BO QUN NNG SN

PGS.TS. Phm Vn Hin E-mail: pvhien@hcmuaf.edu.vn http//:pgo.hcmuaf.edu.vn/pvhien

 cng
Chng 1. Gii thiu Chng 2. Mi quan h gia mi trng v nng sn Chng 3. Cu to gii phu v tnh cht vt l cn bn Chng 4. Nhng bin i sinh l, sinh ha trong qu trnh bo qun Chng 5. Su bnh hi nng sn Chng 6. Kim nghim nng sn Chng 7. Bo qun nng sn

1. GII THIU
1.1. S thit hi trong qu trnh bo qun Hai loi hao ht nng sn phm - Trng lng do vt l v sinh hc
- Cht lng do h hp, vi sinh vt

1.2. Vai tr ca bo qun nng sn phm ?

- An ton lng thc quc gia; ging v ma - Cung cp nguyn liu - Bn thnh phm s ch, cht lng, gi thnh - Bo tn cho nghin cu

2. MI TRNG BO QUN NNG SN

c im ca mi trng bo qun
V tr a l Kh hu (Ty Nguyn?)

c im nng sn phm
Theo c im hnh thi v thnh phn dinh dng Theo mc ch s dng

Mi quan h gia mi trng bo qun v nng sn

Mi quan h gia mi trng bo qun v nng sn

Mi trng no nh hng ln?
(1)

(2) (3)

(1) i kh hu

(2) Tiu kh hu

(3) Vi kh hu

3. CU TO GII PHU CA NNG SN TNH CHT VT L C BN CA HT

3.1 @ Cu to gii phu, c im hnh thi ca cc loi ht
Ht nng sn Ch yu thuc 2 h: - H Ho tho (Gramineae) - H u (Leuguminosae)

* V ht
Thnh phn: cellulose v Hemicellulose. Cn c c im v ht chia ra: Loi v trn: Ng, la m, u, Loi c v tru: La, cao lng, a s ht rau

* Lp Aloron (v la)

* Ni nh Ni nh l c quan d tr dinh dng chnh ca ht.

* Phi mm - Mm phi - R phi - Thn phi - T dip

3.2. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht

3.2.1 Mt v rng *
- Tnh tan ri v t ng phn cp

Tnh tan ri ph thuc: Lc ma st, nhn, kch thc ht, vt ln tp, hm lng nc, iu kin x l v bo qun.

3.2.2 Tnh t ng phn cp

3.2.3. Tnh dn nhit v lng nhit dung

- Tnh dn nhit Ht nng sn c tnh dn nhit km Nhit khi ht < mi trng, thu gn b mt khi ht - Lng nhit dung Nhit lng cn thit lm tng nhit ca mt kg ht ln 1oC. Kcal/kgoC Ph thuc thnh phn ha hc trong ht V d: Tinh bt kh 0,37 Kcal/Kg oC Lipid 0,49 Kcal/Kg oC Cellulose 0,32 Kcal/Kg oC Nc 1 Kcal/Kg oC Ht cng nhiu nc lng nhit dung cng ln

3.2.4. Tnh hp ph v tnh ht m - Tnh hp ph

Ht nhiu mao qun, b mt hu hiu hp ph cao, B mt hu hiu > b mt ca ht 20 ln Tnh hp ph ca ht ph thuc: - Cu to ca ht - ln, nh ca b mt hp ph Ht nh, t l b mt ln hp ph > ht ln, t l b mt nh - Nng th kh ca mi trng - Tnh hot ng ca th kh trong mi trng - nh hng ca nhit khng kh

- Tnh ht m Tnh hp ph v ta gii hp ph hi nc

Ht ht m l do kt cu ca ht c nhiu l mao qun v thnh phn ha hc ca ht l keo a nc. Hm lng nc cn bng khi tc hp ph v gii ta hp ph bng nhau.

