He Thong Cong Thuc

Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP
H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12 Mobile: 09166.01248

TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012 Email: Khanhcaphe@gmail.com
Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M!
HP 1

CHNG I: DAO NG C
BI 1: I CNG DAO NG IU HA
I: PHNG PHP
1. KHI NIM
Dao ng l chuyn ng c gii hn trong khng gian lp i lp li quanh v tr cn bng.
Dao ng iu ha l dao ng trong li ca vt l mt hm cosin( hay sin) ca thi gian.
2. PHNG TRNH DAO NG IU HA. x= Acos(et+)
Trong :
x: Li , li l khong cch t vt n v tr cn bng
A: Bin ( li cc i)
: vn tc gc( rad/s)
t + : Pha dao ng ( rad/s )
: Pha ban u ( rad).
e, A l nhng hng s dng; ph thuc vo cch chn gc thi gian, gc ta .
3. PHNG TRNH GIA TC, VN TC.
v = - Ae sin( et + ) = eAcos( et + +
t
2
) = x v

max
= e A.
a = - e
2

Acos( et + ) = - e
2

x = e
2

Acos( et + + t) a

max
= e
2

A
e =
a

max
v

max
; A =
v
2

max
a

max
.
4. CHU K, TN S.
A. Chu k: T =
2t
e
=
t
N
( s) Trong :
t: l thi gian
N: l s dao ng thc hin c trong khong thi gian t

Thi gian vt thc hin c mt dao ng hoc thi gian ngn nht trng thi dao ng lp li nh c.
B. Tn s: f =
e
2t
=
N
t
( Hz) Trong :
t: l thi gian
N: l s dao ng thc hin c trong khong thi gian t

Tn s l s dao ng vt thc hin c trong mt giy( s chu l vt thc hin trong mt giy).

5. CNG THC C LP THI GIAN:
+ x = Acos( et + ) cos( et+ ) =
x
A
cos
2

( et + ) = (
x
A
)
2

(1)
+ v = -A. e sin ( et + ) sin ( et + ) = -
v
A. e
sin
2

( et + ) = (
v
A. e
)
2

= (
v
V

max
)
2

(2)
+ a = - e
2

.Acos( et + ) cos ( et + ) = -
a
e
2

A
cos
2

( et + ) = (
a
e
2

A
)
2

= (
a
a

max
)
2

(3)
T (1) v (2) cos
2

( et + ) + sin
2

( et + ) = (
x
A
)
2

+ (
v
A. e
)
2

= 1 A
2

= x
2

+ (
v
e
)
2

( Cng thc s 1)
Ta c: a = - e
2

.x x = -
a
e
2

x
2

=
a
2

e
4

A
2

=
a
2

e
4

+ (
v
e
)
2

( Cng thc s 2)
T (2) v (3) ta c: sin
2

( et + ) + cos
2

( et + ) = (
v
V

max
)
2

+ (
a
a

max
)
2

= 1. ( Cng thc s 3)
6. M HNH DAO NG

7. CNG THC LNG GIC QUAN TRNG

V > 0
(+)
A - A
a < 0 a > 0
V T

CB
Xt x
Xt V
Xt a
x < 0
V

max
a = 0
HP 2
1.
- sin o = sin( o + t)
- cos o = cos( o + t)

2.
sino = cos(o -
t
2
)
cos o = sin (o +
t
2
)

3.
cos (a+ b) = cosa.cosb - sina .sinb

cos(a - b) = cosa.cosb + sina .sinb

4. cos a + cosb = 2 cos
a+ b
2
cos
a - b
2

5.
sin ( o + k2t) = sin o

cos( o + k2t) = cos o

6.
Cos
2

x =
1 + cos2x
2

Sin
2

x =
1 - cos2x
2

7. tan(a + b) =
tana + tanb
1 - tana.tanb

8. MT S TH C BN.

BI 2: BI TON VIT PHNG TRNH DAO NG IU HA
I. PHNG PHP
Bc 1: Phng trnh dao ng c dng x = Acos(et + )
Bc 2: Gii A, e, .
- Tm A:
A = x
2

+
v
2

e
2

=
a
2

e
4

+
v
2

e
2

=
v

max
e
=
a

max
e
2

=
L
2
=
S
4
=
v
2

max
a

max

Trong :
o L l chiu di qu o ca dao ng
o S l qung ng vt i c trong mt chu k
- Tm e:
x
t
A
-A
th ca li theo thi gian
th x - t
th ca vn tc theo thi gian
th v - t
v
t
Ae
-Ae
th ca gia tc thi gian
th a - t
a
x
A
-A
A .e
2

- A .e
2

x
v
A. e
- A. e
A - A
v
a
A. e
2

- A. e
2

- A. e - A. e
th ca gia tc theo li
th a -x
th ca vn tc theo li
th x -v
th ca gia tc theo vn tc
th v -a
t
e
2
A
e
2
A
a
HP 3
e =
2t
T
= 2tf =
a

max
A
=
v

max
A
=
a

max
v

max
=
v
2

A
2

- x
2

- Tm :
Cn c vo t = 0 ta c h sau:

x = Acos = x

o

v = - Aesin
v > 0 nu chuyn ng theo chiu dng

v < 0 nu chuyn ng theo chiu m.

cos =
x

o
A

sin
> 0 nu v <0
< 0 nu v >0

Bc 3: Thay s vo phng trnh

BI 3: NG DNG VLG TRONG GII TON DAO NG IU HA
1. BI TON TM THI GIAN NGN NHT VT I T A B.

Bc 1: Xc nh gc A.
Bc 2: At =
A
e
=
A
2t
.T =
A
O

360
O

.T
Trong :
- e: L tn s gc
- T : Chu k
- : l gc tnh theo rad;
0

l gc tnh theo

A
A B
B
A

2. BI TON XC NH THI IM VT QUA V TR M CHO TRC.

V d: Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 4cos( 6tt +
t
3
) cm.
A. Xc nh thi im vt qua v tr x = 2 cm theo chiu dng ln th 2 k t thi im ban u.

Hng dn:
- Vt qua v tr x = 2cm ( +):
6tt +
t
3
= -
t
3
+ k.2t
6tt = -
2t
3
+ k2t
t = -
1
9
+
k
3
0 Vy k e( 1,2,3)
V t 0 t = -
1
9
+
k
3
0 Vy k =( 1,2,3)

- 4 4 2 (+)
= - t/3

-Vt i qua ln th 2, ng vi k = 2.
t = -
1
9
+
2
3
=
5
9
s
B. Thi im vt qua v tr x = 2 3 cm theo chiu m ln 3 k t t = 2s.
HP 4
Hng dn:
- Vt qua v tr x = 2 3 theo chiu m:
6tt +
t
3
=
t
6
+ k2t
6tt = -
t
6
+ k2t
t = -
1
36
+
k
3

V t 2
t = -
1
36
+
k
3
2 vy k = ( 7,8,9)

- 4 4
2 3
= t/6

- Vt i qua ln th 3, ng vi k = 9
t = -
1
36
+
9
3
= 2,97s.

3. BI TON XC NH QUNG NG.

Loi 1: Bi ton xc nh qung ng vt i c trong khong thi gian At.
Bc 1: Tm At, At = t

2
- t

1
.
Bc 2: At = a.T + t

3

Bc 3: Tm qung ng. S = n.4.A + S

3
.
Bc 4: Tm S

3
:
tm c S

3
ta tnh nh sau:
- Ti t = t

1
: x

1
= ?
v >0
v < 0

- Ti t = t

2
; x

2
= ?
v >0
v < 0
.
Cn c vo v tr v chiu chuyn ng ca vt ti t

1
v t

2
tm ra
S

3

Bc 5: thay S

3
vo S tm ra c qung ng.

A B
n.T S

1 = n.4.A
t

3
S

3

Loi 2: Bi ton xc nh S

max
- S

min
vt i c trong khong thi gian At ( At <
T
2
)

A - A
S

max

A. Tm S

max
:
S

max
= 2.A.sin
2
Vi [ ]
= e.t

A - A S

min

B. Tm Smin
S

min
= 2( A - A.cos
2
) Vi [ ] = e.t

Loi 3: Tm S

max
- S

min
vt i c trong khong thi gian t( T > t >
T
2
)

HP 5

A - A
S

max

A. Tm S

max

S

max
= 2
(
(
A + A.cos
2t -
2
Vi [ ]
= e.t

A - A
S

min

B. Tm Smin
S

min
= 4A - 2.A sin
2t -
2
Vi [ ]
= e.t

4. BI TON TNH TC TRUNG BNH.

A. Tng qut:
v =
S
t
Trong
- S: l qung ng i c trong khong thi gian t

- t: l thi gian vt i c qung ng S

- Tc trung bnh trong mt chu k v =
4A
T
=
2v

max
t

B. Bi ton tnh tc trung bnh cc i ca vt trong khong thi gian t:
v

max =
S

max
t

C. Bi ton tnh tc trung bnh nh nht vt trong khong thi gian t.
v

min =
S

min
t

5. BI TON TNH VN TC TRUNG BNH.
v

tb
=
Ax
t
Trong :
Ax: l bin thin di ca vt

t: thi gian vt thc hin c di Ax

6. BI TON XC NH S LN VT QUA V TR X CHO TRC TRONG KHONG THI GIAN
t
V d: Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 6cos( 4tt +
t
3
) cm.
A. Trong mt giy u tin vt qua v tr cn bng bao nhiu ln:

Hng dn:
Cch 1:
Mi dao ng vt qua v tr cn bng 2 ln ( 1 ln theo chiu m - 1
ln theo chiu dng)
1 s u tin vt thc hin c s dao ng l: f =
e
2t
= 2Hz
S ln vt qua v tr cn bng trong s u tin l: n = 2.f = 4 ln.
Cch 2:
Vt qua v tr cn bng
4tt +
t
3
=
t
2
+ kt
4tt =
t
6
+ kt
t =
1
24
+
k
4

- A A
t = 0

HP 6
Trong mt giy u tin ( 0 t 1)
0
1
24
+
k
4
1
- 0,167 k 3,83 Vy k = (0;1;2;3)
7. BI TON XC NH PHA BAN U CA DAO NG

- A A
v < 0
v > 0

= 0
- A A

VTB( +) = 0 rad

A/2( -)
- A A
= t/3

A/2 ( -) = t/3 rad

- A A A/2 (+)
= - t/3

A/2 ( +) = - t/3 rad

- A A - A/2 (+)
= - 2t/3

- A/2 (+) = - 2t/3 rad

- A A A 3 /2 (+)
= - t/6

A. 3 /2 ( +) = -
t
6
rad

BI 4: CON LC L XO
I. PHNG PHP
1. CU TO

Gm mt l xo c cng K, khi lng l xo khng ng k.
Vt nng khi lng m
Gi
2. TH NGHIM
- Th nghim c thc hin trong iu kin chun, khng ma st vi mi trng.
- Ko vt ra khi v tr cn bng mt khong A v th khng vn tc u, ta c:
Vt thc hin dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh: x = Acos( et + )
Trong :
- x: l li (cm hoc m)
- A: l bin ( cm hoc m).
- et + : pha dao ng ( rad)
- l pha ban u (rad).
- e: Tn s gc ( rad/s)

3. CHU K - TN S
A. Tn s gc - e( rad/s)
e =
k
m
( rad/s). Trong :
K: cng ca l xo( N/m)

m: Khi lng ca vt ( kg)

B. Chu k - T (s): Thi gian con lc thc hin mt dao ng
T =
2t
e
= 2t
m
k
( s);
C. Tn s - f( Hz): S dao ng con lc thc hin c trong 1s
f =
e
2t
=
1
2t

k
m
( Hz).
K
m
HP 7

4. BI TON

K Gn m

1
T

1

Gn m

2
T

2

Gn m =(m

1
+ m

2
)
Gn m =(m

1
+ m

2
)

f =
f

1
.f

2
f

1
2

+ f

2
2

Bi ton 1
T
2

= T

1
2

+ T

2
2

Bi ton 2
Vi con lc l xo treo thng ng ta c cng thc sau:
( P = F

dh
mg = kAl
m
k
=
Al
g
= e
2

)
T = 2t
Al
g
s; f =
1
2t

g
Al
Hz

BI 5: CT - GHP L XO
I. PHNG PHP
1. CT GHP L XO
Cho l xo k

o
c di l

o
, ct l xo lm n on, tm cng ca mi
on. Ta c cng thc tng qut sau:
K

o
l

o
= K

1
l

1
= K

2
l

2
= .= K

n
l

n

Trng hp ct lm hai on: K

o
l

o
= K

1
l

1
= K

2
l

2

K

1
K

2
=
l

2
l

1

Nhn xt: L xo c di tng bao nhiu ln th cng gim i by
nhiu ln v ngc li.
l

o
, K

o

l

1
, K

1
L

2
, K

2
L

3
, K

3

2. GHP L XO
a. Trng hp ghp ni tip:

K

1

K

2

m

K

1
K

2

Bi ton lin quan thng gp

Ta c:
1
K
=
1
K

1
+
1
K

2
K =
K

1
. K

2
K

1
+ K

2

T = 2t
m( K

1
+ K

2
)
K

1
.K

2
( s)

f =
1
2t

K

1
.K

2

m(K

1
+ K

2
)
( Hz)

m K

1
T

1

K

2
T

2

K

1
nt K

2

K

1
nt K

2

f =
f

1
.f

2
f

1
2

+ f

2
2

Bi ton 1
T
2

= T

1
2

+ T

2
2

HP 8

b. Trng hp ghp song song

K

1

K

2

K

1
K

2

K

1
K

2

Bi ton lin quan thng gp

Khi ghp song song ta c: K = K

1
+ K

2

T = 2t
m
K

1
+ K

2
( s )

f =
1
2t

K

1
+ K

2
m
(Hz)

m K

1
T

1

K

2
T

2

K

1
// K

2

K

1
nt K

2

f
2

= f

1
2

+ f

2
2

Bi ton 2
T =
T

1
.T

2
T

1
2

+ T

2
2

BI 6: CHIU DI L XO - LC N HI - LC PHC HI
I. PHNG PHP
1. CON LC L XO TREO THNG NG

TH1: Al >A
+
F

dh
= 0 V tr l xo khng bin dng
F

ph
= 0 V tr cn bng
l

o

Al
l
-A
A
-A
A
TH2: Al A
l

o

A. Chiu di l xo:
- Gi l

o
l chiu di t nhin ca l xo
- l l chiu di khi con lc v tr cn bng: l = l

o
+Al
- A l bin ca con lc khi dao ng.
HP 9
- Gc ta ti v tr cn bng, chiu dng hng xung di.

L

max
=l

o
+Al+A
L

min
=l

0
+Al-A

B. Lc n hi: F

dh
= - KAx ( N)
( Nu xt v ln ca lc n hi).
F

dh
= K.( Al + x)
- F

dhmax
= K(Al + A)
- F

dhmin
=
K ( Al - A) Nu Al > A
0 Nu Al A
(F

dhmin
ti v tr l xo khng bin dng)

C. Lc phc hi ( lc ko v): F

ph
= ma = m (- e
2

.x) = - K.x

Nhn xt: Trng hp l xo treo thng ng lc n hi v lc phc hi khc nhau.

Ch : Trong trng hp A > Al th l xo s b nn.
- F

nn
= - K( |x| - Al) vi |x| Al.
- F

nenmax
= K.( A - Al)
Tm thi gian l xo b nn, gin trong mt chu k.
- Gi

nn
l gc nn trong mt chu k.
-

nn
= 2.o Trong : cos.o =
Al
A

- t

nn
=

nn
e
t

gin
=

dn
e
=
2t -

nn
e
= T - t

dn

2. XT CON LC L XO NM NGANG.

i vi con lc l xo nm ngang ta gii bnh thng nh con lc l xo treo thng ng nhng:
- Al = 0.

l = l

o

l

max
= l + A
l

min
= l - A

F

dhmax
= K.A
F

dhmin
= 0

- ln lc phc hi bng vi ln lc n hi. F

ph
= F

dh
= K.x.

BI 7: NNG LNG CON LC L XO
I. PHNG PHP
Nng lng con lc l xo: W = W

d
+ W

t

Trong :
W: l c nng ca con lc l xo
W

d
: ng nng ca con lc ( J ) W

d
=
1
2
m.v
2

W
t
: Th nng ca con lc ( J ) W
t
=
1
2
K.x
2

K
m

M hnh CLLX
*** W

d
=
1
2
mv
2

=
1
2
m(-eAsin(et+))
2

=
1
2
me
2

A
2

sin
2

(et + ).
w

dmax
=
1
2
me
2

A
2

=
1
2
m.v

o
2

*** W

t
=
1
2
Kx
2

=
1
2
K( Acos (et + ) )
2

=
1
2
KA
2

cos
2

(et + ).
W
t

max
=
1
2
kA
2

W = W

d
+ W

t
=
1
2
me
2

A
2

sin
2

(et + ) +
1
2
KA
2

cos
2

(et + ) =
1
2
me
2

A
2

( sin
2

(et + ) + cos
2

(et + ) )
=
1
2
me
2

A
2

= const. C nng lun bo ton.
HP 10

*** Tng kt:
W = W

d
+ W

t
=
1
2
m.v
2

+
1
2
K.x
2

= W

dmax
=
1
2
me
2

A
2

=
1
2
m.v

o
2

= W

tmax
=
1
2
kA
2

W
W
0
=
1
/
2
KA
2

W0
/
2

t(s)
0
W

W
t

th nng lng ca CLLX
Ta li c:
W

d
=
1
2
me
2

A
2

sin
2

(et + ) =
1
2
me
2

A
2

(
1-cos(2et+2)
2
)
=
1
4
me
2

A
2

+
1
4
me
2

A
2

cos(2et+2)
t T

d
l chu k ca ng nng
T =
2t
e
=
2t
2e
=
T
2
. Chu k ng nng = chu k th nng =
T
2

t f

d
l tn s ca ng nng:
f

d
=
1
T

d
=
2
T
= 2f. Tn s ng nng = tn s ca th nng = 2f
Thi gian lin tip ng nng v th nng bng nhau: t =
T
4
.
Mt s ch trong gii nhanh bi ton nng lng:
Cng thc 1: V tr c W

d
= n.W

t
x =
A
n + 1

Cng thc 2: T s gia tc cc i v gia tc ti v tr c W

d
= n.W
t

a

max
a
= n + 1
Cng thc 3: Vn tc ti v tr c W

t
= n.W

d
v =
Vo
n + 1

BI 8: CON LC N
I. PHNG PHP

1. CU TO
Gm si dy nh khng dn, u trn c treo c nh u di c gn vi vt nng c khi lng m
2. TH NGHIM
Ko con lc lch khi v tr cn bng gc o

o
ri bung tay khng vn tc u trong mi trng khng c ma st ( mi lc cn
khng ng k) th con lc n dao ng iu ha vi bin gc o

o
( o

0
10
o

).

3. PHNG TRNH DAO NG:
o

o

S

o

l l
HP 11
Ta c phng trnh dao ng ca con lc n c dng:
s=Scos(et+)
o=o

o
cos(et+)
s = l. o
Trong :
- s: cung dao ng ( cm, m ..)
- S: bin cung ( cm, m ..)
- o: li gc ( rad)
- o

o
: bin gc ( rad)
- e =
g
l
( rad/s) vi
g l gia tc trng trng(m/s

2

)
l l chiu di dy treo ( m)

4. PHNG TRNH VN TC - GIA TC.
A. Phng trnh vn tc.
v = s = - eSsin(et + ) ( m/s)
v

max
= eS
B. Phng trnh gia tc
a = v = x = - e
2

.Scos( et + ) (cm/s) = - e
2

.s ( m/s
2

)
a

max
= e
2

.S
5. CHU K - TN S.
A. Chu k. T =
2t
e
= 2t
l
g
(s).
Bi ton:
Con lc n c chiu di l

1
th dao ng vi chu k T

1


2
th dao ng vi chu k T

2
.
Hi con lc n c chiu di l = |l

1
l

2
| th dao ng vi chu k T l bao nhiu?
T = |T

1
2

T

2
2

|

B. Tn s: f =
e
2t
=
g
l
(Hz).
Bi ton:

1
th dao ng vi tn s f

1
.

