu thp

Anot c mng ti

Mui ccbonat qu nhiu

Anot c mu en

C tp cht ch

Anot c mu xanh lc

Hp cht xianua qu thp

13

1.2.4.2. Dung dch m ng sunfat

[1] c im cng ngh
Thnh phn dung dch m ng sunphat n gin, dung dch n nh, khi lm vic
khng c kh c hi. Dng lm cht bng hp l c th thu c lp m bng bng
phng tt. Nhng khi quay bng khng c lp m bng. Dung dch c kh nng phn
b km, kt tinh khng mn. Chi tit l st thp m ng cn phi m lt.
[2] Ch cng ngh
Thnh phn ch yu dung dch m ng sunfat l CuSO4. CuSO4 l mui cung cp
ion ng, H2SO4 l cht dn in, ci thin b ngoi lp m. Ch cng ngh m ng
sunphat thng thng xem bng sau:

Bng 1.8. Ch cng ngh m ng sunphat thng thng

Pha ch

Thnh phn v ch

2
Hm lng (g/l)

CuSO4.5H2O

150 - 250

150 - 200

H2SO4

45 - 110

50 - 70

C6H12O6

30 - 40

Nhit (oC)
Mt dng in (A/dm2)

20 - 50

20 - 30

1-3

1-3

Cht lm bng dung dch gm ba loi:

Cht hot ng b mt (polighicola, OP), cht lm bng chnh (ch yu l cht lm
bng loi S, cu to: R-S-S-(CH2)SO3 X, X l Na hoc H), cht lm bng (hp cht c
vng tp v cht nhum, c tc dng lm bng v bng mt dng in thp)
Ch cng ngh m bng xem bng 1.8.

14

Bng 1.9. Ch cng ngh m bng ng sunphat

Pha ch

Thnh phn v ch

Hm lng (g/l)

CuSO4.5H2O

180-220

180-250

150-220

180-220

180-220

H2SO4

50-70

50-70

50-70

50-70

50-70

S1

0,01-0,02

S9

0,01-0,02

S12

0,03

TPS

0,01

SH 110

H1

0,0050,02
0,001

0,001

H6 (N)

0,00020,0007

0,00030,001

Gc mtyl xanh

0,01

Gc mtyl tm

0,01

0,2

Poliglicola (M 4000-6000)

0,03

0,2

0,01
0,05 - 0,1

OP 21
Gc clo

0,0030,0008

0,5
902- 0,08

0,02-0,08

15

0,02-0,08

0,2-0,5

0,02-

0,02-

Nhit (oC)
Mt dng in (A/dm2)

0,08

0,08

20-35

20-35

20-40

20-40

20-40

1-3

1,5-3,5

1-6

1-6

1-6

[3] Pha ch dung dch

Ha tan CuSO4 trong nc nng, ngui, va khuy, va cho t t H2SO4, lm
long n th tch quy nh. Sau , cho tip thnh phn khc. un nng 40 500C, lc
dung dch qua than hot tnh 1- 3g/lt sut 24 gi bng phng php n gin l gi than
hot tnh vo vi bn axit (vi Clorin) thnh nhiu gi nh ri ngp chm vo dung
dch. Nn khuy lin tc dung dch.
Pha cht lm bng nh sau: Poliglicola, OP - 21, D, H1 ha tan trong nc nng, M
ha tan trong nc si, gc mtyl xanh, gc mtyl tm dng C2H5OH ha tan sau
dng nc ha tan cht lm bng S ha tan trong nc nhit thng. i vi
Dexstrin cn ng liu lng cn dng cho vo nc un cch thy 70 800C khuy lin
tc cho tan hon ton thu c dung dch ng nht ri cho vo dung dch pha sn.
[4] Duy tr cng ngh
-

Anot l ng photpho, hm lng ng trn 99,9%, Photpho 0,04 - 0,06%.

Anot bao bng vi polivinyl trnh mn anod lp m th.
Dng my nn dng 3 pha c lp m bng.
Nhit nh hng n lp m, cao hoc thp qu lp m bng thu hp, nhit
cao kh nng lm bng thp, cht lm bng tiu hao nhanh.
Dung dch cn khuy mnh
nh k lc, lin tc
Cht lm bng hn hp ch kh ro khong 1 nm
Cho cht lm bng theo nguyn tc cho t nhiu ln
X l nh k bng than hot tnh, cho 2-3 g/l than, khuy 4-6 gi, lng, lc,
b sung cht lm bng, m th.
Hm lng CuSO4 qu cao, kt tinh trn anod, anod th ng ha, lc pha
long dung dch cho thm H2SO4.
Hin tng chm kim xy ra trong qu trnh m, khc phc:nng hm lng
CuSO4, cho cht lm bng S, x l bng than hot tnh, kim tra hm lng
gc clo nu cao x l bng bt km.
16

Nu lp m c vt, do cht lm bng S khng , cn cho thm.

Khng ch hm lng Cl- rt quan trng

[5] S c hay gp khi m ng sunfat

Bng 1.10. Nhng s c v cch khc phc khi m ng sunfat

S c

Nguyn nhn v cch cha

Lp m nhm, si

Dung dch nhiu cn bn, lc dung dch bao li anot

Lp m th, ri, nhm ch

lm

Thiu H2SO4. Thm axit theo s liu phn tch.

Lp m sm, ti mp b
nhm, si, cy

Mt dng in catot qu ln. Gim ic xung.

Kh that nhiu catot, lp

m ti, si

Tha nhiu axit sunfuric v nng thp. Thm

CuSO4 v pha long

Lp m bm km, d bong

B mt nn cha sch. Kim tra v iu chnh li

Mt dng in catot thp. Tng ic ln

Catot qu gn anot. Chnh li

Dung dch ty nh c ln ng. Thay dung dch ty

nh.
Lp m lt qu mng. Tng chiu dy lp m lt.
Lp m gin, sc sang

Dung dch ln tp hu c, thuc nh bng Thm

0.5-1g/l KMnO4, un si 30 pht, lc qua than hot
tnh

Lp m sng nhng lm tm
hng, ra s mt

Lp m lt qu mng nn ng nn ng vn that tip

xc c ti cc im cn h. M lt dy trn 2-3m

Lp m b r

Dung dch ln tp hu c, du m. Thm 0.5 g/l

dextrin sunfo ha + 1g/l NaF hay KF

Lp m th, CuSO4 kt tinh

Nng CuSO4 qu ln (>250g/l). B bt mt phn
trn anot v y b, dng in dung dch v pha long n nng thch hp
tt thp
17

Lp m c vt en hay nu,

Dung dch ln asen, antimon, nu >1g/l thay dung dch,

im cc vt sng

nu <1g/l th m x l vi ic ln

1.2.4.3. M ng Pirophotphat
[1] c im cng ngh
u im: phn b tt, khng c, n mn t. Lp m mn, c th m c lp m
dy.
Khuyt im: khi m trn st thp phi m lt. nht dung dch cao, kh lc, gi
thnh t, x l nc thi kh khn.
[2] Ch cng ngh

Bng 1.11. Ch cng ngh m ng Pirophotphat

Thnh phn v ch lm vic

Hm lng (g/l)

Cu2+

22 - 38

P2O7-4

150-250

NO3

5-10

NH3

1-3

HPO4-2

<113

Ph gia hu c

Thch hp

T l P2O7/Cu

7:1 hoc 8:1

pH

8,2-8,8

Nhit

50-60

Khuy

Khng kh nn

in tch anod: in tch Catot

1:1 - 2:1

18

Bng 1.12. Ch cng ngh m ng mui pirophotphat

Pha ch

Thnh phn v ch
Cu2P2O7
K4P2O7.3H2O

Hm lng (g/l)
60-70

60-70

70-90

50-60

280-320

280-320

300-380

35 -400

NH3H2O (25%)
(NH4)2HC6.H5O7

2 - 3ml/l
20-25

2-3ml/l
10-15

K3C6H5O7H2O

10-15

N(CH2COOH)3

15-20

KNO3

15-20

KNaC4H4O6.4H2O

10-20

SeO2
C7H5NS2

0,008-0,02

0,008-0,02

0,002-0,004

0,00020,0004

pH

8,2-8,8

8,2-8,8

8,0-8,8

8,4-8,8

Nhit (oC)

30-50

30-40

30-50

30-50

1-1,5

0,6-1,2

1-3

0,5-1

Di ng

Di ng

Di ng

catod

catod

catod

Di ng
catod

Mt dng in
(A/dm2)
Khuy

[3] Pha ch dung dch

a. iu ch Cu2PO7
19

Cho 1 kg CuSO4 phn ng vi 0,54 kg Na4P2O7 hoc 0,66 kg K4P2O7 to thnh 1kg
Cu2P2O7.
Khi pha hai loi trn ha tan ring bit, cho t t mui pirophotphat vo trong dung
dch sun phat, khuy u. Sau phn ng pH = 5 thch hp, gn ra kt ta nhiu ln.
b. Pha ch dung dch
Ha tan K4P2O7 trong thng, cho CuP2O7, khuy n khi ha tan hon ton.
Ha tan mui xitric, mui tactarat, mui nitrat, sau vo thng m,lm long
n th tch quy nh.
Dng axit xitric hoc KOH iu chnh pH cho 1 - 2 ml/lH2O2 (30%) v 3-5 g/l
than hot tnh, nhit 50oC, thi gian 1-2 gi.
[4] Duy tr cng ngh
-

Phn tch iu chnh dung dch c t l: P = P2O7/Cu = 7:1 hoc 8:1

NH4OH d bay hi nn bo qun cn thn
phng tch ly mui photphat
Dng phng php khuy mnh

Dng phng php i chiu dng in

Dung dch c 0,0005 g/l gc xianua nh hng khng tt ti lp m, x l
bng 1-2 ml/l H2O2 (30%) v than hot tnh.

Cht lm bng khng cho qu nhiu.

1.2.5 K thut m niken

1.2.5.1. Dung dch m Niken Watt
[1] c im cng ngh
Dung dch m Niken Watt l dung dch c ha cht c bn nh Niken Sunphat, hp
cht Clorua v axit Boric. Lp m kt tinh mn d nh bng do, tnh bn n mn tt hn
m Niken bng.

[2] Ch cng ngh

a. Ch cng ngh m niken m
20

Dung dch m niken m khng c cht lm bng. Mui niken sunfat l mui chnh
cung cp ion niken, hp cht clorua l cht hot ha anod, axit boric l cht m,
chng chm kim dng cht thm t.