3.2.5. Dung trng v t trng

- Dung trng L trng lng tuyt i ca ht cha trong mt n v dung tch nht nh. VT: g/l

Dung trng ln nh ph thuc: ln ca ht, thun, hnh dng, kt cu ht, thnh phn ha hc, ... Cht lng ca ht - Ht nh, hm lng thp, b mt trn nhn, kt cu cht, tinh bt, N cao th dung trng ln. - Ht ln, ln tp, b mt x x, kt cu lng lo, hm lng nc cao, lipid giu th dung trng nh.

- T trng T s P tuyt i/V tuyt i ca ht T trng cho bit kt cu t bo xp hay cht. Ht chc thng t trng cao. Ht cy trng
La nc Ng Cao lng u tng u H lan Ci du

Dung trng
92-120 145-150 148 145-152 160 127-136

T trng ?
1,04-1,18 1,11-1,22 1,14-1,28 1,14-1,28 1,32-1,40 1,11-1,38

4. NHNG BIN I SINH L SINH HO XY

RA TRONG QU TRNH BO QUN NNG SN 4.1. Nc
Ht hm lng nc: 11-12%, rau qu ti: 65-95 %. C 3 loi nc chnh: - Nc lin kt c hc - Nc lin kt ho l Dng nc hp ph, nc thm thu, nc cu trc. - Nc lin kt ho hc Dng nc lin kt bn kh ph v. Vd: Na3CO3.3H2O Hm lng nc cao vic bo qun kh khn

4.2. Protein v s bin i ca n

Protein la nc: 7-10 %, ng 10-12 %, u H lan 2226%, u tng 36-42%, c rt 2%, rau qu 1% Thnh phn protein: Albumin, prolamin, glutein, globulin. Bng 2: S thay i ca hm lng nit trong c khoai ty 20/10/1981 25/12/1981 5/3/1982 18/4/1982 Pro th 9.87 9.62 9.87 9.75 Nit Protein 0.81 0.75 0.62 0.44 Nit phypro 0.77 0.79 0.96 1.12 N tng s khng thay i, N protein ho tan thay i nhiu v phn gii thnh acid amin. Nu dng C2H4 bo qun rau qu th thc y s tng hm lng N protein. Nu dng CO2 th li gim N protein. Qu trnh bo qun thong phn gii N protein mnh hn bo qun kn

4.3. Glucid v s bin i ca n

Chim 90% P kh ca ht. Glucid c 3 dng chnh

1. ng v tinh bt
Tinh bt: c 2 loi chnh: Amiloze v Amilo-pectic La ry hm lng amilopectid > ging ci tin. C sn amiloze 15-20%, amilopectid 80-85%. ng: ch yu l ng a th cp (glucoza, fructoza, saccaroza)

Bng: S thay i ca tinh bt v ng trong qu trnh bo qun khoai ty ?

Ngy 25/10/ 1981 17.9% Ngy Ngy Ngy 25/12/ 5/3/1 10/4/ 1981 982 1982 16.20% 14.80% 13.50%

Hm lng tinh bt

Hm lng ng kh

0.61%

0.77%

0.81%

0.94%

Trong qu trnh bo qun tinh bt gim, hm lng ng tng ng tng s gim theo thi gian bo qun do ng cung cp nguyn liu cho qu trnh h hp.

2. Celluloza v Hemicelluloza Thnh phn ch yu ca vch t bo, celluloza v hemicelluloza nm v qu, v ht. Qu cha 0,5%-2%, rau 0,2-2,8% . V qu cng cha nhiu hn i khi 15% trng lng kh. 3. Pectin L glucid cao phn t cha nhiu trong c qu: 1-1,5% Pectin c hai dng:
Dng khng ho tan gi l protopectin mng t bo Dng ho tan trong dch t bo

Protopectin phn tn mng t bo khi qu chn protopectin b thu phn thnh pectin ho tan. Trong qu trnh bo qun propectin b thu phn thnh ng, ru metylic v acid pectic.