2
th dao ng vi tn s f

2
.
Hi con lc n c chiu di l = |l

1
l

2
| th dao ng vi tn s l bao nhiu?
f
-2

= | | f

1
-2

f

2
-2
Hoc f =
f

1
.f

2

| | f

1
2

f

2
2

6. CNG THC C LP THI GIAN

S
2

= s
2

+
v
2

e
2

=
a
2

e
4

+
v
2

e
2

o

o
2

= o
2

+
v
2

e
2

l
2

7. MT S BI TON QUAN TRNG

Bi ton 1: Bi ton con lc n vng inh v mt pha:
T =
T

1
+ T

2

2

l

1

l

2

T

2
/2 T

1
/2

HP 12
Bi ton 2: Con lc n trng phng

u = n.T

1
= (n + 1).T

2

u =
T

1
.T

2
| | T

1
- T

2

Trong :
- T

1
l chu k ca con lc ln hn
- T

2
l chu k ca con lc nh hn
- u l thi gian trng phng
- n: l s chu k n lc trng phng m con lc ln thc hin
- n + 1: l s chu k con lc nh thc hin trng phng

l

1
l

2
VT
CB
VT
CB

BI 9: NNG LNG CON LC N
I. PHNG PHP
1. NNG LNG CON LC N

W = W

d
+ W

t

Trong :
W: l c nng ca con lc n
W

d
: ng nng ca con lc ( J )
W
t
: Th nng ca con lc ( J )
- W

d
=
1
2
mv
2

w

dmax
=
1
2
me
2

S
2

=
1
2
.m.V

o
2

- W

t
= mgh = mgl( 1 - cos o)
W
t

max
= mgl( 1 - cos o

o
)

M hnh CL
Tng t con lc l xo, Nng lng con lc n lun bo ton.
W = W

d
+ W

t
=
1
2
m.v
2

+ mgl( 1 - cos o)
= W

dmax
=
1
2
me
2

S
2

=
1
2
m.V

o
2

= W

tmax
= mgl( 1 - cos o

o
).

W
W
0
=
1
/
2
KA
2

W0
/
2

t(s)
0
W

W
t

th nng lng con lc n
Ta li c:

Chu k ng nng = chu k ca th nng =
T
2

Tn s ng nng = tn s ca th nng = 2f.

Khong thi gian ng nng bng th nng lin tip l t =
T
4
.
2. VN TC - LC CNG DY
A. Vn tc:
V = 2gl ( cos o - cos o

o
)
v

max
= 2gl( 1 - cos o

o
) Ti v tr cn bng
v

min
= 0 Ti bin

B. Lc cng dy: T
T = mg ( 3cos o - 2cos o

o
)
T

max
= mg ( 3 - 2cos o

o
) V tr cn bng
T

min
= mg (cos o

o
) V tr bin

Mt s ch trong gii nhanh bi ton nng lng:
Nu con lc n dao ng iu ha o

o
10
o

th ta c h thng cng thc lm trn sau:( o tnh theo rad).
Vi o rt nh ta c: sin o = o cos o = 1 - 2sin
2

o
2
= cos o = 1 -
o
2

2

HP 13
Thay vo cc biu thc c cha cos ta c:
Wt = mgl.
o
2

2
=
mgs
2

2l

W

tmax
= mgl
o

o
2

2
=
mgS
2

2l

v = gl( o

o
2

- o
2

) V

max
= o

o
gl
T = mg( 1 -
3
2
o
2

+ o

o
2

) T

max
= mg( 1 + o

o
2

) > P T

min
= mg( 1 -
o

o
2

2
) < P

BI 10: S THAY I CHU K CON LC N
V BI TON NHANH CHM CA NG H QU LC

I. PHNG PHP
Ta c: T =
2t
e
= 2t
g
( s).
T cng thc trn ta thy c c hai nguyn nhn dn n bin i chu k con lc n l: thay i g hoc .
1. THAY I L:

1.1. Thay i ln: T = 2t
A
g

1.2.Thay i nh: thay i do nhit :
- Chu k ca con lc nhit t l : T = 2t
(1 + ot)
g

Trong : - : l chiu di ca con lc n 0
o

C
- o : h s n di ca dy treo
- t : l nhit ca mi trng
Bi ton 1:Bi ton tm thi gian nhanh hay chm ca ng qu lc trong khong thi gian t. A = .
o
2
| t

2
- t

1
|
Trong :
- t

2
: nhit mi trng lc ng h chy sai
- t

1
: nhit mi trng ng h chy ng
- o : h s n di ca dy treo.
- : l thi gian nghin cu( thng thng l 1 ngy: = 86400s)
2. THAY I DO G:
2.1. Thay i ln ( di tc dng ca lc khc trng lc)
A. Con lc trong thang my:

F

qt

F

qt

TM
Ln nhanh dn
TM
Xung chm dn

Khi thang my ln nhanh dn, xung chm dn:
g

hd
= g + a

T = 2t
g

hd
= 2t
g + a

TM
Xung nhanh dn

F

qt
TM
Ln chm dn

F

qt

a

Khi thang my xung nhanh dn, ln chm dn:
g

hd
= g - a.

T = 2t
g

hd
= 2t
g - a

HP 14

B. Con lc trn xe di chuyn nhanh dn u hoc chm dn u trn mt phng ngang

F

qt

v
o

Xe t chuyn ng chm dn vi gia tc a

F

qt

v

Xe t chuyn ng nhanh dn vi gia tc a

g

hd
= g
2

+a
2

T = 2t
g

hd
= 2t
g
2

+ a
2

tan o =
a
g

C. Con lc t trong in trng u:
(+) Vt mang in dng - in trng hng t trn xung
hoc (vt mang in m - in trng t di hng ln):

F

d

F

d

g

hd
= g + a = g +
| | q E
m
T = 2t
g +
| | q E
m

(+) Vt mang in dng - in trng hng t di ln
hoc vt mang in m - in trng hng t trn xung

F

d

F

d

HP 15

g

hd
= g - a = g -
| | q . E
m
T = 2t
g -
| | q.E
m

(+) in trng u theo phng nm ngang:

F

d

E
o

F

d

E
o

g

hd
= g
2

+a
2

= g
2

+ (
q.E
m
)
2

q l in tch ca vt ( C )
E l in trng ( V/m)
m l khi lng ca vt ( kg)
T = 2t
g

hd
= 2t
g
2

+ (
q.E
m
)
2

D. Con lc n chu tc dng ca lc y Aximet.

Lc y Acximet: F

A
= .V.g
g

hd
= g + a = g +
F

A
m
= g +
.V.g
m
= g +
.g
D

2.2. Thay i nh:
Do thay i chiu cao
T = 2t
g

h
Trong : g

h
= G.
M
(R+h)
2

nu ti mt nc bin h = 0.
2.3. Bi ton tnh thi gian nhanh hay chm ca ng h con lc:
Bi ton 2:

R
h
ng h qu lc c a ln cao h

Bi ton 3:

ng h qu lc c a xung su h
R
h
R - h

HP 16
A. Khi a ng h ln cao h so vi mt t:
ng h s chy chm hn so vi mt t: A = .
h
R

B. Khi a ng h xung su h:
ng h s chy chm so vi mt t: A = .
h
2R

C. bi ton nhanh chm ca ng h khi c s thay i ca c cao v nhit :
(+)Ln cao: A = .
h
R
+ .
o
2
( t

2
- t

1
)
ng h vn chy ng khi At = 0
(+) Xung su: A = .
h
2R
+ .
o
2
( t

2
- t

1
)

Hng dn v cc bi ton sai s ca ng h:
Gi T

1
l chu k ca ng h khi ng h chy ng
T

2
l chu k ca ng h khi ng h chy sai.
Mi chu k ng h chy sai l: AT = T

2
- T

1

Gi N l s chu k m ng h sai ch trong mt ngy: N =
T

2
.
Thi gian ch sai trong mt ngy l: A = N.( T

2
- T

1
) =
T

2
( T

2
- T

1
) = ( 1 -
T

1
T

2
).
Ch :
- Nu A = 0: ng h chy ng
- Nu A > 0: ng h chy chm
- Nu A < 0: ng h chy nhanh.

Bi ton 1: ( sai s do s thay i ca nhit )
Ta c:
T

1
= 2t

1
g
= 2t
( 1 + ot

1
)
g

T

2
= 2t

2
g
= 2t
( 1 + ot

2
)
g

T

1
T

2
=
1 + ot

1
1 + ot

2
~ 1 +
o
2
( t

1
- t

2
).( v o <<).
A =
(
(
1 - 1 -
o
2
( t

1
- t

2
)
=
o
2
(t

2
- t

1
).
Bi ton 2: ( sai s ng h khi a ng h ln cao)
Ta c:
T

1
= 2t
g

1
trong : g

1
= G.
M
R
2

T

2
= 2t
g

2
trong : g

2
= G.
M
( R + h)
2

T

1
T

2
=
g

2
g

1
=
R
R + h
= 1 -
h
R
( v h << R).
A = ( 1 -
T

1
T

2
) = ( 1 - 1 +
h
R
) = .
h
R

Bi ton 3: ( sai s ca ng h khi a ng h xung su)
T

1
= 2t
g

1
trong : g

1
= G.
M
R
2

T

2
= 2t
g

2
trong : g

2
= G.
M
(R - h)
2

T

1
T

2
=
g

2
g

1

Gi s tri t l khi ng cht c khi lng ring l D.
HP 17
M = D. V =
4
3
. t.( R - h)
3

.D g

2
= G.
4
3
. t.( R - h)
3

.D
(R - h)
2

= G.
4
3
.( R - h).D
M = D.V =
4
3
. t. R
3

.D g

1
= G.
4
3
. t. R
3

.D
R
2

= G.
4
3
.R.D

T

1
T

2
=
g

2
g

1
=
G.
4
3
.( R - h).D
G.
4
3
.R.D
=
R - h
R
= 1 -
h
2R
( v h<<R).
A = ( 1 -
T

1
T

2
) = ( 1 - 1 +
h
2R
) = .
h
2R

BI 11: TNG HP DAO NG IU HA.
I. PHNG PHP
1. LCH PHA CA HAI DAO NG
Cho hai dao ng iu ha sau: x

1
= A

1
cos(et +

1
) v x

2
= A

2
cos(et +

2
)
Gi A l lch pha ca hai dao ng: A = (et +

2
) - (et +

1
) =

2
-

1

Nu: - A < 0 dao ng 2 chm pha hn dao ng 1
- A > 0 dao ng 2 nhanh pha hn dao ng 1.
- A = k2t kt lun hai dao ng cng pha
- A = (2k + 1)t hai dao ng ngc pha
- A = kt +
t
2
hai dao ng vung pha

2

1
A
A

1

A

2

2. TNG HP 2 DAO NG CNG PHNG CNG TN S.
Bi ton:Gi s mt vt thc hin ng thi 2 dao ng x

1
= A

1
cos(et +

1
) v x

2
= A

2
cos(et +

2
). Xc nh phng trnh dao
ng tng hp ca chng.
Bi lm:
Dao ng tng hp ca chng c dng: x = Acos( et + )
Trong :
A = A

1
2

+A

2
2

+2A

1
A

2
cos(

2
-

1
) ;
tan =
A

1
sin

1
+A

2
sin

2
A

1
cos

1
+A

2
cos

2

Trng hp c bit:
- A = k2t A

max
= A

1
+ A

2

- A = (2k + 1)t A

min
= |A

1
- A

2
|

- A = kt +
t
2
A = A

1
2

+A

2
2

A e [ ] A

max
A

min
|A

1
- A

2
| A A

1
+ A

2
.

A

1

A

2
A

2

1
A

X1
A

X2
A

X

A

Y2

A

Y1

A

Y

Y

X

T cc d kin v bin ta s c thm cc bi ton lin quan n vn tc cc i, gia tc cc i, hoc l cc bi ton lin
quan n nng lng ca dao ng, cc bn hc sinh phi linh hot khi gii cc bi ton kiu vy.

3. TNG HP NHIU DAO NG
HP 18
bi: Mt vt thc hin ng thi n dao ng thnh phn vi:
x

1
= A

1
cos(et +

1
)
x

2
= A

2
cos(et +

2
)

x

n
= A

n
cos(et +

n
) tm dao ng tng hp
Bi lm
Phng trnh dao ng tng hp c dng: x = Acos( et + )
Bc 1:
A

X
= A

1
cos

1
+ A

2
cos

2
++ A

n
cos

n

A

Y
= A

1
sin

1
+ A

2
sin

2
++ A

n
sin

n

Bc 2: A = A

X
2

+A

Y
2

; tan =
A

Y
A

X

Bc 3: Hon chnh phng trnh x = Acos( et + )

4. TNG HP DAO NG BNG MY TNH B TI
a my v Radian hoc ( gc thng nht vi nhau, cng rad hoc , hm cng sin hoc cos)
A. My tnh 750 MS

MODE 2
A

1
SHIFT (-) ( NHP GC

1
) +
A

2
SHIFT (-) ( NHP GC

2
) +

A

n
SHIFT (-) ( NHP GC

n
)
ly bin A ta nhn : SHIFT + =
ly ta nhn: SHIFT =

B. My tnh 570 ES + 570ES - PLUS
Nhp s tng t my tnh 570 MS, nhng khi ly kt qu ta lm nh sau:
SHIFT 2 3 =

5. TM DAO NG THNH PHN
Bi ton: Mt vt thc hin ng thi 2 dao ng iu ha x

1
, x

2
. ta bit x

1
= A

1
cos(et +

1
) v dao ng tng hp ca chng
l: x = Acos( et + ). Tm dao ng x

2
.
Bi lm
Phng trnh dao ng tng hp x

2
c dng: x

2
= A

2
cos(et +

2
)
Cch 1:
A

2
= A
2

+A

1
2

-2A.A

1
cos(-

1
) ; tan

2
=
Asin-A

1
sin

1
Acos-A

1
cos

1

Cch2: Casio
x = x

1
+ x

2

x

2
= x - x

1

MODE 2
A SHIFT (-) ( NHP GC ) -
A

1
SHIFT (-) ( NHP GC

1
)
ly bin A ta nhn : SHIFT + =
ly ta nhn: SHIFT =

BI 11: L THUYT CC LOI DAO NG

I. PHNG PHP
1. CC LOI DAO NG
Dao ng tun hon: l dao ng m trng thi dao ng lp li nh c sau nhng khong thi gian nh nhau
Dao ng t do: l dao ng m chu k ca h ch ph thuc vo c tnh bn trong ca h
Dao ng tt dn: l dao ng c bin gim dn theo thi gian, nguyn nhn ca s tt dn l do ma st vi
mi trng. Ma st cng ln th tt dn cng nhanh.
Dao ng duy tr: l dao ng c bin khng i theo thi gian trong s cung cp thm nng lng b

A

X1 A

X

2

A

Y2

A

Y1
A

Y

3

Y

X
A

X

3 A

X
A

2

A

3
A

1

HP 19
li s tiu hao do ma st ma khng lm thay i chu k ring ca n th dao ng ko di mi mi v gi l dao ng duy
tr.
Dao ng cng bc: l dao ng chu s tc dng ca ngoi lc bin i iu ha F=F

o
cost
- Dao ng cng bc l iu ha c dng hm cos(t).
- Tn s ca dao ng cng bc bng tn s gc ca ngoi lc
- Bin ca dao ng cng bc ca ngoi lc t l thun vi bin F

o
ca ngoi lc ph thuc vo tn s
gc ca ngoi lc v lc cn mi trng.
- Hin tng cng hng: khi bin A ca dao ng cng bc t gi tr cc i. ngi ta ni rng c hin
tng cng hng.
Gi tr cc i ca bin A ca dao ng t c khi tn s gc ca ngoi lc bng tn s gc ring e

0
ca h
dao ng tt dn
Hin tng cng hng cng r nt khi lc cn cng nh.

Phn bit dao ng duy tr v dao ng cng bc:
Dao ng cng bc Dao ng duy tr
Dao ng cng bc l dao ng xy ra di tc
dng ca ngoi lc tun hon c tn s gc bt k.
sau giai on chuyn tip th dao ng cng bc c
tn s gc ca ngoi lc.
Dao ng duy tr cng xy ra di tc dng ca ngoi lc,
nhng y ngoi lc c iu khin c tn s gc e bng
tn s gc eo ca dao ng t do ca h
Dao ng xy ra xy ra trong h di tc dng di
tc dng ca ngoi lc c lp i vi h

Dao ng duy tr l l dao ng ring l dao ng ring ca
h c b thm nng lng do mt lc iu khin bi chnh
dao ng y thng qua mt h c cu no .

2. BI TP V DAO NG TT DN CA CON LC L XO

Bi ton: Mt vt c khi lng m, gn vo l xo c cng k. ko l xo ra khi
v tr cn bng mt on A ri bung tay ra cho vt dao ng. Bit h s ma st ca
vt vi mt sn l

a. Tm qung ng vt i c n kh dng hn?
n khi vt dng hn th ton b c nng ca con lc l xo b cng ca lc ma st lm trit tiu:
A

ms
= W mgS =
1
2
kA
2

S =
kA
2

2mg

b. gim bin sau na chu k, sau mt chu k
Gi A

1
l bin ban u ca con lc l xo, A

2
l bin sau na chu k
Ta s c: AW = mg( A

1
+A

2
) =
1
2
( kA

1
2

- kA

2
2

) =
1
2
k( A

1
+ A

2
)(A

1
- A

2
)
A

1
- A

2
=
2.mg
k
= AA

1

A A

1
gi l gim bin trong na chu k.

gim bin sau mt chu k l: AA = 2.
2.mg
k
=
4.mg
k
.

c. S dao ng n lc dng hn N =
A
AA

d. Thi gian n lc dng hn t = T.N =
T.A
AA

e. Bi ton tm vn tc ca vt khi vt i c qung ng S
Ta c: W = W

d
+ W

t
+ A

ms

HP 20
W

d
= W - A

ms
- W

t

1
2
mv
2

=
1
2
K A
2

- F

ms
. S -
1
2
kx
2

v =
K(A
2

- x
2

) - 2F

ms
.S
m

Vt s t c vn tc cc khi F

hl
= 0 ln u tin ti
x =
mg
K

S = A - x

3. BI TP V DAO NG TT DN CA CON LC N

Con lc n c chiu di l dao ng tt dn vi mt lc cn u l F

c
, bin gc ban u l o

o

1
.