Bng 1.13. Ch cng ngh m niken m

Pha ch

Thnh phn v ch

2
Hm lng (g/l)

NiSO4.7H2O

250-300

NiCl2.6H2O

30-60

NaCl
H3BO3

35-40

Na2SO4

150-400

180-250

8-10

10-12

30-35

30-35

40-80

20-30

MgSO4
C12H25SO4Na

30-40
0,05-0,1

0,05-0,1

3-4

5,0-5,5

5,0-5,5

Nhit (oC)

45-60

18-35

20-35

Mt dng in (A/dm2)

1-2,5

0,5-1

0,8-1,5

Khuy

Cn

Cn

Cn

pH

b. Ch cng ngh m Niken bng

Thnh phn dung dch m niken bng ging nh thnh phn dung dch m Niken
m (bng 1.11) v c cho thm cht lm bng gm hai loi: loi mt l sc karin, para
toluensunfamit, naphtalen

21

Cht lm bng loi I khng lm nh hng r rt n ti bm chc v phm vi

mt dng in. Chng lm ng sut ni gy ra cho cht lm bng loi hai khi t n
nht nh khng c ng sut ni.
Cht lm bng loi II l cht cumarin, 1-4 butidiol, quinolonc lin kt khng bo
ha. Cht lm bng loi II lm cho in th catod m hn.
Dng phi hp cht lm bng loi hai v loi mt c lp m bng, bng phng,
gim ng sut ni.
Km, silen, cacdimicng c th phi hp vi cht lm bng loi mt, nhng hm
lng khng qu nhiu.

Bng 1.14. Cht lm bng v cng ngh m bng niken

Pha ch

Cht lm bng
Sckarin
C6H5COSO2NH2
1-4 Butidiol C4H6O2

Hm lng (g/l)
0,6-1

0,6-1

0,3-0,5

0,3-0,5

Cumarin C9H6O2

0,1-0,3

1-2

0,5-1

Turbo make up

5-10ml/l

Turbo maiternance

0,5-0,8ml/l

62A

1,5ml/l

Nhit (oC)

40-50

45-55

40-45

50-60

Mt dng in
(A/dm2)

1,5-3

2-4

1,5-3

2-8

22

c. Ch cng ngh m Niken nhiu lp

M niken nhiu lp bao gm m niken hai lp v m niken ba lp.
M hai lp bao gm m bn bng c hm lng lu hunh nh hn 0,005%, sau
lp m bng c hm lng lu hunh ln hn 0,04%. dy lp m lp m bn bng
khng nh hn 60% tng dy lp m, t l dy l 3:1.
Lp m bng ba lp l trong lp m niken hai lp cn c mt lp niken nhiu lu
hunh, s n mn tp trung vo lp m nhiu lu hunh.

Bng 1.15. Ch cng ngh m niken bn bng

Pha ch

Thnh phn v ch

Hm lng (g/l)

NiSO4.7H2O

280-300

240-280

270-320

NiCl2.6H2O

30-40

45-60

35-45

H3BO3

35-40

30-40

38-45

C9H6O2

0,15-0,30

HCHO

0,15-0,20

C12H25SO4Na

0,1

0,01-0,02

C4H6O2

0,2-0,3

CH3COOH

1-3

B make -up

9-12ml/l

Levelet TL

0,4-1,5ml/l

62A
Nhit (oC)
Mt dng in

1-3ml/l
55-60

45-50

52-60

3-4

3-4

3-8

23

pH
Khuy

3,8-4,2

4,0-4,5

3,8-4,3

Di ng hoc sc

Di ng hoc sc

Di ng hoc sc

kh

kh

kh

Bng 1.16. Ch cng ngh m Niken nhiu lu hunh

Thnh phn v ch

Hm lng (g/c)

NiSO4.7H2O

260-300

NiCl2.6H2O

40-60

H3BO3

30-40

Fomalin ml/l

0,6-0,1

p.aminobenzen sunfamit

0,18-0,25

pH

4,3-5

Mt dng in

2-7

Nhit (oC)

40-60

Bng 1.17. Ch cng ngh m Niken composit

Thnh phn v ch lm vic

Hm lng (g/l)

NiSO4.7H2O

350-380

NaCl

12-18

H3BO3

40-45

Sc karin C6H5COSO2NH2

2,5-3

24

1-4 Butidiol C4H6O2

0,4-0,5

Poliglicola CH2OH(CH2CH2O)CH2OH

0,15-0,2

SiO2

50,70

pH

4,2-4,6

Nhit (oC)

55,60

Mt dng in

3,4

Khuy

Khng kh nn

Thi gian (pht)

3-5

1.2.5.2. M niken dung dch mui sunfamat

Dung dch m niken mui sunfat kt ta nhanh, c lp m ng sut b, dng
m c v ch to khun in ha.

Bng 1.18. Ch cng ngh m niken mui sunfamat

Pha ch
Hm lng (g/l)

Ni(NH2SO3)2

450

270-330

65-780

H3BO3

30

30-45

36-48

15-30

6-18

3,5-5,0

3,5-4,2

4-0

2-16

2-14

60-70

Thnh phn v ch

NiCl2.6H2O
Cht thm t
pH
Mt dng in

0,05

25

Nhit (oC)

38-60

25-70

60-70

1.2.5.3. Dung dch m niken pinophotphat

Bng 1.19. Ch cng ngh m niken pirophotphat

Pha ch

Thnh phn v ch

Hm lng (g/l)

NiSO4.7H2O

120

Na4P2O7

65

NaHSO4

Na3C6H5O7.2H2O

60

NaCl

30

NH4OH (28%)

30-60

C6H8O7

15

Ni2P2O7

73

K2P2O7.3H2O

200

KCl

10

(NH4)2HC6H5O7

20

pH

7,5-9

Nhit (oC)

25-35

50-60

Mt dng in

0,2-2

26

1.2.5.4. M Niken en
M Niken en thc t l lp m hp kim. Thnh phn dung dch khc nhau, thnh
phn hp kim khc nhau. M Niken en dng trong cng nghip quang hc, ch to v
kh v nhn mc.Thng thng lp m Niken en dy 2 m, bn chng g km, sau
khi m cn sn.
Dung dch m niken en c hai loi, loi th nht ngoi mui niken cn c mui
km sunfat v mui Sunfoxianua. Lp m en t dung dch ny c hm lng Niken 4060%, km 20-30% lu hunh 10-15%, cht hu c 10%. Trong qu trnh m, lu hunh
trong ion CNS- chuyn thnh ion lu hunh, kt hp vi Niken to thnh Nikensunfua
mu en.S phn hy ca mui sunfoxianua l nguyn nhn ch yu c cht hu c trong
lp m.

Bng 1.20. Ch cng ngh m Niken en loi th nht

Pha ch

Thnh phn v ch

NiSO4.7H2O

70-100

115125

60-75
75

40-45

50-70

50-70

30

ZnCl2

20-25
30

10-15

10-15

NaCl

15-25

NH4Cl

20-40

45-55

30-40

30-40

H3BO3

Hm lng (g/l)

NiCl2.6H2O
ZnSO4.7H2O

25-35

NaCNS

12,5-15

NH4CNS

25-35

NiSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O

40-60

15
15-20

35-45
27

20-25

KNaC4H4O6.4H2O

10-15

Na2SO4.10H2O

30-55

Anot

Niken

Niken

Niken

Niken

Niken

Niken

pH

4,5-5,5

5,8-6,1

4-5,5

4-5,5

5,0-5,8

Nhit (oC)

30-60

25-85

20-35

40-45

40-50

Thng

0,15

0,5-2

0,5-2

0,1-0,3

Mt dng in

0,05-

(A/dm )

0,1-0,4

0,15

Bng 1.21. Ch cng ngh m Niken en loi th hai

Pha ch

Thnh phn v ch

2
Hm lng (g/l)

NiSO4.7H2O

120-150

120

(NH4)6Mo7O24 4H2O

30-40

30-40

H3BO3

20-25

CH3COONa

20

PH

4,5-5,5

3-4

Nhit (oC)

20-35

30-40

0,15-0,3

0,2-0,5

Mt dng in (A/dm2)

Bng 1.22. Cng ngh m Niken en quay

Thnh phn v ch lm vic

Hm lng (g/l)

NiCl2.6H2O

67,5

28

NH4Cl

67,5

NaCl

22,5

ZnCl2

11,25

NaK C4H4O6 4H2O

11,25

Nhit (oC)

25-35

pH

6,0-6,3

St thp m Niken en, bm chc km, cn phi m lt ng, m km sau m

Niken en.
M Niken en, khi a vt cn m vo b phi c in, khng c ngt in b m.
Gi treo m sau 2-3 ln phi ty lp m m bo dn in tt.
M niken en c th dng cht thm t, di ng catod trnh sinh im trng,
cht hu c nhiu, dung dch c nht cng sinh ra im trng, lc ny cn phi x l
bng 5 g/l than hot tnh.
Nu lp m khng en, c mu cu vng hoc mu vng, cn kim tra mt dng
in c phi thp qu khng, dn in tt khng, nhit cao khng. Nu cc iu kin
trn bnh thng th phn tn hm lng mui sunfoxianua, km sunfat hoc amon
molipat, nu cha cn b sung.
Lp m km en b bong ngoi vic ty du, ty g trc khi m khng tt cn do
hm lng km qu thp, gi tr pH cao...

1.3. Quy trnh cng ngh m in

1.3.1. S chung quy trnh:

29

1.3.2. Gia cng b mt m

30

C nhiu cch gia cng c hc: mi, nh bng, quay xc, rung, phun ct, phun
nc, chi Nhng ch yu ngi ta s dng mi v nh bng
Mc ch gia cng c hc l lm cho b mt kim loi sn si tr nn nhn bng t
tiu chun m. mi v nh bng, ngi ta dng my quay hai u trc c gn hai
bnh xe nh bng.
1.3.2.1. Mi bng
Mi bng l qu trnh gia cng b mt chi tit bng pht mi bng (hoc dy ai).
Mi bng c th loi b khi b mt chi tit lp oxy ha, lp g, vt sc, vt hn,
bavia, lm bng phng chi tit. Ngoi nhng chi tit yu cu cht lng khng cao, c
th mi bng mt ln, thng thng phi mi bng nhiu ln nhng ht mi c kch thc
nh dn. Cht lng mi bng quyt nh bi ln ca ht mi, nguyn liu ht mi,
tnh cht ca pht mi v tc mi. Cho thm cht bi trn (nh thuc nh bng) trn
pht mi bng c th mi tinh. th b mt (Ra) ca chi tit sau khi mi bng c th t
n 94 m
Kch thc ht mi, khi phn b trn mt phng nht nh c quan h vi tnh cht
pht (bao gm nguyn liu v cch khu) v hiu qu nh bng. Khi ht mi to, b mt
kim loi c lng ct gt ln dng pht cng, b mt kim loi mu v lng ct gt nh
dng pht mm, pht vi c tnh mm tt nht
1.3.2.2. nh bng
nh bng l qu trnh gia cng b mt chi tit bng pht nh bng c thuc nh
bng. nh bng tin hnh trn b mt tng i bng phng, lm gim nhm b mt,
b mt c nhn bng.
nh bng bao gm cng on nh bng th, nh bng trung bnh, nh bng
tinh. nh bng th dng pht cng nh bng b mt qua mi bng hoc cha mi
bng, c tc dng mi ct nht nh vi kim loi nn, loi b vt mi th. nh bng
trung bnh dng pht tng i cng nh bng b mt qua nh bng th, b mt
tng i bng. nh bng tinh l cng ngh sau cng khi nh bng, dng pht mm,
b mt bng nh gng