4.4. Lipid v s bin i ca n Cht bo l cht d tr nng lng cao La nc 1,8-2,5%, ng 3,5-6,5%, u nnh 1525%, u phng 40-57%.

Trong qu trnh bo qun cht bo b phn gii to ra acid bo, aldehyd v ceton lm cho sn phm c mi hi kht.
Hin tng phn gii xy ra theo hai qu trnh:

1. Qu trnh thu phn cht bo Do enzym lipase v oxydoreductase Lipase Cht bo Glycerin + Acid bo t do
Glycerin v acid bo va hnh thnh tu iu kin c th bin i theo chiu hng khc nhau.

Glycerin
Cht bo Acid bo

Triozophosphate

Glucoza
Acetyl CoA

Chu trnh Acid di, tri cacboxylic

CO2 + H2O + Q

2. Qu trnh oxy ho cht bo

Nng sn giu lipid cn xy ra s oxy ho // qu trnh thy phn cht bo. to ra nhiu sn phm nh: Aldehyd, xeton, acid bo v ru. Cc sn phm ny l nguyn nhn lm cho sn phm b hi, kht, ng.

B. Nhng bin i sinh l xy ra trong qu trnh bo qun nng sn

I. chn ca nng sn v qu trnh chn tip sau khi thu hoch 1. Mt s khi nim v chn - chn thu hoch L chn thc dng c th thu hoch c, thng cha chn hon ton, vt cht tch ly y . i vi rau qu thu hoch giai on chn ng i vi hat thu hoch giai on chn hon ton - chn sinh l L chn thun thc hon ton v phng din sinh l nh qu mm, ht bt u ri khi tht. Ht kh, qu trnh tch ly vt cht t ti mc cao nht - chn ch bin Thu thuc nhu cu ch bin V d: Da, du lm ru chn mm; nu sy kh hoc ng hp th chn gi va phi cn cng.

2. Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch Qu ht lm ging phi c thi gian chn sau thu hoch thanh thc hon ton Qu trnh thy phn tng, tinh bt v protopectin b thy phn, axit v cht cht gim, protein tng. Rau qu chn sau thu hoch cng ngt do tinh bt bin thnh ng, saccaroza thy phn thnh glucoza, fructaza. 3. Qu trnh chn nhn to - Phng php gia cng nhit - Phng php ym kh - Phng php dng Oxy Th nghim: Trn c chua, O2: 50-70% chn nhanh hn t nhin 3 ln, O2: 5-6% chn chm i 40-60 ngy. 4. Phng php dng ha cht kch thch C2H4 (Etylen), C2H2 (acetylen), C3H6 (Propylen)

II. Trng thi ngh ca ht ging v ht nng sn

1. Khi nim: Ht c sc sng nhng trng thi ng yn khng ny mm - Loi ngh su cha hon thnh giai on chn sinh l - Loi ngh cng bc
2. Nguyn nhn ngh . Phi ht cha chn gi . Ht cha hon thnh giai on chn sau . Trng thi v ht: V khng thm nc, v khng thm kh, v g dy . Cht cn ny mm

III. Hin tng ny mm ca ht, c ging trong thi gian bo qun

3. H hp v qu trnh t bc nng khi bo qun 1. H hp - H hp ym kh: Khng O2 cho oxy ha cc cht dinh dng to nng lng th nng sn da vo cc enzim v vi sinh vt phn ly cht dinh dng to nng lng sng. Sn phm cui cng l acid pyruvic. - H hp ho kh: Nng O2: 21% th tch th ht h hp ho kh Sn phm cui cng l CO2 + H2O + Q 1 g glucoza cn 0,747 l O2 v thi ra 0,7471 l CO2 + 5,04 Kcal (1 l O2 oxy ha hon ton 1,488 g glucoza thi ra 1 l CO2 + 5,04 Kcal) 1 l O2 oxy ha hon ton c 0,347 g tripanmitin v ta ra 4,69 Kcal