A. Hy xc nh qung ng m con lc thc hin n lc tt hn ca con lc
n.
Ta c: W =
1
2
mgl o
2

01
= F

c
. S
S =
mgl o
2

01
.F

c
2

B. Xc nh gim bin trong mt chu k.
Ta c: nng lng ban u ca con lc l: W

1
=
1
2
mgl o
2

01

Nng lng cn li ca con lc khi bin o

02
. W

2
=
1
2
mgl o
2

02

S

o

1

S

o

2

l
o

o

1

o

o

2

Nng lng mt i AW = W

1
- W

2
=
1
2
mgl o
2

01
-
1
2
mgl o
2

02
=
1
2
mgl(o
2

01
- o
2

02
) = F

c
.( S

01
+ S

02
)

1
2
mgl(o

01
- o

02
)( o

01
+ o

02
) = F

c
.l. o( o

01
+ o

02
) o

01
- o

02
=
2.F

c
mg
= A o

1
( const)
gim bin trong mt chu k l: A o =
4F

c
mg

C. S dao ng n lc tt hn. N =
o

01
Ao

D. Thi gian n lc tt hn: t = N.T
E. S ln i v tr cn bng n lc tt hn: n = 2.N

4. BI TP V CNG HNG.
- iu kin cng hng: T

r
= T

cb
Trong :
T

r
gi l chu k ring
T

cb
gi l chu k cng bc

- Cng thc xc nh vn tc ca xe la con lc dao ng mnh nht. v =
L
T

r

- Trong :
L l chiu di thanh ray

T

r
l chu k ring ca con lc

BI 13: CC BI TON NNG CAO.
BI TON VA CHM - H VT
1. BI TON VA CHM

A. Va chm mn:
- Sau va chm 2 vt dnh vo nhau v cng chuyn ng
- ng lng c bo ton, ng nng khng bo ton.

m

1
.v

1
+ m

2
.v

2
= ( m

1
+ m

2
).V
Trong :
- m

1
: l khi lng ca vt 1
- m

2
: l khi lng ca vt 2
- m = (m

1
+ m

2
) l khi lng ca hai vt khi dnh vo nhau:
- v

1
l vn tc ca vt 1 trc va chm
- v

2
l vn tc vt 2 trc va chm
- V l vn tc ca hai vt khi dnh sau va chm
HP 21

B. Va chm n hi ( xt va chm n hi xuyn tm)

- Sau va chm hai vt khng dnh vo nhau, chuyn ng c lp vi nhau
- ng nng c bo ton

CT1: Bo ton ng lng m

1
. v

1
+ m

2
. v

2
= m

1
. v

1
+ m

2
. v

2
(1)

CT2: Bo ton ng nng:
1
2
m

1
. v

1
2

+
1
2
m

2
. v

2
2

=
1
2
m

1
. (v

1
)
2

+
1
2
m

2
. (v

2
)
2

(2)
Gii phng trnh 1 v 2 ta c:
v

1
=
(m

1
- m

2
).v

1
+ 2m

2
. v

2
m

1
+ m

2

v

2
=
( m

2
- m

1
)v

2
+ 2.m

1
v

1
m

1
+ m

2

2.BI TON XC NH IU KIN BIN DY TREO KHNG TRNG

m
M
A

K
M
A

Xc nh bin ln nht trong qu trnh M dao
ng dy treo khng b trng
A
( M + m)g
K

Xc nh bin ln nht trong qu trnh M dao
ng dy treo khng b trng
A
M.g
K

2. BI TON KHNG DI VT

K
M
A
m

K
M
A
m

K
M
m

Xc nh bin dao ng ln nht
ca m vt M khng b nhy ln
khi mt t.
A
( M + m)g
K

Bin dao ng nh ln nht
ca M vt m khng b nhy ra
khi vt M
A
( M + m)g
K

Bin dao ng ln nht ca M
m khng b trt ra khi M.
A
( M + m). .g
K

HP 22

CHNG II: SNG C
BI 1: S TRUYN SNG
I. PHNG PHP.
1. CC NH NGHA C BN
a. nh ngha sng c: Sng c l dao ng lan truyn trong mt mi trng rn, lng, kh.
b. Sng ngang: l sng c trong cc phn t ca mi trng dao ng theo phng vung gc vi phng truyn
sng. Sng ngang truyn trong cht rn v mt cht lng.
c. Sng dc: l sng c trong cc phn t ca mi trng dao ng theo phng trng vi phng truyn sng. Sng
dc truyn c c trong mi trg rn, lng, kh.
d. c trng ca sng hnh sin:
- Bin sng: bin ca sng l bin dao ng ca mt phn t mi trng c sng truyn qua.
- Chu k: l chu k ca mt phn t ca mi trng c sng truyn qua. (f =
1
T
)
- Tc truyn sng: Tc truyn sng v l tc lan truyn dao ng trong mi trng. Vi mi mi trng c v
khng i.
- Bc sng:
+ l qung ng m sng truyn trong mt chu k.
+ Hoc l khong cch gn nht ca hai im cng pha trn
phng truyn sng. = v. T =
v
f
( m, cm)

- Nng lng sng l nng lng dao ng ca cc phn t ca mi trng c sng truyn qua.

2. PHNG TRNH SNG
Xt ti ngun O: c phng trnh sng l: u

O
= U

o
coset

Sng truyn t O n M: u

M
= U

o
cose( t - At) = U

o
cose( t -
d
v
) = U

o
cos(et -
ed
v
)
= U

o
cos( et -
2tfd
vf
) = U

o
cos( et -
2td
) t
d
v
.
lch pha dao ng ca hai im trn phng truyn sng: A = 2t
Ad
= 2t
d

2
- d

1

Nu:
- A = k2t (hai im cng pha) k2t =
2td
d = k
Nhng im cng pha trn phng truyn sng cch nhau nguyn ln bc sng.
- A = ( 2k + 1)t ( hai im ngc pha) ( 2k + 1)t =
2td
d = ( 2k + 1).
2

Nhng im ngc pha trn phng truyn sng cch nhau mt s l ln na bc sng.

BI 2: GIAO THOA SNG C.
I. PHNG PHP.
1. NH NGHA GIAO THOA SNG
-Hin tng hai sng kt hp, khi gp nhau ti nhng im xc nh, lun lun hoc tng cng nhau to thnh cc
i hoc lm yu nhau ( to thnh cc tiu) gi l s giao thoa sng.
- Ngun kt hp l hai ngun c cng tn s v lch pha khng i theo thi gian.
2. GIAO THOA SNG.
A. Hai ngun sng cng pha.

O
M
u

O
= U

o
coset
HP 23

u

1

M
= U

o
cos( et -
2td

1
)
u

2

M
= U

o
cos( et -
2td

2
)
u

M
= u

1

M
+ u

2

M
= U

o
cos( et -
2td

1
) + U

o
cos( et -
2td

2
)
= 2. U

o
cos
t( d

2
- d

1
)
.cos
(
(
et -
t( d

1
+ d

2
)

= A

M
.cos
(
(
et -
t ( d

2
+ d

2
)

Vi A

M
= |2. U

o
cos
t( d

2
- d

1
)
|
Xt bin A = |2. U

o
cos
t( d

2
- d

1
)
|
A

max
khi cos
(
(
t( d

2
- d

1
)
= 1.
t( d

2
- d

1
)
= kt Ad = d

2
- d

1
= k. vi k = 0, 1, 2,
KL: Bin ca sng giao thoa t cc i ti v tr c hiu ng i bng nguyn ln bc sng.
A

min
khi cos
(
(
t( d

2
- d

1
)
= 0
t( d

2
- d

1
)
= (k +
1
2
). t Ad = d

2
- d

1
= ( k +
1
2
). vi k = 0, 1, 2 .
KL: Bin ca sng giao thoa t cc tiu ti v tr c hiu ng i bng l ln na bc sng.

B. Hai ngun lch pha bt k.
u

1

M
= U

o
cos( et +

1
-
2td

1
)
u

2

M
= U

o
cos( et +

2
-
2td

2
)

u

M
= u

1

M
+ u

2

M
= U

o
cos( et +

1
-
2td

1
) + U

o
cos( et +

2
-
2td

2
)
= 2.U

o
cos
(
(

1
-

2
2
+
t( d

2
- d

1
).
cos
(
(
et +

1
+

2
2
-
t( d

2
+ d

1
)
= A

M
.cos
(
(
et +

1
+

2
2
-
t( d

2
+ d

1
)

Vi A

M
= |2.U

o
cos
(
(

1
-

2
2
+
t( d

2
- d

1
).

| = |2.U

o
.cos
(
(
-
A
2
+
t( d

2
- d

1
)

| Trong : A =

2
-

1

Xt bin A = |2.U

o
.cos
(
(
-
A
2
+
t( d

2
- d

1
)

|
A

max
khi cos
(
(
-
A
2
+
t( d

2
- d

1
)

= 1.
(
(
-
A
2
+
t( d

2
- d

1
)
= kt
A

min
khi cos
(
(
-
A
2
+
t( d

2
- d

1
)

= 0
(
(
-
A
2
+
t( d

2
- d

1
)
= (k +
1
2
). t
3. CC BI TON QUAN TRNG
Bi ton 1: xc nh s cc i - cc tiu gia hai im MN bt k vi lch pha bt k.

HP 24
Ti M v N

Ad

M
= d

2

M
- d

1

M

Ad

N
= d

2

N
- d

1

N

gi s Ad

M
< Ad

N

Cc i: -
A
2t
+
Ad

M
k -
A
2t
+
Ad

N

Cc tiu: -
A
2t
+
Ad

M
k +
1
2
-
A
2t
+
Ad

N
( A =

2
-

1
)

M
S

1 S

2
N
d

1

M
d

1

N
d

2

M d

2

N

Bi ton 2: Xc nh s cc i cc tiu trn on S

1
S

2
: ( Khi ny M trng vi S

1
, N trng vi S

2
)
Tng qut:
d

S

1
= - l
d

S

2
= l

Cc i: -
2
-
l
k -
2
+
l

Cc tiu: -
2
-
l
k +
1
2
-
2
+
l
(A =

2
-

1
)
Bi ton 3: Xc nh s im cc i cng pha - ngc pha vi ngun trn on S

1
S

2
.( S

1
; S

2
cng pha)
***Hai ngun cch nhau chn .
Cc i cng pha vi ngun: -
l
2
k
l
2

Cc i ngc pha vi ngun: -
l
2
-
1
2
k
l
2
-
1
2

***Hai ngun cch nhau l .
Cc i cng pha vi ngun: -
l
2
-
1
2
k
l
2
-
1
2

Cc i ngc pha vi ngun: -
l
2
k
l
2

Bi ton 4: Xc nh bin giao thoa sng:
*** Hai ngun cng bin
Ti v tr M bt k. A

M
= |2.U

o
.cos
(
(
-
A
2
+
t( d

2
- d

1
)

|
Ti trung im ca S

1
S

2
: A

M
= |2.U

o
cos( -
A
2
)|
- Hai ngun cng pha: A

M
= 2.U

o

- Hai ngun ngc pha: A

M
= 0
- Hai ngun vung pha: A

M
= U

0
2
- Hai ngun lch pha
t
3
: A

M
= U

o
3
*** Hai ngun khc bin :
Xy dng phng trnh sng t ngun 1 ti M; Phng trnh sng t ngun 2 ti M
Thc hin bi ton tng hp dao ng iu ha bng my tnh. |A

1
- A

2
| A

M
A

1
+ A

2

Bi ton 5: Bi ton ng trung trc
*** Phng trnh im M - cng pha vi ngun

Cho hai ngun u

1
= u

2
= U

o
cos( et)
u

M
= 2.U

o
.cos
t ( d

2
- d

1
)
.cos
(
(
et -
t( d

2
+ d

1
)

V M nm trn trung trc ca hai ngun nn d

1
= d

2
= d.
phng trnh ti M tr thnh: u

M
= 2.U

o
.cos
(
(
et -
t( d

2
+ d

1
)
(1)

S

1 S

2
M
d

1

d

2
/2 /2
d

1
= d

2
= d

V ti M v hai ngun cng pha:
t( d

2
- d

1
)
= k.2t (2)
HP 25

2td
= k.2t ( d

1
= d

2
= d). k =
d
(3)
V ta c: d
2
k =
d
2

k
2
( K l s nguyn). (4)
Thay ( 4) vo (2) v sau thay (2) vo (1 ) ta c: u

M
= 2. U

o
.cos( et - k.2t)

*** Bi ton tm MI

min

Ta c: k
k
2
( k nguyn)
V MI

min
k

min
d = k.
MI

min
= d
2

- (
2
)
2

= (k. )
2

- (
2.
)
2

S

1 S

2
M
d

1

d

2
/2 /2 I

***Bi ton xc nh s im dao ng cng pha vi ngun trong on MI

2
k
d
Trong : d = MI
2

+ ( /2)
2

Tng kt:
Khong cch gia hai cc i lin tip l
2
.
Khong cch gia hai cc tiu lin tip l
2

Khong cch gia mt cc i v mt cc tiu lin tip l
4
.

k = 0 k = 1 k = 2 k = 3 k = 4
S

1 S

2
k = -1 k = -2 k = -3 k = -4
k = 0 k = 1 k = 2 k = 3
k = -1 k = -2 k = -3 k = -4
Ct1 Ct2 Ct3 Ct4 Ct1 Ct2 Ct3 Ct4
c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 c = 0
c -1 c -2 c -3 c -4

BI 3: SNG DNG

1. SNG PHN X.

- Sng phn x c cng tn s v cng bc sng vi sng ti.
- Nu u phn x c nh th sng phn x ngc pha vi sng ti
- Nu u phn x t do th sng ti v sng phn x cng pha vi nhau.

2. SNG DNG.
A. Th nghim:
Quan st th nghim nh hnh v:
- Ban u khi my cha rung th si dy dui thng.
- Khi my rung, iu chnh tn s ca si dy n mt gi tr no th trn si dy hnh thnh mt hnh nh xc nh
vi cc bng v cc nt nh hnh v.
Hnh nh quan st trn c gi l sng dng.
HP 26

My rung
Khi my cha rung Khi my rung
My rung

B. nh ngha sng dng
Sng dng l trng hp c bit ca giao thoa sng, trong c s giao thoa gia sng ti v sng phn x. Nhng im
tng cng ln nhau gi l bng sng, nhng im trit tiu ln nhau gi l nt sng.

- Cc bng sng lin tip( cc nt lin tip) cch nhau
2

- Khong cch gia mt bng v mt nt lin tip l
4
.
- Cc im trong cng mt bng th lun dao ng cng pha vi nhau.
- Cc im bt k hai bng lin tip lun dao ng ngc pha vi nhau.
- Bin cc i ca cc bng l 2A, b rng cc i ca bng l 4A.
- Thi gian si dy dui thng lin tip l
T
2
.

b sng

4

bng sng nt sng

3. IU KIN C SNG DNG.

A. Sng dng trn si dy c hai u c nh

l = k.
2
Vi k = ( 1,2,3 l

min
=
2
khi k
= 1.
l = k.
v
2f
f = k.
v
2l
f

min
=
v
2l
khi k = 1.

2

l

B. Sng dng trn si dy c mt du c nh - mt u t do.

l = k.
2
+
4
= (2k + 1).
4
= m.
4
Vi m = ( 1,3,5)
l

min
=
4
. Khi k = 1.
l = m.
v
4f
f = m.
v
4l
vi k = ( 1,3,5)
f

min
=
v
4l
vi khi m = 1.

4

l

4. PHNG TRNH SNG DNG.
A. Trng hp sng dng c u phn x l u c nh.
Loi 1: Ti im M trn dy nh hnh v c phng trnh
sng ti u

t

M
= U

0
cos( et + ). Hy xy dng phng trnh
sng dng ti M.

M
O
u

t

M
= U

0
cos( et + )
d

Hng dn:
u

M
= u

tM
+ u

pM
Trong :
u

tM
l sng ti ti M
u

pM
l sng phn x ti M

Mun c u

pM
ta cn c u

pO
( sng phn x ti O) mun c u

pO
ta cn c u

tO
( sng ti ti O).
HP 27
u

tO
= U

0
cos( et + -
2td
). u

pO
= U

0
cos( et + -
2td
- t) ( v sng ti v sng phn x ngc pha).

u

pM
= U

0
cos( et + -
4td
- t)
u

M
= u

tM
+ u

pM
= U

0
cos( et + ) + U

0
cos( et + -
4td
- t)
= 2 U

0
cos(
2td
+
t
2
)cos( et + -
2td
-
t
2
).

Loi 2: Ti im O trn dy nh hnh v c phng
trnh sng ti u

t

O
= U

0
cos( et + ). Hy xy dng
phng trnh sng dng ti M.

M
O
d
u

t

O
= U

0
cos( et + )

Hng dn:
Phng trnh sng ti M: u

M
= u

tM
+ u

pM

- Xy dng u

tM
: u
t

M
= U

0
cos( et + +
2td
).
- Xy dng u

pM
:
u

pO
= U

0
cos( et + - t) u

pM
= U

0
cos( et + - t -
2td
)
u

M
= u

tM
+ u

pM
= U

0
cos( et + +
2td
) + U

0
cos( et + - t -
2td
)
= 2U

0
cos(
2td
+
t
2
) cos( et + -
t
2
).
Nhn xt: Vi trng hp sng dng c u phn x l u c nh th bin ca sng A = 2U

0
cos(
2td
+
t
2
)

B. Phng trnh sng dng trong trng hp u phn x l u t do:

Loi 3: Ti im M trn dy nh hnh v c
phng trnh sng ti u

t

M
= U

0
cos( et + ). Hy xy
dng phng trnh sng dng ti M.

M
O
u

t

M
= U

0
cos( et + )

Hng dn:
u

M
= u

tM
+ u

pM

Xy dng u

tM
: u

t

M
= U

0
cos( et + ).
Xy dng u

pM
: u

tO
= U

0
cos( et + -
2td
). u

pO
= U

0
cos( et + -
2td
) ( v sng ti v sng phn x cng pha)

u

pM
= U

0
cos( et + -
4td
)
u

M
= u

tM
+ u

pM
= u
t

M
= U

0
cos( et + ) + U

0
cos( et + -
4td
) = 2U

0
cos(
2td
) cos( et + -
2td
)
Nhn xt: Bin ca sng dng trong trng hp u phn x l t do l A = 2U

0
cos(
2td
)

BI 4: SNG M

1. SNG M.
- Sng m l nhng sng c hc truyn trong mi trng rn lng kh
HP 28
- Mt vt dao ng pht ra m gi l ngun m
- Sng m c th truyn trong mi trng n hi ( rn lng kh).
- Sng m khng truyn c trong chn khng.
- Tnh n hi ca mi trng cng cao th tc m cng ln. tc truyn m theo th ( kh, lng, rn).
- Trong cht kh v cht lng sng m l sng dc, cn trong cht rn sng m l sng dc hoc sng ngang.
2. C TRNG VT L CA SNG M.
A. Tn s m: l mt trong nhng c trng vt l quan trng nht ca m.
- m c tn s nh hn 16Hz th tai ngi khng nghe c gi l h m.
- m c tn s ln hn 20000Hz th tai ngi cng khng nghe c gi l sng siu m.
- Nhng m m tai c th nghe c gi l m thanh. m thanh c tn s nm trong khong t ( 16Hz n 20000Hz)
B. Cng m - I : ( W/ m
2

)
L i lng o bng lng nng lng m sng m ti qua mt n v din tch t ti im , vung gc vi
phng truyn sng trong mt n v thi gian.
I =
P
S
=
W
t
=
P
4tR
2

I

A
.R

A
2

= I

B
.R

B
2

Trong :
P l cng sut ngun m: W

S: din tch sng m truyn qua (m
2

)

C. Mc cng m:
L (B) = lg(
I
I

o
) (B) = 10lg(
I
I

o
) ( dB) Trong :
I: Cng m ti im nghin cu ( W/ m
2

)
I

o
: Cng m chun ( W/m
2

)

3. C TRNG SINH L CA SNG M.
- cao: cao ca m l mt c trng sinh l ca m gn lin vi tn s n.
- to: to ch l mt khi nim ni v c trng sinh l ca m gn lin vi c trng vt l mc cng m v tn
s.
- m sc: m sc l mt c trng sinh l ca m, gip ta phn bit m do cc ngun khc nhau pht ra c cng tn s
v khc nhau v bin .
4. NHC M
- Nhc m l cc m do nhc c pht ra.
- Nhc m c th l cc ng cong tun hon.
Ha m:
A. Vi n c hai u dy c nh:
l = k.
2
= k.
v
2f
f = k.
v
2l
= k. f

min

- Trong :
f

min
=
v
2l

k l ha m bc k vi k = ( 0,1,2,3 ..)