1.3.3. Ty du m
31

1.3.3.1. Ty du dung mi hu c
Dung mi hu c thng dng: xng, du ha, axtn, xilen, triclo etylen Xng r
nhng c, c s dng nhiu, d chy, ngm ty hoc xoa ty nhit thng
c im: du m x phng ha v khng x phng ha c th ha tan, khng n
mn chi tit. Ty du nhanh nhng khng trit , cn phi ty du b sung ha hc hoc
in ha. Dung mi d chy, c, gi thnh cao
Dng ty nhng chi tit nh c hnh dng phc tp, nhng chi tit kim loi mu
c nhiu du, chi tit b kim n mn cn ty s b
Khi ty du bng dung mi hu c cn ch nhng im sau:
-

Dung mi hu c bay hi rt c (c bit l triclo etylen), nn khng c

kh lt ra, c bin php an ton phng chng chy, n, thng gi

Lng cht bn trong dung mi hu c chim 25 30% (phn trm th tch),

phi thay th dung mi mi, trnh lm bn chi tit
Tricloetylen b phn hy bi tia t ngoi to thnh cht HCl n mn mnh, rt
c. V th khng mang nc vo trong thng, trnh b chiu sng bi nh
nng mt tri. Nhng chi tit bng nhm, Magi khng dng triclo etylen
ty du

1.3.3.2. Ty du ha hc
L qu trnh tc dng x phng ha v nh ha ca dung dch kim nng i vi du
ty i lp du, m. Tc dng nh ha ca cht hot ng b mt ty lp du, m
khng th x phng ha
[1] Ty du dung dch kim
Ty du dung dch kim d qun l, s dng rng ri. Hm lng NaOH trong dung
dch kim khng cao. Ty du st thp hm lng NaOH nh hn 100 g/l, ty du ng
v hp kim ng hm lng NaOH nh hn 20 g/l. Ty du km, thic, ch nhm v hp
kim ca chng, khng ty du dung dch kim c m dng mui kim nh Na 2CO3,
Na3PO4 Ty du dung dch kim c th ty du m thc vt c th x phng ha, cho
thm mt s cht hot ng b mt nh thy tinh lng, bt x phng, cht nh ha OP
c th ty c du m khong vt
Thy tinh lng l cht nh ha mnh, c nng lc x phng ha, c tc dng lm
chm i vi ch, km Nhng n cng kh ra sch, d hnh thnh keo thy tinh kh
ha tan, khi sang cng on khc, nh hng n bm chc
32

[2] Ty du axt
Ty du axt c th ng thi ty du v lp oxyt mng trn b mt chi tit. N c
to thnh bi hn hp axit v c hoc hu c v cht hot ng b mt.
[3] Ty du dung dch kim nhit thp
Ty du dung dch kim nhit cao th hiu sut ty du thp, nhit kim cao
(65 900C), tiu hao nng lng ln, nhim mi trng, x l nc thi tn km
Ty du dung dch kim, nhit thp khc phc c nhng nhc im trn, c nhiu
loi dung dch ty du
Cn c chn lc pha ch dung dch ty du: nghin cu pha ch v chn dung dch
ty du cn cn c vo nguyn liu nn, chng loi du v phng php c kh khi ty
du (ngm, phun, quay, siu m) m quyt nh
Chn thnh phn cht ty du: cht ty du nhit thp bao gm hp cht tnh
kim v cht hot ng b mt. Hp cht kim bao gm hyrxyt kim loi, cc loi mui
cacbonat, mui phtpht chim 75%, ngoi ra cn c cht tng tc ty v cht lm
chm
1.3.3.3. Ty du in ha
[1] c im ty du in ha
Ty du in ha gm c ty du catod, ty du anod, ty du phi hp anod, catod.
c im ca phng php ty du in ha c trnh by theo bng sau. Ty du in
ha l cng ngh cui cng ca ty du
Phng php
ty du

Ty du catod

c im

Phm vi ng dng

Th tch kh H2 thot ra trn Thch hp ty kim loi mu nh

catod ln gp i th tch O2 nhm, km, thic, ch, ng v
thot ra trn anod. V th ty du hp kim ca chng
catod hiu qu cao hn so vi
anod, kim loi khng n mn,
nhng d thm H2. Tp cht kim
loi d bm vo b mt chi tit
nh hng n bm chc
33

Kim loi nn khng b gin Thp cacbon c cng cao, chi

Ty du anod

hir, c th ty sch mn v
mng mng kim loi nh km,
thic, ch, crm bm trn b
mt. Hiu sut ty anod thp, n
mn kim loi mu

tit n hi nh lxo, vng m

n hi dng phng php ty
du anod. Nhm, km, v hp kim
ca chng khng dng phng
php ny

Ty du phi hp anod, catod Ty du st thp, khng c yu

pht huy u im tng loi, l cu c bit
phng php ty du c hiu qu
Ty du phc
hp anod,
catod

nht. Cn c vo nguyn liu c

th chn u tin ty du catod
sau ty du anod thi gian
ngn hoc du tin ty du anod
sau ty du catod thi gian
ngn

[2] Thnh phn dung dch v ch lm vic

Thnh phn dung dch ty du in ha ging nh thnh phn dung dch ty du ha
hc, ch khc l long mt cht, v khng s dng cht hot ng b mt c bt. V th
nu s dng cht hot ng b mt c bt, hai cc c kh H2 v O2 thot ra, lm cho bt
ni ln trn, thot ra ngoi thng. Khi in cc tip xc khng tt s nh in, gy n
Bng 1.23. Thnh phn dung dch v ch lm vic ty du in phn bng sau
Hm lng (g/l)

Tn
Pha ch

NaOH

40 60

10 20

60
15 30

Na2CO3
Na3PO4.12H2O

34

20 30

20 40

25 30

20 30

20 40

25 30

35

Na2SiO3
Nhit (0C)

35

70 80

70 80

70 80

70 80

2-5

5 10

2-5

2-5

5 10

13

1-3

Mt dng
in (A/dm2)
Thi gian ty
du catod (pht)
Thi gian ty
du anod (pht)

5 - 10

0,2 0,5

Ch
-

Pha ch 1 dng ty chi tit st thp thng thng v chi tit chu lc cng
cao
Pha ch 2 dng ty chi tit khng chu lc hnh dng phc tp
Pha ch 3, 4 dng ty chi tit ng, nhm, magi, km, v hp kim ca
chng

1.3.3.4. Ty du th cng v ty du trong thng quay

Ty du th cng tin hnh ly tng on nh nhng chi tit khng th ty du ha
hc v ty du in phn c. Th d nhng chi tit ln, nhng chi tit m Crm. Ngi
ta dng bn chi, gi, vi mn thm dung dch ty du lau. u im l thun li, n
gin, linh hot, chi tit vn m bo bng, khng n mn
Ty du trong thng quay l phng php c kh ty du. C th cho vo thng quay
mn ca dung dch kim yu ty du. Tc quay 60 100 vng/pht. Nu chi tit c
hnh dng phc tp th khng cho mn ca m cho dung dch ty du vo trong thng
quay

1.3.3.5. Ty du siu m
Ty du siu m l phng php dng sng siu m sinh ra rt nhiu bt kh trong
dung dch ty du, nhng bt kh sinh ra ln ln gy khuy ng c kh mnh lm cho
35

du m v cht bn bm trn b mt chi tit c tch ra, do ty ra s nhanh hn v

sch hn rt nhiu
Sng siu m c th p dng cho ty du dung mi, ty du ha hc, ty du in
ha, ty axt c hiu qu cao ty du, ty g. Nhit v nng ty du siu m
u thp hn ty du thng thng tng ng. Bi v nhit v nng cao u cn tr
truyn sng siu m, lm gim kh nng ty du. Dng sng siu m ty du nhit v
nng thp, tit kim nng lng, nguyn liu, bo v kim loi khi n mn, chng s
thm H2 khi ty du catod. Nhng khng phi dng dung dch long m phi dng dung
dch c thnh phn v t l pha ch thch hp, chn tn s v cng sng siu m thch
hp
Dng sng siu m ty nhng chi tit phc tp, c l, ren, c yu cu k thut
cao Nhng chi tit nh phc tp dng sng siu m c tn s cao, chi tit c b mt
ln dng sng siu m c tn s thp (15 30 kHz)
1.3.4. Ty g v ty nh
1.3.4.1. Khi nim
Ty g bao gm ty g thng thng, ty bng v ty nh.
Ty g thng thng dng loi b lp g n mn v lp oxy ha mng, loi b
mn n mn trn b mt chi tit, l ra t chc kt tinh ca kim loi nn, nng cao bng
tinh khit. Ty nh tin hnh trc khi m, ty i lp mng oxy ha mng, trung ha kim
cn ng li trn b mt chi tit, lm cho b mt hot ha, nng cao bm ca lp m
vi kim loi nn. Ngoi ty g ha hc cn c ty g in ha
1.3.4.2. Cht ty g thng dng
[1] H2SO4
nhit thng, s ha tan lp oxy kim loi trong dung dch H 2SO4 yu. Nng
cao nng dung dch cng khng nng cao r rt kh nng n mn ca H2SO4. Khi nng
H2SO4 trn 40 %; kh nng ha tan ca st oxyt gim i r rt, khi nng ln hn 60
% lp oxyt hu nh khng ha tan. Kh nng n mn nn st thp ca H2SO4 nng mnh,
bc i lp oxyt dy. Nhng nhit qu cao, gy n mn kim loi nn, gy gin hyr
[2] HCl
nhit thng; s ha tan lp oxyt kim loi trong dung dch HCl mnh, nhng
ha tan lp kim loi nn yu. Ty trong axit HCl gy t n mn kim loi nn v gim gin
36

hyr. Khi nng v nhit thch hp, tc n mn trong HCl cao gp 1,5 2 ln
trong H2SO4
[3] HNO3
L thnh phn quan trng trong dung dch n mn bng. Hn hp HNO3 v HF
ty lp oxyt trn ch, thp khng g, hp kim nn niken, nn st, nn coban Hn hp
HNO3 v H2SO4 ty bng ng v hp kim ng
[4] HF
HF c th ha tan hp cht c silic, ha tan lp oxyt ca nhm, crm. V vy HF
dng ty chi tit vt c, thp khng g, vt liu c bit Nhng HF rt c, bay hi
mnh, khi dng phi cn thn, khng tip xc vi da
[5] H3PO4
H3PO4 c tc dng n mn km, v vy tng cng n mn, cn phi tng nhit.
u im ca ty trong H3PO4 l khi cn dnh mt t dung dch H3PO4 trn b mt chi tit,
to thnh lp mng bo v mui pht pht khng ha tan, H3PO4 dng ty lp g mi
hn, cu kin trc khi sn
1.3.4.3. Cht lm chm
Dung dch ty g cho thm cht lm chm, c th phng nga kim loi nn b n
mn nhiu, trnh hin tng gin hyr. Nhng cht lm chm to mng mng trn b
mt, v vy phi ra sch, nu khng bm chc khng tt
Cht lm chm thng l cht hu c, a s l hp cht hu c c nit hoc lu
hunh trong thnh phn cu to. Th d nh thiour, upotropin

1.4. Cc yu t v hin tng nh hng n k thut m ng Niken

1.4.1. S phn cc
37

[1] Nguyn nhn gy ra s phn cc

Khi nhng mt thanh kim loi vo trong dung dch th to nn mt in th nht
nh, t ti trng thi cn bng. Khi c dng in i qua th trng thi cn bng b ph
v, to nn mt in th mi.
Khi c dng in mt chiu i vo hai in cc kim loi nhng trong dung dch th
in th catod (cc m) tr nn m hn, in th anod (cc dng) tr nn dng hn. S
thay i in th nh vy gi l s phn cc. Khi in phn, tc di chuyn ca ion kim
loi trong dung dch v phng in ca chng khng kp vi tc di chuyn ca in t,
lm cho b mt catod tch in m tng ln. V vy in th cng m. anod do s ho
tan ca kim loi, tng cao nng ion, tch lu in tch dng cng nhiu, lm cho in
th cng dng.
S phn cc gy nn do tc di chuyn ca ion, gi l s phn cc nng . S
phn cc nng l do thay i nng ion kim loi lp st anod v catod. lp st
anod, nng ion kim loi tng ln, lp st catod, nng ion kim loi gim i.
S phn cc gy nn do s phng in chm ca ion, gi l s phn in cc ho.
Trong qu trnh in phn, thng xy ra ng thi phn cc nng v phn cc in
ho, nhng tu trng hp c th m chim t trng khc nhau. Thng thng, khi mt
dng in nh th phn cc in ho l c bn. Khi mt dng in cao th phn cc
nng l c bn.
[2] Nhng nhn t nh hng n s phn cc
a. nh hng ca thnh phn dung dch
S phn cc ph thuc vo thnh phn dung dch, dung dch.
Thnh phn dung dch, dung dch khc nhau th s phn cc khc nhau. Ni chung,
s phn cc ca dung dch nng thp ln hn s phn cc ca dung dch nng cao.
Hin tng ny do trong dung dch nng thp, s ion ca n rt kh b sung vo lp
st catod. Dung dch mui phc c phn cc ln hn dung dch mui n nh s phn
cc ca dung dch xianua ln hn dung dch tnh axit.
Ngoi ra khi cho cht ph gia vo trong dung dch, s c nh hng ln n s phn
cc. a s trng hp khi cho cht ph gia vo lm tng s phn cc.

b. nh hng ca mt dng in

38

Khi mt dng in tng cao, s phn cc cng tng ln. Bi v khi mt dng
in cao, tc di chuyn ca ion v tc phng in ca n cng khc nhau r rt.
Quan h gia in th in cc v mt dng in thay i gi l s phn cc.
Hnh 1 biu din ng cong phn cc ca dung dch m niken xianua. in th catod
cng m khi mt dng in catod nng cao.
c. nh hng ca nhit
Nhit dung dch tng ln, lm tng s dch chuyn ca ion, b sung rt nhanh s
ion lp catod v khuch tn mch s ion ca anod ho tan, do lm gim s phn cc.
d. nh hng s khuy trn
Khuy trn lm tng s khuch tn ca ion, do lm gim s phn cc.
e. nh hng s phn cc i vi m in
S phn cc c quan h mt thit vi m v quyt nh:
-

c lp m kt tinh mn.

Kh nng phn b tt, lp m phn b ng u.

Lm cho hyr thot ra mnh, lm gim hiu sut dng in v bm cht

lp m. Khi nghim trng c th gy ra bt kh. trc

S phn cc anod lm cho anod ho tan khng bnh thng, dung dch khng
n nh.

nh hng s phn cc n lp m, c mt li, c mt hi. Trong qu trnh m, phi

li dng mt li, khng ch lm mt i mt hi. Qu trnh m khng cn s phn cc
anod, ngoi dung dch m thic tnh kim, li dung phn cc anod, lm cho anod th ng
ho tan ion Sn+4. a s trng hp mun c lp m mn, kh nng phn b tt u
phi nng cao phn cc catod nhng phi hn ch trong phm vi nht nh bi v nng
cao phn cc catod s lm gim hiu sut dng in, bm chtc ca lp m khng tt

1.4.2. Qu th hydro
Mun c kim loi kt ta trn catod phi c in th m hn in th tiu chun ca
n, lng in th tng ln so vi in th tiu chun gi l qu th

39

Trn catod ngoi ion kim loi thot ra cn c hydro thot ra. Hydro thot ra nhiu
hay t l do qu th quyt nh. Ion no c qu th thp th ion y phng in trc, qu
th cao th ion kh phng in
Qu th hydro c ngha ln trong k thut m. Nhng kim loi nh km, niken,
crm, st c in th tiu chun m hn so hydro, v vy hydro thot ra trc, kim loi
khng th kt ta c. Nhng do tn ti qu th hydro nn c th m c nhng kim
loi ny. ng thi qu th hydro lm gim s thot hydro, lm gim tnh gin lp m,
nng cao hiu sut dng in, dung dch n nh, lp m bm chc.
Hydro thot ra lm cho lp m khng tt v vy phi dng mi bin php nng
cao qu th hydro
Qu th hydro ph thuc vo bn cht in cc, trng thi b mt in cc, b mt
g gh, x x, qu th hydro nh
Qu th hydro tng khi mt dng in tng v gim khi nhit tng.
Qu th hydro ph thuc vo tnh cht v pH dung dch.
1.4.3. Qu trnh anod v th ng catod
1.4.3.1.Qu trnh anod
M in thng dng anod (cc dng) ha tan. Khi c dng in i qua, kim loi
ha tan do s phn cc chuyn v pha dng.
Me ne = Me+n (Me l gc kim loi)
Trn anod ngoi qu trnh ha tan cn c hydro thot ra.
Trong mi trng kim, oxit thot ra theo phn ng:
4OH - - 4e

2H2O + O2

Trong mi trng axit, oxi thot ra theo phn ng:

4H+ + O2

4H2O - 4e

Trn anod ha tan cn xy ra nhiu phn ng ph khc oxi thot ra lm cho hiu
sut anod gim thp.

40

1.4.3.2. Th ng anod
Thng thng khi c dng in i vo dung dch in li, th anod b ha tan. Nhng
mt dng in anod ln hoc thnh phn dung dch khng ng th anod khng tan m
ch c oxi thot ra, anod b en. Qu trnh ha tan ca anod b km hm gi l s th
ng. chng li s th ng, ngi ta cho vo cc cht hot ng nh cc ion Cl -, F-,
Br-
1.4.4. pH dung dch m
Gi tr pH nh hng rt ln ti tnh cht lp m. Trong qu trnh m phi khng
ch pH trong phm vi quy nh. Nu pH thay i s lm xu cht lng lp m nh tng
gin, gy, bong
Trong qu trnh m, pH lun trng thi cao, v vy hng ngy phi o pH, iu
chnh v b sung kp thi. Nu pH cao dng H2SO4 3% iu chnh cn nu pH thp c
th iu chnh bng cch in phn dng din tch anod ln, din tch catod nh nng
cao gi tr pH
1.4.5. S n mn kim loi
1.4.5.1. Nguyn nhn gy ra s n mn kim loi
Kim loi tip xc vi khng kh, t hoc dung dch sinh ra s n mn, c hai loi
n mn l n mn ha hc, n mn in ha.
S n mn ha hc xy ra khi khng c dng in pht sinh, m n xy ra khi b oxi
ha nhit cao, hay n mn trong cc dung dch khng phi l cht in nh cc dung
mi hu c.
S n mn in ha xy ra khi c dng in pht sinh, dng in chy t anod sang
catod (in t chy t catod sang anod) to thnh pin.. Nguyn nhn l do s chnh lch
in th gia hai cc.

41

1.4.5.2. Nhng nhn t nh hng ti s n mn

[1] nh hng ca bn cht kim loi
Tnh chng n mn kim loi lin quan n din th tiu chun, hot ha hc ca
kim loi. in th tiu chun ca kim loi cng m th hot ha hc cng cao, kim loi
d b n mn.
Nhng c nhng kim loi (nh Ni, Cr) in th tiu chun ca chng m, hot
ha hc cao nhng tnh bn m mn tt,v trn b mt c hnh thnh mng oxi ha km,
rt mng, c s n dnh ha hc cao, c th bo v kim loi khi b n mn. l s th
ng kim loi.
Tnh chng g ca kim loi c lin quan n hm lng tp cht v bng ca n.
Tp cht trong kim loi cng nhiu, th chng g ca n cng km. bng kim loi cng
cao, ting chng g cng tt.
[2] nh hng ca nhit
Nhit nh hng rt ln n s n mn. Nhit cng cao hot ha hc ca
kim loi v dung dch tng, do lm tng s n mn.
[3] nh hng ca mi trng n mn
Tnh chng g ca kim loi c lin quan h trc tip ti mi trng n mn. Trong
mi trng khc nhau, tnh n nh ca kim loi cng khc nhau, th d vng n nh
trong nhiu dung dch nhng b n mn trong nc cng toan.
1.4.6. Cht to phc v cht hot ng b mt
1.4.6.1. Cht to phc
Hp cht phc tp to thnh do nhng phn t n gin ha hp vi nhau theo t l
nht nh gi l hp cht gia cc phn t. Hp cht gia cc phn t trong dung dch
nc phn ly ton b thnh cc ion n gin gi l mui kp.
Nhng cht ny c tnh n nh nht nh, hp cht trong phn t ch phn ly mt b
phn hoc c bn khng phn ly gi l phc cht, l cht c kh nng to phc vi ion
kim loi. Phc cht kh ha tan trong nc, ion phc khc nhau c kh nng phn ly khc

42

nhau. Hng s cn bng khi ion phc phn ly t n gi tr cn bng gi l hng s

khng n nh, k hiu l K, K biu th nng lc phn ly ca phc cht.
Nhng ion phc khc nhau c hng s khng n nh khc nhau, ion phc ging
nhau, nhit khc nhau, h s khng n nh khng ging nhau. thun tin, dng
k hiu pK biu th:
pK = - log K
T cng thc thy rng pK cng ln, ion phc cng n nh, cng kh ha tan.
1.4.6.2. Cht hot ng b mt
Trn mt tip xc gia cht lng v khng kh, lc hp dn gia cc phn t cht
lng ln hn phn t cht kh, v th to nn lc tc dng co li trn b mt cht lng gi
l sc cng b mt.
Cht lm gim sc cng b mt gi l cht hot ng b mt, cht hp ph c bit
sinh ra trn b mt kim loi v cht lng gi l cht hot ng b mt.
[1] Tnh cht v tc dng ca cht hot ng b mt
Phn t cht hot ng b mt c mt u khng cc ght nc thng l dy hydro
cacbon cn mt u a nc (nh nhm OH, -COOH, -SO3H, -NH2) c tc dng ht
cc phn t nc. u a nc v u ght nc ca cht hot ng b mt to thnh
mng hp ph lm cho phn t sp xp nh hng, ci thin t chc kt tinh ca lp m,
nng cao phn cc, v th nang cao kh nng phn b n su ca dung dch.
Cht hot ng b mt c tc dng thm t, nh ha, thm thu, to bt lm
nhanh qu trnh ty du vt m, nng cao hiu qu ty du. Tc dng thm t ca chng
c th phng s lu li bt kh hydro, chng sinh ra chm kim trn lp m.
[2] Phn loi cht hot ng b mt
Cn c vo cng dng cht hot ng b mt m phn ra cc loi: cht to bt, cht
nh ha, cht thm t, cht ty ra.
Cn c c im cu to phn t m chia ra cht hot ng b mt ion m, cht hot
ng b mt ion dng, cht hot ng b mt lng tnh, cht hot ng b mt phi ion.
1.4.7. Mt s yu t khc
-

nh hng ca cht in gii n cu trc lp m

+

nh hng ca bn cht in gii

43

nh hng ca nng ion

nh hng ca thnh phn dung dch

nh hng ca cht hu c

nh hng ca ch in phn n cu trc lp m

+

nh hng ca mt dng in

nh hng ca nhit dung dch

Khuy

nh hng ca trng thi b mt kim loi nn i vi t chc lp m

nh hng ca cc phng php cng ngh n cu trc lp m

nh hng ca qu trnh thot hydro

Dn hydro: sau khi ion hydro kh trn catod, mt phn s to thnh kh H 2 bay ln,
mt phn nguyn t hydro thm vo kim loi nn v kim loi m lm cho kim loi b
gin.
Rp bt kh: sau khi m xong, khi nhit mi trng cao, hydro hp th trn b
mt kim loi nn n ra, sinh ra bt kh.
R, chm kim: bt kh hi ro bm trn b mt kim loi, to ch cch in lm cho
ion kim loi khng th phng in ch bt kh c, m ch phng in xung quanh ch
bt kh sinh ra im r trn lp m.

44

CHNG II.
THC NGHIM
2.1. S qui trnh thit k m hnh m ng Niken

Chn sn
phm

Xy dng
qui trnh
cng ngh

Gia cng qui

trnh

Tnh ton
thit k qui
trnh

Chn ch
m ng

Chn dung
dch m

Test m
hnh

Chn ch
m Niken

Kim tra,
khc phc
qui trnh

Sn phm

Hnh 2.1. S qui trnh thit k m hnh m ng - Niken

45

2.2. S qui trnh cng ngh

My Siu m

B1

R3

My Mi
Gia Cng

B3

B4

B2

R2

R1

Bng
iu
khin

Bng
iu
khin

Bng
iu
khin

Bng
iu
khin

Bng
iu
khin

Bng
iu
khin

Hnh 2.2. S qui trnh cng ngh

R1: b ra 1

R2: B ra 2

B1: Ty in Ha B2: M Vng

R3: B ra 3
B3: M ng SunPhat

B4: M Niken
2.2.1. S qui trnh m hnh

Gia cng c
hc

Ra 1

Ty du
bng my
siu m

Ra 3

Ty in ha

Ra 2

M Vng
Trnh by
sn phm

M ng lt
M NiKen
bng

Hnh 2.3. S qui trnh m hnh

2.2.2. Thuyt minh v bin lun qui trnh m hnh
46

Vt liu chn em m c gia cng my mi. Sau , chng c ra sch b

ra s 1. Ri tip tc c chuyn sang ty du my siu m. Ti my siu m vt liu
c ty sch du v chuyn sang b ra s 2. Sau khi c ra sch b ra s 2, chng
tip tc c chuyn qua ty din ha. Sau khi ty in ha cc sn phm c ra tht
sch b ra s 3. Sau , chng c em m vng hoc em m lt bng Niken. Sau
, m mt lp ng Sunphat mng v chng c m bng li bng Niken to thnh sn
phm.
Trong qu trnh vn hnh m b Niken v b m ng cn ch n thi gian,
nhit , cng nh cc yu t v s phn cc catot, nng dung dch m lp m phn
b tt v bn chc.
Qui trnh ny c th vn hnh mt cch tun hon, nn c th m lin tc. u tin
cc sn phm c ty g bng phng php c hc sau ty in ha ra ri em m ra
sn phm. Do , chng ta c th m nhiu sn phm trong mt khong thi gian nht
nh.
Mt khc, qui trnh ny c th tho lp mt cch c ng hon ton, c th em
tng sn phm em m ng Niken hay m vng nn c th ng dng trong thc t.
2.3. Tnh ton thit k m hnh qui trnh
ph hp nghin cu phng th nghim. Chng ti chn kch thc nh sau:
Chiu di m hnh

Chiu rng

1.6 m

0.35 m

H thng khung sn gi c th tho lp ri khi cc h thng khc. C th tch

v s dng ring l tng b phn. H thng khung sn v gi c lm bng inox
dng thanh L tin cho vic tho lp cc thit b cng nh cc h thng vi nhau.
2.3.1. La chn vt liu m
ph hp vi qui trnh mc nh nh phng th nghim. Chng ti chn vt
liu m l bulong k thut dng trong trang tr xe p, xe gn my v trang sc
Kch thc vt em m khong 0.5 3.5 cm.
Vt liu em m c gia cng v m theo qui trnh nh trn.

47

Hnh 2.4. M trang sc

Hnh 2.5. M bng v bo v bulong

2.3.2. Chn thit b gia cng b mt
My mi 2 u c cng sut khong 1 HP. C 2 u gn vi bnh mi. Mt u gn
vi bnh mi bng . u kia gn vi bnh mi bng vi th.

Hnh 2.6. ng c v cc loi bnh mi

Vt liu c em mi bnh mi bng sau mi bng vi. My mi ch yu
gia cng c hc ty bt lp g bn ngoi ca vt liu em m. b mt chng nhn
hn sch hn v cht lng lp m s tt hn.

48

Hnh 2.7. My mi v nh bng

2.3.3. Tnh chn cc kch thc, cc b ra
2.3.3.1. B m
a. Cu to b m tnh
B m tnh thng c s lng nhiu, l thit b ch yu trong phn xng m. B
m tnh gm b ngoi, b lt, thit b gia nhit, mng ht, thanh dn in, gi
[1] B ngoi
B ngoi l b phn ch yu ng dung dch, cc b phn khc nh mng ht,
thanh dn in, ng gia nhit u c nh vi b.
Nguyn liu ch to b m tnh l g, thp, s, gch nhng dng nhiu nht l
nhng tm thp hn li vi nhau; thit b n gin, kinh t, bn, d ch to.

49

Hnh 2.8. Cu to b m tnh

B ngoi thng dng l nhng tm thp dy 4-5mm, c th dng thp cacbon
thng thng, dng hn hi hay hn in ghp li vi nhau. Sau khi hn xong dng du
ha, xng hoc ng nc kim tra c thng hay khng, nu khng chy th dng
c.
lm tng bn ca b, bn bn hn thm thp Cc. (Xem hnh 2.9 a v 2.9 b)

Hnh 2.9 a. Tng tr lc di y b

Hnh 2.9 b. Tng tr lc xung quanh b

[2] B lt trong
B ny dng lt trong b ngoi nhm chng s n mn ca dung dch vi thng.
V vy nu dung dch khng n mn th khng cn lt trong. (Th d nh b ra nc, b
trung ha, b ty du)
B lt trong lm bng nguyn liu chng n mn (th d nh ch, cao su cng, cc
loi cht do). Ty theo dung dch m m chn loi nguyn liu lt trong thch hp,
nhm chng s n mn.
50

Hin nay mt s b m c lt trong bng composit (th d nh b m niken, b

ty nh)
[3] B ra nc v b trung ha
c im ca b l cha nhiu nc, hoc dung dch khng c tc dng n mn.
V vy ch to b, c th dng nhng tm thp hn li vi nhau, khng cn lt. Trong b
ra nc, nc cn phi sch v lin tc i vo. m bo nc sch, ng dn cn t
di y thng, nc sch t di ln, nc bn thot ra mt trn. Cch tt nht dng
khng kh nn i vo t di y b, khuy ng nc lm cho nc sch. tit
kim nc v ra sch dng phng php ra ngc chiu
[4] B m dung dch tnh axit
Gm cc b m niken, m ng axit, m km axit Dung dch axit n mn b
thp, v vy phi dng b lt. Vt liu chu axit lt b nh ch, cao su cng, cht do PVC,
ph lp composit ng gia nhit hnh ch U cng cn phi lt ch.
Nu nhit dung dch khng cao qu 50oC th khng cn thit b ht c. Nu
nhit ln hn 50oC, khuy cn c qut ht. Hnh 5.11 l b m niken bng c di
ng catot. Mc ch di ng catot trnh cho bt kh bm trn catot, ng thi cn
khuy dung dch, thu c lp m tt.
ng c quay qua hp gim tc, truyn chuyn ng qua thanh dn in catot.

Hnh 2.10. B m niken bng co di ng catot

1. B st li ch hoc PVC; 2. Thanh dn in catot; 3. Con ln; 4. Thanh dn in anot;
5. Thanh truyn; 6. Hp gim tc; 7. ng c; 8. Gi t ng c; 9. ng gia nhit.

51

Hnh 2.11. B m niken bng khuy bng khng kh nn

1. B m; 2. Mng ht; 3. ng gia nhit; 4. Gi cch in; 5. Thanh dn in; 6. Thanh
dn in anot; 7. ng PVC khuy bng khng kh nn.
b. B ty du ha hc v b ty du in ha
B ng dung dch kim, v vy khng cn lt trong.
B cn gia nhit 70-80oC, do trong b c ng gia nhit hi hoc gia nhit in, phi
lp nhng thanh dn in trn gi cch in.
Ty du in ha thng sinh ra kh c. V vy, phi c qut ht c, t hai cnh
b, ht hi c i. Nu b c chiu rng nh hn 500mm th t mng ht n, b ln
hn t mng ht hai bn.
[1] Cc kch thc cc b m
Cc b m tnh thng c ch to theo cc kch thc quy nh sn. Ty theo
nng sut m c im vt m, cc trang b ph tr cho b (qut ht, ng hi, khuy)
m kch thc b s ln nh khc nhau.