2. Qu trnh t bc nng a, Nguyn nhn c tnh sinh l, sinh ha, vt l ca ht gy ra. b, iu kin thc y qu trnh bc nng - Trng thi kt cu ca kho - Trng thi khi ht - iu kin bo qun c, Cc loi hin tng t bc nng - T bc nng tng vng - T bc nng tng trn - T bc nng tng di - T bc nng thng ng - T bc nng ton b

5. SU BNH HI NNG SN TRONG QU TRNH BO QUN

5.1, Cc loi vi sinh vt hi

1, Vi sinh vt ph sinh Chim 90 % ht, chng di chuyn t r, thn ln ht. Chng l thnh vin ca khu h vi sinh vt hi r, c. in hnh c: Pseudomonas herbicola (chim ch yu), P. Fluorescens Nhm ny ht nhng vt cht sng ca k ch.
2, Vi sinh vt hoi sinh Nhm ny hu dit trc tip t bo ca nng sn phm. Vi sinh vt hoi sinh ch yu l nm. Mt s loi gm: Aspergillus penicillium, Micrococus collectotricum, Helmintho sporium. Ph hoi ch yu rau, qu, c.

3, Vi sinh vt k sinh, bn k sinh v cng sinh VSV k sinh ly cht dinh dng ch yu ca k ch VSV bn k sinh ly mt phn dinh dng ca k ch VSV cng sinh kt hp dinh dng vi k ch Phn ln cc nhm trn l nm: Alternaria, Helminthosporium, Pellicularia, Gibberella zeae.

4. iu kin pht trin v tc hi ca vi sinh vt iu kin pht trin ca vi sinh vt ?

Cc nhn t mi trng nh hng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt l: - m: cao thun li cho vi sinh vt gy hi nng sn. m > 80% nhiu loai vi sinh vt pht trin. - Nhit : Nhit cao thun li cho vi sinh vt gy hi Nhit < 0o C vi sinh vt gy hi ngng hot ng - Dinh dng ca nng sn: Nng sn c hm lng dinh dng cao, nht l ht giu lipid v protein d b vi sinh vt xm nhp.

Tc hi ca vi sinh vt i vi nng sn
i mu sc ca ht v rau qu. Vi ht, VSV phn hu lp m bo ngoi, xm nhp ph hu phi nh Vi rau qu c, xut hin vt bnh sau lm thi ra Vi kho ht bo qun lm ging, VSV lm t l ny mm ca ht ging gim. Vi sinh vt xm nhp vo nng sn phm, tit ra cc c t lm h hng nng sn phm.

Cn trng hi nng sn Mt s loi gy hi: C hai lp: - Lp cn trng (Insecta) v lp nhn (Arachnoidea) Ring cn trng thng c 4 b chnh: - B cnh cng (Coleoptera ) - B cnh vy (Lepidoptera) - B cnh rng (Procoptera) - B mc (Isoptera) Lp cn trng: (Insecta) - B cnh cng (Coleoptera) + H vi voi (Cuculionidea) gm: Mt go, mt thc + H mt th ui (Nitinulidae): Mt go th ui + H mt thc (Ostomidae): Mt thc ln, Mt thc Thi lan + H mt rng ca (Slivanidae): Mt rng ca + H chn gi (Tenebrionidae): Mt khu en, Mt thc /thc tp + H mt ru di (Anthribidae): Mt c ph.