- Vi v l vn tc truyn sng m trn dy: v =
l lc cng ca dy (N)
l mt di ( kg)

B. Vi ng so c mt u kn - mt u h.

l = m.
4
= m.
v
4f
f = m
v
4l
= m.f

min
.
- Trong :
f

min
=
v
4l

m l ha m bc m vi m = (1;3;5;7 )

5. CC CNG THC LOGARIT C BN:
1. log

a
b = x b = a
x

3. lgb = x b = 10
x

2. lg( a.b) = lg a + lgb 4. log
a
b
= lga - lgb

2

HP 29

CHNG III: SNG IN T
BI 1: MCH DAO NG LC
I. PHNG PHP
1. Phng trnh in tch
q = Q

o
.cos( et + ) (C )
2. Phng trnh dng in
i = q = e.Q

o
.cos( et + +
t
2
) A.
= I

o
.cos( et + +
t
2
) ( A ) Trong : ( I

o
= e.Q

o
)
3. Phng trnh hiu in th
u =
q
C
=
Q

o
C
.cos( et + ) ( V)
= U

o
.cos( et + ) ( V) Trong : ( U

o
=
Q

o
C
)

C
L
+ -
S mch LC
Mch LC hot ng da
trn hin tng t cm

4. Chu k - Tn s:
A. Tn s gc: e ( rad/s)
e =
1
LC
Trong :
L gi l t cm ca cun dy ( H)
C l in dung ca t in ( F)
C =
c.S
4tKd
Trong :
c : l hng s in mi
S: din tch tip xc ca hai bn t
K = 9.10
9

d: khong cch gia hai bn t

B. Chu k T(s)
T =
2t
e
= 2t LC
C. Tn s: f ( Hz)
f =
e
2t
=
1
2t LC

5. Qui tc ghp t in - cun dy
A. Ghp ni tip
- T in:
1
C
=
1
C

1
+
1
C

2
C =
C

1
. C

2
C

1
+ C

2
; C

2
=
C. C

1
C

1
- C
; C

1
=
C.C

2
C

2
- C

- Cun dy: L = L

1
+ L

2

C

1
C

2
L

1 L

2

B. Ghp song song

- Ghp t in: C = C

1
+ C

2

- Ghp cun dy:
1
L
=
1
L

1
+
1
L

2

L

1
L

2
C

1
C

2

6. Bi ton lin quan n ghp t

HP 30

L C

1
T

1

C

2
T

2

C

1
n

t
C

2

C

1
// C

2
T
2

= T

1
2

+ T

2
2

Bi ton 1
T =
T

1
.T

2
T

1
2

+ T

2
2

L C

1
f

1

C

2
f

2

C

1
n

t
C

2

f
2

= f

1
2

+ f

2
2

C

1
// C

2

Bi ton 2
f =
f

1
.f

2
f

1
2

+ f

2
2

7 . Bng qui i n v
Qui i nh ( c) Qui i ln ( bi) Stt
K hiu Qui i K hiu Qui i
1 m ( mini) 10
-3

K ( kilo) 10
3

2 ( micro) 10
-6

M ( m ga) 10
6

3 N ( nano) 10
-9

Gi ( giga) 10
9

4 A
0

( Axittrom) 10
-10

5 P ( pico) 10
-12

T ( tetra) 10
12

6 f ( fecmi) 10
-15

8. Bi ton vit phng trnh (u - i - q)
Loi 1: Gii s bi cho phng trnh : q = Q

o
.cos( et + ) C
i = I

o
.cos( et + +
t
2
) A Trong : [ ] I

o
= e.Q

o

u = U

o
.cos( et + ) V Trong :
(
(
U

o
=
Q

o
C

Loi 2: Gii s bi cho phng trnh : i = I

o
.cos( et + ) A
q = Q

o
.cos( et + -
t
2
) C Trong :
(
(
Q

o
=
I

o
e

u = U

o
.cos( et + -
t
2
) V Trong :
(
(
U

o
= I

o

L
C

Loi 3: Gii s bi cho phng trnh : u = U

o
.cos( et + ) V
q = Q

o
.cos( et+ ) C Trong : [ ] Q

o
= C.U

o
i = I

o
.cos( et + +
t
2
) A. Trong :
(
(
I

o
= U

o
.
C
L

BI 2: NNG LNG MCH LC
I. PHNG PHP.
1. Nng lng ca mch LC.
Nng lng mch LC: W = W

d
+ W
t
trong :
- W : Nng lng mch dao ng ( J)
- W

d
: Nng lng in trng ( J) tp trung t in
- W

t
: Nng lng t trng ( J) tp trung cun dy.
W

d
=
1
2
Cu
2

=
1
2
qu =
1
2

q
2

C
=
1
2

Q
2

C
cos
2

( et ).
W

dmax
=
1
2
CU

o
2

=
1
2

Q
2

C

- W
t
: Nng lng t trng ( J). w
t
=
1
2
Li
2

=
1
2
Le
2

Q
2

sin
2

( et).
W

tmax
=
1
2
LI

o
2

.

C
L
+ -
S mch LC

t(s)
0
W
W0
W0
/2
W
Wt
HP 31
Tng Kt

W = W

d
+ W
t

=
1
2
Cu
2

1
+
1
2
Li

1
2

=
1
2
Cu
2

2
+
1
2
Li
2

2
=
1
2
qu +
1
2
Li
2

=
1
2

q
2

C
+
1
2
Li
2

= W

dmax
=
1
2

Q

o
2

C
=
1
2
C.U

o
2

= W

tmax
=
1
2
LI

o
2

Ta c mt s h thc sau:
LI

o
2

- Li
2

= Cu
2

L ( I

o
2

- i
2

) = C.u
2

LI

o
2

- Li
2

=
q
2

C
L(I

o
2

- i
2

) =
q
2

C
I

0
2

- i
2

= e
2

.q

Q

o
2

C
=
q
2

C
+ Li
2

Q

o
2

- q
2

= LC.i Q

o
2

- q
2

=
i
e
2

C( U

o
2

- u
2

) = Li
2

C
L
(U

o
2

- u
2

) = i
2

I

o
= U

o

C
L
; U

o
= I

o

L
C

2. Cng thc xc nh nng lng ta( nng lng cn cung cp duy tr mch LC)
P = I
2

.R =
I

o
2

.R
2

Mt s kt lun quan trng.
- Nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng bin thin tun hon vi chu k l
T
2

- Nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng bin thin tun hon vi tn s l 2f.
- Thi gian lin tip ng nng v th nng bng nhau l t =
T
4
.

BI 3: SNG IN T V TRUYN THNG BNG SNG V TUYN
1. IN T TRNG
Mi bin thin theo thi gian ca t trng u sinh ra trong khng gian xung quanh mt in trng xoy bin thin theo
thi gian, v ngc li, mi bin thin theo thi gian ca in trng cng sinh ra mt t trng bin thin theo thi gian trong
khng gian xung quanh.
2. SNG IN T
A. nh ngha
Sng in t l qu trnh lan truyn in t trng trong khng gian
B. c im ca sng in t
- Lan truyn vi vn tc 3.10
8

m/s trong chn khng
- Sng in t l sng ngang, trong qu trnh lan truyn in trng v t trng ln truyn cng pha v c phng vung
gc vi nhau
- Sng in t c th lan truyn c trong chn khng, y l s khc bit gia sng in t v sng c
C. Tnh cht sng in t
- Trong qu trnh lan truyn n mang theo nng lng
- Tun theo cc quy lut truyn thng, phn x, khc x.
- Tun theo cc quy lut giao thoa, nhiu x
Ngun pht sng in t ( chn t) c th l bt k vt no pht ra in trng hoc t trng bin thin nh: tia la in,
cu dao ng ngt mch in
D. Cng thc xc nh bc sng ca sng in t:
= c.T =
c
f
Trong :
gi l bc sng sdt
c = 3.10
8

m/s
T: chu k sng in t

3. TRUYN THNG BNG SNG V TUYN
A. Cc khong sng v tuyn

Mc Loi sng Bc sng c im/ng dng
1 Sng di > 1000 m - Khng b nc hp th
- Thng tin lin lc di nc
HP 32
2 Sng trung 100 1000 m - B tng in ly hp th ban ngy, phn x ban m
ln ban m nghe radio r hn ban ngy
- Ch yu thng tin trong phm vi hp
3 Sng ngn 10 100 m - B tng in ly v mt t phn x
- My pht sng ngn cng sut ln c th truyn
thng tin i rt xa trn mt t
4 Sng cc ngn 0,01 10 m - C th xuyn qua tng in ly
- Dng thng tin lin lc ra v tr
B. S my thu pht sng v tuyn

1
2
3 4 5
1
3
2 4
S my pht sng
S my thu sng
5

Trong :
B
phn
My pht B phn My thu
1 My pht sng cao tn 1 n ten thu
2 Micro( ng ni) 2 Chn sng
3 Bin iu 3 Tch sng
4 Khuych i cao tn 4 Khuych i m tn
5 Anten pht 5 Loa

C. Truyn thng bng sng in t.
Nguyn tc thu pht f

my
= f

sng

f

my
=
1
2t LC
= f

sng
=
c
.
Bc sng my thu c: = c.2t LC
4. MT S BI TON THNG GP.
Loi 1: Xc nh bc sng my c th thu c:

bi 1: Mch LC ca my thu c L = L

1
; C = C

1
, cho c = 3.10
8

m/s. Xc nh bc sng m my c th thu c:
= c.2t L

1
C

1

bi 2: Mch LC ca my thu c t in c th thay i c t C

1
n C

2
( C

1
< C

2
) v t cm L. Hy xc nh khong
sng m my c th thu c:
= [ ]

1

2

Vi

1
= c.2t L. C

1

2
= c.2t L. C

2

bi 3: Mch LC ca my thu c C c th iu chnh t [ ] C

1
C

2 ; L iu chnh c t [ ] L

1
L

2 . Xc nh khong
sng m my c th thu c.
= [ ]

1

2
Vi

1
= c.2t L

1
.C

1

2
= c.2t L

2
.C

2

bi 4:
HP 33
L C

1

1

C

2

2

C

1
n

t
C

2

C

1
// C

2

=

1
2

+

2
2

=

1
.

2

1
2

+

2
2

L C

1
f

1

C

2
f

2

C

1
n

t
C

2

f
2

= f

1
2

+ f

2
2

C

1
// C

2

f =
f

1
.f

2
f

1
2

+ f

2
2

HP 34

CHNG IV: DNG IN XOAY CHIU
BI 1: I CNG DNG IN XOAY CHIU.
I. PHNG PHP.
1. GII THIU V DNG IN XOAY CHIU.
A. nh ngha:
Dng in xoay chiu l dng din c cng bin thin iu ha theo thi gian
B. Phng trnh

i = I

o
.cos( et + ) ( A)
Hoc u = U

o
.cos( et + ) (V)

Trong :
- i: gi l cng dng in tc thi ( A)
- I

o
: gi l cng dng in cc i ( A)
- u: gi l hiu in th tc thi (V)
- U

o
: gi l hiu in th cc i ( V)
- e : gi l tn s gc ca dng in ( rad/s)
C. Cc gi tr hiu dng:
- Cng dng in hiu dng: I =
I

o
2
(A)
- Hiu in th hiu dung: U =
U

o
2
(V)
- Cc thng s ca cc thit b in thng l gi tr hiu dng
Cc bi ton ch cn ch :
Bi ton 1: Xc nh s ln dng in i chiu trong 1s:
- Trong mt chu k dng in i chiu 2 ln
- Xc nh s chu k dng in thc hin c trong mt giy ( tn s)
S ln dng in i chiu trong mt giy: n = 2f
Ch : Nu bi yu cu xc nh s ln i chiu ca dng in trong 1s u tin th n = 2f.
- Nhng vi trng hp c bit khi pha ban u ca dng in l = 0 hoc th trong chu k u tin dng in ch
i chiu 1 ln: n = 2f - 1.
Bi ton 2: Xc nh thi gian n sng - ti trong mt chu k
t

s
=

s
e
Trong :

s
= 4 o
cos o =
|u|
U

o

t

t
=

t
e
=
2t -

s
e
= T - t

s

Gi H l t l thi gian n sng v ti trong mt chu k: H =
t

s
t

t
=

t

2. GII THIU V CC LINH KIN IN.
Ni dung in tr T in Cun dy thun cm
K hiu

Tngtr( )
R =
.l
S
Z

C
=
1
eC

Z

L
= eL

c im - Cho c dng in mt chiu
v xoay chiu qua n nhng
ta nhit
- Ch cho dng in xoay chiu i
qua
- Ch cn ch dng in xoay
chiu
Cng thc
nh lut
I =
U
R
; I

o
=
U

o
R
; i =
u
R
I =
U
Z

l
; I

o
=
U

o
Z

l

I =
U
Z

C
; I

o
=
U

o
Z

C

Cng sut P = I
2

.R 0 0
lch pha u
- i
u v i cng pha vi nhau
u chm pha hn i gc
t
2
u nhanh pha hn i gc
t
2

Phng trnh u = U

o
.cos( et + ) (V)
i = I

0
.cos( et + ) A

u = U

o
.cos( et + ) (V) u = U

o
.cos( et + ) (V)
R C
L
HP 35

i = I

0
.cos( et +
t
2
) A i = I

0
.cos( et -
t
2
) A
Gin u -i

i

3. QUI TC GHP LINH KIN.

Mc R Z

L
Z

C

Mc ni tip
R = R

1
+ R

2

Z

L
= Z

L

1
+ Z

L

2

Z

C
= Z

C

1
+ Z

C

2

Mc song
song
1
R
=
1
R

1
+
1
R

2
R =
R

1
. R

2
R

1
+ R

2

1
Z

L
=
1
Z

L

1
+
1
Z

L

2
Z

L
=
Z

L

1
. Z

L

2
Z

L

1
+ Z

L

2
Z

C
=
Z

C

1
. Z

C

2
Z

C

1
+ Z

C

2

4. CNG THC C LP THI GIAN:
Vi on mch ch c C hoc ch c cun dy thun cm ( L ) ta c:
(
i
I

o
)
2

+ (
u
U

o
)
2

= 1

BI 2: MCH IN RLC
I. PHNG PHP
1. GII THIU V MCH RLC
Cho mch RLC nh hnh v:
Gi s trong mch dng in c dng: i = I

o
cos( et + ) A

U

R
= U

oR
cos( et) V; u

L
= U

oL
cos( et +
t
2
) V; u

C
= U

oC
cos( et -
t
2
)
V
Gi u l hiu in th tc thi hai u mch: u = u

R
+ u

L
+ u

C

u =U

oR
cos( et) + U

oL
cos( et +
t
2
) + U

oC
cos( et -
t
2
)
(1) U

o
2

= U

oR
2

+ ( U

o

L
- U

oC
)
2

( Chia hai v ca (1) cho 2 )

U
2

= U

R
2

+ ( U

L
- U

C
)
2

(2) Gi l lch pha gia u v i ca mch in tan =
U

o

L
- U

oC

U

oR
=
U

L
- U

C
U

R

(3) H s cng sut ( cos ): cos =
U

oR
U

o
=
U

R
U

2. NH LUT
I

o
=
U

o
Z
=
U

oR
R
=
U

oL
Z

L
=
U

oC
Z

C

I =
U
Z
=
U

R
R
=
U

L
Z

L
=
U

C
Z

C

- V dng in trong mch l nh nhau ti mi im, ta chia hai v ca (1) cho I

0

Z = R
2

+ ( Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

Trong :
Z l Tng tr ca mch( )
R l in tr ( )
Z

L
l cm khng ( Z

L
)
Z

C
l dung khng( Z

C
)


0

tan =
Z

L
- Z

C

R

U

oR

U

oC
U

o

L

U

o

L
- U

oC

U

o

HP 36

0

cos =
R
Z

- Nu tan > 0 Z

L
> Z

C
( mch c tnh cm khng)
- Nu tan < 0 Z

C
> Z

L
( mchh c tnh dung khng)
- Tan = 0 Mch ang c hin tng cng hng in

3. CNG SUT MCH RLC - P(W)
P = UI.cos = I
2

.R
U l hiu in th hiu dng ca mch ( V)

I l cng dng in hiu dng ( A)
cos l h s cng sut

4. CNG HNG IN

Hin tng cng hng sy ra khi e

dngin
= e

ring
=
1
LC

e
2

=
1
LC
eL =
1
eC
Z

L
= Z

C

H qu ca cng hng:
Z

min
= R ; I

max
=
U
R
; i =
u
Z
; tan = 0; = 0; cos = 1; P

max
= U.I;

5. DNG TON VIT PHNG TRNH HIU IN TH - DNG IN ( u - i)
Loi 1: Vit phng trnh u khi bit i.
Cho mch RLC c phng trnh i c dng: i = I

o
cos( et).
phng trnh on mch X bt k c dng: u

X
= Ucos(et +

X
) Trong : tan

X
=
Z

L

X
- Z

CX
R

X

Trng s trng hp c bit:
- Vit phng trnh u

L
. u

L
= U

o

L
.cos( et +
t
2
) (V) Trong : U

o

L
= I

o
. Z

L

- Vit phng trnh u

C
: u

C
= U

o

C
. cos( et +
t
2
) (V) Trong : U

o

C
= I

o
. Z

C

- Vit phng trnh u

R
: u

R
= U

o

R
. cos( et ) ( V) Trong : U

o

R
= I

o
.R
Loi 2: Vit phng trnh i khi bit phng trnh u.
Cho on mch RLC, bit phng trnh hiu in th on mch X c dng: u

X
= U

O
.cos(et) (V)
Phng trnh i s c dng: i = I

O
cos( et -

X
). (A) Trong : tan

X
=
Z

L

X
- Z

CX
R

X

Mt s trng hp c bit:
- Bit phng trnh u

R
= U

OR
cos( et + ) i = I

O
cos(et + )
- Bit phng trnh u

L
= U

OL
cos( et + ) i = I

O
cos(et + -
t
2
)
- Bit phng trnh u

C
= U

OC
cos( et + ) i = I

O
cos( et + +
t
2
)
Loi 3: Vit phng trnh u

Y
khi bit phng trnh u

X
.

Mch in RLC c phng trnh u

Y
dng: u

Y
= U

o

Y
.cos( et + ) (V). Hy vit phng trnh hiu in th hai u
on mch X:
Bc 1: Xy dng phng trnh i
i = I

o
.cos( et + -

Y
) (A) Trong : tan

Y
=
Z

L

Y
- Z

C

Y
R

Y
; I

0
=
U

OY
Z

Y

Bc 2: Xy dng phng trnh hiu in th bi yu cu:
u

X
= U

o

X
.cos( et + -

Y
+

X
) Trong : tan

X
=
Z

L

X
- Z

CX
R

X
; U

OX
= I

0
. Z

X

HP 37
BI 3: CNG SUT V CC TR CNG SUT
1.Cng sut:
P = UIcos = I
2

.R. trong :
- P l cng sut ( W )
- U l hiu in th hiu dng ca mch ( V )
- I l cng dng in hiu dng ( A )
- cos =
R
Z
gi l h s cng sut.
2. Cc tr cng sut
P = I
2

.R =
U
2

. R
R
2

+ ( Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

a. Nguyn nhn do cng hng ( sy ra vi mch RLC)
- Khi thay i (L, C, e, f) lm cho cng sut tng n cc i kt lun y l hin tng cng hng.
Z

L
= Z

C
eL =
1
eC
hoc 2tfL =
1
2tfC

H qu ( Khi mch c hin tng cng hng)
= 0; tan = 0; cos = 1; R = Z; P

max
=
U
2

R
= U.I; I

max
=
U
R
;
Mt s ch :
Nu khi thay i e = e

1
v khi e = e

2
th cng sut trong mch ( cng dng in trong mch) nh nhau. Hi
thay i e bng bao nhiu cng sut trong mch l cc i.
e = e

1
e

2

Nu khi thay i f = f

1
v khi f = f

2
th cng sut trong mch ( cng dng in trong mch) nh nhau. Hi thay
i f bng bao nhiu cng sut trong mch l cc i.
f = f

1
f

2

b. Nguyn nhn do in tr thay i.
TH1: Mch RLC mc ni tip, cun dy thun cm.
P = I
2

.R =
U
2

. R
R
2

+ ( Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

=
U
R +
(Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

R

=
U
Y

P

max
khi Y

min

Xt hm Y = R +
(Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

R
2 (Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

( p dng bt ng thc Cosi)
V Z

L
- Z

C
l hng s, nn du bng sy ra khi: R =
(Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

R
R
2

= (Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

R = |Z

L
- Z

C
|
H qu:
Tan =
Z

L
- Z

C

R
= 1; =
t
4
; cos =
2
2
; Z = R 2; P =
U
2

2R

TH2: Mch RLC mc ni tip, cun dy c in tr trong (r).
Khi R thay i P

max
. R = | Z

L
- Z

C
| + r P

max
=
U
2

2(R+r)

Khi R thay i cng sut ta nhit trn in tr l cc i
P

Rmax
khi R = r
2

+(Z

L
-Z

C
)
2

Bi ton ch :
Mch RLC. Nu khi thay i R = R

1
v khi R = R

2
th cng sut trong mch nh nhau. Hi thay i R bng bao
nhiu cng sut trong mch l cc i, gi tr cc i l bao nhiu?
R = R

1
R

2
= | Z

L
- Z

C
| ; P

max
=
U
2

2 R

1
R

2

Mch RLC. Nu khi thay i R = R

1
v khi R = R

2
th cng sut trong mch nh nhau. Hi cng sut l bao
nhiu:
P =
U
2

R

1
+ R

2

HP 38
BI 4: HIU IN TH V CC TR HIU IN TH
I. PHNG PHP
1. T CM THAY I.
Cho mch RLC c L thay i
A. L thay i U