Bng 2.1. Kch thc mt s b m thng dng

Kch thc b (mm)

Th

Di

Rng

cao

tch
(lt)

01

600

550

800

02

800

700

03

1200

04

Loi
b

Kch thc b (mm)

Loi
b

Di

Rng

Cao

Th tch
(lt)

250

08

1500

1000

1000

1300

800

400

09

2200

700

1000

1400

700

800

600

10

2200

1000

1000

2000

1500

700

800

750

11

3000

700

1000

2000

05

800

700

1000

550

12

3000

1000

1000

2000

0,6

1200

700

1000

800

13

800

450

800

270

0,7

1500

700

1000

1000

14

800

450

1000

350

52

2.3.3.2. Ty du bng my siu m

Dng my pht siu m truyn sng dao ng c tn s khng nh hn 20 kHz vo
dung mi hay dung dch kim th ty ra s nhanh hn v sch hn rt nhiu. Lc
khng ch du m m c g, oxyt, cn bn, u c ty sch, k c trong khe, rnh, l
su, chn ren, V c nhiu u im nh vy nn trong cng nghip sn xut ng h,
linh kin in t, bn dn, cng ngh cao, rt hay dng siu m vo vic ty ra.

Hnh 2.12. My siu m ty du

Khi cho sng siu m lan truyn vo cht lng s lm xut hin nhng vng p sut
rt cao xen k vi nhng vng p sut thp, sau chng li hon v cho nhau vi tn s
rt ln. Nu cng dao ng ln th nhng bin i t ngt v p sut lun phin
v khng gian v thi gian trong mi trng ty to ra tc dng xm thc rt mnh lit,
bo sch mi tp cht trn b mt vt ty.
Tng nhit s tng tc dng ty ra ca siu m ln. Thnh phn cht lng cng
nh hng n tc v cht lng ty bng siu m. Nu cht lng khng c tc dng
ha hc g vi cht bn th ty siu m ch c tc dng vt l v c hc l xm thc
bo sch b mt, nu cht lng li c th ha tan v phng ha c cht bn th ty trong
siu m cn c thm tc dng ha l na. Bng 3.4 trnh by mt s dung dch ty du m
bng siu m.
53

Bng 2.2. Mt s dung dch ty du m trong siu m

Thnh phn
(g/l)

Dung dch s
1

NaOH

5-10

25-30

Na2CO3

15-35

4-6

3-5

Na3PO4.12H2O

40-60

6-8

30-40

3-5

Na2SiO3

10-12

20-25

5-15

Cht HBM

1-3

1-3

NaNO2

10-12

K2Cr2O7

0,5-0,8

Dung dch 1 ty c cho c kim loi en v kim loi mu; dung dch 2 ty cho
ng, km, nhm; dung dch 3 ty cho thp; dung dch 4, 5 v 6 ty cho ng v hp kim
ng. Tn s dao ng ca siu m khong 20 kHz c tc dng xm thc mnh nht, nn
thng dng ty cho cc vt kh, to v cc vt c hnh dng n gin. Nhng khi ty
cho vt b li c hnh th phc tp, c khe hp, l su, th phi dng tn s cao n 200
500 kHz. Cng siu m khi ty phi t t 1,5 n 2,5 W/cm 2; tn s cng cao th
cng (cng sut) i hi cng thp. Thi gian ty trong siu m t 2-4 ph. Vt ty
khng nn chng cht hoc che khut ln nhau trong b ty, cn t gn v hng chng
ngun pht siu m. Ty yu cu m c th ty siu m 1,2 hay 3 ln. Cht lng ty phi
c nh k lm sch hoc thay mi.
2.3.3.3. Ty du m bng phng php in ha
Ty du m hin i ha cho b mt rt sch, thi gian ty ngn, thng dng vo
khu lm sch ln cui ly i mng du m cn st li cc khu ty trc . Dung
dch ty hin i ha c thnh phn ging nh dung dch ty du m ha hc nhng nng
long hn. C th dng dng mt chiu hay xoay chiu cho ty in ha. Khi dng
dng mt chiu th vt ty c th l catot hoc anot. Trong qu trnh in phn cc bt kh
nh (hydro hay oxy) thot ra trn in cc (vt ty) s li cc mng hay git du m bong
ra nn tc ty nhanh hn. Ty anot chm hn ty catot v dung dch st anot khng b
kim ha nn qu trnh x phng ha xy ra chm hn, ng thi th tch kh oxy thot ra
b hn th tch hydro m bt kh oxy li to hn bt kh hydro nn tc dng li mng, git
du m km hn. Ty anot cn lm b mt xm, en do b oxy ha bi oxy thot ra.
54

Nhng ty catot kim loi li b gin hydro, v vy khng nn ty catot lu, nht l ty cho
cc vt mnh, cho nhp, l xo, Hin nay c cc ch phm tng hp, di cc tn m
ha khc nhau, cho vo b ty in ha khc phc hin tng gin hydro rt hu hiu.
V d, cht c ch loi polyme ch nitro, cc phn t lng thp, chng gin hydro cho
thp rt trit , ng thi chng sinh bt trn mt dung dch lm mt nguy c to ra hn
hp n (gia oxy v hydro). Trong thc t hay ty lin hon: lc u ty catot 5-6 pH, sau
ty anot 1-2 pH. Nu thc hin hai ln ty y trong hai b ring bit th b ty anot
dng catot thp, cn b ty catot dng anot kn, thp m kn, thp khng g; v nu
dng anot bng thp thng s b tan (tuy rt t) lm bn dung dch v ion st s kt ta
ln mt vt ty. iu ny rt bt li i vi trng hp ty catot cho ng, hp kim ng,
b mt nh bng. Ty du m in ha cho ng, km, nhm v cc hp kim ca
chng ch c tin hnh trn catot.
Nhc im ca ty du m in ha l kh ty sch trong cc khe, khut, l,
cho cc vt c hnh th phc tp v kh nng phn b ca dung dch thp.
Thnh phn dung dch, ch ty du m in ha c trnh by trong bng 2.3.
Dung dch 1, 2, 3 ty trn khung treo, dung dch 5 ty trong thng quay, dung dch 4 ty
bng vng xoay chiu. Dung dch 6 ty cho ng, NaCN va c tc dng ty du m va
hot ha b mt ng; lp m ng trn thp ty catot trong dung dch 6 ri chuyn sang
ty anot trong dung dch 7. Dung dch 8 ty cho hp kim km.

Bng 2.3. Dung dch ty du m in ha

Hp kim
km

ng

Thp

Thnh phn
(g/l) v ch
ty

Dung dch s
1

NaOH

20-40

5-10

45-55

60-70

10-15

10-15

8-12

Na2CO3

20-40

20-40

25-30

10-20

25-30

25-30

8-12

Na3PO4

20-40

20-40

25-30

10-20

5-10

25-30

25-30

4-6

Na2SiO3

3-5

15-25

NaCN

5-15

10-15

Na5P3O10

10-20

Cht HBM

1-2

0,1-0,2

0,1-1

55

Trilon B

4-6

Nhit , oC

60-80

60-80

60-70

75-85

35-40

65-70

40-50

60-70

Dc, A/dm2

2-10

2-10

10

4-8

1-1,5

2-5

1-2

Da, A/dm2

2-10

2-10

3-5

2-3

tc, ph

3-10

3-10

10

3,5

0,5

ta, ph

1-3

1-3

1-2

1-2

Chn dung dch cn lu n dn in, kh nng thm t, kh nng nh ha,

kh nng n mn nn v cc i.
dn in ca dung dch gim theo th t sau:
NaOH > Na2SiO3 > Na2CO3 > Na3PO4
Kh nng nh ha tng theo th t sau:
NaOH < Na2CO3 < Na3PO4 > Na2SiO3
Hin nay cc hng sn xut vt t k thut m in thng cung cp cht ty ra
in ha dng t hp di nhng nn thng mi khc nhau, c km theo hng dn
cch s dng, trong s c nhiu cht kh tt. V d, cht Udyprep 220 EC ch cn 3060 g/l vi nhit tng i thp (40-70oC), ty 5-10 A/dm2 t 2-4 ph trn catot hoc
anot cho b mt thp, ng, hp kim ng rt sch.
Trong qu trnh ty du m in ha cn gt b lp bt trn b mt dung dch,
trnh to thnh hn hp n gia hydro v oxy. Mun vy cn dng ph gia chng sinh
bt, hn ch dng cht hot ng b mt hay cht nh ha sinh nhit bt.
Tng nhit s tng tc ty, ng thi tng c dn in cho dung dch, lm
gim in th b, tit kim in nng. Tng mt ng dng in s tng tc ty. in
th trn b ty in ha thng dao ng trong khong 3-10 V, v vy cn dng ngun
in c in th 6-12 V.

2.3.4. Tnh ton v thit k b m ng

ph hp vi yu cu thc t v da v bng cc kch thc b m chng ti
chn Kch thc b m ng nh sau:
Di

Rng
56

Cao

30 cm
-

25 cm

25 cm

Vt liu lm b l composit dy khong 1.5cm. c gn cc thanh in cc (nh

Hnh 2.12)

Hnh 2.12. Cu to mt b m
2.3.5. Tnh ton thit k b m niken
Kch thc b m Niken
Di

Rng

Cao

30 cm

20 cm

25 cm

dy khong 1.5cm. c gn cc thanh in cc tng i ging vi b m ng

nhng c bit chng c gn thm h thng sc kh tng bn lp m.
2.3.6 Tnh chn gi treo vt m
[1] Dng c g lp vt gia cng
V m hnh mc thch hp cho phng th nghim nn chn gi cng nh gi
treo vt m v Atot c kch thc nh va phi m m khng tn nhiu din tch.
Gi y dng ng nhng vt nh gia cng trong cc b ty, ratrc khi
m.

57

Mc, gi, khung treo, dung treo cc vt cn gia cng trong cc b in phn nh
ty in ha, m v vy khi thit k hay chn khung treo, gi treo hay mc treo phi cn
c vo kch thc, hnh dng, s lng vt m. Mt vt m trn khung phi cn c vo
kh nng phn b v kh nng m su ca dung dch. Mc treo anot ha cn g tht
cht, tip in tht tt v khi anot ha c th b n mn hay sinh mng cch in.
[2] Dng c g lp anot
Anot c th l kim loi ha tan hay khng ha tan
Anot c dng tm, thi, ovan, bi, dng ng xu, khuy o, mnh nh
Loi anot to dng cc loi mc treo bng ng g trc tip tng anot ln cu anot.
Loi nh dung gi, hp, lng, (bng vt liu dn in nhng khng tan, thng
l titan) ng y anot ri treo ln cu anot.
Anot ha tan thng sinh mn cn, v vy thng phi bao anot bng cc ti vi
bn ha cht dung dch khng b vn c.
2.3.7. H thng sc kh
H thng sc kh l mt h thng kh quan trng trong xng m. Trong thit k
xng m ngi ta thng dng cc loi bm ln. Vt liu lm bm phi bn ha, khng
b n mn khi tip xc vi cc dung dch dung trong xng m, thng bng cht do
(PP, FA, PA, PVDF, ETFE... ), thp khng r, hp kim hastelloy Nng sut bm c cc
loi 50 lt/ph, 120 lt/ph, 250 lt/ph, 500 lit/ph, 900 lt/phnhng m hnh ny mc
nh hn nn chn h thng sc kh nn.
M hnh nh sau: Khng kh c nn bng my bm kt hp vi i lu dung
dch. Khng kh nn c lm sch, dn vo h thng ng nha c khoan l dc theo ng,
t st y b, pha di catot. iu chnh van kh p sut trong ng nm trong khong
4,905 9.81 104 Pa (tc khong 0.5 1 atm). Cch khuy ny rt mnh v u
2.3.8. H thng khuy lc
[1] Nhng nguyn nhn gy nhim bn dung dch m
Cc dung dch dng m kim loi trong thi gian lm vic thng b nhim bn do
hu qu tch ly cc cht l:
- Cc chi tit ri vo y b, ha tan dn.
- Cc chi tit tip xc km vi catot cng d b ha tan ha hc khi b in phn.
-

B mt chi tit chun b khng sch.

58

Du m, cc vt g, cc loi bt mi, l nh bng cha b loi khi b mt chi

tit.

Cc vt ha cht cn st li sau qu trnh ty du m, ty g hoc dng nc bn

cng nghip, nc ging, nc my c g st ra cc chi tit

Cc ha cht dng pha ch dung dch c nhim bn nhiu cht l.

Anot c nhim bn nhiu loi oxit hoc cc hp cht khc.

- S dng nc khng sch pha ch dung dch.

- Bi bm c trong khng kh ri vo b hoc bm vo thnh b. Cc b m t vo
ch nh bng, mi cc bi kim loi, mi c ln du m bay vo b m c lng
ln hn bnh thng.
- S dng cc loi nha, cao su lt b mt km phm cht cng d gy nhim bn
dung dch m.
- S dng cc loi phin lc, vi bc anot khng cht lng.
- Cc cht lm bng c cha nhiu hp cht ha hc khc, tch ly du, c bit l
s dng cht lm bng vi s lng ln dn dn cng gy nhim bn dung dch.
- S dng khng kh nn khng sch (cha lc) du m, ha cht, bi bm.
[2] Lc dung dch m
Cc ht cht rn khng tan, khng lng xung y b, chng phn tn khp th tch
dung dch m v kt ta ln b mt catot, cu to vo trong lp m, lm lp m gim cht
lng. Cn phi lc b chng. Cch lc n gin nht l dng vi lc (vi dt bng si
ha hc bn ha cht) cng trn mt khung nha hay khung tre., khung g t trc tip
trong b hay thng cha. C th s dng cc t giy lc kh ln t trn r tre, nha thay
cho vi lc. Phng php ny ch c tnh chn nh k.
Thit b lc: nhng tp cht trong dung dch m thng lm cho lp m bin mu,
th, chm kim, gai, bong, khng bong v.v

Bng 2.4. S l lp m gia lc v khng lc

C lc hay
dy (mm)
khng lc
0,025

S l/dm2
S th nghim
Ch lm

Ch li

Khng

30

6,2

0,9

59

0,015

0,05

Khng

86

51

10

2,6

Khng

230

152

113

66

Lc tinh

32

25

( Bng 2.4. So snh s l lp m gia lc v khng lc do M lm th nghim )

T bng trn ta thy tm quan trng ca vic lc dung dch, khi c lc s l lp m
gim i rt nhiu.
-

Nguyn nhn gy ra nhng tp cht trong dung dch nh sau:

Bi khng kh.
Nhng cht bn bm vo vt m.
Bn ant.
Do khuy bng khng kh v tp cht hu c sinh ra do s phn hy ca cht lm

bng.
Nhng tp cht do gi treo gy ra.
Tp cht sinh ra dung dch m v nc khng tinh khit.
Nhng tp cht khc trong qu trnh m.

Nhng tp cht trn phi gii quyt c bn trc khi lc. Lc ch s dng khi
khng c cch gii quyt no khc.
Chn my lc, iu quan trng cng sut v tnh cht ca n. Thng thng chn
cng sut my lc trong mt gi lc c th tch bng 3-5 ln th tch b m, i vi b
m bng niken, lc c th tch bng 5-10 ln th tch b m. i vi dung dch kim
dng thp ch to my lc, i vi dung dch axit, nhng phn tip xc vi dung dch
m phi dng cao su cng cht do clovinyl, hp kim thp khng g molip en, thp silic
bo v, nhng thp silic cng, gia cng kh thng khng s dng.
Vt liu lc thng l vi bng, si tng hp, si thy tinh, than hot tnh, s.
Vi bng dng trong dung dch trung tnh, si acrilic, si vinyl dng cho dung dch axit,
si thy tinh dng cho dung dch c axit cao, c hp cht flo.
nng cao tc lc, m bo dung dch sch, thng cho vo cc cht ph tr.
Cht ph tr thng dng l than hot tnh. Tc my lc xem bng 5.3, t bng trn c
th tnh c cng sut my lc.
60

Bng 2.5. Tc lc ca cc dung dch

Tc lc trung bnh
Loi dung dch
I/dm2.gi
M niken bng, bn bng

14

M ng sunfat, km sunfat, crm

14-20

M thic axit, bc xianua

10-14

M ng xianua

10-16

M hp kim ng km

10

M km xianua

M thic kim

6-10

lm tng mt dng in, nng cao nng sut, cht lng ta dng thit b
khuy lc tun hon.
Khi khng di ng catt c th dng cc phng php sau khuy dung dch:
phng php khuy c kh bng my khuy, phng php khuy bng khng kh nn v
lc tun hon dung dch.
Phng php khuy c kh hu nh khng c s dng, v kch thc b ln phi
t rt nhiu my khuy.
Phng php dng kh nn c s dng rng ri. di y b t ng c nhiu
l (ng st nu nh dung dch kim, ng ch hoc PVC nu l dung dch axit, hnh 5.8.

61

Hnh 2.13. B c thit b khuy bng khng kh nn

1. ng c nhiu l; 2. Lp cch in; 3. B m; 4. ng dn kh vo; 5. Vt m
Mt bu ng bt kn, mt u ng ni vi ng tng ca my nn kh. p lc iu
chnh bng van gim p vi p sut 0,5 1 kg/cm2. V th gia ng v my nn kh phi
c van gim p, ng h p lc v van an ton, v th trn ng ng phi c b phn lc.
Hin nay, ngi ta ch to qut nn kh c cng sut cao, c b phn lc. Ty theo dung
tch ca b m chn cng sut khc nhau. Dng phng php ny dung dch c khuy
mnh, u nhng khng dng c vi dung dch c phn ng vi oxy hoc cacbonic, th
d: dung dch m xianua hoc dung dch m st.
Phng php khuy lc tun hon c c im dung dch c tin hnh khuy,
ng thi c lc lin tc. Dung dch di y b c ht ra qua my lc, theo
ng ng i v b phn catt trn ming b.
Thng m c b phn lc lin tc
My lc dung dch c nhiu loi, c loi gm nhiu a lc, gia cc a lc c
nguyn liu lc nh n, vi, giy lc dung dch i qua nhng tm a lc, c lc
sch, qua ng i vo b m. Hin nay c dng nhiu l my lc c ng lc, ng lc
bng si vi chu axit, ty theo cng sut my lc c s ng khc nhau, thng thng c
t 4-12 ng lc, dung dch c lc sch qua ng lc.
Trong b m, nu nhit khng cho php vt qu nhit thng (th d nh
oxy ha nhm v hp kim nhm) phi dng my lnh, xem hnh 5.9. Dng bm bm
62

nc t v ngoi ca b cho vo bung lm lnh, bung lm lnh c ng xon. ng xon

ni vi h thng my lnh. Khi nc c lm ngui 5-10oC a vo v ngoi ca b.

Hnh 2.14. B c b phn lc lin tc

1. My lc; 2. Bm; 3. ng c; 4. B m
2.3.9. H thng gia nhit
Trong qu trnh m hoc gia cng b m cn c nhit nht nh. Th d khi ty
du cn nhit 80 90oC, m crm cn nhit 45-48oC. V vy cn c phng php
nht nh gia nhit dung dch.
C hai phng php gia nhit: gia nhit hi v gia nhit in.
Gia nhit in c hai loi, mt loi thit b gia nhit trc tip vo dung dch, mt
loi thit b gia nhit di y b. Gia nhit bng in c u im l: gia nhit dn dn,
c th t c nhit cao trn 100oC, thao tc n gin, iu chnh thun li, nhng c
khuyt im l in tiu hao ln, gia nhit in khng an ton. V vy ch khi no cn
nhit cao m gia nhit hi khng th t c, hoc khng c gia nhit hi mi dng
gia nhit in.
Gia nhit hi c dng nhiu nht, gia nhit hi thng dng p lc 2 3 kg/cm2.
Thit b gia nhit hi l nhng ng hnh ch U cha hi hoc l ng hi v nc.
Gia nhit hnh ch U c th t y thng hoc cnh thng (xem Hnh 2.15)
Ngy nay do s tin b ca k thut s dng thit b trao i nhit, t bn ngoi
thng. Dung dch m c bm vo thit b trao i nhit, sau li tr v thng m, nu
dng phi hp vi my lc, c th lc lin tc v khuy ng dung dch.

63

Hnh 2.15. Gia nhit hnh ch U t bn cnh b

2.3.10. H thng chnh lu
Hin nay my chnh lu c dng rng ri thay th my pht in mt chiu.
Dng my chnh lu c li l hiu sut cao, thi gian s dng lu, ting n nh, chu nhit
cao, iu chnh d dng, c th trc tip lp cnh b m, cho nn c dng rng ri v
c khuynh hng thay th ton b my pht in mt chiu bng my chnh lu.
Cu to my chnh lu gm: v my, cc chi tit chnh lu, my bin th, thit b
iu chnh in p, thit b lm gim nhit v.v
Khi dng my chnh lu cn ch nhng im sau :
- Dng m my trong lc c ph ti.
- Khng c dng qu ph ti, c bit phi phng on mch, dng in
-

ln, trnh lm hng cc chi tit chnh lu.

Khng c lm vic nhit vt qu 700-800C, nu khng s lm hng cc
chi tit chnh lu. Khi khng c thit b gim nhit hoc thit b gim nhit
hng, khng c dng my chnh lu.
Ch an ton, phng h in, gy tai nn.

64

2.4. Ch vn hnh h thng m ng v niken

2.4.1.Thnh phn dung dch m v ch lm vic

Bng 2.6. Ch cng ngh m bng ng sunphat

Thnh phn v
ch
Pha ch
CuSO4.5H2O
H2SO4
S1

Hm lng (g/l)
1

180-220

180-250

150-220

180-220

180-220

50-70

50-70

50-70

50-70

50-70

0,01-0,02

S9

0,01-0,02

S12

0,03

TPS

0,01

SH - 110
H1

0,005-0,02
0,001

0,001

H6 (N)

0,00020,0007

0,0003-

0,0030,0008

0,001
Gc mtyl xanh

0,01

Gc mtyl tm
D

0,01
0,2

0,2

0,01

Poliglicola
0,03

0,05 - 0,1

(M 4000-6000)
65

OP - 21
Gc clo

0,5

0,2-0,5

902- 0,08

0,02-0,08

0,02-0,08

0,02-0,08

0,02-0,08

Nhit (oC)

20-35

20-35

20-40

20-40

20-40

Mt dng
in (A/dm2)

1-3

1,5-3,5

1-6

1-6

1-6

(Ghi ch): Nhng k hiu trong bng l nhng cht ha hc sau

S1:

S9:

S12:

TSP:

SH 110:

H1 :
66

M:

D:

OP-21:

Bng 2.7. Thnh phn v ch lm vic m niken m

Pha ch

Thnh phn v ch
250-300

NiCl2.6H2O

30-60

NaCl
35-40

Na2SO4

150-400

180-250

8-10

10-12

30-35

30-35

40-80

20-30

MgSO4
C12H25SO4Na

Hm lng (g/l)

NiSO4.7H2O

H3BO3

30-40
0,05-0,1

67

0,05-0,1

pH

3-4

5,0-5,5

5,0-5,5

Nhit (oC)

45-60

18-35

20-35

Mt dng in (A/dm2)

1-2,5

0,5-1

0,8-1,5

Khuy

Cn

Cn

Cn

Bng 2.8. Thnh phn v ch lm vic m niken bng

Pha ch

Thnh phn v ch
lm vic

Hm lng (g/l)

NiSO4.7H2O

250-300

250-300

NiCl2.6H2O

30-50

30-50

NaCl
H3BO3

250-300

10-20
35-40

35-40

35-40

0.6-1

0.6-1

1-2

0.3-0.5

0.3-0.5

MgSO4.7H2O
CH3COOH
Sckarin
C6H5COSO2NH2
1-4 Bitidiol C4H6O2
Cumarin C9H6O2

0.1-3

HCHO(ml/l)
CdCl2

68

0.5-1

C6H5OH
Natri laurylsunfat

0.1-0.2

0.1-0.2

0.1-0.2

pH

4-4.5

3.8-4.5

4-4.5

Nhit

40-50

45-55

40-45

Mt dng din

1.5-3

2-4

1.5-3

2.4.2. Pha ch dung dch

[1] Pha ch dung dch ng sufat
Ha tan CuSO4 trong nc nng, ngui, va khuy, va cho t t H2SO4, lm
long n th tch quy nh.
Pha cht lm bng nh sau: poliglicola, OP 21, D, H1 ha tan trong nc nng, M
ha tan trong nc si, gc mtyl xanh, gc mtyl tm dng C2H5OH ha tan sau
dng nc ha tan cht lm bng S ha tan trong nc nhit thng, v nhit cao
qu 400C d b ho tan. Dng nc ct pha cn cho thm 0.1 ml HCl. Sau khi ngui
cht lm bng, va khuy mnh va cho vo b m
[2] Pha ch dung dch m niken sunfat m
Ho tan NiSO4, NiCl2 (hoc NaCl) trong nc nng, trong thng khc ho tan
H3BO3 trong nc nng 70-800C, hn hp hai loi c cho lm long n th tch quy
nh.Cho 0.1-1ml H2O2 (30%) v 1-3g/l than hot tnh, tng nhit 60-650C, khuy u
2 gi, lng ri lc, iu chnh pH trong phm vi quy nh bng NaOH long hoc
H2SO4 long.
C12H25SO4Na ho tan trong nc un si 15-30 pht sau s dng.
Pha ch dng dch m bng niken
Pha ch dung dch m bng ging nh m niken m. Trc khi m cho cht lm
bng, khi cho cn phi khuy v in phn vi gi
Sc karin 1 4 butiiol, phnol, ccimiclorua ho tan bng nc ri cho vo.
Focmalin cn lc xong cho vo, cumarin cn pha ho tan bng ru hoc axit
axtic ri cho vo

69

2.4.3. Kim tra phn tch dung dch m

[1] Phn tch dung dch m ng sunfat
Ly 10ml dung dch m lc sch vo bnh nh mc 200ml, thm 50ml nc,
amoniac cho n khi dung dch c mu xanh dng m ri cho d thm 2ml na v
nc n vch lc k. Lc sang mt bnh kh
Ly 10-20ml dung dch lc cho vo bnh tam gic 250ml thm 25-30ml nc.
Trung ho bng cch nh tng axit H2SO4 (1:5) vo cho n khi dung dch chuyn sang
mu xanh lam sang hay mu trng. Sau thm tng git amoniac cho n khi dung dch
li chuyn sang mu xanh (mu phc ca ng amoniac) thm tip 50ml nc, 0.1-0.2g
cht ch th (dung dch cn phi chuyn thnh mu vng)
Chun bng dung dch complexon III 0.1N cho n khi xut hin mu xanh hoc
mu tm
[2] Phn tch dung dch axit sunfuric
Ly 10ml dung dch m cho vo bnh nh mc 10ml, thm nc n vch lc u
Ly 20ml dung dch va pha long vo bnh tam gic 250ml, thm nc n 100150ml lc u
Thm vi git metyl da cam ri chun bng dung dch NaOH cho n khi chuyn
t hng sang vng.
[3] Phn tch dung dch m niken sunfat
Ly 10ml dung dch m cho vo bnh nh mc 100ml thm nc n vch lc u
Ly 10ml dung dch va pha long cho vo bnh tam gic 250ml thm 50ml nc,
5ml dung dch amoniac 3N mt t murexit lc u
Chun hn hp ny bng coplexon III 0.1N cho n khi xut hin mu tm chi
[4] Phn tch axit boric (H3BO3)
Ly 10ml dung dch m cho vo bnh nh mc 100ml, thm nc n vch, lc
u.
Ly 10ml dung dch va pha long vo bnh tam gic 250ml, thm 30-50ml nc,
b sung t buret mt lng dung dch coplexon III 0.1N vo hn hp, nh thm 5 git
bromcrezol ta ri trung ho bng bng dung dch NaOH 0.1N n khi xut hin mu
xanh

70

Cho thm vo 30ml glyxerin, 1ml phenolptalein v chun bng dung dch NaOH
0.1N cho n khi xut hin mu tm rc r. Nu sau khi cho thm 10ml glyxetrin m mu
hng bin mt th c th tin hnh chun ngay.
[5] Phn tch HCHO
Ly 25-50ml dung dch m cho vo bnh tam gic 250ml, thm nc n th tich
100ml, dng buret a vo ng 25ml dung dch iot 0.1N ri thm dung dch NaOH vo
cho n khi xut hin mu vng nht (c kt ta niken hyroxit)
y bnh v trong 15-20 pht cho dn axit H2SO4 1N vo tan ht niken hyroxit
ri cho d tip 15ml H2SO4 na
Cho vi git tinh bt v chun chnh xc iot thot ra bng dung dch natri
thiosunfat 0.1N cho n khi xut hin mu xanh

71

CHNG III.
KT LUN

3.1. Kt lun
Sau mt khong thi gian nghin cu ti chng em hon thnh phn l thuyt
v a ra m hnh hot ng trong phng th nghim. Trn nghin cu l thuyt th m
hnh c th m cc thit b nh nh bulon trang tr xe moto xe gn my, m cc trang sc
nh nh nhn mt dy chuyn M hnh mang kiu dng cng nghip nn c th m
rng m hnh thit k lp t mt nh my m in hin i sn xut trn qui m cng
nghip hin i v c th sn xut theo dy chuyn t ng ha.
Cc kim loi v thit b vt dng sau khi m c th dng trang tr, trang sc,
dng trong cc mi trng c bit chng r, chng st, t tnh thm m cao.
M hnh m ng v Niken trong phng th nghim ny c qui m cha ln nn
lm nh hng n vic la chn vt m
Thi gian m c nh hng n cht lng cng nh bn p ca sn phm
Thit k thm thit b lc dung dch m n nh nng
Do thi gian thc hin n c gii hn v kin thc cn hn ch nn n s
mc phi nhng thiu st. Chng em rt mong s gp ca cc thy c v cc bn.
3.2. Kin ngh
Trong sut qu trnh nghin cu ti ny chng em tm hiu nhng tm quan
trng v trin vng ca ngnh m in ri i su v nghin cu m hnh. Chng em cm
thy tm nh hng v v th ca ngnh m ngy cng cao, cng c nhiu ng dng trong
cng nghip cng nh cc ngnh k thut khc nh: trang tr ni tht, thit k v tu bin,
cc thit b chu nhit, thit b chng r trong cc nh my
Mt khc, khi thit k m hnh ny chng em cm thy c th t m hnh ny
nghin cu su hn v c th thit k mt m hnh m hon ton t ng ha vi qui m
ln. Knh mong s chp thun ca qu thy c cho chng em tip tc nghin cu ti
ny.

72

PH LC
Trong qu trnh vn hnh m hnh cn ch n vn an ton v in.V m
hnh in phn c thit k lp t chung vi thit b v in nn rt d b r r dung
dch gy chm mch in dn n gy in git hay chy thit b. Do , vn an ton
phi c t ln hng u. Mt khc, lp m phn b tt v t cht lng cn ch
n thi gian m, nhit ca b, nng dung dch m, phn cc katotV vy cn
ch vn hnh m hnh theo ng qui trnh mt cch tun t theo hng dn vn hnh
qui trnh m hnh.
m bo an ton ca ngi s dng cng nh vn hnh m hnh cn tun th
mt s qui tc sau:
-

Thit b m hnh phi t ni kh ro, thong mt

Thng xuyn kim tra y cc b m trnh b r r dung dch m
Kim tra nng dung dich tun mt ln m bo ung nng v t tiu
chun cht lng. Khi dung dch khng t nng th phi m van tho dung
dich ra ngoi. Sau , kim tra v pha li nng dung dich
Mun lp m bn chc v p sau khi ra sch bng nc cn phi sy kh
trc v sau khi m

73

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]

Nguyn Vn Lc (2001), Cng ngh m in, Nh xut bn Gio Dc

[2]

Nguyn Vn Lc (2001), K thut m in, Nh xut bn Gio Dc

[3]

Trn Minh Hong, Nguyn Vn Thanh, L c Tri (1999), S tay m in,

Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut

[4]

Trn Minh Hong (2007), Phn tch dung dch m in, Nh xut bn i Hc
Bch Khoa H Ni

[5] Nguyn Khng (2006), M in tp 1, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut

74