Bin php phng Kim dch cht ch, nghim tc nhm hn ch ly lan Phng cn trng xm nhp vo kho ? Thng xuyn kim tra pht hin kp thi x l Cch ly trit gia nng sn phm c v mi, tt v xu. Bin php dit tr: 1, Bin php vt l: - Bin php c hc: Sng sy, qut, qut dn cn trng. - Bin php nhit hc 2, Bin php ho hc: Dng CH3Br (Bromur methyl), CS3 (Sunfur Cacbon) 3, Bin php x l kho trc khi nhp: - iu kin ca kho x l c hiu qu + m bo kn + m bo cc dng c bo h cho ngi trc tip kh trng kho. + Nm vng tnh cht ca tng loi ho cht, phng php, liu lng khi x l. - Bin php k thut kh trng kho: Dn kn cc khe h, chun b cc dng c cu ho, chun b pha ch thuc kh trng

Tho lun nhm

Nhm 1: Cc phng php bo qun nng sn Nhm 2: Bo qun la ging v la tht theo phng php truyn thng

Nhm 3: Chut hi nng sn v bin php phng tr

CHUT HI NNG SN TRONG KHO I. Tp tnh sinh hot Chut l ng vt thuc B gm nhm (Redentia) Vng nhit i c 1 ngi l c 3 con chut. Con n 4,5kg/nm, ph 10 kg/con/nm, ph hi hng triu tn lng thc. 1, Chut n (Rattus flanvipertus) Gc Vin ng sng thnh n, tp tnh thch ni kh sch. 3-5 la/nm, 4-12 con/la, chut con sau 3 thng pht dc y v sinh sn c. 2, Chut cng (Rattus norvegicus) Gc Chu , ln hn chut nh, thch ni m thp, thiu khng kh, kh nng leo tro km. 2-7 la/nm v 5-12 con/la 3, Chut nht (Mus Muscustus urbanus) Gc chu , s lng t hn 2 loi trn, thn nh, thch sng vch nh, mi nh. 4-5 la/nm, 5-9 con/la.

II. Bin php phng tr ?

V sinh sch s xung quanh kho thng thong Thit k ca cn c li chn Tch cc tm ph hang chut Kim tra thng xuyn c bin php tr kp thi bng by, ho cht Bin php sinh hc, rn, mo, by ng rung Ho cht: Phosphur km (Zn3P2), trn thc n lm b c. Carbonat Bary (BaCO3)

6. KIM NGHIM NNG SN

S cn thit phi c mng li kim nghim NSP

Kim nghim trc khi nhp vo kho Kim nghim nh k Kim trc khi xut kho Mc ch v ngha ca kim nghim nng sn (NS) ?
- Pht hin Su bnh i tng, bin c c th xy ra - Tit kim c ging nh bo m sc ny mm - Ch ng k hoch gieo trng, xut khu - Bo m cho tiu dng NSP c phm cht tt - C ging tt - Lng ton hiu qu kinh t

Phn chia cc loi mu v phng php ly mu

- Ht ri: 75 tn l mt n v kim nghim - Ht ng bao: 20 tn l mt n v kim nghim. Cc loi mu Mu im Mu gc Mu trung bnh Mu kim nghim Mu lu

Phng php ly mu *

Cc ch tiu kim nghim v phng php xc nh

1. thun: Trng lng ca ht thun/tng trng lng mu kim nghim Phng php xc nh thun ca ht nng sn + Cm quan: quan st hnh thi ca ht + Vt l: quan st t bo ht di knh hin vi. + Ha hc: nhum mu mu ht, dng: H2CO3, NaOH, KOH. 2. sch: % P loi cy trng chnh cha trong mu/tng khi lng ca mu . Phng php xc nh: Dng sn, ry tp cht ri cn. 3. m: % trng lng nc t do c trong ht. - Phng php sy: Nghin nh mu cn trng lng ban u (P1), sau sy kh cn trng lng (P2).

P1 P2 m (%) = ------------ x 100 P1 - Phng php o bng my: Dng my o m Gigrorecord hay Feutron nhanh nhng chnh xc km.