R

max

U

R
= I.R =
U.R
R
2

+ ( Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

L thay i khng nh hng n t; U

R

max
khi mu t gi tr nh nht. Z

L
= Z

C
( Hin tng cng hng)
B. L thay i U

C

max

U

C
= I. Z

C
=
U. Z

C
R
2

+ (Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

Tng t nh trn: U

C

max
khi mch c hin tng cng hng.
C. Nu L thay i U

L

max

U

L
= I. Z

L
=
U. Z

L

Z
=
U. Z

L
R
2

+ ( Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

( Chia c t v mu cho Z

L
)
=
U
R
2

Z

L
2

+
(Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

Z

L
2

=
U
Y
U

L

max
khi Y

min

Y =
R
2

Z

L
2

+ 1 - 2
Z

C
Z

L
+
Z

C
2

Z

L
2

=
R
2

+ Z

C
2

Z

L
2

- 2
Z

C
Z

L
+ 1. ( t x =
1
Z

L
)
Y = ( R
2

+ Z

C
2

) .x
2

- 2. Z

C
.x + 1
Cch 1: Phng php o hm
Y = 2( R
2

+ Z

C
2

).x - 2. Z

C
= 0
x =
Z

C
R
2

+ Z

C
2

Y = 2.(R
2

+ Z

C
2

) >0 Khi x =
Z

C
R
2

+ Z

C
2

th Y

min

x =
Z

C
R
2

+ Z

C
2

=
1
Z

L
Z

L
=
R
2

+ Z

C
2

Z

C

Cch 2: Phng php th
Y = ( R
2

+ Z

C
2

) .x
2

- 2. Z

C
.x + 1
V ( R
2

+ Z

L
2

) > 0 th c dng nh hnh v
Y

min
khi x = -
b
2a
=
Z

C
R
2

+ Z

C
2

=
1
Z

L
Z

L
=
R
2

+ Z

C
2

Z

C

Y

min
= -
A
4a
=
R
2

R
2

+ Z

C
2

U

L

max
=
U
Y

U

LMAX
= U
Z

C
2

+R
2

R
U

L

max
= U
U

C
2

+ U

R
2

U

R

Cch 3: Dng gin :
p dng nh l sin ta c:

U

L
sin |
=
U
sino

U

L
=
U
sino
. sin | (1)
Ta li c: sin o =
U

R
U

RC
=
U

R
U

R
2

+ U

C
2

(2)
Thay (2) vo (1): U

L
= U
U

R
2

+ U

C
2

U

R
.sin |
U

L
t gi tr ln nht khi sin | = 1.( tc | =
t
2
)

U
U

L

U

C

U

R

U

RC

|
o

-
A
4a

y
-
b
2a

HP 39
U

L

max
= U
U

R
2

+ U

C
2

U

R
Hoc U

L

max
= U
R
2

+ Z

C
2

R

Mt s h qu:
U

L
2

= U
2

+ U

R
2

+ U

C
2

U

L
. U

R
= U

RC
.U = U . U

R
2

+ U

C
2

U

L
.( U

L
- U

C
) = U
2

U

L
.U

C
= U
2

RC
= U

R
2

+ U

C
2

U

C
.( U

L
- U

C
) = U

R
2

D. BI TON PH:
bi: Mch RLC c L thay i, khi L = L

1
v L = L

2
th thy U

L
u nh nhau. Xcnh L hiu in th hai u
mch t cc i.
Hng dn: U

Lmax
khi
1
2

(
(
1
Z

L

1
+
1
Z

L

2
=
1
Z

L
L =
2L

1
.L

2
L

1
+ L

2

2: IN DUNG THAY I.
A. C thay i U

R

max
; U

L

max
( Phn tch tng t nh trn)
Z

L
= Z

C
eL =
1
eC
C =
1
e
2

L

B. C thay i U

Cmax
Z

C
=
R
2

+Z

L
2

Z

L
U

CMAX
= U
Z

L
2

+R
2

R

C. BI TON PH:
bi: Mch RLC c C thay i. Khi C = C

1
v C = C

2
th thy U

C
u nh nhau. U

C
trong mch t cc i th
in dung ca t phi l bao nhiu?
Hng dn:
U

C

max
khi:
1
2

(
(
1
Z

C

1
+
1
Z

C

2

=
1
Z

C
C =
C

1
+ C

2

2

3: IN TR THAY I.
A. R thay i U

Rmax
:
U

R
= I .R =
U.R
R
2

+ (Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

=
U
1 +
(Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

R
2

t Y = 1 +
(Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

R
2

U

R
=
U
Y
U

R

max
khi Y

min

Y

min
khi
(Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

R
2

= 0 R
B. R thay i U

Lmax
:
U

L
= I. Z

L
=
U. Z

L
R
2

+ ( Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

U

L

max
khi R = 0.

B. R thay i U

C

max
:
U

C
= I.Z

C
=
U. Z

C
R
2

+ (Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

U

C

max
khi R = 0

4: THAY I TN S GC:
A. e thay i U

Rmax
: U

R
= I.R =
U.R
R
2

+ ( Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

U

R

max
khi Z

L
= Z

C
( cng hng) e =
1
LC
f =
1
2t LC

B. e thay i U

Cmax
:
U

C
= I. Z

C
=
U
eC R
2

+ ( eL +
1
eC
)
2

=
U
C e
2

R + e
4

.L
2

- 2.e
2

L
C
+
1
C
2

=
U
C. Y

Vi Y = e
4

.L
2

+ e
2

( R
2

-
2L
C
) +
1
C
2

Vy U

C
t gi tr cc i khi Y

min
:
t x = e
2

.
HP 40
Y c dng: Y = L
2

. x
2

+ ( R
2

-
2L
C
). x +
1
C
2

( L
2

> 0)
Y t gi tr nh nht kh: x = -
b
2a
=
2L
C
- R
2

2L
2

=
1
LC
-
R
2

2L
2

= e
2

.
Y min ( Tc U

C

max
) khi: e =
1
LC
-
R
2

2L
2

Hoc f =
1
2t

1
LC
-
R
2

2L
2

***Bi ton ph: Mch RLC c tn s gc thay i c, Khi e = e

1
v khi e = e

2
th U

C
trong mch l nh nhau.
Xc nh gi tr ca e U

C
trong mch t gi tr ln nht: e
2

=
1
2
[ ]
e

1
2

+ e

2
2

C. e thay i U

L

max
: ( Phn tch tng t)

e =
1
LC -
C
2

R
2

2

f =
1
2t

1
LC -
C
2

R
2

2

***Bi ton ph: Mch RLC c tn s gc thay i c, Khi e = e

1
v khi e = e

2
th U

L
trong mch l nh nhau.
Xc nh gi tr ca e U

L
trong mch t gi tr ln nht:
1
e
2

=
1
2

(
(
1
e

1
2

+
1
e

2
2

6. MCH RLC C C THAY I U

R

C

MAX

U

RC
= I. Z

RC
= U.
Z

RC
Z
= U
R
2

+ Z

C
2

R
2

+ (Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

= U. Y
U

R

C
t gi tr cc i khi Y t gi tr cc i( Y

max
)
t
U = R
2

+ Z

C
2

V = R
2

+ ( Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

U

Z

C
= 2. Z

C

V

Z

C
= - 2( Z

L
- Z

C
)

Y =
U.V - V.U
V
2

=
2.Z

C
[ ] R
2

+ ( Z

L
- Z

C
)
2
+ 2( Z

L
- Z

C
) ( R
2

+ Z

C
2

)
[ ] R
2

+ ( Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

2

= 0
2. Z

C
.R
2

+ 2Z

C
. Z

L
2

- 4Z

L
. Z

C
2

+ 2. Z

C
3

+ 2Z

L
.R
2

+ 2Z

L
. Z

C
2

- 2Z

C
.R
2

- 2. Z

C
3

= 0
- 2. Z

L
. Z

C
2

+ 2. Z

C
. Z

L
2

+ 2. Z

L
.R
2

= 0
2Z

L
( Z

C
2

- Z

L
. Z

C
- R
2

) = 0
Z

C
2

- Z

L
. Z

C
- R
2

= 0.
Gii phng trnh bc 2 theo Z

C
ta c: Z

C
=
Z

L
+ Z

L
2

+ 4R
2

2

7. MCH RLC C L THAY I U

RL

MAX
:
Tng t nh phn trn ( C thay i U

Cmax
).
Z

L
2

- Z

C
. Z

L
- R
2

= 0
Z

L
=
Z

C
+ Z

C
2

+ 4R
2

2

BI 5: PHNG PHP GIN VEC T

1. C S L THUYT HNH HC

a. Cc cng thc lung gic c bn trong tam gic vung

Sin =
i
Huyn
=
c
a

Cos =
K
Huyn
=
b
a

Tan =
i
K
=
c
b

Cotan =
K
i
=
b
c

A
B
C
b
a
c

HP 41

b. Cc h thc trong tam gic vung

nh l 1 :(Pitago) BC
2
= AB
2
+ AC
2

nh l 2 :
AB
2

= BC.BH
AC
2

= BC. CH

nh l 3 : AH
2
= BH.CH
nh l 4 : AB.AC = BC.AH
nh l 5 : 1/AH
2
= 1/AB
2
+ 1/AC
2

A
B
C
b
a
c
H

c. nh l cos - sin

nh l cos: a
2

= b
2

+ c
2

- 2b.c.cos
nh l sin:
a
sin

A
=
b
sin

B
=
c
sin

C

A
B C
a
b c

d. Cc kin thc khc:
- Tng ba gc trong tam gic l 180
o

- Hai gc b nhau tng bng 180
o

- Hai gc ph nhau tng bng 90
o

- Nm kin thc v tam gic ng dng, gc i nh, sole, ng v

2. C S KIN THC VT L:

- Z = R
2

+ ( Z

L
- Z

C
)
2

; U = U
2

R
+ (U

L
- U

C
)
2

- Cos =
R
Z
=
U

R
U
; tan =
Z

L
- Z

C

R

- nh lut : I =
U

R
R
=
U

L
Z

L
=
U

C
Z

C
=
U
Z

- Cng thc tnh cng sut: P = U.I. cos = I
2

.R
- Cc kin thc v cc linh kin R,L,C.

Mch ch c L:
+ u nhanh pha hn i gc
2

+ Gin vc t

i
u

L

Mch ch c C:
HP 42
+ u chm pha hn i gc
2

+ Gin vc t

i
u

L

Mch ch c R:
+ u v i cng pha
+ Gin vc t

u
i

Ch :
Hai ng thng vung gc: K

1
. K

2
= -1. tan

1
.tan

2
= -1.
Nu hai gc
(

1
> 0;

2
>0)
1 +

2
= 90
o

tan

1
. tan

2
= 1
Hoc:

1
< 0;

2
< 0

1
+

2
= - 90
o

tan

1
. tan

2
= 1
tan (

1
+ tan

2
) =
tan

1
+ tan

2
1 - tan

1
. tan

2

3. CC PHNG PHP V GIN
3.1 V ni tip:

V d 1 : Mch RLC mc ni tip, trong : 2R = 2Z

L
= Z

C
; xc nh h s
gc ca mch trn?

Gii:
Ta c:
Z

L
= R
Z

C
= 2R

Z
Z

L
Z

C
R

Z

C - Z

L

V d 2: Mch RL ni tip c mc vo mng in xoay chiu c phng trnh hiu in th u = 200 2 cos( 100tt +
t
3
) V, th thy trong mch c dng in i = 2 2 cos( 100tt) A. Hy xc nh gi tr ca R v L?
Gii:
Z =
U
I
=
200
2
= 100
=
t
3
rad
R = Z.cos = 100 cos
t
3
= 100
1
2
= 50
Z

L
= Z. sin = R.tan = 50. tan
t
3
= 50 3
L =
Z

L
e
=
50 3
100t
=
0,5 3
t
H

R
Z

L

Z

V d 3: Mch RLC ni tip ( trong cun dy thun cm Z

L
= 50 3 ). c mc vo mng in xoay chiu c
phng trnh hiu in th u = 100 2 cos( 100tt -
t
6
) V, th thy dng in trong mch c m t bng phng trnh i =
2 cos( 100 tt +
t
6
) A. Hy xc nh gi tr ca R v C.
Gii:
HP 43
Ta c: Z =
U
I
=
100
1
= 100
= -
t
3
( Z

C
> Z

L
)
Ta c gin sau:
R = Z.cos = 100. cos
t
3
= 50
(Z

C
- Z

L
) = R.tan
t
3
= 50 3
Z

C
= Z

L
+ 50 3 = 50 3 + 50 3 = 100 3

V d 4: Mch RlC mc ni tip, C c th iu chnh c, c mc vo
mng in xoay chiu c hiu in th U, Diu chnh t C u U

C

max
Xc
nh gi tr U

C

max
.
Gii:
Theo nh l sin ta c:
U

C
sin|
=
U
sino
U

C
=
U
sino
. sin |
Trong : sin o =
U

R
U

R

L
=
U

R
U

R
2

+ U

L
2

U

C
=
U. U

R
2

+ U

L
2

U

R
.sin |
U

C

max
khi sin | = 1
U

C

max
=
U. U

R
2

+ U

L
2

U

R

U
U

C

U

L
o
|
U

R

U

R

L

V d 5: Mch RlC mc ni tip, C c th iu chnh c, c mc vo
mng in xoay chiu c hiu in th U, Khi iu chnh C U

C

max
th
thy U

C

max
= 2U. Hy tnh gi tr ca Z

L
theo R.
Gii:

Ta c:
U

C
= 2U sin o =
U
U

C
=
U
2U
=
1
2
o =
t
6

tan o =
U

R
U

L
=
R
Z

L
=
1
3
Z

L
= 3 R

U
U = 2U
U

L

o
|
U

R
U

R

L

V d 5: Mch gm cun dy c in tr thun ng k mc ni tip vi t C,
C c th iu chnh c, hai u mch c mc vo mng in xoay chiu
c hiu in th U = 80 V, iu chnh C U

C

max
th thy U

C

max
= 100 V.
Xc nh hiu in th hai u cun dy?
Gii:

Theo nh l Pitago ta c:
Ucd = U

C

max
2

- U
2

= 100
2

- 80
2

= 60 V

U = 80V
U = 100V
U

L
o
|
U

R
U

cd

Cu 6 : Hai cun dy (R
1
, L
1
) v (R
2
, L
2
) mc ni tip ri mc vo ngun
xoay chiu ht U. Gi U
1
v U
2
l ht 2 u mi cun. iu kin U = U
1

+ U
2
l:
A. L
1
/R
1
= L
2
/R
2
B. L
1
/R
2
= L
2
/R
1

C. L
1
.L
2
= R
1
R
2
D. L
1
+ L
2
= R
1
+ R
2

L

1
; R

1
L

2
; R

2

U
U

1
U

2

R
Z

C
- Z

L

Z

t
3

HP 44

U = U

1
+ U

2
khi hiu in th hai u cun dy cng pha
tan

1
= tan

2

Z

L

1
R

1
=
Z

L

2
R

2

eL

1
R

1
=
eL

2
R

L

1
R

1
=
L

2
R

2

Chn p n A

U

1
U

2
R

1
R

2
Z

L

2
Z

L

1

1

2
U

Cu 1: Mch in AB gm cun dy c in tr trong r v t cm L,
mc ni tip vi t in C. Gi U

AM
l hiu in th hai u cun dy v c gi
tr U

AM
= 40 V, U

MB
= 60V hiu in th u

AM
v dng in i lch pha gc 30
o

.
Hiu in th hiu dng U

AB
l:
A. 122,3V B. 87,6V
C. 52,9V D. 43,8V

Gii:

Theo nh l cos ta c:
U

AB
2

= U

AM
2

+ U

MB
2

- 2.U

AM
.U

MB
cos

AMB
= 40
2

+ 60
2

- 2.40.60. cos 60
o

= 2800
U

AB
= 52,9V Chn p n C

L ; R
U
A
B
M
A
M
B
30
o

60
o

40V
60V

Cu 2: Mt on mch in xoay chiu c dng nh hnh v.Bit hiu in
th u
AE
v u
EB
lch pha nhau 90
0
.Tm mi lin h gia R,r,L,.C

A B
C r
R,L E

A. R = C.r.L B.r =C. R..L C. L = C.R.r D. C = L.R.r
Gii:
Gi

1
l gc lch gia hiu in th on AE v cng dng in trong mch

2
l gc lch gia hiu in th on EB v cng dng in trong mch
V u

AE
vung pha u

EB

tan

1
. tan

2
= - 1.
-
Z

C
r
.
Z

L
R
= -1

1.eL
eC.r.R
= 1
L = C.r.R Chn p n C
Cu 3: Cho mt mch in gm mt t in c in dung C mc ni tip vi bin tr R. Mc vo hai u mch in mt
hiu in th xoay chiu c tn s f. Khi R=R
1
th cng dng in lch pha so vi hiu in th gia hai u on mch
mt gc
1
. Khi R=R
2
th cng dng in lch pha so vi hiu in th gia hai u on mch mt gc
2
. Bit tng ca
1 v 2 l 90
o
. Biu thc no sau y l ng?
A.
2 1
2 R R
C
f
=
. B.
C
R R
f
2
2 1
=
. C.
2 1
2
R R C
f

=
. D.
2 1
2
1
R R C
f
=
.
Gii:
V

1
+

2
= 90
o

tan

1
.tan

2
= 1
( -
Z

C
R

1
). ( -
Z

C
R

2
) = 1
1
eC.R

1
.
1
eCR

2
= 1
e
2

=
1
C
2

.R

1
.R

2

f =
1
2tC R

1
. R

2

HP 45

3.2 Phng php v chung gc

V d 1 : Mch RLC mc ni tip, trong : 2R = 2Z

L
= Z

C
; xc nh h s
gc ca mch trn?

Gii:
Ta c:
Z

L
= R
Z

C
= 2R

tan =
Z

L
- Z

C

R
=
R - 2R
R
= - 1
= -
t
4

cos = cos ( -
t
4
) =
2
2

Z
Z

L
Z

C
R

Z

C - Z

L

3.3 Phng php v hn hp ( kt hp chung gc v ni tip)
Cu 4: Cho mch in nh hnh v
0
50 3 R = O,
50
L C
Z Z = = O
AM
U v
MB
U lch pha 75
0
. in tr R c gi tr l

B
L, R
0
R C
M
A

A. 25 3O B. 50O C. 25O D. 50 3O

Gii:
Ta c: u

AM
lch pha lch pha u

MB
gc
t
2

u

MB
lch pha so vi i gc
t
6

u

AM
lch pha vi i gc
t
4

tan

AM
=
Z

C
R
= 1
R = Z

C
= 50 O

p n B

Z

L = 50
Zc = 50
Ro = 50 3
MB
AM
30
o

45
o

BI 6: BI TON HP EN

Cha kha 1: lch pha u v i.
1. Hp en c 1 phn t:

- Nu =
t
2
rad l L
- Nu = 0 rad l R
- Nu = -
t
2
l C

X

2. Hp en cha hai phn t:

- Nu
t
2
> > 0 l RL
- Nu -
t
2
< < 0 l RC
HP 46
- Nu =
t
2
l LC

Cha kha 2: Cn c vo hiu in th: ( Cho s nh hnh v, gi s trong X v Y ch cha mt phn t)

- Nu U = |U

X
- U

Y
| l L v C
- Nu U = U

X
2

+ U

Y
2

l
R v C
R v L

- Nu U = U

X
+ U

Y
X v Y cha cng mt loi phn t
( cng R, cng L hoc cng C)

X Y
U

x
U

y

U

BI 6: MY BIN P V TRUYN TI IN I XA.
I. PHNG PHP
1. MY BIN P
A. nh ngha:
L thit b dng bin i in p ca dng in xoay chiu.
- My bin p khng lm thay i gi tr tn s ca dng in xoay chiu.
- My bin p khng bin i in p ca dng in mt chiu.
B. Cu to
Gm hai phn:
Phn 1: Li thp.
- c ghp t cc tm st non - silic mng song song v cch in vi
nhau.( chng li dng Phuco)
Phn 2: Cun dy:
- Gm hai cun l cun s cp v th cp:
- Cun s cp( N

1
):
o Gm N

1
cun dy qun quanh li thp
o Cun s cp c ni vi ngun in
- Cun th cp( N

2
):
o Gm N

2
cun dy qun quanh li thp
o Cho in ra cc ti tiu th
o Nu
N

2
N

1
> 1 y l my tng p.
o Nu
N

2
N

1
< 1 y l my h p.

N

2
N

1

C. Nguyn tc hot ng:
- Da trn hin tng cm ng in t.
- Dng in bin thin trong cun s cp T thng bin thin trong li thp Dng in bin thin cun th cp

D. Cng thc my bin p.

- My bin p hiu sut H = 100 %( cos

1
= cos

2
)
U

1
U

2
=
N

1
N

2
=
I

2
I

1

- My bin p H 100%
o H =
P

2
P

1
x 100% =
U

2
. I

2
.cos

2

U

1
.I

1
.cos

1
x100%.
*** Nu coi cun s cp c in tr trong - cun th cp c in tr trong khng ng k
Ta c:
U

L1
U

2
=
N

1
N

2
Trong : U

L1
2

+ U

R1
2

= U

1
2

*** Nu coi cun th cp c in tr trong ( mch ngoi mc vi in tr R) - cun s cp c in tr trong khng
ng k:
Ta c:
N

1
N

2
=
U

1
U

2
+ I

2
.r

2

HP 47
2. TRUYN IN I XA:
TI SAO PHI TRUYN TI IN:
- Ngun in c sn xut ra tp trung ti cc nh my in nh: nhit in,
thy in, in ht nhn nhng vic tiu th in li rng khp quc gia,
tp trung hn ti cc khu dn c, nh my, t thnh th n nng thn cng
u cn in.
- Cn ng truyn ti in chia s gia cc vng, phn phi li in nng,
xut nhp khu in nng....
V th truyn ti in l nhu cu thc t v cng quan trng:

BI TON TRUYN IN:
Trong qu trnh truyn ti in bi ton c quan tm nht l lm sao gim hao ph in nng xung thp nht.
- Cng thc xc nh hao ph truyn ti: AP = I
2

. R =
P
2

U
2

cos
R Trong :
P l cng sut truyn ti (W)

R =
.l
S
l in tr ng dy truyn
U l hiu in th truyn ti
cos l h s cng sut ng truyn

- Gii php lm gim hao ph kh thi nht l tng hiu in th in trc khi truyn ti U tng a ln hao ph gim a
2

ln

Cng thc xc nh gim th trn ng truyn ti in: AU = I.R

Cng thc xc nh hiu sut truyn ti in: H =
P - AP
P
.100% = 100% - % AP

CHNG IV: DNG IN XOAY CHIU
BI 7: MY PHT IN - NG C IN
I. PHNG PHP.
1. NGUYN TC TO RA DNG IN

- My pht in xoay chiu hot ng da trn hin tng cm
ng in t.
- Cho khung dy c in tch S quay quanh trc t vung gc
vi t trng u

B, lm xut hin t thng bin thin theo
thi gian qua cun dy lm cho trong cun dy xut hin
dng in.

Ta c:
Phng trnh t thng:
| = BScos( et + ) Wb
| = u

o
cos( et + ) Wb { u

o
= BS }
Trong :
o | : l t thng tc thi qua cun dy ( Wb - V be)
o u

o
: t thng cc i qua cun dy ( Wb - V be)
o B: cm ng t ( T - Tesla)
o S: din tch khung dy ( m
2

)
o : l gc lch gia vc t ca cm ng t

B v vc t php tuyn

n ca khung dy.

Phng trnh sut in ng:
Xt cho 1 vng dy:
e = - u e = e.u

o
sin ( et + )
HP 48
e = eu

o
cos( et + -
t
2
) V
e = E

o
cos( et + -
t
2
) V
o E

o
: sut in ng cc i trong 1 vng dy ( V) E

o
= e. u

O
= eBS
Nu cun dy c N vng dy:
e = E

o
. cos( et + -
t
2
) V
E

o
= NeBS.

2. MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU MT PHA
A. Cu to:

M hnh 1

M hnh 2
Gm hai phn chnh:
Phn 1: Phn ng ( to ra dng in)
- Vi m hnh 1 phn cm l phn ng yn ( stato)
- M hnh 2, phn cm quay( ro to) v vy a c in ra ngoi cn thm mt b gp
o B gp gm 2 vnh khuyn v hai chi quyet t ln 2 vnh khuyn a in ra ngoi
o Nhc im ca b gp l nu dng in c cng sut ln truyn qua s to ra cc tia la in phng ra thnh ca
my gy nguy him cho ngi s dng. ( v th ch thit k cho cc my c cng sut nh).
Phn 2: l phn cm( to ra t trng - nam chm).
- Vi m hnh 1, phn cm l phn quay ( ro to)
- Vi m hnh 2, phn cm l phn ng yn ( stato)
B. Nguyn tc hot ng.
- Ti thi im ban u cc bc ca nam chm hng thng cun dy, t thng qua khung dy l cc i
- Khi ro to quay to ra t thng bin thin trong khung dy to ra sut in ng cm ng trong cun dy
Nguyn tc hot ng da trn hin tng cm ng in t.
Cng thc xc nh tn s ca my pht in xoay chiu 1 pha:
f =
n.p
60
Trong :
n: l s vng quay ca r t trong 1pht

p: l s cp cc ca nam chm

f = n.p Trong :
n: s vng quay ca ro to trong 1s

p: s cp cc ca nam chm

3. MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU 3 PHA

A. Cu to
+) R t ( phn cm): l mt nam chm in c
nui bi dng in mt chiu, c th quay quanh trc
to ra t trng bin thin.
+) Stato ( phn ng): l 3 cun dy ging ht nhau
c t lch nhau 120 o trn vng trn.

B. Nguyn tc hot ng:
Nguyn tc hot ng:
- Ti t =0 cc bc ca nam chm hng thng cung dy s 1, t thng qua cun dy s 1 l cc i: |

1
= u

o
.cos( et)
- Sau
T
3
cc bc ca nam chm hng thng cun dy s 2, t thng qua cun 2 t cc i: |

2
= u

o
.cos( et +
2t
3
)
HP 49
- Tip sau
T
3
cc bc ca nam chm hng thng cun dy s 3, t thng qua cun 3 t cc i: |

3
= u

o
.cos( et +
4t
3
)
- Sau
T
3
na cc bc ca nam chm quay tr li cun s 1, c nh vy r t quay to ra t thng bin thin trong 3 cun dy ca
phn ng lch pha nhau
2t
3
v cng tn s:
T thng bin thin trong 3 cun dy to ra sut in ng cm ng ba cun dy c phng trnh ln lt nh sau:
- c

1
= E

o
sin( et) V
- c

2
= E

o
sin( et +
2t
3
) V
- c

3
= E

o
sin( et +
4t
3
) V
C. Cch mc dng in ba pha:

Mc hnh sao

dy pha
dy
trung ha
dy pha
dy pha
U

P

U

P

U

P

U

d

U

d

U

d
I

P

I

d

U

d
= 3U

p
; I

d
= I

p

Mc tam gic

dy pha
dy pha
dy pha
U

d

I

P

I

d

U

d
= U

p
; I

d
= 3 I

p

4. NG C KHNG NG B 3 PHA

A. Cu to ng c khng ng b 3 pha:
Gm hai phn:
- Stato c cun dy ging ht nhau qun trn ba li st b tr
lch nhau 1/3 vng trn.
- R t l mt hnh tr to bi nhiu l thp mng ghp cch
in vi nhau. Trong cc rnh x mt ngoi r t c t cc
thanh kim loi. Hai u mi thanh c gn vi cc vnh to
thnh mt chic lng, lng ny cch in vi li thp c tc dng
nh nhiu khung dy ng trc t lch nhau. R t ni trn c
gi l r t lng sc.
B. Hot ng:
- Nguyn tc hot ng da trn hin tng cm ng in t
v tc dng ca t trng quay.
- Khi mc cc cun dy stato vi ngun in ba pha, t
trng quay to thnh c tc gc bng tn s ca dng in.
T trng quay tc dng ln dng in cm ng trong cc khung
dy r t cc m men lc lm r t quay vi tc nh hn tc
ca t trng quay. Chuyn ng quay ca r t s dng lm
quay cc my khc.

- Cng sut ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha:
P = 3.UIcos = P

c
+ P

nhit

HP 50
- Hiu sut ca ng c: H =
P

c
P
.100%
Vi ng c khng ng b 1 pha:
P = U.I.cos
P = P

c
+ P

nhit
P

c
= P - P

nhit
= U.I.cos - I
2

.R

HP 51

CHNG V: SNG NH SNG
BI 1: HIN TNG TN SC NH SNG - CC LOI QUANG PH
I. L THUYT
1. HIN TNG TN SC NH SNG
Th nghim: Chiu tia sng trng qua lng knh, pha sau lng knh
ta t mn hng M. Trn M ta quan st c di mu bin thin lin
tc t n tm.
Kt lun: Hin tng tn sc nh sng l hin tng m khi mt
chm sng khi i qua lng knh th n b phn tch thnh nhiu nh
sng n sc khc nhau.
*nh sng n sc l nh sng khi i qua lng knh ch b
lch m khng b tn sC:
*nh sng a sc l nh sng gm hai nh sng n sc tr
ln.

Th nghim v hin tng tn sc nh sng.
- nh sng n sc l nh sng c mt tn s nht nh v khng b tn sc khi truyn qua lng knh.
- nh sng trng l hn hp ca nhiu nh sng n sc c mu bin thin lin tc t n tm. ( 0,76m > > 0,38
m )
- Chit sut ca cc cht trong sut bin thin theo tn s ca nh sng n sc v tng dn t n tm.
- Cng thc xc nh bc sng nh sng: =
c
f
. Trong :
l bc sng nh sng ( m)
c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng ( m/s)
f l tn s ca nh sng. (Hz)

2. GII THCH V HIN TNG TN SC NH SNG.
Hin tng tn sc nh sng c gii thch nh sau:
- nh sng trng l hn hp ca nhiu nh sng n sc khc nhau, c mu lin tc t n tm.
- Chit sut ca thy tinh ( v ca mi mi trng trong sut khc) c gi tr khc nhau i vi nh sng n sc c mu
khc nhau, gi tr nh nht i vi nh sng v ln nht i vi nh sng tm. Mc khc, ta bit gc lch ca
mt tia sng n sc khc x qua lng knh ph thuc vo chit sut ca lng knh: chit sut lng knh cng ln th
gc lch cng ln. V vy sau khi khc x qua lng knh, b lch cc gc khc nhau , tr thnh tch ri nhau. Kt qu
l, chm sng trng l ra khi lng knh b tri rng ra thnh nhiu chm n sc , to thnh quang ph ca nh sng
trng m ta quan st c trn mn.

3. NG DNG CA TN SC NH SNG
- ng dng trong my quang ph phn tch chm sng a sc, do vt pht ra thnh cc thnh phn n sc
- Gii thch v nhiu hin tng quang hc trong kh quyn, nh cu vng
4. MY QUANG PH:

My quang ph cu to gm ba b phn
o B phn th nht l ng trun trc, ng chun trc l mt ci
ng mt u l mt thy knh hi t L

1
, y kia l khe hp c l nh
sng i qua nm ti tiu im vt ca thu knh hi t. c tc dng
to ra cc chm sng song song n lng knh.
o Lng knh P: l b phn chnh ca my quang ph nhm tn
sc nh sng trng thnh cc di mu bin thin lin tc t n
tm.
o Mn M hay gi l bung nh dng hng nh trn mn
- Nguyn tc hot ng da trn hin tng tn sc nh sng.

ng chun trc Lng knh
M
S

5. CC LOI QUANG PH.

Cc loi
quang ph
nh ngha Ngun pht c im ng dng
HP 52
Quang ph
lin tc
L mt di mu c mu t
n tm ni lin nhau mt
cch lin tc

Do cc cht rn, lng,
kh c p sut ln
pht ra khi b nng
nng
Quang ph lin tc
ca cc cht khc
nhau cng mt
nhit th hon ton
ging nhau v ch
ph thuc vo nhit
ca chng
Dng o nhit cc
vt c nhit cao, xa,
nh cc ngi sao.
Quang ph
vch pht
x
L mt h thng nhng vch
sng ring l, ngn cch nhau
bi nhng khong ti

Quang ph vch do
cht kh p sut
thp pht ra khi b
kch thch bng nhit
hay in.
Quang ph vch ca
cc nguyn t khc
nhau th rt khc nhau
v s lng vch, v
v tr v sng t i
ca cc vch. Mi
nguyn t ha hc c
mt quang ph vach
c trng.
Dng nhn bit, phn
tch nh lng v nh
tnh thnh phn ha hc
ca cc cht
Quang ph
vch hp
th

L nhng vach ti nm trn
nm sng ca quang ph lin
tc

Quang ph vch do
cht kh p sut
thp pht ra khi b
kch thch bng nhit
hay in. v c t
chn trn quang ph
lin tc

- thu c quang
ph hp th th iu
kin nhit ca
ngun phi thp hn
nhit ca quang
ph lin tc
- Trong cng mt
iu kin v nhit
v p sut , Nguyn
t c th pht ra
quang ph pht x
mu g th hp th
mu .

Dng nhn bit, phn
tch nh lng v nh
tnh thnh phn ha hc
ca cc cht

***Hin tng o vch quang ph:
Hin tng m vch sng ca quang ph lin tc, tr thnh vch ti ca quang ph hp th hoc ngc li gi l hin tng
o vch quang ph.

BI 2: CC LAI BC X KHNG NHN THY.
1. HNG NGOI
nh ngha L bc x sng in t c bc sng ln hn bc sng ca nh sng (

hn
>

)

Ngun pht V l thuyt cc ngun c nhit ln hn 0
o

K s pht ra tia hng ngoi

Tnh cht - Tc dng c bn nht ca tia hng ngoi l tc dng nhit
- C kh nng gy ra mt s phn ng ha hc, tc dng ln mt s loi phim nh
- Tia hng ngoi cng c th bin iu c nh sng in t cao tn.
- Tia hng ngoi cn c th gy ra hin tng quang in trong mt s cht bn dn.
ng dng - Dng phi kh, sy, si m
- iu ch mt s loi knh nh hng ngoi chp nh ban m
- Ch to iu khin t xa
- ng dng trong qun s

2. T NGOI
nh Ngha L cc bc x in t c bc sng nh hn bc sng nh sng tm
HP 53
Ngun Pht - Nhng vt c nhit trn 2000 C u pht ra tia t ngoi
- Nhit cng cao th ph t ngoi cng ko di v pha bc sng ngn
Tnh cht - Tc dng ln phim nh
- Kch thch s pht quang ca nhiu cht, gy ra mt s phn ng ha hc, quang
ha
- Kch thch nhiu phn ng ha hc
- I n ha khng kh v nhiu cht kh khc
- Tc dng sinh hc hy dit t bo
- B nc v thy tinh hp th mnh nhng trong sut vi thch anh
- Gy ra hin tng quang in ngoi nhiu kim loi

ng dng - Trong y hc, tia t ngoi c s dng tit trng cc dng c phu thut, cha
bnh ci xng
- Trong cng nghip dng tit trng thc phm trc khi ng hp
- Trong c kh dng pht hin li sn phm trn b mt kim loi
3. TIA RN - GHEN ( TIA X)
nh ngha Tia X l cc bc x in t c bc sng t 10
-11

n 10
-8

m.
- T 10
-11

m n 10
-10

m gi l X cng
- T 10
-10

n 10
-8

m gi l X mm

Ngun pht Do cc ng Cu - lit - gi pht ra
(Bng cch cho tia catot p vo cc ming kim loi c nguyn t lng ln)

Tnh cht - Kh nng nng m xuyn cao
- Lm en knh nh
- Lm pht quang mt s cht
- Gy ra hin tng quang in ngoi hu ht tt c cc kim loi
- Lm i n ha khng kh
- Tc dng sinh l, hy dit t bo

ng dng - Chun on hnh nh trong y hc
- Pht hin khuyt tt trong cc sn phm c
- Kim tra hnh l trong lnh vc hng khng
- Nghin cu thnh phn cu trc vt rn

BI 3: CNG THC BI TP V HIN TNG TN SC NH SNG.
I. PHNG PHP
1. LNG KNH

Cc cng thc quan trng:
ct 1: A = r

1
+ r

2

ct2: D = i

1
+ i

2
- A

ct3: sin i = n.sinr
Khi D

min
ta c:
r

1
= r

2
; i

1
= i

2

D

min
= 2i - A i =
A + D

min
2

Vi gc chit quang nh:
i = n.r
D = ( n - 1) A

A
r

1

r

2

i

2

i

1

D

Bi ton cn ch :
HP 54
Bi ton xc nh gc lch ca tia so vi tia tm khi l ra khi lng knh( vi A nh)
A D = ( n
t
- n

).A
Bi ton xc nh b rng quang ph khi t mn hng cch mt phng phn gic ca lng knh mt on h
Ar = h.( n

t
- n

).A ( A phi i v rad)

2. THU KNH
1
f
= (n - 1)(
1
R

1
+
1
R

2
)
Trong :
f :l tiu c ca thu knh
n: l chit sut ca cht lm thu knh vi tia sng
R

1
: l bn knh ca mt cong th nht
R

2
: l bn knh ca mt cong th hai
( R < 0 ) mt lm( R > 0 mt li)

f

f

t

3.HIN TNG KHC X NH SNG

r
i
n
r

r
i
n
r
d
h
hnh.b

Hnh v a: Din t cho chng ta thy v hin tng khc x nh sng sini = n.sinr
Hnh v b: Cho chng ta thy hin tng tn sc nh sng trong mi trng chit sut n, d = h( tan r

d
- tan r
t
)

4. HIN TNG PHN X TON PHN

Hin tng phn x ton phn xy ra khi nh sng i t mi trng
c chit quang ln v mi trng c chit quang nh hn.
Hin tng phn x ton phn bt u xy ra nh quan st trn hnh v:
Ta c: n.sin i = sin r ( v r song song vi mt nc cho nn r = 90
o

)
n.sin i = 1
sin i

gh

1
n
( hin tng ton phn bt u xy ra)

i
r
n
Hin tng phn x ton phn

i
r
n
Hin tng phn x ton phn

hnh .a
HP 55
BI 4: GIAO THOA SNG NH SNG

I. PHNG PHP
1. HIN TNG NHIU X NH SNG

Nhiu x nh sng l hin tng nh sng khng tun theo nh lut truyn
thng, quan st c khi nh sng truyn qua l nh hoc gn mp nhng
vt trong sut hoc khng trong sut . Nh hin tng nhiu x nh sng
m cc tia sng i qua cc khe hp s tr thnh ngun sng mi
- Chng ta ch c th gii thch c hin tng nhiu x nh sng nu
tha nhn nh sng c tnh cht sng.

S
Hin tng nhiu x nh sng
khi qua khe hp S

2. HIN TNG GIAO THOA SNG NH SNG

Gi Ad l khong hiu quang l t hai ngun S

1
v S

2
ti mn:
Ad = d

2
- d

1
=
a.x
D

Nu ti M l vn sng
d

2
- d

1
= k. vi k l vn sng bc k k e( 0; 1; 2; )
Nu ti M l vn ti.
d

2
- d

1
= ( k +
1
2
) vi k l vn ti th (k + 1) k e ( 0; 1; 2)

a
S

1

S

2
D
M
d

1

d

2

a. V tr vn sng:
d

2
- d

1
=
a.x
D
= k.
x

S
= k
D
a
trong : k l vn sng bc k ( k = 0, 1, 2, 3.)
Trong :
- l bc sng nh sng ( m)
- D l khong cch t mt phng S

1
S

2
n mn M
- a l khong cch gia hai khe S

1
S

2

- k l bc ca vn sng ( k = 0, 1, 2, 3 .)
b. V tr vn ti
d

2
- d

1
= ( k +
1
2
). =
a. x
D

x

t
= ( k +
1
2
)
D
a
trong ( k = 0, 1, 2, 3 )
Nu k > 0: th k l vn ti th (k + 1) Vd: k = 5 vn ti th (5 + 1) = 6
Nu k < 0 th k l vn ti th ( - k) Vd: k = -5 l vn ti th 5

- i vi vn ti khng c khi nim bc ca vn ti.

V

s
: 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 (VSTT) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
k= : -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

k= : -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
V

t
: 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

c. Khong vn
- Khong vn i l khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti lin tip
- i =
D
a
=
ia
D

HP 56
- x

s
= ki
- x

t
= ( k +
1
2
) i.
d. Bc sng nh sng v mu sc nh sng.
- Mi nh sng n sc c mt bc sng trong chn khng xc nh
- Cc nh sng n sc c bc sng trong khong t 0,38 0,76 m
- nh sng mt tri l hn hp ca v s nh sng c bc sng bin thin lin tc t 0 .
- Bng mu sc - bc sng ( Trong chn khng)
-
Mu ( nm)
640 : 760
Da cam 590 : 650
Vng 570 : 600
Lc 500 : 575
Lam 450 : 510
Chm 430 : 460
Tm 380 : 440

- iu kin hin tng giao thoa nh sng sy ra
- Hai ngun phi pht ra hai sng c cng bc sng
- Hiu s pha ca hai ngun phi khng i theo thi gian.
3. CC BI TON C BN
Dng 1: Bi ton xc nh b rng quang ph bc k.
Gi x

d
l v tr vn sng th k ca nh sng x

d
= k

d
.D
a

Gi x
t
l v tr vn sng th k ca nh sng tm. x

t
= k

t
.D
a

Ax = x

d
- x

t
= k

d
.D
a
- k

t
.D
a

Ax = k
D
a
(

d
-

t
)

Dng 2: . Bi ton xc nh v tr trng nhau

Thc hin giao thoa nh sng vi hai bc sng

1
v

2

Loi 1: Trng nhau ca hai vn sng
Gi x l v tr vn sng trng nhau ca hai nh sng giao thoa trn
Ta c: x = k

1

1
D
a
= k

2

2
D
a
k

1

1
= k

2

2

k

1
k

2
=

1

Loi 2: V tr trng nhau ca hai vn ti
x = (K

1
+
1
2
).

1
D
a
= (K

2
+
1
2
).

2
D
a

K

1
+
1
2
K

2
+
1
2
=

1

Loi 3: V tr trng nhau ca 1 vn sng - 1 vn ti
x = (K

1
+
1
2
).

1
D
a
= k

2

2
D
a

HP 57

(K

1
+
1
2
)
k

2
=

1

Loi 4: V tr trng nhau ca 3 vn sng
Thc hin giao thoa nh sng vi ba nh sng n sc

1
;

2
;

3
.
x = = k

1

1
D
a
= k

2

2
D
a
= k

3
.

3
.D
a

K

1
K

2
=

1

K

1
k

3
=

1
cc gi tr ca K

1
; K

2
; K

3

Dng 3: . Bi ton xc nh s bc sng cho vn sng ti v tr x

o
hoc cho vn ti ti v tr x

o

Loi 1: S bc x cho vn sng ti x

o

bi: Thc hin giao thoa vi nh sng trng c (
t

t
). Trong D l khong cch t mt phng S

1
S

2
ti
mn., a l khong cch gia hai khe S

1
S

2
. Hy xc nh s nh sng cho vn sng ti v tr x

o
.

Bi gii:
Ta c: x

o
= k
D
a
( 1) =
x

o
a
kD
( 2)
V

t

t

t
=
x

o
a
kD

t

x

o
.a

d
.D
k
x

o
.a

t
.D
( 3) ( k = 0, 1, 2, 3.)
T ( 3) thay vo ( 2) ta c c c th tng bc sng cho vn sng ti v tr x

o

Loi 2: S bc x cho vn sng ti v tr x

o
.
bi: Thc hin giao thoa vi nh sng trng c (
t

t
). Trong D l khong cch t mt phng S

1
S

2
ti
mn., a l khong cch gia hai khe S

1
S

2
. Hy xc nh s nh sng cho vn ti ti v tr x

o
.
Bi gii:
Ta c: x
t
= x

o
= ( k +
1
2
)
D
a
( 1) =
x

o
a
(k+
1
2
)D
( 2)
V

t

t

t
=
x

o
a
(k+
1
2
)D

t

x

o
a

d
.D
(k +
1
2
)
x

o
.a
t
.D
( k = 0, 1, 2, 3.)

x

o
a

d
.D
-
1
2
(k +
1
2
)
x

o
.a

t
.D
-
1
2
( 3)

T ( 3) thay vo ( 2) ta c c c th tng bc sng cho vn ti ti v tr x

o

Dng 4: Dng ton xc nh s vn sng - vn ti trn on MN

Loi 1: S vn sng - vn ti trn giao thoa trng
( Cng thc di y cn c th p dng cho bi ton xc nh s vn sng vn ti gia hai im MN v c mt vn
sng chnh gia.)

S vn sng: V

S
= 2 |
L
2i
| + 1.
S vn ti: V

T
= 2 |
L
2i
+
1
2
|

Tng s vn sng vn ti thu c n = V

S
+ V

T

Trong : |
L
2i
| ; |
L
2i
+
1
2
| l cc phn nguyn. V d: 5,8 ly 5.

HP 58
Loi 2: S vn sng - vn ti gia hai im MN bt k.( Gii s x

M
< x

N
)

- S vn sng.
Ta c: x = k. i x

M
k.i x

N

x

M
i
k
x

N
i

- S vn ti trn trn MN
Ta c: x = (k +
1
2
).i x

M
(k +
1
2
).i x

N

x

M
i
-
1
2
k
x

N
i
-
1
2

Loi 3: Xc nh s vn sng - vn ti nu bit hai u l hai vn sng:

V

s
=
L
i
+ 1
V

t
=
L
i

i =
L
v

s
- 1
=
L
v

t

Loi 4: Xc nh s vn sng - vn ti nu bit hai u l hai vn ti

V

s
=
L
i

V

t
=
L
i
+ 1
i =
L
v

s
=
L
v

t
- 1

Loi 5: Xc nh s vn sng - vn ti nu bit mt u sng - mt u ti.
V

s
= V
t
=
L
i
+
1
2
i =
L
V

s
-
1
2

Dng 5: Bi ton dch chuyn h vn ( dch chuyn vn sng trung tm)

Bi 1: Thc hin th nghim Yang v giao thoa nh sng. Khong cch gia
hai khe hp S

1
S

2
l a, khong cch t mt phng S

1
S

2
ti mn l D, khong
cch t ngun sng S ti hai khe S

1
S

2
l d, Nu dch chuyn ngun sng S ln
trn mt on Ay ln trn th vn sng trung tm trn mn s dch chuyn nh
th no?

Bi gii:
Gi Ax l dch chuyn ca h vn trn mn M, M lun dch chuyn v pha
ngun chm pha hn ( tc l dch chuyn ngc chiu vi S.
V cng thc xc nh dch chuyn nh sau: Ax =
Ay.D
d

a
S

1

S

2

d
D
M
Ax
M

1

Ay
S

Bi 2: Thc hin th nghim Yang v giao thoa nh sng. Khong cch gia
hai khe hp S

1
S

2
l a, khong cch t mt phng S

1
S

2
ti mn l D, Trc
ngun sng S

1
t tm thy tinh mng c b dy e chit sut n. Hy xc nh
di ca vn sng trung tm.

Bi gii:
V tr vn sng trung tm s dch chuyn v pha ngun chm pha hn, tc l
dch chuyn v pha S

1
. Cng thc xc nh dch chuyn nh sau:
Ax =
( n - 1)e.D
a

a
S

1

S

2

D
Vstt
Ax
d
e
M
S

HP 59

CHNG VI: LNG T NH SNG
BI 1: HIN TNG QUANG IN NGOI

I. PHNG PHP
1. NH NGHA HIN TNG QUANG IN NGOI
1.1. Th nghin hin tng quang in ngoi

n h quang n h quang
e
n h quang
e

H1. C tm thy
tinh
H2. Khng c tm thy tinh
a b

1..2. Nhn xt:

hnh 1: Ta t tm thy tinh trc n h quang, thy khng c hin tng g sy ra vi hai tm km tch in m
hnh 2: Khi b tm thy tinh trong sut ra mt lc sau thy hai l km tch in m b cp xung. Chng t in tch
m ca l km b gii phng ra ngoi.
Th nghim s 2 gi l th nghim v hin tng quang in
1.3. nh ngha v hin tng quang in ngoi
Hin tng khi chiu nh sng vo tm kim loi lm cc electron bt ra ngoi gi l hin tng quang in ngoi. (
Hin tng quang in)
2. CC NH LUT QUANG IN
2.1. nh lut 1: ( nh lut v gii hn quang in)
Hin tng quang in ch xy ra khi nh sng kch thch chiu vo tm kim loi c bc sng nh hn hoc bng
bc sng

0
.

0
c gi l gii hn quang in ca kim loi . (

0
)
2.2. nh lut 2: (nh lut v cng dng quang in bo ha)
i vi mi nh sng kch thch c (

0
), cng dng quang in bo ha t l vi cng ca chm sng
kch thch.
2.3. nh lut 3: ( nh lut v ng nng cc i ca quang electron)
ng nng ban u cc i ca quang electron khng ph thuc cng ca chm kich thch, m ch ph thuc
bc sng nh sng kch thch v bn cht kim loi.
c tuyn trn th hin mi quan h gia hiu in th U

AK
v
cng dng quan in bo ha.
- Khi U

AK
< - U

h
th dng quan in bo ha b trit tiu hon
ton ( I = 0). S d nh vy v v: electron b bt ra t catot, vi
tc ban u v

omax
v ng nng ban u W

dmax
, chu tc
dng ca lc in trng hng v catot ( do U

h
gy ra) lc
ny ngn khng cho eletron ti anot gy ra dng quang in.
- Khi U

AK
= 0 vn c dng quang in v, electron c vn tc
ban ban u to ra s dch chuyn c hng ca cc ht mang
in c dng in.
- Hiu in th U

AK
tng dn, lm cho dng quang in tng
dn, nhng khi tng n gi tr U

1
th khi tng tip U

AK
cng
khng lm cho dng quang in tngthm( I = I

bh
). Gi tr I

bh

gi l dng quang in bo ha.
- ng s (1) v (2) th hin dng quang in ca hai nh
sng khc nhau, c cng bc sng, nhng cng ca chm
sng to ra dng quang in (2) ln hn dng cng ca
chm sng to ra dng quang in (1).

I
U
I

bh1
I

bh2
U

1
0 - U

h
1
2
c tuyn vn - ampe k ca t bo quang in

3. LNG TNH SNG HT CA SNG IN T
HP 60
Sng in t va mang tnh cht sng va mang tnh cht ht.
- Vi sng c bc sng cng ln th tnh cht sng th hin cng r ( cc hin tng nh giao thoa, khc x, tn sc)
- Vi cc sng c bc sng cng nh th tnh cht ht th hin cng r ( cc hin tng nh quang in, kh nng m
xuyn)
4. THUYT LNG T NH SNG
nh sng c to bi cc ht gi l phton( cc lng t nh sng) . Mi ph tn c nng lng xc nh c = h.f. ( f l
tn s ca sng nh sngn sc tng ng). Cng ca chm sng t l vi s ph tn pht ra trong 1 giy.
Phn t, nguyn t, eletron pht ra hay hp th nh sng, cng c ngha l chng pht x hay hp th ph tn.
Cc ph tn bay dc theo tia sng vi tc c = 3.10
8

m/s trong chn khng.
5. CC CNG THC QUANG IN C BN
Ct1: Cng thc xc nh nng lng ph tn: c = h f =
hc

Ct2: Cng thc anh tanh v hin tng quang in ngoi

hc
= A

0
+
1
2
mv
2

o
hoc
hc
=
hc

0
+
1
2
mv
2

o
( W

dmax
=
1
2
mv
2

o
= e. |U

h
| )
Ct3: Cng sut ca ngun sng- hoc cng sut chiu sng: P = n

.c = n

.hf = n

hc
. n

=
P
hc

Ct4: Cng dng quang in bo ha: I

bh
= n

e
.e =
N
t
e n

e
=
I

bh
e

Ct5: Hiu sut pht quang: H =
n

e
n

. 100% =
I.hc
e.P.
.100%
Gii thch v k hiu:
- : Nng lng photon ( J)
- h: Hng s plank h= 6,625.10
-34

j.s.
- c: Vn tc nh sng trong chn khng. c = 3.10
8

m/s.
- f : Tn s ca nh sng kch thch ( Hz)
- : Bc sng kch thch ( m)
-

0
: Gii hn quang in ( m)
- m : Khi lng e. m

e
= 9,1. 10
-31

kg
- v : Vn tc e quang in ( m/s)
- W

dmax
: ng nng cc i ca e quang in ( J)
- U

h
: Hiu in th hm, gi tr hiu in th m cc e quang in khng th bt ra ngoi
- P: Cng sut ca ngun kch thch ( J)
- n

: s ph tn p ti ca tt trong 1s
- n

e
: S e bt ra khi catot trong 1 s
- e : in tch nguyn t |e| = 1,6. 10
-19

C
- H : Hiu sut lng t. ( %).
- 1 MeV = 1,6. 10
-13

J; 1 eV = 1,6. 10
-19

J.

nh l ng nng:
W

d
= W

do
+ Uq ( nu U

Ak
>0)
W

d
= W

do
- |U|q ( nu U

Ak
< 0)

trit tiu dng quang in th khng cn e quang in tr v Anot.
Cng c ngha l W

d
= 0 hoc e b ht ngc tr li catot.
|U|.q W

do
=
1
2
m.v

o
2

+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
W

do
W

d

U
e
K

6. MT S BI TON CN CH
Bi ton 1: Bi ton xc nh bn knh qu o ca electron trong t trng
F

lorenxo
= qvB = m.
v
2

R
= F

hng tm

R =
m.v
qB

Bi ton 2: Bi ton xc nh in tch ca qu cu kim
loi t trong khng kh khi b chiu sng hin tng
quang in ngoi sy ra:

HP 61
Cng thc Gauxo ta c: E.S =
q
c.c

o

Trong :
E in trng trng to ra ca qu cu
S l din tch mt cu
q l in tch ca qu cu
c =
1
4tk

c

o
hng s in mi

Trong khng kh: c

o
= 1.

U

h
R
.4t.R
2

= q.4t.k
q =
U

h
.R
k

R

Bi ton 3: Bi ton xc nh bn knh cc i ca e quang in khi n anot:

R = V

o
.t
d =
at
2

2

Vi a =
q.E
m
=
q.U
m.d
d =
q.U.t
2

2m.d
t =
2md
2

q.U

m V

o
2

2
= q.|U

h
| V

o
=
2.q.|U

h
|
m

R =
2m.d
2

.2.q.|U

h
|
q.U.m
= 2d
U

h
U

++
++
++
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
d
R

BI 2: TIA X
I. PHNG PHP

nh ngha Tia X l sng in t c bc sng t10
-8

n 10
-11

m

Ngun pht Do my X quang pht ra.

Tc dng - Kh nng nng m xuyn cao
- Lm en knh nh
- Lm pht quang mt s cht
- Gy ra hin tng quang in ngoi hu ht cc kim loi
- Lm in ha khng kh
- Tc dng sinh l, hy dit t bo
ng dng - Chun on hnh nh trong y hc
- Pht hin khuyt tt trong cc sn phm c
- Kim tra hnh l trong lnh vc hng khng
- Nghin cu thnh phn cu trc vt rn
Cc cng thc bi tp
* q.U

AK
=
1
2
mV
2

max
= hf

max
=
hc

min
Trong :
* Cng dng in trong ng Rnghen: I = n

e
.e

* Tng ng nng ca e khi va chm i ca tt trong 1s: E W

d
= n

e
.W

d
=
I
e
.U

AK
.q
HP 62

* Cng thc xc nh hiu sut ng Cu - lit - gi: H =
Ec
EW

d
.
Vi Ee l tng nng lng tia X
Ee = EW

d
.H
EQ = EW

d
( 1 - H)
- q l ln in tch ca electron = 1,6. 10
-19

C
- U

AK
l hiu in th gia anot v catot ca my ( V )
- m l khi lng cc electron; m = 9,1.10
-31

kg
- V

max
l vn tc cc i ca cc khi p vo i catot ( m/s)
- h l hng s plank
- f

max
l tn s ln nht ca bc x pht ra (Hz)
-

min
l bc sng ca bc x ( m)

BI 3: MU NGUYN T BOR - QUANG PH HIDRO

I. PHNG PHP
1. TIN V TRNG THI DNG
- Nguyn t ch tn ti trong mt s trng thi c nng lng xc nh gi l cc trng thi dng. Khi trong cc
trng thi dng th nguyn t khng bc x
- Trong cc trng thi dng ca nguyn t, electron ch chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn trn nhng qu o c bn
knh hon ton xc nh gi l cc qu o dng.
i vi nguyn t Hidro bn knh qu o dng tng t l vi bnh phng ca cc s nguyn lin tip:
R

n
= n
2

r

o
vi r

o
= 5,3.10
-11

m. Trong :
R

n
l bn knh qu o th n
n l qu o th n
r

o
l bn knh c bn

r

o

4r

o

9r

o

16r

o

25r

o

36r

o

K L M N O P

2. TIN V HP TH V BC X NNG LNG.
- Khi nguyn t chyn t trng thi dng c nng lng ( E

n
) sang trng
thi dng c nng lng thp hn ( E

m
) th n pht ra mt pho ton c
nng lng ng bng hiu: E

n
- E

m

-
c = hf

nm
= E

n
- E

m

n
m
c = E

n
- E

m

- Ngc li, nu nguyn t ang trong trng thi dng c nng lng
E

m
m hp th mt photon c nng lng ng bng hiu E

n
- E

m
th
n chuyn ln trng thi dng c nng lng E

n
.
c = hf

nm
= E

n
- E

m
=
hc

n
m
c = E

n
- E

m

- T tin trn: Nu mt cht hp th c nh sng c bc sng no th n cng c th pht ra nh sng y.
3. QUANG PH VCH HIDRO.

- Mc nng lng trng thi n : E

n
=
- 13,6 eV
n
2

vi ( n = 1,2,3)
- e lectron b ion ha khi: E

= 0.
HP 63
- E = E

12
+ E

23

hf

13
= hf

12
+ hf

23
f

13
= f

12
+ f

23

hc
=
hc

1
+
hc

2

1
=
1

1
+
1

2
=

1
+

2

- Cng thc xc nh tng s bc x c th pht ra khi e trng thi nng lng th n:
S

bx
= ( n - 1) + ( n- 2) + + 2 + 1
C
n
2

| o o
1
2
3
4
5
6

n
6
K
L
M
N
O
P
Dy Pachen: hon ton
trong vng hng ngoi

Dy Lai-man: hon ton
trong vng t ngoi

Dy Ban- me: nm trong
vng kh kin v t ngoi

BI 4: HIN TNG QUANG - PHT QUANG; TIA LAZE
1. HIN TNG QUANG - PHT QUANG
A. nh ngha
- Mt s cht c kh nng hp th nh sng c bc sng ny pht ra
nh sng c bc sng khc. Hin tng trn gi l hin tng quang -
pht quang.
- V d: Chiu tia t ngoi vo dung dch fluorexein th dung dch ny
s pht ra nh sng mu lc. Trong tia t ngoi l nh sng kch
thch cn nh sng mu lc l nh sng pht quang.
- Ngoi hin tng quang - pht quang ta cn cp n mt s hin
tng quang khc nh: ha - pht quang ( om m); pht quang ca
tt ( n hnh ti vi); in - Pht quang ( n LED)

B. Phn loi quang pht quang

Hunh quang Ln quang
S pht quang ca cc cht lng v kh c c im
l nh sng pht quang b tt nhanh sau khi tt nh
sng kch thch. Gi l hin tng hunh quang
S pht quang ca nhiu cht rn li c c im
l nh sng pht quang c th ko di mt
khong thi gian no sau khi tt nh sng kch
thch. S pht quang trn gi l hin tng ln
quang.
- nh sng hunh quang c bc sng di hn bc
sng ca nh sng kch thch

- Mt s loi sn xanh, , vng lc quyets trn
cc bin bo giao thng hoc u cc cc ch
gii ng l cc cht ln quang c thi gian ko
di khong vi phn mi giy.
nh lut Stock v hin tng pht quang:

k
<

p

- Nng lng mt mt trong qu trnh hp th ph tn : Ac = hf

kt
- hf

hq
=
hc

k
-
hc

p
= hc.
(
(
1

k
-
1

p

- Cng thc hiu sut pht quang: H =
P

p
P

k
.100% =
n

p
.

k
n

k
.

p
.100%

2. LASER ( LAZE)

HP 64
A. nh ngha laser
- Laze l mt ngun sng pht ra
mt chm sng cng ln da
trn hin tng pht x cm ng.

- S pht x cm ng: Nu mt nguyn t ang trong trng thi kch thch sn sng pht ra mt photon c nng
lng c = hf, bt gp mt photon c nng lng c ng bng hf, bay lt qua n, th lp tc nguyn t ny cng pht
ra photon c. Photon c c cng nng lng v bay cng phng vi photon c. Ngoi ra, sng in t ng v photon c
hon ton cng pha v dao ng trong mt phng song song vi mt phng dao ng ca sng in t ng vi photon
c.
- c im ca tia laze.
Tnh n sc cao v ( c cng nng lng ng vi sng in t c cng bc sng)
Tnh nh hng rt cao ( bay theo cng mt phng)
Tnh kt hp cao ( cung pha )
Cng ca chumg sng rt ln( s ph tn bay theo cng mt hng rt ln)
- ng dng ca tia laze:
Trong y hc dng lm dao m trong cc phu thut tinh vi
Thng tin lin lc ( v tuyn nh v, lin lc v tinh)
Trong cng nghip dng khoan ct, ti chnh xc
Trong trc a dng o khong cch, tam gic c.
Laze cn dng trong cc u c a .

3. HIN TNG QUANG IN TRONG

A. Quang in trong: Hin tng nh sng gii phng cc e lin kt cho chng tr thnh cc electron dn ng thi
to ra cc l trng cng tham gia vo qu trnh dn in gi l hin tng quang in trong
B. Cht quang dn: hin tng gim in tr sut, tc l tng dn in ca bn dn, khi c nh sng thch hp chiu
vo gi l hin tng quang dn.

Cht

o
( m)
Ge 1.88
Si 1,11
PbS 4,14
CdS 0,9
PbSe 5,65

C. Pin quang in: l pin chy
bng nng lng nh sng n
bin i trc tip quang nng
thnh in nng. Pin hot ng
da vo hin tng quang in
trong ca mt s cht bn dn
nh ng oxit, Selen, Silic.

+
_
in cc
trong sut
Bn dn loi
p
Bn dn loi
n
in cc

HP 65
D. Quang in tr: L mt tm
bn dn c gi tr in tr
thay i khi cng chm
sng chiu vo n thay i

2
1
3 3
4
6
5
4
R
G

HP 66

CHNG VII: VT L HT NHN
BI 1: I CNG VT L HT NHN
1. CU TO HT NHN
A
Z
X
- X l tn nguyn t
- Z s hiu( s proton hoc s th t trong bng h thng tun hon)
- A l s khi( s nuclon) A = Z + N
- N l s notron N = A - Z.
- Cng thc xc nh bn knh ht nhn: R = 1,2.A
1
3

.10
-15

2. NG V
L cc nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s notron dn n s khi A khc nhau.
V d: (
12
6
C;
13
6
C;
14
6
C); (
235
92
U;
238
92
C)
3. H THC ANH TANH V KHI LNG V NNG LNG.
a. Eo = m

o
.c
2

Trong :
- E

o
l nng lng ngh
- m

o
l khi lng ngh
- c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng c = 3.10
8

m/s.
b. E = m.c
2

Trong :
- E l nng lng ton phn
- m l khi lng tng i tnh
m =
m

o
1 -
v
2

c
2

- c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng.
- v l vn tc chuyn ng ca vt
- m

o
l khi lng ngh ca vt
- m l khi lng tng i ca vt
c. E = E

o
+ W

d
trong W

d
l ng nng ca vt
W

d
= E - E

o
= m.c
2

- m

o
.c
2

= m

o
.c
2

.(
1
1 -
v
2

c
2

- 1)
o Nu v < < c W

d
=
1
2
m.v
2

.
4. HT KHI - NNG LNG LIN KT - NNG LNG LIN KT RING.
a. ht khi (Am).
- Am = Z.m

p
+ ( A - Z). m

n
- m

X
. Trong :
- m

p
: l khi lng ca mt proton m

p
= 1,0073u.
- m

n
: l khi lng ca mt notron m

n
= 1.0087u
- m

X
: l khi lng ht nhn X.
b. Nng lng lin kt (AE)
- AE = Am.c
2

( MeV) hoc (J)
- Nng lng lin kt l nng lng lin kt tt c cc nulon tron ht nhn
c. Nng lng lin kt ring
- W

lkr
=
AE
A
( MeV/nuclon)
- Nng lng lin kt ring l nng lng lin kt mt nuclon trong ht nhn
- Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn.
Ch :
- Cc n v khi lng: kg; u; MeV/c
2

.
- 1u = 1,66055.10
-27

kg = 931,5MeV/c
2

- Khi tnh nng lng lin kt nu n v ca ht khi l kg th ta s nhn vi (3.10
8

)
2

v n v tnh ton l
(kg)
- Khi tnh nng lng lin kt nu n v ca ht khi l u th ta nhn vi 931,3 v n v s l MeV.

HP 67

BI 2: PHNG X
I. PHNG PHP
1. NH NGHA PHNG X
L qu trnh phn hy t pht ca mt ht nhn khng bn vng t nhin hay nhn to. Qu trnh phn hy ny km theo
s to ra cc ht v c th km theo s phng ra bc x n t. Ht nhn t phn hy l ht nhn m, ht nhn to thnh
gi l ht nhn con.
2. CC DNG PHNG X
a. Phng x o:
A
Z
X
A-4
Z-2
Y +
4
2
He
- Bn cht l dng ht nhn
4
2
He mang in tch dng, v th b lch v bn t m
- I n ha cht kh mnh, vn tc khong 20000km/s. v bay ngoi khng khong vi cm.
- Phng x o lm ht nhn con li 2 trong bng h thng tun hon
B: Phng x |
-

:
A
Z
X
0
-1
e +
A
Z+1
Y +

0
0
v
- Bn cht l dng electron, v th mang in tch m v b lch v pha t in dng.
- Vn tc gn bng vn tc nh sng, bay c vi mt trong khng kh
- Phng x |
-

lm ht nhn con tin 1 trong bng h thng tun hon so vi ht nhn m.
C: Phng x |
+

:
A
Z
X
0
+1
e +
A
Z-1
Y +
0
0
v
- Bn cht l dng ht pozitron, mang in tch dng, v th lch v bn t m.
- Cc tnh cht khc tng t |
-

.
- Phng x |
+

lm ht nhn con li 1 trong bng h thng tun hon
3. NH LUT PHNG X
A: c tnh ca qu trnh phng x:
- C bn cht l mt qu trnh bin i ht nhn
- C tnh t pht v khng iu khin c, khng chu tc ng ca cc yu t bn ngoi
- L mt qu trnh ngu nhin
B: nh lut phng x
Theo s ht nhn:
- Cng thc xc nh s ht nhn cn li : N = N

0
e
-t

=
N

o
2
k

Vi:( k =
t
T
) Trong :
=
ln2
T
( Hng s phng x)
t: l thi gian nghin cu
T: Chu k bn r

Cng thc xc nh s ht nhn b phn r : AN = N

o
- N = N

o
( 1 -
1
2
k

)
Bng tnh nhanh phng x( S ht ban u l N

o
)

S ht cn li S ht b phn r k = t/T
N % AN %
1 N

o
2

50% N

o
2

50%
2 N

o
4

25% 3N

o
4

75%
3 N

o
8

12,5% 7N

o
8

87,5%

- Cng thc tnh s ht nhn khi bit khi lng : N =
m
M
.N

A
Trong :
m l khi lng (g)

M l khi lng mol
N

A
l s Avogadro

Theo khi lng
- Xc nh khi lng cn li: m = m

0
.e
-t

=
m

o
2
k

- Cng thc xc nh khi lng b phn r: Am = m

o
- m = m

o
( 1 -
1
2
k

)
Theo s mol
HP 68
- Xc nh s mol b phn r: An = n

o
- n = n

o
( 1-
1
2
k

)
Theo phng x:
- Xc nh phng x cn li H = H

0
e
-t

=
H

o
2
k

Bq ( 1Ci = 3,7. 10
10

Bq) Trong
H l phng x cn li
H

o
l phng x ban u

- phng x l s phn r trong mt giy v c tnh nh sau: H = N =
ln2
T
.N =
ln2
T

m
M
.N

A
(Bq )
Ch : Khi tnh phng x phi i T v giy
Ch :Bi ton tnh tui: t = T.log

2
N

o
N

; T.log

2
m

o
m

; T.log

2
H

o
H

BI 3: PHN NG HT NHN
1. NH NGHA:
Cc ht nhn c th tng tc cho nhau v bin thnh nhng ht nhn khc. Nhng qu trnh gi l phn ng ht nhn.
C hai loi phn ng ht nhn:
- Phn ng ht nhn t pht( phng x)
- Phn ng ht nhn kch thch( Nhit hch, phn hch..)
2. CC NH LUT BO TON TRONG PHN NG HT NHN:
Cho phn ng ht nhn sau:
A1
Z1
A +
A2
Z2
B =
A3
Z3
C +
A4
Z4
D
2.1 nh lut bo ton in tch: Z

1
+ Z

2
= Z

3
+ Z

4

2.2 nh lut bo ton s khi: A

1
+ A

2
= A

3
+ A

4

Ch : nh lut bo ton in tch v s khi gip ta vit cc phng trnh phn ng ht nhn.
2.3 Bo ton nng lng ( Nng lng ton phn trc phn ng = Nng lng ton phn sau phn ng)
( m

1
+ m

2
)c
2

+ W

d1
+ W

d2
= ( m

3
+ m

4
) c
2

+ W

d3
+ W

d4

( m

1
+ m

2
- m

3
- m

4
).c
2

= W

d3
+ W

d4
- W

d1
- W

d

2
= Q

ta/thu

= ( A m

3
+ Am

4
- Am

1
- Am

2
).c
2

.
= E

lk3
+ E

lk4
- E

lk1
- E

lk2

= W

lkr3
.A

3
+ W

lkr4
.A

4
- W

lkr1
.A

1
- W

lkr2
.A

2

Nu
Q > 0 phn ng ta nng lng

Q < 0 phn ng thu nng lng

2.4 Bo ton ng lng ( Tng ng lng trc phn ng = Tng ng lng sau phn ng)

P

A
+

P

B
=

P

C
+

P

D

m

A
.

v

A
+

m

B
.v

B
= m

C
.

V

C
+ m

D
.

v

D

Xt v ln: P = m.v
P
2

= m
2

.v
2

= 2. m. (
1
2
m.v
2

) = 2m.W

d

P = 2m.W

d

Cc trng hp c bit khi s dng bo ton ng lng:
A. Trng hp phng x.

P

C
+

P

D
=

0 , Chiu ln OX ta c: P

C
= P

D

P

C
2

= P

D
2

m

C
. W

C
= m

D
. W

D

P

C

A

P

D

O X

B. C mt ht bay vung gc vi ht khC:

HP 69
Ta c: P

D
2

= P
2

A
+ P
2

C

m

D
. W

D
= m

A
.W

A
+ m

C
.W

C

P

A

P

C

P

D

C. Sn phm bay ra c gc lch o so vi n.

Ta c: P

D
2

= P
2

A
+ P
2

C
- 2.P

A
.P

C
cos o
m

D
.W

D
= m

A
. W

A
+ m

C
.W

C
- 2 m

A
.W

A
.m

C
.W

C
.cos o

P

A

P

C

P

D
o

P

D

4. Phn ng phn hch, nhit hch
A: Phn ng phn hch: n + X Y + Z + kn + Q
Phn hch l phn ng trong mt ht nhn nng sau khi hp th mt
notron s v ra thnh hai mnh nh hn. ng thi gii phng k ntron v ta
nhiu nhit.
- c im chung ca cc phn ng ht nhn l:
o C hn 2 notron c sinh ra
o Ta ra nng lng ln.
Nu:
- k < 1: Phn ng tt dn
- k > 1: Phn ng vt hn
-k = 1: phn ng duy tr n nh

B: Phn ng nhit hch:
- y l phn ng trong 2 hay nhiu ht nhn loi nh tng hp li thnh ht
nhn nng hn.
V d:
1
1
H +
3
1
H
4
2
He;
2
1
H +
2
1
H
4
2
He.
- Phn ng ny xy ra nhit rt cao nn gi l phn ng nhit hch.
- phn ng nhit hch l ngun gc duy tr nng lng cho mt tri.

HP 70

CHNG VIII: T VI M N V M
BI 1: CC HT VI M
1. CC HT S CP.
Ht s cp ( hay ht c bn) l nhng ht c kch thc v khi lng nh hn ht nhn nguyn t.
2. CC C TRNG CA HT S CP
- Khi lng ngh m

o
( m

n
= 1,00866u; m

p
= 1,0073u)
- in tch ( in tch ca e l -1; ca proton l +1)
- Spin
- Thi gian sng trung bnh
o C 5 ht sng vnh cu nh: electron, pozitron, proton, photon, ntrino
o Notron sng 932s
o Cc ht cn li thi gian sng v cng ngn.
3. PHN HT
- L cc ht c cng khi lng, spin, cng ln in tch nhng tri du ( nu cc ht khng c in tch th spin ca
chng ngc nhau).
- Phn ln cc ht s cp u to thnh cp trong c mt ht v mt phn ht ca ht
- C hin tng hy cp ht - phn ht thnh photon hay sinh ra cp ht - phn ht t photon.
4. PHN LOI HT S CP.
- Photon: l cc ht c khi lng ngh xp x bng khng)
- Lepton: l cc ht c khi lng nh hn 200 m

e
nh electron, pozitron, tau, muyon
- Mezon : l cc ht c khi lng ngh t 200 n 900 m

e
nh cc ht Mezon t, Mezon K
- Barion: l cc ht c khi lng xp x v ln hn khi lng nuclon v bao gm 2 loi:
o Nuclon: l cc ht proton v notron
o hiperon: l cc ht ln hn ht nuclon
- Cc ht Mexzon v barion c tn chung l hardon
5. TNG TC CA CC HT S CP
- Tng tc hp dn: F

hd
= G
m

1
m

2
R
2

o C cng nh nht
o Bn knh tc dng v cng
- Tng tc yu: l lc tng tc gia cc ht trong phn r beta
o C cng ln gp 10
25

tng tc hp dn
o Bn knh tc dng 10
-18

m.
- Tng tc in t: l lc tng tc gia cc ht mang in F

=
K. q

1
q

2
R
2

o C cng ln gp 10
37

tng tc hp dn
o Bn knh tc dng v cng
- Tng tc mnh: l lc lin kt tng t lc ht nhn
o Cng ln gp 10
39

ln tng tc hp dn
o Bn knh tc dng 10
-15

m.
6. HT QUC
- Tt c cc hadron u cu to t cc ht nh hn gi l quac
- C 6 ht quac v 6 phn quc tng ng:
u (ln)
d ( xung)

s (l)
c ( duyn)

b ( y)
t ( nh)

- in tch cc ht quac v phn quc l:
e
3
;
2e
3

- Hin ti con ngi cha th quan st thy cc quac tn ti c lp.
- Cc barion l t hp ca 3 quac.

BI 2: TH GII V M
I. H MT TRI
HP 71
1.1 Mt tri
- Mt tri l thin th trung tm ca h mt tri, c bn knh ln
hn tri t l 109 ln, khi lng bng 333000 ln khi lng tri
t v nm vo khong 2.10
30

kg.
- Lc hp dn ca Mt tri ng vai tr quyt nh n s hnh
thnh, pht trin v chuyn ng ca h
- Mt tri l mt qu cu kh nng sng vi khong 75% l hidro
v 23% l heli. Nhit mt ngoi ca mt tri l 6000K v nhit
trong lng khong trc triu . Cng sut bc x ca mt tri l
ln n 3,9.10
26

W. Ngun nng lng ca mt tri l phn ng
nhit hch.
1.2 Tm hnh tinh ln.
- C 8 hnh tinh, theo th t t trong ra ngoi: Thy tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t, Ha tinh, Mc tinh, Th tinh, Thin vng
tinh, Hi vng tinh
- Cc hnh tnh chuyn ng trn qu o hnh trn, theo chiu quay ca mt tri trng vi chiu quay ca kim ng h
( tr sao Kim)
- Tri t l hnh tinh trong h mt tri,
C khi lng vo khong 6.10
24

kg
Bn knh tri t khong 6400kg
Khi lng ring vo khong 5,5 tn/m
3

C mt v tinh nhn to l Mt Trng
Ta c bng s liu tham kho sau:
Hnh tinh m R n
Thy tinh 0,055 0,39 0
Kim tinh 0,81 0,72 0
Tri t 1 1 1
Ha tinh 0,11 1,52 2
Mc tinh 318 5,2 63
Th tinh 95 9,54 34
Thin vng tinh 15 19,2 27
Hi vng tinh 17 30 13
- m: Khi lng so vi tri t
- R: Bn knh qu o theo dvtd
- n: S v tinh bit ( s liu nm 2007)
1. 3 Cc tiu hnh tinh - sao chi - thin thch
HP 72
A. Cc tiu hnh tinh l nhng hnh
tinh c ng knh t vi chc n
vi trm km chuyn ng quanh
mt tri trn qu o 2,2 n 3,6
dvtv.

B. Sao chi l nhng khi kh ng
bng ln vi , c ng knh vi
km, chuyn ng xung quanh mt
tri theo nhng qu o hnh elip
rt rt. Lc xa mt tri th ng
bng, lc gn mt tri th b t
nng sng, nhng bi kh b p sut
mt tri thi bay dt v mt pha to
thnh ci ui.

C. Thin thch l nhng tng
chuyn ng quanh mt tri, s lng
thin thch rt ln, chuyn ng theo
qu o khc nhau v c c nhng
dng thin thch, khi chuyn ng
gn cc hnh tinh b cc hnh tinh ht
vo gy va chm, trng hp mt
thin thch bay vo bu kh quyn ca
tri t th n b ma st mnh, nng
sng bc chy li vt sng di m
ta gi l sao bng.

II. CC SAO V THIN H
2.1 Thin h
- Thin h l mt h thng sao gm nhiu loi sao v tinh vn. Tng s sao trong thin h ln n vi trm t.
- a s cc thin h c dng xon c, mt s c dng elipxoit, mt s c hnh dng khng xc nh, ng knh ca thin
h vo khong 100. 000 nm nh sng.
- Ngn h ca chng ta cng l mt thin h, c dng hnh a dt, phnh to gia, ng knh vo khong 100.000 nm
nh sng, ch phng to nht vo khong 15 000 nm nh sng. Ngn h ca chng ta c dng xon c.
- Cc thin h c xu hng tp hp li vi nhau thnh cc m thin h, Ngn H l thnh vin ca m thin H khong 20
thnh vin.
HP 73

2.2 Cc sao
Sao l nhng khi kh nng sng trn bu tri cch rt xa chng ta.
A. Nhit trong lng cc sao c th ln n trc triu . Trong sy ra cc phn ng nhit hch. S mnh lit ca
cc phn ng khc nhau lm nhit b mt ca cc sao khc nhau
o Sao c nhit b mt ln n 50.000k c mu xanh lam
o Sao ngui nht cng khong 3000k nhn t tri t c mu .
o Mt tri c nhit 6000K c mu vng
B. Khi lng cc sao thay i ln ( nm trong khong 0,1 n hng chc ln khi lng mt tri).
o Cc sao c khi lng so nh th nhit b mt ln
o Cc sao c khi lng cng ln th nhit b mt cng nh.
C. Bn knh sao nm trong khong
1
1000
n hng nghn ln bn knh mt tri
D. Ngi ta c th chia sao thnh cc loi sau:
o Sao n nh
o Sao bin quang
o Sao mi
o Sao n trn
2.3 Pun xa: l li sao notron pht x mnh cc sng v tuyn, c bn knh hng chc km v c tc t quay rt
ln.
2.4 L en: cu to hon ton bng notron, c khi lng ring v cng ln, ln n mc c th ht tt c cc hnh
tinh quanh n k c photon.
2.5 Tinh vn l cc m my c chiu sng bi cc sao gn n.

CHC CC BN HC SINH HC SINH C NHNG BI HC B CH!
CHC QU THY C C TI LIU THAM KHO PH HP!
Knh cho cc bn hc sinh v cc thy c thn mn!
Trn y l nhng tm huyt ca c nhn ti vi mc ch cc bn hc sinh c ti liu gn gn nht, hiu qu nht
n tp cho cc k thi, c bit l k thi i hc - cao ng hng nm. Tuy dn rt nhiu tm huyt vo vic bin son
ti liu nhng chc chn s khng th trnh khi sai st, mong cc thy c v cc bn ng gp kin cho ti hon
thin ti liu hn na.
Ti xin trn thnh cm n, v mt ln na chc qu thy c cng tc tt, chc cc bn hc sinh n luyn tt sn sng
cho k thi i hc ti thnh cng rc r nht.

He Thong Cong Thuc

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cos (a+ b) = cosa.cosb - sina .sinb

sin ( o + k2t) = sin o

v > 0 nu chuyn ng theo chiu dng

- S: l qung ng i c trong khong thi gian t

Ax: l bin thin di ca vt

K: cng ca l xo( N/m)

g l gia tc trng trng(m/s

L l chiu di thanh ray

- t) ( v sng ti v sng phn x ngc pha).

) ( v sng ti v sng phn x cng pha)

P l cng sut ngun m: W

U l hiu in th hiu dng ca mch ( V)

P l cng sut truyn ti (W)

n: l s vng quay ca r t trong 1pht

n: s vng quay ca ro to trong 1s

).A ( A phi i v rad)

m l khi lng (g)

Q > 0 phn ng ta nng lng

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