4. Sc sng ca ht: T l % s ht c sc sng/tng s ht kim nghim S ht c sc sng Sc sng ca ht (%) = ------------------------- x 100 Tng s ht kim tra 5. Phng php
+ Cm quan: Tch ht ly phi quan st di knh lp. Nu phi hi m, mu trng xanh, chc, phng phiu l ht cn sng. + Vt l: x l cho ht ny mm bng nhit nng, nhit lnh, nhit lun phin hoc nh sng, ha cht. + Ha hc: Ha cht thng dng: acid fushin 1%, Indigo carmine 2o/oo, TTJC 1% (Triphenyl tetrajolium chlorid), bionat 5%. V d: ht bc v ngm trong Dinitrobenzol 2-3h vt ra ngm trong NH4OH trong 15 pht. Sau vt ra quan st phi. Phi bt mu hng l cn sng.

6. T l ny mm: % ht ny mm cho ra cy con bnh thng/tng s ht kim tra. 7. Trng lng 1000 ht Trng lng thc t ca 1000 ht cn kim nghim 8. T l su bnh hi Su mt: m s con trong 1 kg ht kim nghim. Phng php dng ry v nht tt c su mt Bnh hi: Ht b bnh T l ht b bnh ( % ) = ---------------- x 100 Tng ht kim 9. Cc ch tiu sinh ha Nng sn thng cha mt s dinh dng nh: m, gluxid, lipid, vitamin, mui khong, axit hu c, hp cht phenol, ancaloit..

7. BO QUN NNG SN
Yu cu v ch bo qun Yu cu i vi cng tc bo qun
i vi kho i vi nng sn

Ch bo qun (qui trnh)

Ch v sinh kho tng Ch kim tra theo di phm cht

Cc phng php bo qun Nng sn Bo qun trng thi thong (c oxy) Bo qun trng thi kn Bo qun lnh Bo qun trong khi quyn iu chnh Bo qun bng ha hc Bo qun bng tia phng x

K thut bo qun mt s loi nng sn

Bo qun cc loi ht: thc, ng, u

c im sinh hc ca ht Hin tng h hng xy ra trong qu trnh bo qun Yu cu i vi kho tng v nng sn Phng php

ng trong kho: vi la thp <3m, lc thp<2m, u <1.5m ma nng ng thp hn ma lnh. ng bao gai: xp 4-8 tng Bo qun kn

 Bo qun bng ti PE. C th thay bng bao ti gai. Bo qun bng ha cht: CH3Br, CH3NO2, AlP Bo qun thong trn gin. V d: khoai ty, bp.

20cm

Tru sch

Bo qun rau, c, qu
c im sinh hc Hm lng nc cao >90%. Qu trnh thot hi nc mnh d ho, gim gi tr Hot ng sinh l xy ra mnh Thnh phn dinh dng phong ph giu ng, m, mui khong, sinh t.. T chc t bo lng lo, mm xp, d dp nt Qu, c chn v mng, mm d tn thng, dp.

Hin tng h hng trong bo qun Gm 2 hin tng chnh:

Nhng bin i sinh l, sinh ha ca rau qu gy ra Nhng bin i do vi sinh vt gy hi xm nhp vo gy thi ra.

+ Vi c: vi khun, nm men. + Vi rau qu: vi khun mc l chnh.

Phng php Bo qun thng thong t nhin: thng p dng cc gia nh, thi gian bo qun khong 3-4 thng, ty loi nng sn. Bo qun ng, (qu, c) ng st (rau), trn gin che( khoai ty, hnh ti) Bo qun kn: trong hm t ni mch nc ngm thp, t ma, o chm hon ton oc na chm phun thuc st trng, kh ro ri mi xp nng sn vo. Din tch ty yu cu ca s lngthng h<1m. Yu cu m 75-80%, nhit 150C trong hm. Bo qun lnh: khng qu 24 h sau khi thu hoch phi cho vo bo qun lnh, chng thot hi nc, khc phc tnh trng lnh ng bng cch to nhng tinh th nh nh tuyt. Bo qun trong vt liu xp: ct c lm sch, kh

 Bo qun ha cht + Sunfit ha rau qu bng SO2 hoc H2SO3, chng l nhng cht kh mnh, c tc dng dit trng. Tc dng ca chng nh sau: