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Bi ging hc phn Cu to Kin trc

CHNG 1
CC B PHN CU TO V H KT CU CHU LC C BN NH DN DNG 1.1 NGHA MN HC: Cu to kin trc nh dn dng l mn hc nghin cu cc nguyn tc v cc l lun c bn nht thit k, ch to cc b phn ca nh nhm tho mn hai mc tiu sau: Tao ra v bc bao che cho cng nng s dng bn trong v bn ngoi ngi nh. Xc nh h kt cu chu lc tng ng vi v bc nu trn. Mn hc ny cn c chc nng gii thiu cc cu to thng dng thng dng, ng thi ch ra hng ci tin, thay i cc cu to theo s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut v s i mi ca hnh thc kin trc. 1.2 CC YU T NH HNG N GII PHP CU TO KIN TRC: Sng to ra kin trc l con ngi mong mun to ra mt mi trng sng tt hn so vi mi trng t nhin. C ngha l khai thc cc mt c li v hn ch cc mt bt li ca mi trng t nhin cng nh ca bn thn con ngi tc ng n mi trng sng m h sng to ra. Nhng mt bt li ny c th qui thnh hai loi: Do nh hng ca thin nhin. Do nh hng trc tip ca con ngi. 1.2.1 nh hng ca thin nhin Trong thin nhin cng trnh lun chu nh hng ca iu kin kh hu t nhin, lc trng trng, ng t, bo t, cc loi cn trng ... Mc nh hng ln hay nh tu theo v tr a l ca tng khu vc xy dng cng trnh. nh hng bt li ca iu kin kh hu t nhin gm : Ch bc x ca mt tri: qu o, cng bc x mt tri... Ch gi (tn xut xut hin, tc gi, hng gi...) Ch ma, tuyt.. Ch thu vn, ngp lt a hnh, a mo a cht cng trnh ( sc chu ti ca nn t, nc ngm, ln, mc ng u ca cu to cc lp t, n nh ca t..) Mc xm thc ho - sinh ca mi trng. Ngoi ra nhng ni c nhiu cn trng, c bit nh kt cu g cn c bin php chng mi, mt ,mc, chng s ph hoi ca cn trng.

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Hnh 1.2 Cc nh hng n gii php cu to kin trc nh hng cu thin nhin: 1- Bc x mt tri ; 2- Kh hu thi tit; 3- Nc ngm; 4- ng t; 5- Cn trng nh hng ca con ngi 6 - Trng lng; 7 - Chn ng; 8- Chy n; 8- Ting n. 1.2.2 nh hng ca con ngi. Khi xy dng cng trnh con ngi to ra cc b phn, cu kin v cc thit b s dng. R rng nhng b phn v cu kin ny s phi c mt khi lng nht nh. Khi lng chnh l ti trng bn thn v chnh n s to ra cc ngoi lc tc ng bt li cho cng trnh. Trong kt cu cng trnh ngi ta gi l ti trng thng xuyn.Ti trng bn thn thng bao gm cc b phn nh ca, dng c gia nh v thit b vn phng. Trong qu trnh s dng do hot ng i li ca con ngi, my mc sinh ra cc loi chn ng.Trong kt cu cng trnh gi l ti trng tc thi v nhng tc nhn ny phi c nghin cu khi thit k kt cu v cu to nh. Mt khc ho hon trc tip nh hng n an ton tnh mng ca con ngi cn lm nh ca b thiu ri, ph hoi. V vy nhng ni d sinh ra la nh bp, ng khi, sn khu nh ht.... cn c bin php cu to phng chy. Ngoi ra nhng ni pht sinh ra ting n: ting t, ting my bay, loa phng thanh... u c nh hng n vic s dng ca con ngi nn cn phi cu to cch m.
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1.3 CC B PHN CU TO CHNH CA NH. Nh l do cc b phn khc nhau c t hp theo nhng nguyn tc nht nh to thnh. Xt theo qu trnh thi cng i t phn ngm n phn thn v cui cng l mi th nh gm cc b phn sau :

Hnh 1.2 Cc b phn cu to nh 1.3.1 Mng v nn nh Mng l b phn kt cu di cng ca nh nm su di t, chu ton b ti trng ca nh v truyn ti trng ny xung nn ca mng. Nn nh l b phn ngn cch nh vi mt t t nhin, nh cao hn khi mt t t 50mm 3000mm ph thuc vo tnh cht cng trnh v cc qui nh v cao qui hoch ca tng khu vc xy dng c th. 1.3.2 Tng v ct Tng v ct lm b phn chu lc theo phng thng ng truyn trc tip ti trng xung mng.

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Ngoi ra tng l kt cu bao che lm nhim v phn chia khng gian trn mt phng ngang v bao che nh. Yu cu: cng ln, cng cao, bn chc v n nh. Tng khng chu lc ti trng no gi l tng t mang Tng ngoi phi c kh nng chng c tc dng ca thin nhin nh ma, gi, bo, bc x mt tri v c kh nng cch m, cch nhit. 1.3.3 Sn, gc Sn l b phn kin trc chia khng gian nh thnh cc tng, sn cn l b phn kt cu chu lc theo phng ngang. Sn ta ln tng hay ct thng qua h thng dm. 1.3.4 Cu thang : Cu thang l b phn giao thng theo chiu thng ng, ni lin cc khng gian khng cng cao . Cu thang cn c xem l mt b phn kt cu lm vic theo phng ngang. 1.3.5 Mi Mi l phn bn trn cng ca nh. Mi nh va l b phn chu lc ng thi l kt cu bao che v bo v cho cc b phn bn di. Yu cu: kt cu mi bn lu, khng thm nc, thot nc nhanh v cch nhit cao, c cng ln, cch m, c kh nng chng thm. 1.3.6 Ca i, ca s Ca i dng lin h gia cc phng, ngn cch bn trong v bn ngoi nh, bo v an ninh cho ngi nh. Ca s c tc dng ly nh sng v thng gi cho phng. H thng ca cn c tc dng trang tr cho ngi nh. Yu cu: cch m, cch nhit, c kh nng phng ho... 1.4 CC H KT CU CHU LC C BN CA NH DN DNG H thng kt cu chu lc ca nh dn dng thng c 3 loi: Kt cu tng chu lc Kt cu khung chu lc Kt cu khng gian chu lc 1.4.1 Kt cu tng xy chu lc Khi nim v h tng xy chu lc l khi ton b ti trng trc khi truyn xung mng nh phi thng qua kt cu tng. Vt liu ch to tng thng l gch t st nung v c th c thay bng vt liu khc c cng tnh cht hoc tt hn. B dy ti thiu ca tng l 200mm v dng loi gch c kh nng chu nn ln hn 50kg/cm2. Phm vi ng dng cho cc nh c s tng 5 tng, B 4m, L6m

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tng cng kh nng chu lc ca tng gch khi tng qu di th cn c b tr hoc sn ng bng BTCT cch khong <= 3m, khi tng qu cao th phi b tr ging BTCT cch khong <= 2,7m. C cc loi tng xy chu lc sau y : 1.4.1.1 Tng ngang chu lc Khi tng chu lc c b tr theo phng ngang nh th chng ta c kt cu tng ngang chu lc. Cc tng ngang ngn cch cc phng chu ton b ti trng t cc b phn khc truyn vo sau a xung kt cu mng. Lc by gi tng dc ch cn chc nng bao che. Loai kt cu ny thng p dng cho cc nh c cc phng ng u v chiu rng ca bc gian B 4,m. Loi ny c u, khuyt im sau: u im : cng ngang ca nh ln. Kt cu n gin, t dm, sn gc nhp nh. Trong cc nh c mi dc tng ngang cn thng dng tng thu hi lm kt cu chu lc chnh. Tng ngn gia cc phng tng i dy nn cch m tt. V tng dc ch bao che v chu ti trng bn thn nn ca s c th m ln gip thng gi, chiu sng t nhin tt., cu to ban cng, l gia d dng. Nhc im: B tr khng gian ca cc phng b n iu, khng c linh hot , cc phng thng b tr bng nhau.

Hnh 1.4.1 Kt cu tng chu lc Tng ngang chu lc dy v nhiu, tn vt liu lm tng v mng, trng lng nh ln Kh nng chu lc ca tng dc cha c tn dng

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1.4.1.2 Tng dc chu lc Khi tng chu lc c b tr theo phng dc nh th chng ta c kt cu tng dc chu lc. m bo cng ngang ca nh, cch mt khong nht nh phi c b tr hoc b tr tng ngang dy l tng n nh, thng tn dng tng cu thang lm tng n nh. u im: Tit kim vt liu v din tch xy dng tng v mng B tr mt bng kin trc linh hot Din tch tng ngang nh, tn dng c kh nng chu lc ca tng ngoi. Khuyt im: Tng ngn gia cc phng tng i mng .Kh nng cch m km. Khng tn dng c tng ngang lm tng thu hi, thay vo phi dng v ko, bn ko hay dm nghing Do tng dc chu lc nn ca s m hn ch dn n vic thng gi v chiu sng km. cng ngang ca nh nh. 1.4.1.3 Kt hp tng ngang v tng dc chu lc Khi b tr tng chu lc theo c hai phng ca nh th chng ta c loi kt cu kt hp tng ngang v dc chu lc. Gii php ny cho php b tr cc phng linh hot, to ra cng tng th ca nh ln song cn lng ph tng mng v khng gian. Pha u gi thng gii quyt theo s tng ngang chu lc, pha cui gi b tr tng dc chu lc... 1.4.2 Kt cu khung chu lc: L loi kt cu chu lc trong tt c cc loi ti trng ngang v ng u truyn qua dm xung ct.Cac dm ging v ct thng l loi lin kt cng, kt cu khung c cng khng gian ln, n nh v chu c lc chn ng hn tng chu lc. Ngoi ra cn c mt s u im khc nh tit kim vt liu, trng lng nh nh, hnh thc kin trc c th nh nhng, b tr phng linh hot, thi cng phc tp v gi thnh khung ln. Vt liu ch to khung c th l BTCT, Thp, p dng cho cc nh cao tng , cc nh cng cng v cng nghip t tng. 1.4.2.1. Khung chu lc khng hon ton (khung khuyt) Trong cc ngi nh, c bc gian tng i rng hay mt bng phn chia khng gian khng theo mt quy cch nht nh, h thng kt cu ca nh c th lm hnh thc khung khng hon ton chia sn v mi. Ngoi vic li dng tng ngoi chu lc c th dng tng trong hoc ct lm kt cu chu lc. Hnh thc ny mt bng b tr tng i linh hot nhng lin kt gia tng v dm phc tp, tng v ct ln khng u nhng ni t yu, nh hng n cht lng cng trnh.

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. Kt cu khung ngang chu lc: l loi khung m dm chnh ca n nm trn khung ngang ca nh. c im ca s ny c cng chung ln v th p dng rt hp l cho nhng nh khung nhiu tng,. S khung ngang cng rt hay dng khi cho trng hp khi cn cu to nhng hnh lang hay l gia kiu cnson ( do dm mt tha ) Nhp hay khu ca khung ngang thng thng 6-9m cho nh dn dng, bc khung 3,6-6m cho cc nh b tng ct thp ph bin. Tu theo tnh cht mi lin kt gia dm chnh vi ct v ct vi mng m ngi ta phn bit khung cng v khung khp. Khung cng p dng cho trng hp t ng nht ln u, nh chu ti trng ln, cao tng. Khung khp hay dng khi nh xy trn t khng ng nht c ln khng u. . Kt cu khung dc chu lc: l loi khung m dm chnh ca n chy dc theo chiu di nh. So vi khung ngang cng nh c km hn, nht l v phong ngang ca nh. S ny ch thch hp vi loi nh c khu hp hn 6m. Rt hay gp trong cc nh khung panen lp ghp hai khu vi li ct 6x6m ( nh trung hc bnh vin...) vi nh di 5 tng. bo m cng ngang cho nh thng phi lm thm dm ph hay li dng sng ng ca panen lin kt cht ch vi dm v ct. u im ca s ny l tn t vt liu, d cu to vng, ban cng, d b tr phng linh hot, d t ng ng xuyn qua sn. Thuc loi khung dc cng c khung cng v khung khp, tu theo c im ca mi lin kt gia dm chnh vi ct v ct vi mng m ngi ta phn bit khung cng v khung khp.

Hnh 1.4.2 Cc dng nh kt cu khung chu lc a) khungnh nhiu tng ; b) khung ngang chu lc c) khung dc chu lc: d) khung dc v khung ngang cng chu lc.

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1.4.2.2. Khung chu lc hon ton (khung trn) Kt cu chu lc ca nh l dm v ct, tng ch l kt cu bao che .Do tng c th dng vt liu nh, n nh ch yu ca nh da vo khung Vt liu khung thng lm btng ct thp, thp, g. Hnh thc kt cu ny ( tr khung g) t dng trong cc nh dn dng bnh thng v tn nhiu xi mng v thp, do ch nn dng i vi nh cng cng hoc nh cao tng. 1.4.3. Kt cu khng gian chu lc p dng trong cc nh c khng gian tng i rng nh nh cng nghip, rp ht, nh thi u, b bi c mi.Trong kt cu khng gian th cc b phn kt cu chu lc u truyn lc cho nhau cng nh pht huy iu kin lm vic chung trong c khng gian ba chiu cng h tr cho nhau theo hai phng thng gc. c im: s lm vic ca kt cu hp l v chc kho, vt khu ln, hnh thc kt cu nh nhng, tn t vt liu. Nhng thi cng v cu to phc tp. Kt cu ngang trong h kt cu khng gian c th ch cn cao khong 1/20-1/30 khu , (gim 1/2-1/3 khng gian kt cu bnh thng ). Gm cc dng kt cu khng gian sau: V mng Khung khng gian h li thanh khng gian.Kt cu gp np Kt cu hn hp Kt cu kh cng. Vm bn cu Kt cu dy treo

Hnh 1.4.3 Kt cu khng gian chu lc

Hnh 1.4.3 Kt cu khng gian chu lc

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( Cc dng v mng, dy treo, v gp Khung khng gian v h li thanh khng np )Hnh 1.4.3 Kt cu khng gian chu gian lc Khung khng gian v h li thanh khng gian

Hnh 1.4.3 Kt cu khng gian Hnh 1.4.3 Kt cu khng gian chu lc chu lc Kt cu dy treo....... Kt cu vm bn cu

CHNG 2 NN V MNG 1. NN (gm nn ca mng 2.1 v nn nh 2.1*) 2.1. NN CA MNG


2.1.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V YU CU V NN CA MNG Nn mng l lp t nm di mng chu ton b hoc phn ln ti trng ca cng trnh, phn cn li gi l t nn. 2.1.2. PHN LOI V TRNG HP P DNG
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Cn c vo ta liu thm d a cht v th nghim cng tnh ton x l nn mng ,t nn chia lm hai loi nn t nhin v nn nhn to. 2.1.2.1. Nn t nhin: Loi t nn c kh nng chu ton b ti trng m khng cn c s gia c ca con ngi, c th trc tip lm nn ca cng trnh kin trc th gi l nn thin nhin. Vi loi t nn ny vic thi cng s n gin v nhanh hn, gi thnh h, ch cn o rnh mng hoc h mng phng hoc hnh thang hi dc v tri mt lp ct m di mng. Yu cu ca nn thin nhin: Nn thin nhin cn m bo cc yu cu sau: C ng nht, m bo s ln u trong gii hn cho php S = 8 - 10cm C y d kh nng chu lc: kh nng chu lc ny thng biu hin bng Kg/cm2 m ngi ta gi l ng sut tnh ton ca t. Khng b nh hng ca nc ngm ph hoi ( nh hin tng xm thc vt liu mng, hin tng ct chy..) Khng c hin tng t trt, t st (nh hin tng Caxt... ) t nt n hay nhng hin tng t khng n nh khc.

Hnh 2.1.2.1 Nn mng t nhin 2.1.2.2. Nn nhn to:

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Nn nhn to l loi nn m khi kh nng chu ti ca nn yu, khng tnh n nh v tnh kin c cn phi gia c ca con ngi nng cao cng , s n nh m bo yu cu chu ti t mng xung. Tu thuc c cu a cht v cc iu kin i cht thu vn, t nn nhn to c gia c theo 5 phng php sau: Phng php nn cht t: m nn: dng cc loi m hoc tm nng m cht t h mng c th tri thm si, dm tng cng kh nng chu lc ca t nn.C th m nn hi hoc dng nhng tm nng 2-3 tn cho ri t cao 1-4m, hoc c th dng xe lu hng nng c th lm cht mt vng t c din tch ln, i vi t ct hoc bi, nn dng cc m rung v nh th s nhanh hn. Ngc li vi t st th khng nn dng phng php chn ng lm cht v hiu qu rt thp. Nn cht bng cc t: p dng cho trung hp m cht t ln t di su, c thc hin bng cch ng l, nh to ra quanh l vng nn cht, tip sau l t c nhi vo l v m cht. H mc nc ngm: dng bm ht nc t mt h thng ging thu nc hoc t h thng ng tiu nc c cu to c bit ng chm kim t trong phm vi ca mc nc ngm s c nn cht li do p lc nn tng ln mt cch tng i, ng thi t cng s c cht thm do p lc ca thu ng theo hng i xung. Phng php thay t: lp t yu s c bc di i thay bng mt lp t khc nh si, ct ht va hoc ln. p dng lp t yu trong phm vi khng qu ln vi su nh. Phng php dng ho cht : p dng i vi tng t c kh nng tm thu nht nh v bng phng php dng cc vt liu lin kt bm pht vo trong t, nng cao kh nng chu lc ca t, ng thi lm cho t khng thm nc. Phng php ximng ho , st ho v bitum ho : l phng php pht va ximng vo t gia c t nn ct, t cui si, t nn nt n, ng thi xy dng cc mn chng thm . tng cng nhanh qu trnh ng kt ho cng ca dung dch ximng, dng thu tinh lng v clorua canxi, tng cng n nh dng betnt. Ngoi ra cn dng phng php bm bitum nng l bin php ph tr lp nht cc khe nt ln trong cng ngn chn s ra ca cc dung dch ximng v st khi tc chy ca nc di t ln. Phng php Silict ho v nha ho: phng php c p dng gia c v to cc mn chng thm trong cc loa t nn c ct, t hong th, v t ln t. Thng dng hai dung dch l Silicat natri v clorua canxi cho loi t c h s thm cao, dng mt dung dch Silict Natri cho loi t c h s thm thp.

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Phng php ng cc: dng cc bng g tre, thp hoc btng ct thp c khi dng cc ct ng xung t nn lm cho t nn cht hoc do ma st gia cc v t lm cho mc chu ti ca t nn tng thm. Cc chng : l loi cc c ng xuyn qua lp t mm bn trn v trc tip truyn ti trng ln lp t cng pha di. Cc ma st : l loi cc c ng n v tr lng chng trong lp t mm tc dng ch yu ca cc l lc ma st gia thn cc v t chng cng trnh hoc lm cht t . Trong cc cng trnh dn dng nc ta, thng dng cc tre, trm theo mt trung bnh 25cc /1m2 80 -100mm vi chiu di 2,5m cho cc tre v 4-5m cho cc trm. Tc dng ch yu ca ca cc l lc ma st gia thn cc

Hnh 2.1.2.2 Mt s loi cc thng dng Cc btng ct thp, Cc tho mc

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Phng php in v nhit: l phng php ng dng hin tng in thm tp trung nc m bm ht cho thot lm kh t, ng thi a dung dch ho cht vo lm chc t. H mc nc ngm : di tc dng ca lc in thm xut hin khi cho qua mt dng in 1 chiu trong t nn kh thm v c h s 0,05m/ngy m nh t cha nhiu hm lng st hoc t ct bi ch. Nuc ngm s c bm rt cho thot t h thng ging hoc ng chm kim in thm ho silict: p dng cho nhng loi t c tnh thm nh nh t dnh bn. Di tc dng ca p lc bm pht v hin tng in thm dung dch silict natri c thm vo t nn d dng. 2.1*. NN NH 2.1*.1 .KHI NIM CHUNG V YU CU CA NN NH 2.1*.1.1. Khi nim : l b phn nm trong chu vi ca tng mng v nh cao khi mt t t 200 1200, 3000 s thay i ca nn do tnh cht cng trnh (tn. gio, nh nc, ) qui hoch. 2.1*.1.2. Yu cu : Nn nh phi dm bo kh nng chu lc, chng c xm thc mi trng, ph hoi ca cn trng, d lm v sinh v trang tr p 2.1*.2. CU TO NN NH 2.1*.2.1. Cu to Nn nh c :
Cu to gm cc b phn. Mt nn:

- o nn: c th l lng va xi mng, va granit, lt gch cimng, gch ch, gch khm hoc lt g vn ghp pack. - Kt cu chu lc ca mt nn. + BT gch v, 50# + BT dm (46), + BT 24 , + BT 12 , = 100200 50# 100#, = 50# 100#, = 100 200 100 200

50# 100#, = 50150

+ BT mi , , 50# 100#, 50100 Phn p thm: c th s dng vt liu ct, si, t, t cp phi i,hoc hn hp. Bn trn lp t nguyn th, cc loi vt liu nu trn c tng lp 20 cm, ti nc m nn k 2.1*.2.2. Cu to Nn nh rng: Khi cng trnh c yu cu chng m cho nn nh nh nn kho lng thc, thc phm thuc men..v.v..Hoc khi mt nn cao hn mt t t nhin hoc mt t thc

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hin tng i nhiu (60cm), nu lm nn c th khi lng t p s rt ln, tn nhiu cng sc m nn v vn chuyn t Ngi ta c th cu to nn nh rng. Nn rng c u im ch bo m kh ro, tit kim lp m v khi lng t p. Cu to nn nh rng khc vi nn nh c l khng c phn p thm thay vo l cc gi chu ti trng ca kt cu chu lc ca mt nn nh tng gch xy cun, tr gch hay tr b tng. Kt cu chu lc ca mt nn rng c th lm bng g, gch xy cun hoc b tng ct thp . Mt nn bng g: Khi nhp nh, dm c th trc tip gc ln b tng Khi nhp ln, gim chiu di ca nhp th c th tng im gi ta vi cc tng xy dy 110mm, 220mm, cch khong 1800-2000mm. m bo thng gi tt cho nn rng, cn c l ca thong gi tng ngoi nhm bo v g v phng m di nn. Ngoi ra cn lu p dng cc bin php phng chng mi mt cho cc b phn bng g cu to nn. Mt nn xy gch hoc c b tng ct thp : i vi nn rng xy gch cun th phn trn c th lp b tng gch v v dng bt st ui c t cch nhau 100cm ghm cht dm xung nn v trn cng lt lp g vn sn ( nu o sn c cu to bng g) i vi nn c b tng ct thp th cu to tng t nh cu to sn nh t nghing. Nu khng gian di nn rng nh, khng thun tin cho vic lp vn khun th c th dng tng ny gim ngn nhp sn, vi khong cch gia cc tng < = 2000mm v s t bn b tng ct thp gi ta ln u tng. 2.1*.3. NN NH C BIT - NN DC Trong cc nh cng cng nh hi trung, ging ng rp chiu bng... c yu cu m bo cho khn gi nhn r mn nh, bng vit hoc sn khu, do d cn cu to nn dc. Vi dc 1/10- 1/8 th lm mt nn dc, nu d dc >1/8 th lm nn dt bc. mt cong ca nn dc l mt cong theo hai chiu, n gin cho vic thi cng dng mt gy Nn dc cng c cu to theo hai loi: nn c v nn rng Nn c : trng hp ny c th b ln khng u d sinh ra cc vt nt gy v din tch tng i ln v li cu theo mt dc hoc dt bc, do lp b tng cn dy v gia c ct thp . Ngoi ra cn k mch phn nn thnh cc nh v chn nht bitum ( nha ng) vo khe h phn ny.

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Hnh 2.1*.2.2 Mt s nn nh c, rng thng dng Nn rng: Khi cao mt nn cao hn mt t t nhin >60cm th nn cu to nn dc rng. Tu theo yu cu s dng m bin php cu to nn rng c th chn theo hai cch. Dng tng hoc khung chu lc chu sn nn khi khng s dng khng gian di nn dc. Khi cn s dng khng gian di sn nn th phi c bin php cu to chng thm v chng m.

2.2 MNG
2.2.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V YU CU 2.2.1.1. Khi nim v Mng : l b phn c cu to phn thp nht ca cng trnh nm ngm di mt t. Thng qua mng, ton b ti trng ca cng trnh c truyn u xung t nn chu ti. Cc b phn ca mng gm: tng mng, gi mng, mng lp m chiu su chn mng.

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Hnh 2.2 Cc b phn ca mng 2.2.1.2. Yu cu: phi kin c, n nh,bn lu v kinh t. Yu cu kin c: i hi mng thit k phi c kch thc ph hp vi yu cu chu lc, bo m vt liu lm mng v t nn trong trng thi lm vic bnh thng. Yu cu v n nh: i hi mng sau khi xy dng phi ln u trong phm vi ln cho php , khng c hin tng trt hoc gy nt. Yu cu v bn lu: i hi mng phi bn vng trong sut thi gian s dng. Nh vy mng phi c vt liu mng, lp bo v mng v su chn mng phi c kh nng chng li c s ph hoi ca nc ngm, nc mn v cc tc hi xm thc khc. Nc ngm thng thay i theo kh hu v thi tit vi nc ln xung. Do khi t mng ln trn nn t c v tr nc ngm thay i tng i ln, tt nht l t y mng di cao thp nht ca mc nc ngm. 2.2.2. Phn loi 2.2.2.1. Phn theo vt liu: Mng cng: Mng c cu to vi vt liu chu lc nn n thun nh mng gch, mng khi hc, mng b tng hc, mng b tng. Theo qui c t s gia chiu cao khi mng vi chiu rng >1/3 v ti trng tc ng t trn xung, sau khi truyn qua mng cng s c phn phi li trn t nn. Loi mng ny c dng ni nc ngm di su. Mng mm: Mng c cu to vi vt liu chu lc ko, nn v un. Ti trng tc ng trn nh mng bao nhiu th dui y vn by nhiu. Mng mm bin dng gn nh nn, khng lm nhim v phn phi li p lc. Mng b tng ct thp l loi mng va b bin dng kh nhiu li va c kh nng phn b li p lc trn t nn, c cng cao, chng xm thc tt. Cu to

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theo yu cu to hnh bt k, tit kim vt liu, thi cng nhanh khi dng gii php thi cng lp ghp. 2.2.2.2. Theo hnh thc chu lc: Mng chiu ti ng tm: L loi mng bo m hng truyn lc thng ng t trn xung trung vo phn trung tm ca y mng p ng c yu cu chu lc tt nht cng s phn phi lc u di y mng. Mng chu ti lch: Hp lc cc ti trng khng i qua trng tm ca mt phng y mng , loi mng c kt cu phc tp. p dng i vi mng v tr c bit nh khe ln, gia nh c v nh mi.

Hnh 2.2.2.2 Cc mng chu ti ng tm v lch tm 2.2.2.3. Theo hnh dng mng: Mng ct ( mng c lp, mng n ) L loi mng ring bit di chn ct ( vi nh c kt cu khung chu lc ) hoc chn tng ( vi nh c kt cu tng chu lc ) , chiu ti trng tp trung. Gi mng c ch to theo khi tr, thp ct, git cp, vi vt liu bng gch, , b tng hoc b tng ct thp Dng mng tr c th gim sc lao ng, bt vic o t v tit kim vt liu so vi dng mng bng. Hnh dng th tu theo vt liu v cc nhn t khc m chn. Thng thng ngi ta mng tr c y vung hoc hnh ch nht.

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Hnh 2.2.2.3 Cc dng mng ct c lp Mng bng: L loi mng chy di dc di chn tng hoc to thnh dy di lin kt cc chn ct, truyn ti trng tng i u thnh dy di lin kt cc chn ct, truyn ti trng tng i u dn xung nn. Chiu di ca mng rt di so vi chiu rng ca n. Mt ct loi mng ny thng c hnh ch nht, hnh thanh hoc hnh git cp, cc loi mng trn thng dng cho cc nh dn dng t tng c ti trng khng ln lm v khi t c cng ln. Nu nh t tng c ti trng khng ln lm v t c cng trung bnh th thng dng nht l l loi mng c mt ct hnh thang v hnh git cp. Loi mng bng vi ct chn su dng khi lp t yu qu dy v khi nh cn c cu to tng hm.

Hnh 2.2.2.3 Cc hnh thc mng bng Mng b: Khi ti trong ca cng trnh qu ln v b rng ca cc y mng ct hoc mng bng gn st nhau gy nn hin tng chng p sut trong t nn th c th lin kt cc mng vi nhau thnh mt mng gi l mng b. Din

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tch y mng b bng din tch xy dng Mt s nh nhiu tng hng ch c hiu qu chn ng tng i ln hoc s ln khng u, vi yu cu mng c cng v cng cao th mng b c th c phm vi p dng rt ln. Mng c th thit k kiu c dm sn vi dm sn c b tr theo khong cch nht nh cho c hai chiu hoc khng c dm sn.

Hnh 2.2.2.3 Mng b Mng cc: i vi nn t yu phi chiu ti trng ln ca cng trnh m vic gia c v ci to nn t kh khn lm tng gi thnh cng trnh, ngi ta thng dng mng cc. Mng cc gm c cc v i cc. Cn c vo c tnh lm vic ca cc trong t ngi ta chia mng cc ra lm hai loi: mng cc chng v mng cc ma st. Mng cc chng c dng trong trng hp di lp t yu l lp t rn () u di cc ng cht vo lp t rn v truyn ti trng vo n. Nn mng cc chng khng b ln hoc ln khng ng k. Trng hp lp t rn qu su ngi ta dng cc ma st thay cho cc chng, cc ma st truyn ti trng cng trnh vo t qua lc ma st gia t v b mt ca cc. Mng cc trong nhiu trng hp thung dng tre g v d sn xut v thi cng.Trong thi cng khng u ct nh ln khi mc nc ngm thp nht trnh hin tng cc b mc. Mng cc b tng t hn cc tre, g, dung cho cng trnh c ti trng ln v bn vng cao. cc b tng khng ph thuc vo mc nc ngm nn c dngvo nhng ni c mc nc ngm thay i chnh lch nhiu.Dng

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mng cc cho php gim khi lng t o mng khong85%, b tng 3540% t gi thnh ca mng cc c th h c 35%. (Hnh 2.17) 2.2.2.4. Phn theo phng php thi cng: Mng nng : loi mng c xy hay c trong h mng o ton b vi chiu su chn mng < 5m. p dng cho cc cng trnh kin trc nh hoc trn t nn c sc chu ti cao ngay trn mt Hnh thc mng c ng dng trong trng hp ny thng l mng bng mng chic , mng b. Mng su: Loi mng khi thc hin th khng cn o hoc ch o mt phn h mng v s dng gii php cu to chuyn ti trng t trn xung thng qua mng vo lng t nn, t chiu su thit k nh nh gii php mng trn cc, mng trn ging chm. p dng trong trng hp ti trng cng trnh tng i ln m lp t nn chu ti li di su. Mng di nc: Mng s c thc hin trong vng t ngp nc nh ao, h, sng, rch, bin. Phng php tin hnh thc hin loi mng ny l xy dng nhng b vy kn nc bao quanh v tr mng cng trnh bm thot nc lm kh khi thi cng mng. 2.2.3. Cc b phn ca mng: 2.2.3.1. Tng mng : l b phn c tc dng truyn lc t trn xung chng lc p ca nn nh hoc lc y ngang ca khi t v nc ngm bao quanh tng ngm. Tng mng thng c cu to dy hn tng nh nn nh ra hn chn tng nh, to cm gic chc chn v b th cho nh, v iu chnh sai s trong qu trnh thi cng cc phn cng trnh. 2.2.3.2. Gi mng : l b phn chu lc chnh ca mng c cu to theo tit din ch nht hoc hnh thp hay dc bc nhm tc dng gim p sut truyn ti n mng. ng thi vi yu cu y mng phi m rng hn so nhiu vi phn cng trnh tip xc vi mng v cng ca t nn thng nh hn nhiu so vi vt liu xy dng cng trnh 2.2.3.3. mng : l lp git cui cng ca gi mng tip xc nm ngang gia mng v m mng. 2.2.3.4 Lp m: lp c tc dng lm chn , lm phng nhm phn u p sut di y mng.Vt liu c dng l b tng gch v hoc c mc 25#, 50#, 75# dy 10cm-15cm hoc l lp ct m cht. 2.2.3.5. Chiu su mng ngm trong t : l khong cch t y mng ti mt t thin nhin hoc mt t thc hin. Tr s c chn s tu thuc tnh hnh t ai, tnh cht ca nc ngm, kh hu, lc tc ng t ngoi , c im ca bn thn cng trnh, kt cu mng v phng php thi cng cng tnh trng ca cc cng trnh k cn nu c. 2.2.4. Cu to cc loi mng thng dng:

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2.2.4.1. Mng gch: Mng gch l loi ph bin nht v thch hp k thut xy dng ph thng v s dng loi vt liu r tin, c nhiu cc a phng. Mng gch c s dng hp l khi chiu rng mng nh hn 1500mm. Dng gch c c cng 75kg/1cm2 c kch thc 220x105x55, ph hp vi kch thc vin gch va lin kt ng v ngang dy 10. Va lin kt l va ximng ct vng 1:4 hoc 1:3 ( cho nh cp II hoc cp III ) hoc t l 1:5-1:6 cho nh cp IV mng thng c xy 3 lp gch dy 210. ni kh ro th c th dng b tng gch v hoc b tng dm dy 150-300mmm mc 50-100 (thng dy 200). y lt ct m cht dy 50-100 hoc b tng gch v dy 100 mc 50. Khi thit k mng ta cn c cc s liu : Bm Chiu rng y mng: Chiu cao mng: Hm Chiu dy tng : bt Mng i xng: Khi thit k mng i xng cn lu cc cp git Chiu rng cp di so vi cp trn cng nh chiu cao ca cp Chiu cao: l bi s ca 70 chn gch (70=60+10) Cc git bc thng thng: 70-140 ....70-140-210. Mng lch tm: Khi thit k mng lch tm cn lu cc cp git Chiu rng cp di so vi cp trn cng nh chiu cao ca cp Chiu cao: l bi s ca 70 chn gch (70=60+10) Cc git bc thng thng: 140 -210-210...., 210.

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Hnh 2.2.4.1 Cc dng mng gch 2.2.4.2. Mng hc: mng hc l loi ph bin dng trong nh dn dng thp tng nht l nhng ni c nhiu . Do kch thc ca khng u nhau cho nn b dy ca c mng 400mm. i vi mng ct b dy ca c mng 600mm. chiu rng git bc bng chiu cao bc git (b/h=1/2). chiu cao bc git thng ly 350-600mm Khi xy cn ch cc mch va ngang phi cng nm trn mt mt phng ngang , trnh chn nhau khi chu lc, mch va ng khng c trng nhau trnh b nt theo chiu ng,. cong v dy khng c dng v d b gy, gp lm th t chiu lm xung di vin n nh, mch va khng nn dy qu. Vi hc mch va xy l 30, va thng dng va ximng ct 1:4. Lp m thng l ct m cht dy 5-10cm hoc l lp b tng gch v ,b tng dm 15-30cm tu theo nn tnh hnh mng.

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Hnh 2.2.4.2 Cc dng mng hc v mng hn hp gch 2.2.4.3. Mng btng: mng b tng ni chung dng xi mng lm vt liu lin kt v dng nhng ct liu khc nhau nh dm, si , ct , gch v... to thnh. i vi nhng ngi nh c ti trng ln hoc mng su u c th dng mng b tng. Gc cng c th t 450, gc cng l gc m rng ca gi mng ( gc to bi ng nghing m rng gi mng vi ng nm ngang ). Hnh dng mng btng thng hnh thang hoc git cp . Khi chiu cao mng t 400-1000mm th chn hnh git cp. i vi mng b tng c th tch c th tch ln hn nh mng ca thit b loi ln ca kin trc cng nghip th c th thm hc vo b tng gi l btng hc. Tng th tch hc c th chim 30-50% tng th tch ca mng, nh th c th tit kim c ximng. Kch thc mi vin hc dng trong btng hc cng khng c vt qu 1/3 chiu rng ca mng, ng knh ca n cng khng c vt qu 300mm, khong trng gia nhng vin hc khng nh hn 40mm. Lp m mng thng l lp ct dy 5 - 10cm

Hnh 2.2.4.3 Mng btng


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2.2.4.4. Mng btng ct thp: l loi mng c lm bng btng ct thp, c kh nng chu un tt ( nn v ko). p dng cho cng trnh c ti trng ln, nh nhiu tng, ni t xu. tit kim c th ch btng ct thp phn thn mng, cn pha trn xy gch hoc . Hnh dng mt ct ca mng btng ct thp cng khng b hn ch, c th hnh ch nht, hnh thang ( thng dng). i vi nhng ni t rn tt, c th khng cn lp m mng hay c chng na cng ch l mt lp ct m cht dy 5cm lm phng y mng. Nhng ni dt yu th cn c lp m btng gch v dy 100 mc 50 hoc btng 4x6 mc 100. 2.2.5. Mng ti cc v tr c bit : 2.2.5.1. Mng khe ln: i vi nhng cng trnh dy hn 30m hoc t hp nhiu khi cng trnh c cao khc nhau, ti trng khc nhau th phi lm khe ln. Khe ln chia cng trnh ra lm cc phn c lp t mng n mi phng ln khng u gy ph hoi cng trnh. Khe ln l khe cu to chng li kh nng nt, gy kt cu cng trnh do ln khng u. Khe ln c thit k trong cc trng hp: Cng trnh qu di vt 40m T hp nhiu cng trnh c cao khc nhau, chnh nhau >10m. Ti trng cng trnh phn b khc nhau Nn t yu c ln khc nhau V tr tip gip gia nh c v nh mi Mng phi tch ra thnh 2 phn ring vi chiu rng ca khe l 2-3cm. Nhng cng trnh c chiu di ln th phi tch ra tng on 20-30m. Mng khe ln c 2 dng chnh: Kiu thng thng (khi ti trng nh, mng c hnh thc l mng lch tm) Kiu con sn ( v tr gia nh c v nh mi, mng mi v c tch ri nhau).

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Hnh 2.2.5.1 Mng khe ln 2.2.5.2. Khe nhit (khe co dn): Khe nhit l khe chng li kh nng nt n do nh hng ca s thay i nhit .

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Khe nhit c thit k trong cc trng hp: Cng trnh xut hin nhit cc b hoc s dng kt cu khng ng nht ( pha trn kt cu thp vi b tng hoc thp ) iu kin kh hu chch lch gia ngy v m ln C nhng vng trn mt bng pht sinh nhit ln (l bnh m, kho ng lnh...) Mng c lm chung khng tch ri, cn t cao mt nn tr ln cc kt cu ng u tch ri thnh tng phn ring bit. rng ca khe l 2-3cm. Khe co dn v khe ln thng kt hp vi nhau. Gm c mng khe co dn ct v mng khe co dn tng.

Hnh 2.2.5.1Mng khe co dn 2.2.5.3. Mng git cp: Khi lm nh tn sn dc th cao y mng khng cng nm rong mt mt phng m nm theo hnh bc thang. dc khc nhau th th git cp khc nhau. Trng hp t c st nh, nu cao git cp mng khng nh hn 360mm v khng ln hn 500 di cp git ln hn 1000mm th git cp thng thng.Trng hp t c st nh , nu cao git cp mng 500mm th git cp cao

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Hnh 2.2.5.3 Mng git cp 2.2.5.4. Mng xy cun vm: Khi mng phi xy qua cc h nh h ao, mng rnh th tu theo h to hay h nh ngi ta c cch gii quyt khc nhau: H nh t 1000-3000mm th vt sch bn ct m cht ri xy tng ln trn, tu trng hp c th c th xy thm hoc gc dm btng ct thp h2.32m H ln hn 3000 mm dng mng c lp, xy cun hoc gc dm b tng ct thp

Hnh 2.2.5.4 Mng xy cun vm 2.2.6. Cc bin php chng thm cho tng mng. 2.2.6.1. Chng m cho tng: mng nh lun lun m do nc trong t dn ln lm m tng, mt tng b ph hoi, va trt b bong v nh hng ti iu kin v sinh trong nh.V vy phi chng m cho tng bng cch lng mt lp va ximng mc 75 dy 20 mt c mng tip gip vi tng nh. Nu c dm c mng bng btng ct thp th khng cn lng va ximng na. 2.2.6.2. Chng thm cho cng trnh ngm: Thng thng trong cc cng trnh lm tng hm hoc cc b cha th cn phi x l chng thm tu mc cn thit v trng hp c th.

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Trng hp mc nc ngm di nn tng hm: trt va ximng mc 75, dy 25 mt trong v nn tng hm. Trt lm hai lp ;lp th nht dy 15 c kh nng c kha qu trm i kh , lp th hai dy .Tng yu cu chng thm cao hn, c th phi trong mt lp btng chng thm dy 40, mc 200, pha ngoi p t st dy t 300-400

Hnh 2.2.6.1 Chng m cho tng

Hnh 2.2.6.2 Cc gii php chng m cho tng hm khi mc nc ngm thp hoc ngang tng hm Trng hp mc nc ngm cao hn nn tng hm: lm h thp mc nc ngm bng cch lm h thu nc, ng thi pha ngoi p t st, pha trong trt hai lp v ximng dy 250 v btng ct thp dy 40 mc 200 . C cc cch gii quyt nh sau:

Hnh 2.2.6.2 Cc gii php chng m cho tng hm khi mc nc ngm cao hn tng hm

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Hnh 2.31 Cch gii quyt thot nc v ly sng cho ca s tng hm

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CHNG 3 TNG V VCH NGN


3.1. KHI NIM CHUNG Tng l b phn quan trng trong cng trnh kin trc n c chc nng khng nhng l kt cu bao che, ngn cch gia cc khng gian m cn l kt cu chu lc trong nhng cng trnh tng chu lc. Ch yu chu nn, ngoi ra cn chu cc lc y ngang ca gi bo. Tng chim khi lng vt liu tng i ln, thng oc xy bng gch, hay btng ct thp .B dy ca tng ph thuc vo chiu cao , ti trng cng trnh, vt liu v hnh thc kt cu. 3.2.CC YU CU CA TNG Trong kt cu nh dn dng tng chim vo khong 40-65% trng lng vt liu ton nh, gi thnh chim khong 20-40% gi thnh ca nh. Do vic chn vt liu lm tng cn hp l, phng php cu to ng cch ng vai tr quan trng lm gim gi thnh ca nh. Cn c vo v tr v tc dng ca tng, thit k tng cn tho mn cc yu cu sau: Cng chu lc: tng quan vi chiu di tng m bo chu lc: Trng lng bn thn tng, trng lng sn v mi truyn xung tng. Chu lc y ngang ca gi, bo, chn ng trong v ngoi nh. bn v cng :Tng quan vi mc ca vt liu sc chu ti ca nn t v mng tng, chiu cao, chiu dy v chiu di ca tng, ng thi cng cn tng quan n k thut thi cng, kiu cch sp xp khi xy v mch va bo m tnh ton ca tng. Kh nng chu lc ca tng cn c tng cng bng lanh t, ging tng, tr tng Cn c vo yu cu s dng v qiu lut thay i nhit , chn vt liu xy dng b dy v cch cu to tng bo m tng khng b rn nt khi gp thi tit bt li, v trong nh vo ma ng m, ma h mt. Cn c yu cu s dng m ch gii php cu to loi tng cch m vi vt liu v vt liu xy dng. Bo m ngn ting n t ngoi vo nh, gia cc phng vi nhau, tho mn nhu cu ngh ngi, yn tnh trong sinh hot ca con ngi. i vi cc cng trnh biu din nh nh ht, rp chiu phim, phng ho nhc, yu cu thit k cch m cho tng cng quan trng v phc tp.( trong nh dn dngtng thng xy dy 22cm c kh nng cch m 50 xiben, tng 110 kh nng cch m c th t 30 xiben.

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Tng ngoi nh bo m khng cho nc ma thm qua. Tng cho khu v sinh v tng hm phi c bin php chng m, chng thm tt hn. Tu theo bc chu la ca cng trnh v yeu cu s dng m cu to tng phng ho vi khong cch , vt liu thch hp. tho mn yu cu tin nghi v m quan trong cng trnh kin trc ngy cng cao, cc thit b ng ng phc v ( hi t, in , nc, v sinh..) cn nm bn trong tng, do i hi tng phi cng v rng t ng. S dng vt liu hp l c kh nng cng nghip ho v thi cng c gii ho.Vt liu lm tng nn chn vt liu nh, nh vy gim c trng lng bn thn, tit kim vt liu, gim gi thnh v bt sc lao ng - Phng chm s dng vt liu ca chng ta l: trng lng nh, cng cao,dng ph liu nh my, vt liu a phng, tit kim thp.

Hnh 3.1 Tng nh Hnh 3.4 Kch thc vin gch 3.3. PHN LOI TNG. Phn loi tng c nhiu cch nh da vo hnh thc, hoc theo cng nng hay theo b dy ca tng phn loi, nhng thng thng ngi ta phn lai tng theo my cch:
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3.3.1.Theo v tr: Tng trong nh ngn chia khng gian trong nh hoc chu lc. Tng ngoi nh bao che, ngn ma, gi, cch nhit, cch m..hoc chu lc 3.3.2. Theo vt liu xy dng: Tng t: cn gi l tng trnh, dng t c thnh tng Tng : dng nhng phin gia cng hoc cha gia cng xy tng. Tng gch: dng gch t nung, gch silict, gch latarit, gch x, gch btng... xy tng. Tng btng ct thp: c th dng nhng tm btng ct thp c sn hoc ti ch lm tng. 3.3.3. Theo phng php thi cng: C th chia thnh my loi: Tng xy: dng va lin kt cc vin gch li vi nhau bng phng php th cng thnh tng (tng gch, tng ) Tng ton khi: dng cppha b tng ti ch hoc p t lm tng trnh Tng lp ghp: ch to ti cng xng hay ti cng trng cc tm ( to hay nh tu theo thit k) v dng c gii hoc bn c gii lp thnh tng, lin kt gia cc tm tng c th l hn, bulng hoc ton khi. 3.4.KCH THC TNG GCH 3.4.1. c im: Gch dng xy tng xy tng ph thng nht l gch t st nung ngoi ra cn c gch than x, gch lmit, gch silicat.... Gch t st nung c hai loi:gch my v th cng; Trng lng ring:1600- 2000kg/m2 Kch thc vin gch tiu chun ca Vit Nam: 220 X 105 X 55 Cng chu lc ca gch my :R=75-200kg/cm2 Cng chu lc ca gch th cng :R=35-75kg/cm2 Chiu di vin gch tiu chun bng hai ln chiu rng cng vi mch va Chiu rng vin gch tiu chun bng hai ln chiu dy cng vi mch va Chiu rng mch va ca tng gch l 10mm Va: va xy lin kt gm ct xi mng, v mt lng nc thch hp 3.4.2. Kch thc c bn ca tng gch: 3.4.2.1. Chiu dy ca tng gch: Yu cu chu lc: bo m uc yu cu chu lc c tng khi thit k chiu dy ca tng cn da vo: Tnh cht v ln ca ti trng tc dng ln tng

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Kch thc ca cc ca v khong cch cc ca trn tng Kt hp yu cu cch m, cch nhit v phng ho ca tng. Phm vi s dng: Chiu dy ca tng gch ly chiu dy ca vin gch lm tiu chun. Ta c kch thc ca cc loi tng khc nhau ( cha k chiu dy mch va khong 10 mm) Tng khng chu lc : o Tng 1/4 gch : dy 60 mm (55) ( cch ngn ,bao che) : dy 110 mm (105) o Tng 1/2 gch o ( tng ngn, bao che, trm lp nh khung, tng nh mt tng.) Tng chu lc o Tng 1 gch : dy 220 mm (105+10+105) (tng chu lc ca nh 1 tng v tng th 3 tr ln ca nh nhiu tng) o Tng gch ri : dy 335 mm (220 +105+10) ( tng chu lc ca nh nhiu tng) o Tng 2 gch : dy 450 mm (220 +10+ 220) Trong nh dn dng, chiu dy ca tng gch ph thng l 220 hoc 110 3.4.2.2. Chiu di tng gch: n x ( kt vin gch + mch va ) 3.4.2.3. Chiu cao ca tng : Quyt nh bi n nh ca tng v c lin quan ti chiu dy ca tng o Tng 60 :cao 1,2 m o Tng 110 :cao 1,5 2,5 m o Tng 220 :cao 3 4 m Ch : Tng 55 xy cao 1,2 m , nu xy di hn 2mm th phi c b tr gch, g, hoc btng ct thp, ti v tr tip gip vi ct tng cng phi b tr ru.thp 6 v dng va ximng mc cao xy. Tng 110 3 m, nu xy di hn 3m phi lm kt cu ngang ging tng Tng 220 4 m, nu xy di hn 4m phi lm kt cu ngang ging tng 3.4.3.3. Kiu cch xy tng gch: Nguyn tc: Khi xy tng cn m bo cc nguyn tc. B mt chiu lc ca tng phi thng gc vi hng truyn lc Vt liu xy phi: ngang bng, thng ng, mt phng, gc vung. Mc va phi dng theo yu cu ca tng lai tng. Mch va ng hng trn khng c trng vi mch ng hng di bo m tnh an ton v n inh cho tng. Kiu cch sp gch: Vch ngn 55-110 cm

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Tng chu lc 220 330 450 cm

Hnh 3.4.3.3 Kiu xy tng gch

3.4.4. CC BIN PHP TNG CNG KH NNG CHU LC CA TNG Do yu cu s dng, tng phi c cc l lm ca i, ca s, t cc loi ng ng , thit b .. cc hin tng ny lm gim kh nng chu lc ca tng nn phi thit k thm cc b phn nh : Lanh t, ging tng, tr lin tng.

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Tr lin tng , tr gch c lp Tr lin tng l mt b phn tng cng kh nng chu lc ca tng Tr lin tng cng vi tng chu ti trc tip t dn mi hoc dm sn truyn xung.Chiu rng v dy thng l bi s ca 1/2 gch, Chiu rng thng1-1/2 gch hoc ln hn Ging tng ( xem mc 3.5.2 )

Hnh 3.4.4 Ging tng

3.4.4 Tr lin tng, tr gch c lp

3.5. CC B PHN CA TNG V CU TO CC B PHN Tng l kt cu bao che ( ch yu tng ngoi). Ngoi yu cu cch m, phng ho... cn c yu cu chng li cc tc hi lu di ca thin nhin: ma, gi, nhit . Cu to tng cn tho mn cc yu cu trn. Do cu to tng cn ch nht l tng ngoi. Tng trong nhng ch c bit nh khu v sinh, bp,... cng cn c cu to c bit kh nng lm vic.

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Hnh 3.5 Cc b phn ca tng Hnh 3.5.1B tng 3.5.1. B tng. B tng l on thn tng gn vi mt t ( tng mng). y l b phn gn mt t v vy ngoi nc ma thm theo tng chy xung cn b m t do cc ht nc ma ri xung nn bn ln tng v nh hng ca nc ngm lm h tng b ph hoi v nh hng n m trong nh , trnh tnh trng bt li ny ngi ta c bin php cu to bo v thn tng, quanh nh cn lm h thng rnh nc hoc h thng nn dc thot nc ma ra ngai cng trnh B tng lm bng vt liu thng thng nh gch cc loi, tng cng kh nng chu lc c th xy dy hn thn tng, to thnh cc g nh ra khi thn tng 30-50mm, pha ngoi trt va xi mng. tng thm m quan, bn ngoi c th p bng , cc tm granito c sn vi cc mu sc khc nhau. B tng lm bng vt liu c kh nng chu lc cao nh cc phin , btng v btng ct thp. Khi lm vt liu ny b tng c th bng hoc nh hn thn tng 3-5cm, lm theo kiu ny c u im thot nc ma tt. Thm nh v rnh thot nc quanh nh: dn nc ma, nc bn ra xa cng trnh n h thng thot nc chung ni hay chm. Thng thng rnh thot nc quanh nh c th lm bng , gch, btng, ngoi lng va ximng mc 75.Ni chung hn ch lm bng gch v gch ngm trong nc

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thi gian lu d b ph hoi v nc bn s thm vo. nhng vng t ma cng c th lm va h dc 5%.

Hnh 3.5.1Thm nh v rnh thot nc 3.5.2. Ging tng L mt kt cu tng cng cng cho tng theo phng ngang Tc dng ca ging tng Chia chiu cao ca tng trong tng nh ph hp vi iu kin lm vic ca n. Tng cao c 3-4 m th lm mt ging tng To thnh vnh ai kn bao quanh nh nhng v tr tng i d mt n nh Tham gia chu ng chng ln khng u, chng x, chng nt Ging tng thng c b tr ti v tr ti pha trn l ca s, ca i. ng ra c b tr gia chiu cao tng nh l hp l nhng do ging tng chy cng mt ct, trong nh li c tng ngn , p, tng cha cc ca nn s khng ng nht Kch thc ca ging tng: c thit k vi b rng bng b rng tng, chiu cao bng 1,2 hng gch ( 70-140 mm) 3.5.3.B ca s: Thng lm bng gch xy nghing v nh ra khi tng 5-7cm, thun li cho thot nc v trnh lm bn tng, cng c th xy phng nhng dng va ximng trt phng nc thm vo tng c dc ln hn 1/5. B phn nh ra khi tng c th lm mc nc hoc trt vt, Hia bn c th trt cao hn mt t phng bn. Ngoi ra cch cu to trn cn c th lm bng , btng, kim loi. Ngch ca i: Ch xa l ca i ngoi nh phng nc ht, gi la vo trong nh c lm cao hn nn nh 1-3cm.G nh ln c th xy bng gch hoc bng va ximng lm g c nhc im qut dn kh

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Hnh 3.5.3 B ca s Thn tng hai bn l ca. Ca c khun: hai bn bn l ca thng lm phng hoc li, lm .B tr chn bch st hoc gch, g lin kt khun ca vo tng. Ca khng khun: vng kh hu lnh, hoc do yu cu cch m, Ca khng khun c th lm thnh ch L hoc ch T nh vy che ma tt, li tng thm kin c, trnh c di ng khi ng m. Kch thc li lm thng rng bng 1/2 gch, dy 1/4 gch.

Hnh 3.5.3 Thn tng phn trn l ca.

Hnh 3.5.3 Thn tng phn pha trn l ca. 3.5.4. Mi ht ( -vng ) Tm che bao gm cc tm chn nng, chn ma trn hoc bn l ca, c my loi ch yu: Tm chn ngang, ng, Va ngang va ng. Nghin cu kt hp vi vic

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thng thong gi ngoi v bn trong l ca, tu theo s tnh ton ca Vt l kin trc ng thi lm nhim v nh lanh t l phn tng bn trn Tm chn ngang: thng thng vi hng Nam, ngn tia nng trn xung, c th cu to tm chn c hoc rng. Tm chn ng thng dng vi hng Ty, Ty Nam, Ty Bc Tm chn ngang - ng kt hp; Tc dng ca loi ny l ngn c tia nng xin v trn xung. Thng dng vi hng ng Nam, Ty Nam

Hnh 3.5.4 -vng (Tm che nng) 3.5.5. Lanh t: L b phn kt cu chu lc bn trn l ca s hoc ca i, c tc dng phn tng bn trn. Lanh t c cc loi sau :g, gch cun, gch ct thp, btng ct thp. . Lanh t va ng : p dng cho chiu rng l ca l 1200 mm. t gch xy ng theo chiu gch 220 vi cao h 420 mm, vin gch cui hng va phi n su vo tng 2/3 vin gch. Ni khu vc cao h phi dng gch v va c cng cao (hnh 1) . Lanh t va nghing: p dng cho chiu rng l ca l 1500 mm t gch xy nghing, vin gch trung tm xy thng ng. Mch va rng nht 20 mm mch

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va nh nht 7 mm. cao va bng 1 gch hoc 1,5 gch . Vin gch ngoi cng nghing 100-200 mm (hnh 2) . Lanh t gch ct thp p dng cho chiu rng l ca l 2000 mm Trn l ca ph mt lp va xi mng mc 50 hoc 75 dy 20-30 mm trong t thp 6mm hoc thp bn 20 x 1 mm, c 1/2 gch t 1ct thp, hai u n su vo tng 250 v b qup ln hng gch pha trn, sau pha trn dng va xi mng mc 50-75 xy 5-7 hng gch vi cao h 1/4l . Lanh t cun vm p dng cho chiu rng l ca l = 1500-1800 mm Hnh cung ca cun vm l mt on cung trn. Nu bn knh bng l ta c cun vnh lc, bn knh bng 1/2l ta c cun vm bn nguyt. cao ca cun bng (1/21/12)l , thng thng l 1/8l , t gch xy nghing, mch va rng hp cng trong khong 7-20mm Gch xy cun vung gc vi ng p lc. nh cun l vin kho ( vin l). mch va quy v tm, ch ln nht khng ln hn 25, chh nh nht khng nh hn 5. Va xy cun dng va ximng mc 50 . Lanh t b tng ct thp :c hai loi ti ch v c sn Lanh t b tng ct thp ti ch thng c chiu rng bng chiu rng ca tng. Chiu dy v s lng ct thp trong lanh t do tnh ton quyt nh .Khi tng ln hn mt gch th chiu rng ca lanh t khng cn bng chiu rng ca tng, lc ny lanh t c th lm ch L. Trng hp sn ti ch khi cao ca lanh t v cao ca sn gn bng nhau th c th kt hp sn v lanh t l mt, Lanh t btong ct thp lp ghp c u im thi cng nhanh, c th vt c cc khu ln . Tit din ca lanh t thng hnh ch nht ,nhng i khi l ch L chiu cao ly theo bi s ca kch thc ( bng chiu dy 2,3,4 vin gch). Lanh t c chn su vo tng 1-1,5 vin gch, nhng khng c nh hn 1/15 chiu rng c. . Lanh t thp :Trng lng nh ,vt c khu ln, thng dng thp hnh, li ny t dng v khng cn thit. . vng, vng kt hp lanh t ( mi ht) L b phn nm pha trn l ca s, ca i c tc dng che nng che ma ng thi lm nhim v nh lanh t l phn tng bn trn. vng khng a ra hn 1200 thng c cu to kiu cngxon.

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Hnh3.5.5 Mt s hnh thc Lanh t . Lanh t kt hp ging tng: Ging tng thng c b tr ti v tr ti pha trn l ca s, ca i .Nu mt trn tng c nhiu l ca m chiu cao ca ging tng cch mp trn ca nh hn
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600 th ging tng c th git cp , h xung kt hp thnh lanh t. Khi qua ca ging tng li git cp ln v tr di bn sn.

Hnh 3.5.5 Ging tng kt hp lanh t 3.5.6. Mi ua, nh tng: C hai phng php cu to nh tng: . Trng hp nh c mi ua: li dng mi ua lm b phn kt thc nh tng. Mi ua khng ln c th xy gch nh ra lm b phn kt cu mi ua. . Tng vt mi: Nu nh khng c mi ua th xy tng cao vt khi mi, phng nc ma thm t nh vo tng, nh tng thng lm dim bng gch lng va ximng hoc lm btng ct thp, y cng l m bo v thn tng m bo v thn tng cng phi lm dc thot nc v cn nh ra khi tng 57cm th vic thot nc mi tt.

Hnh 3.5.6 Mi ua, nh tng 3.6. TNG TI CC V TR C BIT

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3.6.1. Tng lan can: l loi tng xy cao t 800 -1000 bo v v trang tr. c th sng to nhiu mu khc nhau. C th xy 220,105 hoc 60, pha trn phi ging btng ct thp. 3.6.2. Tng hoa trang tr: l loi tng dng trang tr cc v tr thch hp trong cng trnh, ngoi ra cn dng thng thong 3.6.3. Tng gch rng: l loi tng dng gch2,3,4 l xy vch ngn gia cc bc gian. C tc dng cch nhit, cch m tt, ti trng nh. 3.6.4. Tng btng ct thp c sn: c b dy mng, tit kim c din tch, thi cng nhanh nhng gi thnh cao L ca ra vo trong ngoi nh cn phi lm mi ht, thng lm bng btng. Khun ca lp mp trong tng hoc mp ngoi. Khi khun ca lp mp ngoi thng nn lm g mc nc kt hp vi lanh t hoc mi ht ngn khng cho nc thm vo nh. 3.7. CU TO MT TNG Lp mt tng lm nhim v bo v thn tng nh chng nh hng ca thi tit, v cc tc hi vt l ho hc hoc ph hoi khc do con ngi gy ra. Ngoi ra cn c nhim v trang tr, gi v sinh v cch nhit, cch m cho cng trnh. 3.7.1. Mt tng ngoi : Mt tng ngoi c th chia ra lm 3 loi Mt tng khng trt : xy gch trn khng trt va , lm mch va li hoc lm, mt tng yu cu phi xy thng, gch tt, vung hnh sc cnh, khng cong, khng sc m, mch va phng v u. nc ma khng thm vo qua mch th lp va xy mc cao 50-75. Lm mch va li hoc lm. p dng cho nh tm hoc nh c yu cu ngh thut cao ,dng gch mc .

Hnh3.7.1 Mt tng khng trt Mt tng trt : thng trt 2 lp. Lp th nht c tc dng s b lm phng mt tng , sau trt lp th hai , tng chiu dy cc lp l 15-20mm. C th trt thng thng, trt ra hoc granit. i vi trng hp cn chng thm th trt lm hai lp, lp th nht trt va ximng mc 50-75 kha qu trm , i kh ri mi trt lp th hai, sau nh mu bng ximng nguyn cht

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chng thm . thng s dng nhng ni nhmt h rnh, mng nc, s n, khu v sinh , b nc , b pht.

Hnh3.7.1 Mt tng p dy 3.7.2. Mt tng trong : Do yu cu v sinh nn dng tng trt va, cn ch my im sau khu vc c nc nh v sinh,tm,x : dng va ximng mc cao trt cao1600 hoc c th p gch trng men chng thm gc tng : trt va bng xi mng mc cao trnh st m chn tng: trt va xi mng hoc p gch men hay np g

Hnh3.7.2 Mt tng trong

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CHNG 4 CU TO SN NH

4.1.KHI NIM V YU CU CA SN . 4.1.1.Khi nim: Sn nh l b phn nm ngang c cu to phn khng gian ca nh thnh cc tng lu nhm tng din tch s dng cc cao trnh khc nhau trn cng mt din tch xy dng. Sn c coi nh mt sn nm ngang ging gi, lin kt vi ct, dm v tng m bo tnh n nh chung cho ton nh. 4.1.2. Yu cu i vi sn Sn l b phn kt cu ng thi lm hai nhim v chu lc v bao che ca nh nh. L kt cu chu lc, sn chu tt c cc loi ti trng thng xuyn v tm thi tc ng ln do trng lng bn thn ca tng vch. Phng n kt cu sn v loi sn phi da trn c s l sn chu oc tt cc tc ng c hc do ngi i li, do di chuyn vt dng, chuyn dch v vn chuyn hng ho, chng chu tc ng xm thc ca axt ,kim ... gim thiu tnh dn nhit v truyn m, thun tin vic bo qu , v sinh phng c. Do , m bo an ton v s dng tt, cu to sn cn p ng cc yu cu c bn sau: m bo cng : Ngoi vic sn chu ti trng ca bn thn cng tng vch t trc tip ln sn , theo yu cu phn chia phng c kt cu chu lc ca sn cn phi sc chu ti trng ca con ngi, vt dng gia nh hoc cc thit b my mc phc v con ngi. Do yu cu sn phi cng v cng, bo m khng b gy, sp gy nguy him cho con ngi v h hng vt dng c tng trn v tng di. Cch m v cch nhit: bo m s dng tt, thoi mi, cu to sn phi gii quyt tt vn cch m, cch nhit khi i li , lm vic v ngh ngi cc tng khng b nh hng ln nhau. Chng chy cao : Vt liu lm sn kh hay khng chy v chu c nhit cao m khng lm bin dng kt cu gy ra mt n nh cc b hay ton b cng trnh.nhng trng hp khc phi c bin php phng chy thch ng nh cc sn g th cc dm chu lc phi c qut ph lp vt liu kh chy. Chng n mn v chng thm: Tu theo v tr v tnh cht s dng mi ni m cc yu cu cu to c khc nhau nh: sn nh th nghim ho cht th phi quan tm n gii php chng xm thc: sn

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nh v sinh lun lun tip xc vi nc th cn cu to chng thm, chng m v chu mi mn. Kinh t : Sn l b phn chim kh nhiu kinh ph trong ton b gi thnh nh. i hi sn phi nh v c chiu dy cu to ti thiu, phi s dng vt liu hp l v c kh nng c cng nghip ho. M quan v v sinh: L yu cu khng th thiu nhm m bo s dng v bo tr sn nh l cu to mt sn phi d lm v sinh, khng bm bi v t tnh thm m cao 4.2. PHN LOI : 4.2.1. Theo gii php kt cu Theo gii php kt cu ca b phn chu lc sn phn ra ba loi chnh l : sn bn, sn sn v sn khng dm. Sn bn : l loi ton khi n gin nht . Bn chu lc theo mt phng, vi ch s chiu di ln hn hay bng hai ln chiu rng gi l bn k 2 cnh. Khi ch s chiu di nh hn hai ln chiu rng, bn chu lc hai phng gi l bn k 4 cnh. Sn sn : Trong sn sn kt cu chu lc chnh l dm, dm l sn ca sn c b tr theo mt hoc hai phung, trn h dm c bn sn c c lin khi vi dm hoc bn trn gc cc tm chu lc, panen lp ghp. Sn dm ton khi c bn k hai cnh Sn dm ton khi c bn k bn cnh Sn dm kiu c Sn dm lp ghp dng panen Sn dm bn lp ghp. Sn khng dm: Trong loi sn ny l cc tm phng c hay rng t trc tip ln ct hoc vch cng chu lc. Nhm ny c c sn nm ton khi lp ghp hoc bn lp ghp. 4.2.2.Theo vt liu : Tu theo vt liu dng cu to cc b phn chu lc ca sn ngi ta phn ra thnh cc loi: sn g, sn dm thp, sn b tng ct thp hay h. Trc y cc sn g c p dng rng ri khng ch trong cc nh g m c cc nh xy gch vi s tng bt k. Hin nay ch hay dng trong cc loi nh g hay cc nh gch di bn tng cc a phng c sn g. So vi sn g, sn btng ct thp c nhng u im hn nn ngy cng c s dng rng ri nht. tu theo bin php thi cng nh, sn btng ct thp li chia ra sn ton khi v sn lp ghp hoc bn lp ghp.Sn btng lp ghp cho php cng nghip ho xy dng cao hn nn phm vi ng dng rng ri hn nhiu so vi sn btng ct thp

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Sn dm thp v chim nhiu vt liu him v gi thnh c nn hin nay t dng trong xy dng v cc nh dn dng thng thng. 4.2.3. Theo bin php thi cng Sn btng ct thp ton khi: loi sn ny m bo cng ln v lin kt tt cho sn. p dng cho loi nh c mt bng khng theo mt quy tc nht nh hoc c yu cu c bit. Sn btng ct thp lp ghp: loi sn ny m bo yu cu cng nghip ho sn xut v c gii ho thi cng . Kt cu chu lc ca sn c ch to nh my hoc cng trng, sau lp ghp vo v tr. Loi sn ny nng cao hiu sut lao ng, tc d thi cng khng b hn ch bi thi tit, tit kim vn khun. Tuy nhin loi sn ny khng c cng bng loi sn ton khi, do cn c bin php gia c nht l nhng v tr lin kt rp ni. Sn btng ct thp bn lp ghp: loi sn ny c mt phn ton khi, mt phn lp ghp, n tng hp c u nhc im ca c hai loi trn. 4.2.4. Theo v tr s dng: Sn tng hm, tng trt, tng lu. Sn di nc, sn sn thng, ban cng , l gia Sn bp, phng v sinh Sn phng th nghim, phng m... 4.3. CC B PHN CHNH CA SN Sn nh c cu to vi ba b phn chnh : 4.3.1. Kt cu chu lc ca sn Gm dm hoc dn bng g, thp, b tng ct thp v cc cu kin chn kn khong trng gia cc dm, hoc cc tm panen hay cc tm c sn. Ton b sn gc ln u tng chu lc hoc khung chu lc v khu s tu thuc vt liu cu to kt cu. 4.3.2. o sn: Cu to b mt hon thin t trn kt cu chu lc hoc trn tng cch m hay trn lp chng thm, c thc hin vi vt liu lt mt nh gch, vn g, cht do... 4.3.3.Trn sn : B phn c cu to b mt i kt cu chu lc ca sn, nhm mc ch tng cng kh nng cch m, cch nhit lm cho b mt di ca sn c phng theo yu cu m quan v v sinh. Trn sn trt va xi mng mc 75 dy 1,52cm, c th ng thm trn nha, trn thch cao, trn btng li thp.v.v.v Ngoi ra tu theo yu cu s dng m trong kt cu sn cn c b tr xen ln trong cc b phn chnh cc lp nh: Lp chng thm Lp cch nhit

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Lp cch m Lp cch hi 4.4. CU TO SN B TNG CT THP TON KHI: 4.4.1. c im: Sn btng ct thp ton khi l loi sn c p dng ph bin trong xy dng kin trc dn dng v cng nghip. u im: Cu to n gin bn chc c ln cng. Kh nng chng chy tt, khng mc nt, t phi bo tr, d tho mn cc yu cu v v sinh. Vt c khu tng i ln, din tch rng. Nhc im: Sa cha ,ci tin kh. Kh nng cch m khng cao, cn c bin php cch m cho sn theo yu cu. Tn vn khun v sc lao ng, thi gian thi cng chm v chu nh hng ca thi tit. Ti trng bn thn ln., c th ch to bng b tng nng hoc btng nh ( nh btng keramzit, btng x, btng peclit.v.v..) 4.4.2. Phn loi: 4.4.2.1. Sn btng ct thp hnh thc bn: Sn btng ct thp bn k hai cnh: l loi ton khi n gin nht . Bn chu lc theo mt phng, vi ch s chiu di ln hn hay bng hai ln chiu rng. Nhp ca bn sn nn ly trong khong 2000-3000mm , sn c b dy 60-100mm, c gc su vo tng ti thiu 120mm. Loi sn ny thch hp cho hnh lang, sn nh v sinh hay cc phng c khu nh. Sn btng ct thp bn k bn cnh: l loi sn m bn sn chu lc theo hai phng, t s chiu di nh hn hai ln chiu rng, nhp ca bn sn nn ly 40005000mm sn c b dy khong 80-120mm c gc su vo tng ti thiu 120mm. Loi sn ny thch hp cho sn nh c mt bng gn vung.

Hnh4.4.2 Bn k hai cnh, Bn k bn cnh


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4.4.2.2. Sn btng ct thp hnh thc sn sn : - Sn bn dm ton khi L loi sn c sn gm cc bn v h dm to thnh trn mt bng nhng hnh ch nht vi t s gia 2 cnh >2 Hnh thc bn dm c p dng trong trng hp nhp ca sn tng i ln, nu dng hnh thc bn th th dy ca bn s ln khng tinh t, do phi thm cc dm gim bt chiu di nhp ca bn. Vi sn c kt cu theo hnh thc bn dm s t c hiu qu kinh t khi sn c nhp trung bnh.Tuy nhin s tn g vn khun hn loi sn thnh thc bn. Mt di ca sn khng bng phng v phi lm trn treo khi c yu cu Theo hnh thc chu lc c th phn thnh 2 loi : Sn 1 h thng dm v Sn 2 h thng dm Sn mt h dm: p dng khi mt bng sn hp. Cn chn phng chu lc c nhp ca dm ngn nht vi khong cch gia cc dm t 1m n 2.5m. Khi khong cch gia hai dm lin k < 1,2m th ngi ta gi l sn dy sn. Sn hai h dm :p dng khi mt bng sn rng, s kt cu c xem nh l bn k ln dm ph, dm ph gi ln dm chnh, dm chnh t ln ct hoc tng. Phng ca h dm oc chn tu thuc vo s b tr chung ca ngi nh v cc yu cu khc. Khi t dm chnh theo phng dc nh , trn nh v c gian nh c chiu sng tt hn nhng c th phi k mt s dm ph ln phn tng trn ca tng dc, lc cn t lanh t kho chu lc t mt dm ph truyn xung. Trong trng hp t dm chnh theo phng ngang nh lm tng cng ngang ca nh. Khong cch gia cc dm chnh t 4m n 6m. Ngoi ra khi b tr ct dm trong nh cn quan tm n nhng yu cu s dng ngi nh nh s sp xp dy chuyn sn xut vic s dng khng gian ca phng c. Trong phm vi mi nhp ca dm chnh c th b tr mt, hai hoc ba dm ph , v nn xp t dm ph th no cho c mt dm ph t theo trc ct. Khong cch gia cc dm ph t 1,5m n 3m. Kch thc tit din dm v bn : Dm chnh : Chiu cao dm ly bng 1/8-1/12chiu di dm hdc = (1/8-1/15)ldc ; bdc = (1/2-1/3)hdc Dm ph : Chiu cao dm ly bng 1/15-1/20 chiu di dm hdp = (1/15-1/20)ldp ; bdp = (1/2-1/3)hdp Bn : Chiu dy bn 6-10 cm tu theo khu bn nh hay ln , 5cm i vi sn mi.

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Khi sn k trc tip ln tng, on k l tng gch l : 120mm i vi bn, 220mm i vi dm ph , 340mm i vi dm chnh. Nu b dy tng khng th lm thm b tr. Mt dm chnh phi c c lin ton khi vi ct b tng ct thp t trong tng hoc st tng.

Hnh 4.4.2 Sn btng ct thp hnh thc bn dm - Sn c (kt sng): C hai loa sn c: kiu bn k bn cnh v kiu li nh. Sn c kiu bn k bn cnh: L loi sn sn trong dm chnh, dm ph ly bng nhau v ch gp nhau ca dm ngang dc l cc ct . Li ct thng dng to nn mt mng li vung hay ch nht gn vung vi din tch khng qu 36m2 .Bn c chiu dy 8-15cm, Loi snn ny c u im to nn mt trn c h dm u p d trang tr hay p dng trong nhng khng gian ln c th b tr ct nh tin snh, khch sn, bnh vin, trung hc..v.v. Sn kiu li nh: L mt loi sn sn trong cc sn ngang dc ly cao bng nhau , to thnh mt li vung t 80cm -2m. Chiu cao cc sn ly bng 1/30-1/35l ( bc ct, khu ln ca phng). Bn sn ch dy 5cm v c tm sn ta trc tip ln bn tng hay cc gi ta xung quanh. Sn c th ph trn mt phng c din tch 60-70m2 m khng cn ct gia , n ch dng khi phng c hnh thc vung hay gn vung c yu cu m quan cao ( v loi sn ny km kinh t hn cc sn ton khi k trn) sn thi cng phc tp, tn cp pha. Cc sn c th t song song vi cc cnh phng hay t chch 450 so vi cnh phng Cng c th kt hp kiu sn k bn cnh v c ph lp cc phng c din tch ln bng cch to nn mt li vung vi khong cch cc ct 6-9m v t ct

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ny sang ct kia c dm ni lin. Loi sn ny cng ch p dng trong cc phng nh tin snh, gian trin lm.v.v.

Hnh 4.7 Sn c 4.4.2.3. Sn nm : gm mt bn dy c mt bng vung hoc trn c t trn mt u ct chu lc trung tm bn, ch sn ta vo u ct, ng sut cc b s rt ln c th m thng sn, khc phc cu to m ct loe ra theo gc 450, rng 0.20.3 bc ct, Chiu dy bn sn thng ly bng 1/35- 1/40 khong cch ct, thng bng 150-200mm, vi mt s trng hp bn sn c th dy hn, bn sn ta ln mt li ct 6000x6000mm, 8000x8000mm. Loi sn ny thch hp cho cng trnh kin trc c mt bng tng i ln nh siu th, ch hoc xng ch to. Loi sn ny c u im mt trn phng, m quan v c kh nng chu lc chn ng cng nh ti trng ln. Nhng c nhc im khng tinh t v tn vt liu . Sn np p dng trong trng hp khi sn phi chu ti trng ln hayc yu cu c bit.

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Hnh 4.4b Sn nm 4.5. CU TO MT SN THNG THNG 4.5.1. Mt sn lng : 4.5.1.1. Mt sn lng va xi mng ct, nh mu bng xi mng nguyn cht : Lp mt sn cu to bng hn hp xi mng ct vng 1:2 - 1:3 Trn lp b tng ct thp chu lc ca sn ri mt lp cch m bng btng x hoc btng gch v dy 6-8 cm mc 50, trn lp cch m l lp va lng xi mng ct dy 2-3 cm. ng thi vi vic lng va l nh mu bng xi mng nguyn cht, c th k vung30x30cm hay 40x40cm v khi cn thit ln bu xt chng trn. u im : Cu to n gin, d thi cng, c kh nng chng thm, ga thnh h, p dng ph bin trong nh dn dng cp II-III. Nhc im: khng p, khng bn, d rn nt, d sinh bi, khng m bo v sinh v m quan 4.5.1.2. Mt sn trt granit : Cu to tng t mt sn lng va xi mng ct, c lng va granit dy 1-2 cm (va granit tnh theo trong lng gm: 2 phn cm thch xay c 3-8 mm, 1 phn xi mng trng v 1/10 bt mu )

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Tu theo cng tc hon thin, mt sn c hai hnh thc: ra hoc mi. ra c b mt nhm do vic c ra bng bn chi khi lp va tng i cng cho nhng ht cm thch ni ln trn b mt khng qu 1/3 c ht mi c b mt nhn do vic c mi bng tay hoc bng my sau khi lng 3 ngy Mun cho lp va granit gn cht vo lp lt va xi mng ct bn di th lp xi mng ct ny phi c lm nhm bng cch k thnh cc vung hay trm khi va se mt mt sn trnh b nt, cn k vch phn bng cch t np ng hoc km ch dy 2mm ln lp lt trc khi lng va granit u im: Bn, p, sch, d lau chi, chm thm cao, c p dng cho cu thang, hnh lang, ni cng cng, nh tm, nh v sinh, phng th nghim .. .. Nhc im :D ng nc, gi thnh cao, thi cng phc tap 4.5.2. Mt sn nm , ( mdaich ): Cu to tng t mt sn lng va granit, nhng khng dng hn hp xi mng ht m trn lp va xi mng ct lng mt lp xi mng trng hoc c pha mu, ri dng nhng vn hay mnh s nh nm gn trn lp ny . Uu im: Bn, p, sch Nhc im :Gi thnh cao, thi cng phc tp 4.5.3. Mt sn lt : L loi mt sn c cu to vi cc tm nh hay cc vin ghp st li vi nhau. Cc tm lt c th bng nhiu loi vt liu : g, xi mng ct, granito, gm, vt liu tng hp .. .. .. - Mt sn lt gch ximng hay tm granito, gch, gm : Mt sn ny cu to bng cc vin gch lt mng, kch thc va, mt trn nhn, mt di c gn hay kha d bm vo lp va lin kt. Khi thi cng ri lp va lt bng xi mng ct 1:3 dy 2 - 2,5cm lin kt cc gch lt vi lp nn sn. Lin kt gia cc tm lt bng xi mng nguyn cht. Cc loi gch thng dng : Gch xi mng ct c kch thc 20 x 20cm dy 2cm. Gch t nung (gch l nem) kch thc 30 x 30cm dy 3cm. Gch granito kch thc 30x30cm, 40 x40cm dy 2cm. Gch hoa, gch gm , granite. .. .. So vi cc loi mt sn khc, loi ny c nhiu u im nh sch, bn, p, thi cng nhanh, gi thnh khng cao, chu nc, m tt nn thng c dng. - Mt sn lt g vn ghp : Vn g c b dy 2,5 - 4cm, chiu rng 10 - 12cm c ghp st vo nhau theo mt hng.Yu cu g lm vn ghp phi tt, x l chng mi mt , kh, t vnh.Vn

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khng t trc tip ln sn m phi k trn cc thanh g m hoc dm v lin kt vi n bng inh. Dm c kch thuc 4-6cm x 6-12cm. Khong cnh gia cc dm g m tu theo chiu dy vn g v ti trng s dng bn trn m ly t 50-100cm. hn ch cc k h v vnh chung ca mt sn, dc cc tm vn nn lm mng rnh theo cc kiu: mng hm li g n, kp, mng hm cht li g, mng ghp khp gi hm. chng m, mc cho cu kin ca sn v g cn phi cha khe trng gia tng v dm > 3cm, gia tng v lp vn ph mt sn 1 -2cm. Khe ny v sau khi hon thin c che bng g chn tng hoc gc ln. Cc hnh thc ghp vn : kiu t song song, kiu qu trm, kiu ch nhn, kiu ch nht lch .... - Mt sn lt pck : Pck l gm cc thanh g mng, c kch thc nh c ch to bng loi g cng. Cc thanh pck thng c kch thc hnh ch nht di 15 - 40cm, rng 3 6cm, dy 1,2 - 1,5cm vi bn m cnh xung quanh u c lm mng rnh lin kt vi nhau thnh mng ln, hn ch hin tng vnh cc b lm cho mt sn gn sng v khng phng. C 2 phng php lt pck : Pck lt trn vn th: Vn th c chn khng rng qu 18cm v ghp nghing 45 so vi dm m, c lt gn st nhau. Pck lin kt vi vn th bng inh, inh phi ng su m bo an ton cho ngi s dng. Gi lp vn th v pck l lp giy du, di lp vn th l cc g 40x40cm khong cch bng vin pc k. Pck lt trn nn cng: lin kt gia pck v nn btng hay cc lp cng, thng dng cc cht dnh xy dng. Nn pck c dn trn lp keo (mttt atplan) dy 2-2,5cm vi mng theo hnh thc cu to c bit c th bm cht vo lp kt cu sn khi kh cng. 4.6. CU TO SN TI MT S V TR C BIT : Mt sn c bit gm mt sn tng hm, tng trt, mt sn khu v sinh, mt sn cch m cao, mt sn n hi. 4.6.1. Mt sn tng hm v tng trt : Mt sn ny chu nh hng nhiu ca m nn c cu to phc tp. Mt sn tng hm thi cng trc tip trn cc lp nn m khng cn dng cc lp m cch m, cch nhit. gii quyt vn chng thm t t ln nht la cho cc sn nm gn hay di mc nc ngm, gia nn v sn c th dng 1 lp ct ht to dy 5 - 7cm hay 1 lp b tng ct thp cch nc ton khi dy 4cm hoc cc va lin kt mt sn bng va chng thm tt. 4.6.2. Mt sn khu v sinh :

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Mt sn ny c yu cu chng thm cao, sch, p. m bo yu cu ny, vt liu lm o sn phi cch nc tt nh cc loi gch men chng trn. Hoc trong lp mt sn lm bng ximng ct phi c lp chng thm bng ximng ct vng 1 : 2 dy 1-2cm c nh mu v mt sn thng xuyn c nc. Lp chu lc ca sn cng cn cch nc tt . Nu l sn btng ct thp ton khi th cho ngm nc ximng (khong 7 ngy m ) n khi khng cn thy dt na.nc ximng pha trn theo t l 5kg ximng trong 1m3 nc, ngy quy trn 3 ln , bo m mc nc cao 8-10cm Ch sn tip xc vi tng cng nh cc ng ng k thut nn c be cao ln 15 - 20cm, 4 hng gch chn tng t mt sn ln nn xy bng va xi mng ct. Mt tng bn cn p gch men hay trt lng n cao 1,2m l ti thiu trnh nc ngm qua tng lm m tng. Nu l sn lp ghp th trn lp an hay panen lm thm mt lp btng ct thp chng thm dy 4cm mc 200 c ngm nc ximng nh trn.

Hnh 4.6.2 Mt sn khu v sinh

4.6.3. Mt sn cch m cao Nguyn tc cu to sn cch m l phi tm bin php tng cng cch m khng kh v va chm ca sn. tng cch m khng kh cho sn thng dng bin php cho thm vt liu cch m vo khong gia sn ng thi phi bt kn cc kh h ca

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sn.Vt liu nhi nn bng vt liu c ht m ln ng thi khng qu nh th hiu qu s tt hn nh x, ct ht to, si, bt.v.v. Cch m va chm thng c hai cch gii quyt : Cch th nht: mt l ch tip xc gia sn v tng, gia sn v tng u c m chn vt liu n hi nu lp vt liu di sut oc c mt sn th hiu qu cch m ca mt sn cng tt v khng nhng n lm tng cch m va chm m cn nng cao cch m khng kh. Khi cu to kiu ny phi c bit ch n ch tip xc gia phn trn v phn di, ti nn lun m bng vt liu n hi .Vt liu n hi cch m c th dng si thu tinh, bng khong cht hay cc tm si g p.v.v. Cch th hai: l cu to sn thanh hai lp hon ton tch ri nhau, khng c hay rt t ch tip xc vi nhau. cc ch tip xc phi x l cch m va chm.

Hnh 4.6.3 Mt sn cch m cao

4.6.4. Mt sn n hi Thng lm bng sn g. Nguyn tc cu to nh sau: mt sn g khng c ta trc tip ln lp chu lc ca sn m ta ln mt h thng cc n gnh di 1200mm .Cc n gnh ny bng g , cc u mt ch mng 30-40mm v gia dy 80100mm tu theo n hi cn thit do tnh ton quyt nh , chiu rng n gnh l 100mm t cch nhau 400mm ta ln cc sng cng rng 100mm cao 60mm chy song song cch nhau 400mm cc dm chy mt sn ta ln cc n gnh theo cng phng vi n v cch n bng nhng con ln gn u n. Mt sn bn trn gm hai lp vn mt lp pck gia hai lp c lp giy du. G lm mt sn khng nn lm g qu cng m nn l g n hi , mm.

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Hnh 4.6.4 Mt sn n hi

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CHNG 5
CU THANG 5.1. KHI NIM V DC CU THANG, YU CU THIT K CU THANG 5.1.1. Khi nim. Trong cng trnh kin trc cu thang l phng tin giao thng ln xung gia cc mt phng nm ngang cn gi l sn nh c cao khc nhau.Cc cng trnh kin trc nhiu tng u phi thit k ng giao thng ln xung lin h gia cc tng trong gm: Cu thang thng, thang my, thang t chuyn, ng dc.v.v. - ng dc: gii hn dc t 0 200. dc t 1:8 tr xung lm ng dc thoi.ng dc thoi chim nhiu din tch nn ch s dng mt s cng trnh c bit nh bnh vin, gara t nhiu tng - Cu thang thng: gii hn c dc t 200 450. Thch hp nht l <=350 cho nh cng cng, <= 400 cho nh , <= 450 cho thot ngi, <= 600 cho k thut, 70900 dng cho v sinh b nc hoc mi nh. - Cu thang t chuyn: dng nhng ni c lung ngi i li rt nhiu nh ca hng bch ho , nh ga .v.v... - Thang my :dng cho cc nh cao tng nh nh , nh lm vic c c tng cao trn 5 tng nhm gim bt hao ph nng lng ca ngi ln xung cu thang, tit kim thi gian vn chuyn. Nh cao tng cn phi c thit b thang my song bn cnh vn phi thit k cu thang thng. Thang my v cu thang t chuyn thit k c thit b c kh phc tp bo qun sa cha tn km.

Hnh 5.1 dc cc loi cu thang 5.1.2. Yu cu. Khi thit k cu thang cn phi m bo cc yu cu sau: Thm m, s dng thun tin, dc v chiu rng v thang phi thch hp. R tin, thi cng d dng v nhanh chng.
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Bo m an ton, c y nh sng khng trn trt. Chu c ti trng khi vn chuyn nhng vt nng v c kh nng chu la ln. 5.2. Phn loi cu thang. 5.2.1. Theo chc nng : Cu thang chnh: thng t cc snh, cc v tr giao thng chnh ca nh c s dng nhiu nht. Cu thang ph : thng t v tr ph. Cu thang phc v: dng vn chuyn c thc n. Cu thang phong chy: d phng khi c s c ho hon xy ra. 5.2.2. Theo v tr: Cu thang trong nh Cu thang ngoi nh. 5.2.3. Theo hnh dng: Theo hnh dng c th phn ra loi cu thang mt v, cu thang hai v, cu thang ba v, bn v v cc loi cu thang c cc hnh dng khc nhau nh cong, trn, xin. 5.2.4. Theo kt cu chu lc: Thn thang kiu bn chu lc: kt cu ca thn thang l mt tm bn phng t nghing, trn to bc thang hnh tam gic. Bc thang hnh tam gic dng i li thun tin khng c tc dng v kt cu, ngc li lm tng thm ti trng ti trng trn thn thang truyn theo hng mi tn n gi ta trn v di. Thn thang kiu bn dm chu lc: hai bn thn thang c hai dm nghin oc gi l limng. Nu mt bn ca thn thang da vo tng chi lc th ch cn mt dm. Trng lng ca bn thng qua dm nghing truyn ti gi ta trn v di. 5.2.5. Theo vt liu Cu thang b tng ct thp Cu thang xy gch Cu thang thp, g 5.2.6. Theo bin php thi cng Cu thang btng ct thp ton khi c cng v n nh cao, khng b hn ch bi chun ho ,hnh thc a dng, tho mn mi yu cu thm m ca kin trc. Tuy nhin cu thang btng ct thp ton khi tn cp pha, tc thi cng v a vo s dng chm. Cu thang btng ct thp lp ghp gm cc cu kin chu lc th mang n v tr lp ghp.C u im tc thi cng nhanh, p ng c yu cu cng nghip ho xy dng, tit kim c vn khun, nng cao cht lng sn phm.

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Hnh 5.2 Cc dng cu thang 5.3. CC B PHN CA CU THANG Cu thang gm c hai b phn chnh: thn thang v chiu ngh hoc chiu ti
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Hnh 5.3 Cc b phn ca cu thang 5.3.1. Thn thang 5.3.1.1. Khi nim : Thn thang tng t l kt cu nghing, trn c to bc. S bc cu thang khng c lin tc qu 18 bc cng khng c di 3 bc trn mt thn thang. Khi vt qu 18 bc cn thit k chiu ngh. Kt cu thn thang c hai kiu: bn v bn dm. Bc thang c th l hnh ch nht , ch L hoc hnh tam gic m bo an ton khi i li trn cu thang, dc thn thang v chiu ngh, ni tip gip vi khong khng cn lm lan can. Cu kin bn trn lan can dng ta hoc vn gi l tay vn.Vi nhng thn thang rng trn 2,7m phc v thot an ton cho nhiu ngi cn b sung thm lan can trung gian. 5.3.1.2Chiu rng ca thn thang. Tu thuc v tr: . Tay vn hai bn : 0,6m/n v .Tay vn mt bn, mt bn tng : 0,7m/n v . Tng hai bn : 0,8m/n v Tu thuc vo lu lng v s ngi s dng tnh theo v tr sau:

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Hnh 5.3.1 Khong rng cn mt n v ngi i ln i xung

Hnh 5.3.1 Khong rng cn nhiu ngi i ln i xung Thng thng i vi cu thang trong nh cng cng ngi ta tnh trung bnh chiu rng ca mt n v l 0,5-0,6m .Chiu rng ca thn thang trong cc cng trnh kin trc cng cng cn cn c vo quy phm, s tng, lng ngi i li tnh ton, thng thng rng vo khong 1,4m - 2,0m.

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Trong kin trc nh , cu thang ginh cho mt h s dng rng 0,9m -1,0m, nhiu h s dng 1,1m. i vi thang leo chiu rng thn thang khong 40-50cm. 5.3.1.3. Quan h gia chiu cao v b rng ca bc thang dc cu thang quyt nh bi t l chiu cao (h) v chiu rng (b) ca bc thang. Chiu cao v chiu rng ca bc thang c quan h mt thit vi chiu di ca bc i. Bng di y a ra cc chiu cao v cc chiu rng ca bc thang thng dng Quan h gia chiu cao h v chiu rng b ca bc thang c th biu din bng cng thc : m = 2h + b. Vi m = 590 640 l chiu di trung bnh ca bc i . Trong cc cng trnh kin trc chiu cao bc trong nh thng dng l 140 200mm v chiu rng 320 220mm tng ng vi dc 200 450 . Chiu cao ca bc thang thch hp c chiu cao h =150 - 180mm, chiu rng 240 300mm tng ng vi dc 260 330 . dc cu thang cn tng quan n cng nng ca cng trnh. Phn loi Nh Trng hc Hi trng Bnh vin Nh tr Nh lm Rp ht vic Chiu cao (h) 156 140 - 160 130 - 150 150 120 - 150 175 Chiu rng 250 280 - 320 300 - 350 300 250 - 280 (b) 300 i vi cu thang i li t ngi, c th lm hi dc mt t. h / b = 170 / 260 mm h / b = 175 / 250 mm Thm ch h / b = 200 / 200 mm ( tng ng 450)

Hnh 5.3.1.3 Quan h gia chiu rng b v chiu cao h 5.3.2. Chiu ngh.

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5.3.2.1. Khi nim Chiu ngh l b phn trung gian ni lin cc thn thang, l ni dng ngh chn v thay i hng i Chiu rng ca chiu ngh khng c nh hn chiu rng ca thn thang, ng thi cn m bo vn chuyn cc dng ln c d dng. Kt cu ca chiu ngh tng t nh mt sn, c hnh thc bn dm.Dm ny l gi ta ca chiu ngh tng t nh mt sn, cng l gi ta ca thn thang .Cc b phn ca chiu ngh c th k ln tng chu lc hoc ct dm. i vi cu thang dng ch yu cho thot ngi, ch chiu ngh khng c thit k cc bc hnh r qut. 5.3.2.2. Kch thc chiu ngh bo m i li thun tin v khng b ng ngi, chiu rng ca chiu ngh chiu rng thn thang. i vi cu thang mt v trnh hin tng dm chn v l bc th chiu rng ca chiu ngh > 3ln chiu rng bc thang. hoc chiu rng thn thang c th oc tnh theo cng thc: L = n ( 2h + b) + b. ( n l s bc ti chiu ngh ) Ch : ti chiu ti c cha khng cch iu ho c tc dng ngi i li khu cu thang v hnh lang khng chm nhau. Khong cch iu ho oc tnh t mp ngoi ca bc tng cho dn mp u tin ca bc thang. Nu chiu rng thn thang 1200 th khong cc iu ho 300.Nu chiu rng bn thang 1200 th khong cc iu ho 600.

Hnh 5.3.2 Chiu ngh 5.3.3. CU TO CHI TIT CC B PHN CA CU THANG. 5.3.3.1. Cu to mt bc cu thang Yu cu : chu c mi mn v khng c trn. Mt bc lng va xi mng mc 50-75 dy 20mm, hay trt va granito hoc lt gch hoa, cm thch, thm cao su, cht do.. .. chng trt, trn mt bc nn lm g bng vt liu t b mi mn hoc to rnh chng trn bng kim loi

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Mt bc thang nn c g trn nh ra 1 t hay thnh ng lm nghing c vt trn bn trn m rng mt bc, to m quan, trnh c st m khi s dng.

Hnh 5.3.3 Cu to mt bc cu thang 5.3.3.2. Cu to lan can

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Chia lm 2 loi : lan can rng v lan can c Lan can c : thng thng lm bng b tng dy 50-100 mm, c th lm bng gch trt va xi mng vi cc tr nh v ging b tng ct thp ln trong tng lan can Lan can rng: Thng lm bng g, kim loi, dng thp trn, thp dp, thp vung hoc thp ng. Lan can loi ny thong an ton vi cc khong trng khng c >15 cm Lan can kim loi bng cch hc su chn va ximng hoc cha st thp khi dm limng

Hnh 5.3.3.2 Cu to lan can 5.3.3.3. Tay vn Tay vn cu thang thng lm bng g cng, bng ng kim loi nh ng hay thp khng g, bng b tng ct thp c trt va xi mng hoc va granit. Tt c vt liu ny cn m bo nhn, khng bm bi nhiu. Lin kt tay v cu thang c th bng inh, inh vt, hn hoc lin kt ton khi

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Hnh 5.3.3.3 Cu to tay vn Chiu cao lan can tay vn Chiu cao lan can c quan h ti dc ca cu thang, cu thang dc t th yu cu lan can cao v ngc li cu thang dc nhiu th lan can thp hn. Thng thng

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chiu cao lan can tnh t tm tm mt bc thang tr ln l 0,8m -1,0m trung bnh ly 0.9m i vi ngi ln v 0,65m i vi tr em. 5.3.3.4. Khong cch i lt ( khong thot u) cao thng thu cu thang cn m bo cho ngi i li bnh thng >1,80m

Hnh 5.3.3.4 Khong i lt 5.3.3.5. X l cao thp ch ngot lan can cu thang hai thn Thng thng i vi cu thang hai v hay nhiu v th ng trc lan can tay vn c t song vi dm thn thang. Cch x l: Un cong tay vn , gim chiu su, gii php ny li khng gian, nhng gia cng kh. M rng chiu ngh hoc b tr bc so le chiu ngh. Khng lm song song vi dm thang gii php ny ch dng cho cc cu thang ph. 5.3.3.6. V tr v s lng cu thang Trong kin trc v tr cu thang khng nhng tho mn yu cu s dng m cn lm tng thm m quan ca cng trnh. V tr cu thang cn c vo mt bng, tnh cht cng trnh, tnh ton lng ngi qua li m quyt nh. i vi nh hai tng 1,0m chiu rng cho 125ngi i vi nh ba tng tr ln 1,0m chiu rng cho 100 ngi S lng cu thang quyt nh bi: cng dng, s tng, din tch, s ngi v yu cu phng ho. S lin tc gia cc hnh lang v cc bung cu thang rt cn thit v cn b tr d nhn thy r trong cng trnh. Cng trnh kin trc c chiu di 10m th cu thang c th dt gc no tu . Cng trnh kin trc di 12m - 30m th cu thang nn t trung tm hoc trc gia ca nh. Cng trnh kin trc di 30m phi dng 2 hay nhiu cu thang t v tr nhn thy d dng t hnh lang cc tng lu v t bn ngoi.

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Khong cch gia cc bung cu thang t 40- 50m tu thuc vo b dy ca cng trnh kin trc v khong cch i n cu thang gn nht t bt c ch no trong to nh khng qu 25m. Cng trnh kin trc c hp khi bi nhiu nhnh th v tr bung cu thang nn t ti cc gc trong hay gc ngoi v ti giao im ca cc hnh lang. 5.4. HNH THC CHU LC CA THN THANG TRONG CU THANG B TNG CT THP. 5.4.1. c im: Cu thang b tng ct thp c tnh u vit l chu la cao, bn lu.Do cu thang trong cc nh dn dng v cng cng thng lm BTCT .Cu thang b tng ct thp c hai loi :cu thang b tng ct thp ton khi v cu thang b tng ct thp lp ghp. Cu thang b tng ct thp ton khi khng b hn ch bi iu kin tiu chun ho, hnh thc c th thit k tu , nhng tc d thi cng chm, tn nhiu vn khun. 5.4.2. Cc hnh thc chu lc ca thn thang trong cu thang b tng ct thp Kt cu cu thang b tng ct thp ton khi c hai loi thn thang kiu bn v thn thang kiu bn dm. 5.4.2.1. Thn thang kiu bn : thn thang l mt bn phng, bn chu ton b ti trng tc dng ln cu thang , bn t ln tng hoc t trn dm chiu ngh v chiu ti, hnh thc kt cu ny thch hp nhp cu thang nh :4,5m v hp 1,5m, chu ti trng tng i nh

Hnh 5.4.2.1 Thn thang kiu bn 5.4.2.2. Thn thang kiu bn dm: kt cu chu lc c hai phn :bn v dm nghing( dm limng).Cng c th cu to bn v bc thang thnh mt khi, lc ny bc thang ging nh mt dm nh t trn dm nghing, dm nghing t trn dm chiu ngh. Quan h gia bn,bc v dm nghng c my trng hp sau: Bn, bc pha trn dm, v phng din chu lc kt cu hp l nhng dm l xung pha di nhiu.

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Bn, bc pha trn dm, nh vy trn phng, p, d lm v sinh. Bn bc gia dm : tu tnh hnh c th mi thn thang c th b tr mt dm chu bn bc: dm chiu mt u, u kia ca bn bc k vo tng, hoc theo kt cu console mt dm hoc hai dm t gia bn bc

Hnh 5.4.2.2 Thn thang kiu bn dm

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CHNG 6 MI NH 6.1. KHI NIM & YU THIT K MI NH 6.1.1. Khi nim : Mi l b phn bao che v chu lc trn cng ca ngi nh .Cng l b phn tip tc ca tng, c cu to nh mt sn c kh nng chng thm v cch nhit cao. Mi dc cn to ra cn to nn mt khng gian m cch nhit di mi trn trn v cng l b phn vin u cho cng trnh kin trc v phng din thm m. 6.1.2. Yu cu: Mi nh cn m bo cc yu cu c trng ca kt cu bao che v kt cu chu lc Kt cu bao che: Yu cu chnh l chng thm, dt, che ma, chn nng cch nhit, gi nhit, cch m ng thi vi kh nng chng pht chy chng tc hi ca cc loi kh Kt cu chu lc: Chu c tc ng ca ti trng tnh (ti trng bn thn, ti trng ca lp lp, ca kt cu tm lp) v ti trng ng (sc gi, ma tuyt ..). ngoi ra n cng gp phn tng thm n nh cho cc tng v tnh kin c ca ngi nh pha di. Ton b kt cu mi cn bo m s vng bn di nh hng ca thi tit, cn cn p ng c yu cu cng nghip ho, r tin, thi cng d, vt liu cu to thch hp. 6.2. CC B PHN MI NH Mi nh c cu to vi hai b phn chnh gm lp lp ( kt cu bao che) v kt cu tm lp ( kt cu chu lc. ) Ngoi ra khi c yu cu mt di ca mi cn bng phng th cu to trn nh di mi. 6.2.1. Tm lp: Nhim v ch yu l chng dt khng cho nc ma thm qua mi vo nh v yu cu bao che ni chung. Vt liu lm lp lp c th dng loi tm lp nh nh l, tranh, ngi, g , thu tinh, tm lp ln nh tn kim loi, Pibro ximng, btng ct thp, cht do, policacbon, si thu tinh.... 6.2.2. Kt cu mang lc mi : Bao gm cc h dm, dn, v ko vi x g, cu phng, li t, cng vi cc tm ton khi hay lp ghp. Trong cc cng trnh hin i c dng kt cu khng gian vi v mng mt xp, kt cu dy cng hoc gin khng gian. Vt liu dng lm kt cu tm lp c th dng l g thp , btng ct thp. Vi g th dng nhng li d chy v cn tu b thng xuyn, thp l vt liu thng dng nhng phi uc bo tr chng rt r. Hoc c th dng ghp phi hp thp v gvi cc b phn bng g, ch yu chu lc nn v ng inh. Khi c yu cu bo m tnh ton khi, gim thiu vic phi bo tr th dng btng ct thp.

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6.2.2. Trn nh: L kt cu di mi, l b phn c thc hin nhm tng kh nng cch nhit do c yu cu cch nhit- gi nhit dng thi s tu theo yu cu c th ca mi loi cng trnh kin trc m kt cu cn i hi phi c kh nng cch m, phn quang, m quan v m bo v sinh.

Hnh 6.2 Cc b phn ca mi 6.3. PHN LOI Hnh thc mi v cch thc cu to mi ph thuc vo vt liu lm mi, gii php kt cu, iu kin kh hu t nhin, yu t to hnh, t chc khng gian ca cng trnh, phong tc tp qun ca vng xy dng, k thut v phng tin thi cng. Mi c nh hng rt ln n hnh thc bn ngoi ln khng gian bn trong ca cng trnh, do khi chn hnh thc mi nh, khng th ch cn c t cc mt ng m ng thi phi nghin cu mt cch ng b cc d kin nu trn t s hp l v cu to, m bo bn chc, n gin, kinh t v m quan chung. 6.3.1. Theo vt liu : mi nh lp g, ngi, tn, fibr ximng, mi bng btng ct thp. 6.3.2. Theo hnh thc kt cu : c 2 loi Mi c kt cu phng : kt cu chu lc chnh gm dm, khung, dn, v ko, cun

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Hnh 6.3.2 Mi c kt cu mi phng

Mi c kt cu khng gian: kt cu chu lc chnh gm dn v ko khng gian, v mng, vm, bn gp np, mi cupn .. .. ..

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Hnh 6.3.2 Mi c kt cu mi khng gian

6.3.3. Theo hnh thc cu to : Thng dng nht l mi bng v mi dc .

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Ngoi ra cn c mi c hnh chm cu, vm cu, hnh chp nhn , mi c hnh cong phc tp. 6.4. DC CA MI NH thot nc c d dng, mi nh cn phi c mt dc nht nh. dc ln hay nh s tu thuc vo vt liu lp v ngh thut to hnh kin trc, cch thc cu to v vt liu cho php, kh hu v phong tc tp qun cng hnh thc vi kt cu cng trnh. V phng din to hnh kin trc thng c yu cu v dc ph hp vi ni dung v hnh thc kin trc. V phng din kinh t c yu cu dc cng b th cng tit gim c din tch ca mi lp.V phng din thch ng vi kh hu, gi ma th c yu cu dc ca mi m bo mi nh nng, vng chc, chng dt, chng thm tt, thot nc nhanh. 6.4.1. i vi mi bng: dc c th chn trong khong 1% - 7% khi tm lp c thc hin ton khi hoc bng cc tm lp ln ton khi hay lp ghp. Dng dc 1% -2% cho trng hp s dng din tch mi nh v 3% - 5% lc khng s dng. Khi dc ln hn 7% th c th gi l nh mi dc. 6.4.2. i vi mi dc : dc c chn t 1/1( # 450 ) n 1/2 ( # 300 ) cho tm lp nh v ch ni tip cng khe h v l hng nhiu nn c yu cu d dc ln. Khi dng tm lp ln th dc ca mi c th thoi hn bng 1/3( # 200 ). Mi gianh, gi 40-450 Mi ngi 30-350 Mi fibr ximng 20-250 Mi tn sng 12-150 Panen ximng li thp 150

Hnh 6.4 dc ca mi nh theo vt liu lp


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6.5. CU TO MI BNG 6.5.1. c im Mi bng l gii php cu to mi ph bin cho cc cng trnh, p ng c cc yu cu kin trc linh hot v a dng. C th cu to bng vt liu g, thp, nhng ch yu bng btng ct thp ton khi hoc lp ghp. Mi bng c u im l dc nh, do chu c p lc ca gi bo t, kt cu bn chc, kh nng chng chy cao. Mt bng ca mi c th lm sn thng, sn phi, nhng p ng c yu cu ny th phn kt cu bn trn mt mi s phc tp hn. So vi mi dc , mi bng c nhc im l m ln, d b thm v nng. Do cn phi nng cao cc yu cu v kh nng cch nhit, thot nc, chng thm cho mi. Mi tng i nng v c gi thnh cao. 6.5.2. Cc b phn ca mi bng Mi bng c cu to vi 2 b phn chnh gm kt cu chu lc v lp cu to vt l kin trc. Lp kt cu chu lc: y l b phn chu tt c ti trng tnh, ti trng ng ri truyn vo tng hoc ct Mt bng kt cu c b tr nh sn nh c kt hp vi yu cu cu to thot nc, chng dt, chng thm v cch nhit. Kt cu chu lc c th lm bng b tng ct thp ton khi, lp ghp hoc bn lp ghp Lp cu to vt l kin trc :( lp chng nng, lp chng thm, lp cch m lp bo v ca mi bng) mi c chc nng cch nc v cch nhit th phi cu to nhiu lp, mi lp c mt nhim v ring v c t nm theo v tr xc nh theo chiu thng ng bao gm: lp bo v pha trn cng, lp chng thm ( cch nc), lp m, lp khng kh thng gi, lp cch nhit, lp cch hi .

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Hnh 6.5 Cu to mi bng Lp to dc: C tc dng to cho din tch mi nh c dc cn thit. oc t trn lp kt cu chu lc, cu to bng va mc thp b tng x, btng gch v, btng dm. Ngoi ra n cn tng cng kh nng cch nhit cho mi v lm phng mt trn lp kt cu chu lc to iu kin thi cng tt cho lp chng thm bn trn n. 6.5.3. CC V TR T BIT TRN MI BNG . V tr khe ln Khe ln tch cng trnh t mng n mi, i vi mi bng, lp btng chng thm phi c thng g sut dc khe ln dy 40, cao 100, ri xy b gch hai pha khe ln, trn b gch y m khe ln bng tn hoc tm dan btng ct thp. Trong trng hp nh hai bn khe ln cao thp khc nhau th lp btng chng thm ca mi pha thp cng phi lm g cao ln 100, pha trn c cu to tn che sut dc g. . V tr khe co dn, ( khe nhit ) Cc khe co dn ca mi nh c b tr thch ng vi vic cu to cc khe co dn ca ton b cng trnh. Vi cc b phn nh, di v mng thuc mi nh nh mi ua, mi ht, mi hin, sn.. cn b tr khe co gin vi khong cch 8-12m. Ngoi vic m bo dn n t do, khe co dn cn phi oc chng thm, chng dt ng quy cch. . Mi thp v tng vt: Trong trng hp nh c mt bn mi thp v mt bn c tng vt cao hn th lp btng chng thm ca mi pha thp phi lm g cao ln100, Pha trn c cu to tn che sut dc g.
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Hnh 6.5.3 M che khe ln

Hnh 6.5.3 M che khe ln nh cao tng v thp tng

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Hnh 6.5.3 Khe bin dng s n 6.6. CU TO MI DC. 6.6.1. Cc kiu ca mi dc : Mi dc c rt nhiu hnh thc phong ph, v c bn c 4 loi sau : Mi mt dc: khi mt bng nh c hnh ch nht khu nh. Mi hai dc : hai bc tng hai u hi nh hnh tam gic gi l tng hi bt dc. Mi bn dc: c bn mi (2 mi v 2 chi) vi 2 mi dc chnh v 2 mi che 2 u nh c hnh tam gic. Mi bn dc kiu 2 chi : gm 2 mi dc chnh v 2 mi che u nh c hnh thang nhm to l thong c hnh tam gic nc u hi nh. Ngoi ra cn c cc hnh thc mi rng ca , mi gy, mi hnh chp nhn, mi ci, mi ht .. .. ..

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Hnh 6.6.1 Cc dng mi dc

6.6.2. Cc b phn v cu to ca mi dc : 6.6.2.1. Tm lp Tm lp c th l ngi, tm tn, tm fibrximang, tm btng, tm giy du. Tc dng chnh ca n l bao che v bo v cho cc b phn bn di ng thi trang tr kin trc cho ngi nh. 6.6.2.2. H thng kt cu mang lc ca mi dc Vt liu ch to kt cu mang lc ca mi dc thng lm bng g, thp, gch hoc btng ct thp di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau: cu phng , v ko hay bng cc tm lp ghp. *. Kt cu tng thu hi chu lc : Dng tng ngang chu lc xy thu hi lm kt cu chu lc chnh. Trn tng thu hi gc x g (n tay), trn x g gc cu phong (rn, rui) hoc lt vn g v trn cu phong t cc lit (m, lch) , cui cng l lp lp . Vt liu lm x g : g hoc b tng ct thp.

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X g c b tr nh dn ca sn nh : gia nc trn cng l x g nc, di cng dc theo ui mi l x g mi ua. cc v tr t x g c cc ming m m bo lc phn b u ln u tng. V tr ca x g mi ua ph thuc vo kch thc vn ra khi tng ca mi ua: + Khi mi ua ra < 50cm : t trc tip ln tng dc ngoi. + Khi mi ua ra > 50cm : ta trn cc dm cng xon c lin kt vo tng bng bulng neo gi . u im : kt cu n gin, kinh t. Nhc im: chiu rng cc gian b hn ch (<= 4m) , nu cn phi rng > 4m th nn dng kt cu v ko, cu phong hoc dm.

Hnh 6.6.2.2 Kt cu tng thu hi chu lc *. Kt cu cu phong hay dm nghing : Cu phong l cc dm g c t trc tip ln nhng dm g m c t dc theo tng ngoi . p dng khi b ngang nh khng ln lm v gia nh c kh nng to cc gi ta . C th lm mi 1 dc hoc 2 dc. Tit din 80 x 100 - 80 x 150.

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Hnh 6.6.2.2 Kt cu cu phong *. V ko :

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- Mt s hnh thc v ko ph thng Theo yu cu cu to m v ko c th lm bng g, thp, btng ct thp.C trng hp v ko oc lm bng g v thp, trong thp chu ko cn g chu nn v un.V ko thp v btng ct thp ph hp vi nhp nh ln, c yu cu chu la v bn vng cao. Theo hnh thc c dn v ko tam gic, hnh thang, hnh a gic. Khu ca v ko c th chn t 6-9m i vi v ko g, thp; 9-18m i vi v ko btng ct thp, thp v >18m i vi v ko thp. Khi chn v ko phi cn c vo chiu di nhp, yu cu s dng ca phng c, ti trng tc dng ln dm, cc yu cu v thm m cng nh yu cu v thm m cng nh yu cu v phng chy. Trong xy dng dn dng v ko tam gic c dng ph bin hn c.V ko tam gic bao gm cc thanh ko ( cnh thng) nm pha trn, qu giang ( cnh h) nm pha di, thanh chng ng, thanh chng xin. c lm g hoc hn hp thp, g.

Hnh 6. 6.2.2 Mt s v ko tiu chun - B tr kt cu v ko : Trn mi dc c 3 phn chnh l : b phn u nh, b phn gia nh v b phn ni tip. B phn u nh v gia nh c cu to n gin v hnh thc t bin ho . B phn ni tip c cu to phc tp vi cc hnh thc ni tip : ni tip song song, ni tip ch T, ni tip ch L.

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Hnh 6. 6.2.2 B tr kt cu v ko H thng kt cu v ko cng theo gm 3 b phn: b phn u hi, b phn gia nh v b phn ni tip. Kt cu on gia nh :Dn v ko Khong cch gia cc v ko t 3 - 6m ty thuc vt liu lm v ko v x g l g hay thp. Tit din cc thanh ca dn ty thuc khu ca v ko. tit kim vt liu th gim khu v ko. Cho nn khi b tr v ko cn chn khu ngn nht, cn tn dng ct hoc tng lm gi ta trung gian. i vi nh hnh lang gia c th li dng tng hoc ct hai bn hnh lang lm im ta , nh vy v ko c th nh li hoc s dng bn v ko, 2 na v ko cn c lin kt vi nhau bng h ging. Cc v ko cn phi lin kt n nh tng cp mt bng cc thanh, h ging cho. ng thi phi cu to lin kt gia cc v ko vi tng chu lc hoc ct chu lc to thnh h kt cu vng chc. Cu to lin kt gia cc v ko vi gi cn phn b lc u, trnh lc tc dng cc b, c th dng g m u ko. Gi l lin kt di dng du v ko trnh ni lc sinh ra do dn n ca v ko. Kt cu on u hi : Nh 2 mi dc : Trng hp mi khng ua ra khi tng : tng u hi c nng cao che mi, phi ch cu to m bo v (ng b nc) ng thi chng thm v chng dt dc theo ng tip gip gia mi v tng.

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Trng hp mi ua ra khi tng: s dng ph bin nhm bo v tt tng u hi, ch cn t x g nh ra khi tng, cn cc b phn khc c cu to ging nh on gia nh . Nh 4 mi dc : Kt cu on u hi bao gm kt cu chu lc v tr giao tuyn ca 3 mt dc che on u hi nh . Kt cu chu lc l cc bn v ko v dm nghing .. Ni chung kt cu kiu ny c cu to phc tp . Ty theo khu L ca v ko m c th b tr theo 3 phng n : + Khi L < 6m : ch lm v ko gc . + Khi 6m < L <= 9m : v ko gc kt hp vi bn v ko trung gian. + Khi 9m < L < 12m: v ko gc kt hp vi bn v ko hay dm nghing. Cc v ko gc c cu to nh v ko thng. Cn ch cu to lin kt gia cc bn v ko, v ko v cc thanh qu giang. Ch b tr phn tn cc im gi ta ca cc v ko khng tp trung nhiu ti mt nt. Kt cu on ni tip : C nhiu gii php b tr kt cu on ni tip . Mt v d v kt cu on ni tip hnh ch T theo 2 phng php b tr ty thuc khu v ko : + Khi khu ln ni tip vi khu nh : p dng phng cch x g gc ln x g vi x g khu nh t trn x g c khu ln . + Khi 2 khu bng nhau : p dng phng cch v ko gc ln v ko, v ko a c mt u gc ln tng , u cn li gc ln v ko b , v tr giao tuyn gia cc mt dc t dm nghing c, nu khu ln th c th thay dm nghing bng bn v ko . Lin kt cc cu kin: Cc mi lin kt gia cc cu kin ca v ko c gi l mt ko, tu theo v tr m c gi ring l mt gi, mt trung gian, mt nh, mt gia di. i vi v ko g, cc cu kin chu ko c cu to lin kt cht bng g cng, bng kim loi nh bulon, inh hoc mng ghp, cc cu kin chu nn c cu to lin kt mng o chnh din vung gc hoc phn gic c mt rng, hai rng hoc mng o chnh din loi t i vi v ko thp, cc cu kin oc cu to lin kt v ni bng bulon, inh tn hoc hn trc tip hay gin tip vi tm thp trung gian tu theo v tr v s lm vic ca cc thanh ti nt lin kt B phn tm lp : X g: t trn thanh ko v c gi n nh bi con b. Tit din ca x g bng g c th chn 6 x 12cm , .. , 12 x 20cm . Khi mi ua < 60cm , x g mi ua c th t trc tip ln u qu giang; khi mi ua > 60cm th x g t trn conson.

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Khong cch gia cc x g thng t 1 - 2m. X g nn gc ln mt v ko thanh ko khng b un Cu phong :nu dng tm lp loi nh th trn x g c t cu phong chu lit tm lp .Tit din ca cu phong g 5 x 5cm, 5 x 6cm t theo chiu dc ca mi v cch nhau 50 - 60cm.

Hnh 6.6.2.2 Cc b phn ca mt v ko g - H thng ging v ko: Tc dng: cac dn v ko phng ring l ngoi vic c lin kt vi nhau bng cc x g g m cn phi cu to lin kt bng thanh ging, thanh chng.v.v.... c gi chung l h ging nhm to thnh mt h kt cu khng gian n nh, bo m cc tc dng: Lin kt khng gian cc mt v ko, bo m n nh ngoi mt phng cho cc thanh cnh chu nn Chu cc lc khng nm trong mt phng ca dn v ko, truyn i cc lc i xung ct , mng Tit din thanh chng 50 x 100mm. Khi khu >15m th lm 2 h ging chng gi H ging trong mt phng mi: y l h ging ch yu nht bo m tnh cht bin hnh ca cng trnh, bo m n nh ca ton dn v ko cng nh ca thanh cnh nn. Tu theo chiu di nh , ln ca dn v ko v kt cu tng u hi m c th cu to h ging mi nh sau: Trng hp chiu nh di: <20m v c tng u hi cng c th chu c lc ngang( tng gch >22cm) th c th dng ngay x g lm ging, vi iu kin x g phi c cu to lin kt cht vo thanh ko( cnh trn ca dn v ko) cng nh tng u hi. Trng hp tng hi khng cng chu c lc ngang cng nh khi nh di qu ( khong cch gia cc tng ngang cng >20m ) th phi to ra nhng khi cng hai u nh v dc chiu di nh, cch nhau khng qu 20m lm ta cho cc x g g n nh cc dm v ko khc khong gia . Khi cng gm hai dn v ko cnh nhau, thanh ko c ni nhau bng cc thanh ging cho ch

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thp , to thnh mt dn nm nghin. Thanh ging cho ng inh trc tip vo thanh ko hoc qua cc di thp mng, ch giao nhau gia ging cho v x g cng cn lin kt cht H ging ng H ging ng c tc dng c kt cho cc mt ca cnh di ( qu giang) khng vnh khi mt phng ca gin v ko, bo m cho dn c v tr thng ng , c bit khi c gi ln, nn cng c gi l ging gi.Ging t trong mt phng thng ng gia dn v ko ni tng i v ko vo nhau v c th cch vi ba gian th b tr mt h ging ng. Khng nn lm ging ng lin tc sut chiu di ging v khi nu mt dn v ko chnh b ph hoi v nguyn nhn no th s chuyn lc sang cc v ko ln cn v c th gy ph hoi dy chuyn. Khi nhp ca dn v ko kh ln(<15m) th phi lm 2, 3 h ging ng trong cc mt phng thanh ng khc ca dn v ko H ging ng bao gm hai thanh thp ch thp v mt thanh ngang ni cc cnh di (qu giang) thanh cho bt bulng vo thanh ng ca dn v ko chnh ( nu thanh ny bng g ) hoc bt bullng vo x g vo cnh di ca dn v ko chnh, thanh cho cn c lm bng thp trn, bt vt vo cnh dn v ko. Tit din ca thanh ging ng oc chn theo cu to, kim tra, thanh g c mng <20cm, thanh thp trn c ng knh 12-16cm. Ni chung vic b tr v cu to ng cch h ging ca mi nh c ngha quyt nh n s lm vic an ton ca h mi , khi thit k cn quan tm t bit.

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Hnh 6.6.2.2 H thng ging mi 6.6.3. CU TO MT S LOI MI DC THNG THNG 6.6.3.1. Mi lp ngi Quy cch tm lp : Ngi c sn xut vi nhiu loi kiu v kch c v c lm bng vt liu: t nung, va xi mng hoc thy tinh. Theo hnh thc c th phn loi:

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Ngi my : l loi ngi c rnh. C 2 kiu : kiu 13 vin cho 1m2 c kch c 400 x 240 x 35mm v kiu 22 vin cho 1m2 c kch c 220 x 300 x 30mm . Ngi mc: l loi ngi phng thng dng 70 vin / m2. Ngi m dng hay ngi lng mng . Ngi p sng nc: ngi b hnh mng 1/2 trn hay ch V

Hnh 6.6.3.1 Lp ngi my Phng cch lp : Cu phong l cc thanh g c tit din hnh vung hoc hnh ch nht t vung gc vi x g c lin kt vi x g bng inh. thng thng khong cch 2 x g nh hn 2000 th khng cch cu phong l 500 v c tit din 50x50. Trc tin c nh bng inh cc thanh lit 2 x 3cm hoc 3 x 3cm khong cch 25 cm - 35cm vo cu phong. Ngi lp t di ln v nc nh lp ngi b. Chiu rng k ln nhau ca 2 vin ngi nc khng c < 5cm v c th dng thm va xi mng gn phng dt . Khi lp cc vin ngi c b tr so le nhau. gim kh nng ngi b trt hng lit cui cng c ng lit kp v cch hng lit trn l 180cm - 280cm, 2 hng ngi cui cng phi c buc vo lit bng dy thp. cc hng trn c cch mt hng buc mt hng . phng hin tng nc ma c th ht qua khe h dt vo trong nh khi c gi mnh , dng va trt cc khe h hoc lt mt lp chng dt th 2 bng vt liu nh nh giy du pha di lp ngi, dc ca mi lp ngi c th chn trong phm vi t 25o - 45o thng chn l 30o hay 60%. u im v nhc im ca mi lp ngi : u im: c tnh chng chy cao, chng tc ng ho cht tt, bn vng, s dng c vt liu a phng, gi thnh h nn c p dng ph bin. Nhc im: trng lng nng, kch thc nh khng ph hp vi cng nghip ho xy dng, gc nghing ca mi ln nn lm cho kt cu v ko thm phc tp

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6.6.3.2.Cu to mi fibr ximng : Quy cch tm lp : c ch to bng si khong aming v xi mng di dng phng, ln sng nh, ln hoc ln sng c bit . Kch thc thng dng: loi nh 800x1200mm, loi ln 1200x1800mm, dy 3 5mm. Loi ln sng c bit c chiu di 4 - 6m, dy 6 - 10mm . dc ca mi lp fibr xi mng 18o - 23o, thng thng ly 17% (15o ) Phng cch lp C 3 phng cch sau : Trn x g t vn v tri lp giy du. Cch lp ny m bo cch nhit v chng nhit tt . Tm fibr ximng c lp trc tip ln x g khng cn cu phong. Khong cch gia 2 x g bng chiu cc tm tr i on ph dc gia hai tm lp (10 -16cm.), hoc bng 1/2 khong cch cho trng hp tm lp gi ln 3 x g. Khi c yu cu cch nhit cao th c th ng vn mt di x g theo chiu dc ca mi. chng dt cc tm lp k ln nhau mt on theo b ngang 1,5- 2 sng , theo chiu dc t 150 - 200mm ty theo dc ca mi l 35% hoc 25% . C 2 gii php t tm lp: tm lp t so le v tm lp t thng hng.Trng hp t thng hng, ti ch gp nhau ca 4 tm trnh hin tng chng ln nhau gy ra khe h, cn phi ct gc 2 tm t cho nhau . Hng lp s c chn ngc chiu vi hng gi ch o trong ma ma . Lin kt tm fibr ximng vi x g bng cch khoan l ng inh hoc bt mc thp c b tr tm m cao su. phng hin tng gin n v nhit ca tm mi, l khoan nn rng hn mt t v khng ng cht c 2 u tm lp .nh mi dng mt loi tm lp fibr Ximng c hnh ngi b lp p nc, lin kt bng va ximng. u im v nhc im ca mi lp fibr xi mng : u im : trng lng nh, gi thnh r, c tnh chng chy, chng n mn, thch hp mi c khu v din tch ln . Nhc im: cch nhit km, d b nt v. 6.6.3.3. Cu to mi tn : Quy cch tm lp : Tm lp c ch to bng tn m km, hp kim nhm, cht do ct si thy tinh .... theo 2 hnh thc tn phng v tn ln sng. Phng php lp : Tng t nh mi lp fibr xi mng . Cn lu vi im sau :

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V tn c gin n ln hn nn cn nhiu l bu dc dc theo sng v dng mc thp lin kt tm lp vo x g. Cc tm lp ph trm ln nhau theo chiu dc 16-30cm v theo chiu ngang 2-3 sng. dc ca mi lp tn c th 15o - 23o, thng thng ly 17% (15o ) c th ly 10 % vi nh c mi ngn u im v nhc im ca mi lp tn : u im : bn, nh, thch hp vi mi c khu ln, thi cng nhanh gn, tho lp d dng . Nhc im : cch nhit v cch m km . 6.6.3.4. Cu to mi dc b tng ct thp : Quy cch tm lp : C th chia lm 2 loi cu kin : Cu kin nh : v hnh thc tng t ngi xi mng nhng c c vi ct thp, kch thc 50 x 200cm. Cu kin trung bnh v ln (panen) : v hnh thc theo tit din ngang c tm lp hnh ch V, ch T, cnh chim ln sng, gp np, mt cong. Chiu di tm lp 3m 6m hay 12m ; chiu ngang c th l 40cm - 150cm hay 300cm ; b dy 3cm - 6cm . Phng php lp : Ty tng trng hp m p dng theo cc cch sau : Tm lp b tng ct thp cu kin nh gc trc tip ln x g . Tm lp panen t k ln tng ngang chu lc hoc v ko . Tm lp panen t theo phng ngang nh, gi trn dm hoc tng chu lc. u im ca mi dc b tng ct thp : u im : Tng tc thi cng, p ng c yu cu cng nghip ho xy dng, nng cao trnh lp ghp, tit kim g, hn ch vic dng t nng nghip lm ngi t nung. Thch hp vi cng trnh kin trc dn dng v mi c nhp ln Nhc im : thi cng tn vt liu, gi thnh cao hn lp tn 6.7. CHNG THM V CHNG NNG CHO NH MI BNG
6.7.1. CHNG THM CHO MI NH.

Lp chng thm giy du: L loi vt liu chng thm, c ch to bng si thc vt, lng ng vt, vi si aming.. .. u im: mm, c tnh chng thm cao, t b ph hoi khi nh b ln khng u.. . Nhc im: Thi cng phc tp, d b mc nt, khng chu c nhit cao, d bin dng Qui cch: cn t cc lp giy du thng gc bi phng dng chy ca nc ma v xp chng ph ln nhau mt on 3,3cm (lp di) v 10cm ( lp trn) Cc

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lp giy du c dn ln nhau bng bitum nng vi s lp tu theo dc ca mi nh sau : 4 lp vi dc 3- 4 % 3 lp vi dc > 4 % 2 lp vi dc >10 % cc gc tip gip gia mi v tng phi dn giy cao theo chiu thng ng ca tng t 20-25 cm, ti cc v tr nh nc, mng nc, mng xi v ming thu nc ti ng xung th mp tm giy ca mi phi ln mp tm giy ca mng >15 cm Lp chng thm bng giy du nc ta t dng v d lo ho h hng v mc nt. Hin nay trong thc t xut hin mt s vt liu ha cht chng thm hiu qu khc bn vng hn.(Sika, snICI, ph gia chng thm Siu Cng....) B tng chng thm : Btng chng thm c tc dng khng cho nc ma ngm vo kt cu mi, c t trn lp to dc di vi mi c lp to dc hoc trn lp kt cu chu lc di vi mi khng c lp to dc.thng c cu to bng btng ct thp mc cao. Ngoi ra n cn c tc dng tng thm cng cho mi. Dng loi b tng nh trong thnh phn xi mng tng i nhiu, li dng t nc nn kh nng lin kt cht, t l rng nc khng th d dng thm qua. Kh nng chng thm cn tu thuc vo ph gia chng thm v t l cp phi m cp phi li c cn c vo vt liu c th quyt nh. cht ph gia chng thm B dy ca lp b tng chng thm 30-50 mm, thng thng 40mm Khi nhit thay i hay kt cu bin hnh, lp btng chng thm s sinh ra hin tng nt. khc phc hin tng c th p dng cc bin php: + Tng cng kh nng chu ko ca btng chng thm bng cch t thm mt li thp 4 , vung 200-250. + Chia mt bng ca lp chng thm trn mi thnh nhng mng nh c 2000x200. Cn c vo mt bng kt cu mi m t cc khe chia trng vi v tr ca tng hoc dm, v thng d hnh thnh cc vt nt. Qua thc t thi cng btng chng thm cha thc s m bo hon ton kn v c chc, do cn tin hnh ngm nc ximng chng thm. c tin hnh sau khi btng 6-10h bo v lp btng chng thm, ngi ta dng gch l nem (kch thc 200X200 dy 15-20) Thng dng hai lp lt bng va ximng mc 50 dy 20 ri mit mch bng ximng nguyn cht Lp b tng chng thm c th t theo 2 cch : Lp chng thm v kt cu chu lc lin kt cht ch vi nhau do c tc dng tng thm cng cho mi, Btng ny c tc dng chng thm cao

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Lp chng thm v kt cu chu lc tch ri nhau, c cch ly bi tng cch nhit mt lp bitum. u im: khc phc c hin tng b nt do tc ng ca s chnh lch nhit trong v ngoi mi nh .

Hnh 6.7 Chng nt cho lp btng

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6.7.2. CCH NHIT CHO MI 6.7.2.1. Cc bin php cch nhit cho mi C tc dng ngn khng cho hi nng ca khng kh xm nhp vo cc phng tng trn cng, m bo cng thng hi, thot nhit cn thit . Ngoi ra cn c tc dng bo v lp btng chng thm di khi b tc ng c hc c hi, khi b mt tri chiu nng qu mc v khng b tip xc vi khng kh, lp chng thm s b phn hu dn vi cc cht d bay hi, do d mt tnh n hi. C th cu to bng cc vt liu nh gch l nem, gch thng tm , tm an l, tm tn, tm fibr ximng - Cch nhit cho mi bng p dng cc bin php sau : Tng kh nng phn x nhit Mt trn cng ca mi cu to 1 lp c kh nng phn x nhit ln nh qut mt lp sn mu trng, ri 1 lp ct, si trng Dng vt liu cch nhit : Tng thm b dy trong cu to mi vi cc vt liu nh x than, b tng bt, btng kh, t 1 lp trn mi hoc dng thm si khong, thm si thu tinh t di mi. Dng mi c tng khng kh thng lu i vi mi c cu to trn treo : thit k cc l thng hi t cc tng ngoi nh i vi nh lp ghp : dng 2 lp panen to tng khng kh thng lu gia Sau khi thc hin lp chng thm c th xy tng thp hay tr thp c chiu cao 10-30 cm, trn t gch l nem hoc tm b tng ct thp dy 5 cm c 50x50cm, 50x100 cm hoc loi gch t nung cch nhit Bin php n gin nhng hiu qu l sau khi cu to mi bng theo qui cch ta lp thm 1 lt mi bng fibr ximng Dng mi c trn : C hai loi : trn trt va trc tip v trn treo Trn trt va trc tip :ch trang tr - Trt 1 hoc 2 lp va trc tip vo mt di lp btng ct thp. - Qut trang tr mt vi lp vi trng hoc vi mu - Loi trn ny thc hin n gin, gi thnh h Trn treo : - B tr chn sn cc thanh thp ng knh 6 mm trong kt cu btng ct thp lm dy treo treo h dm ca trn. - Pha di dm l cc tit din 2x3cm; 3x4cm, cui cng l cc tm p trn hoc trt va vi rm

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Mi c thm c hay b nc cn Dng thm c th phi bo m lun c xanh mt vi lp t mu du 40 cm - Cch nhit cho mi dc : Cu to cch nhit - Dng mi lp c 2 tng nhm to nn lp khng kh trung gian thng lu gia, nhit bc x b tiu hao khi truyn qua lp khng kh ny - ng thi kt hp vi vic cu to trn treo tng hiu qu cch nhit T chc thng gi thot hi cho hm mi Mc ch : Chng mc nt cho g iu ho nhit bn trong hm mi Nng cao kh nng cch nhit cho mi Phng php thc hin: B tr ca ht v ca thot gi cc v tr trn, mi, tng thu hi, tng u hi, trn mi ua, ca s mi Dng b nc th phi thay nc theo nh k v mc nc trong b nc cao 30 cm. 6.7.2.2. Cu to trn nh L b phn cu to mt di ca kt cu mi nhm che khut v ko cho m quan v nng chn rc bi t trn ri xung. C hai loi trn : trn vi rm v trn treo. Mt trn c my loi sau : - Mt trn bng vi rm - Mt trn bng va xi mng ct li thp - Mt trn bng cc tm g dn, tm thch cao, tm dm bo p Trn vi rm: c thc hin bng cch ng la ti trc tip ln x g, sau trt va vi rm Trn c mt nghing theo mi, ch c on nh lm bng, c th tn dng c 1 phn khng gian di mi. Loi kt cu ny n gin nn gi thnh h. Trn treo : Thc hin nhm to nn mt trn phng, nm ngang, tu theo khong cch gia cc v ko m mt bng kt cu trn treo c 1 h dm hoc 2 h dm. Trn c mt h dm : + p dng khi khong cch gia cc v ko < 4m + Dm trn c treo trc tip vo qu giang, tit din ca dm c 6 x8 cm, 5 x10 cm vi khong cch gia cc dm 40-50 cm + Di dm trn c ng lati 1x3 cm, cha khe h gia 1cm trt va Trn c hai h dm

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+ p dng khi khong cch gia cc v ko 4m + Cn b tr thm dm chnh, kt hp vi qu giang treo dm trn, tit din ca dm chnh nh nht l 5x10 cm, khong cch gia cc dm 1.5-2 m + Mi xy tng thu hi, dm chnh t theo hng dc nh, hai dm gc ln tng v gia treo ln x 6.8. T CHC THOT NC CHO MI 6.8.1. T CHC THOT NC CHO MI BNG 6.8.1.1. Phng cch to dc : - Kt cu chu lc c lm bng: dc c iu chnh bi lp m bng vt liu nh nh va x than u im: tng kh nng cch nhit cho mi, mt trn bng phng nm ngang, cc cn phng tng trn cng khng b nh hng. Nhc im : Khi nh ln, din tch mi rng th lp to dc s rt dy, tn nhiu vt liu, ti trng trn mi tng lp chng thm c th b nt do tc ng ca hin tng phong ho ca vt liu lm lp m ( x than ) - Kt cu chu lc c lm dc : kt cu c cu to t nghing theo chiu dc ca mi nh. Tit din ca dm mi thay i theo theo chiu nc chy hoc xy tng thu hi nu l kt cu tng chu lc u im : tit kim vt liu, trng lng bn thn mi nh. Nhc im : mt trn b nghing, cho nn khi c yu cu th phi lm trn treo nm ngang 6.8.1.2. T chc thot nc : i vi nhng cng trnh <5 m vng ma nhiu v < 8m vng ma t : thot nc t do khng cn mng. Gii php ny n gin, gi thnh h i vi nhng cng trnh > 8 m hoc mi ua hp . Thu nc ma trn mi vo mng nc, theo ng ng dn v cng rnh m thot nc ra khi cng trnh. Tu theo v tr ca ng ng dn xung c t ngoi nh hay trong nh m cu to t mng nc theo 2 cch : Thot nc ngoi nh: mng nc t nh ra khi mt tng ngoi ca nh, ng ng thot nc dn xung ta vo mt ngoi ca tng. Gii php ny vic thot nc thun tin, chng dt d dng Thot nc trong nh : Mng nc t mt trong tng ngoi, ng ng dn xung c t bn trong nh. Gii php ny bo m m quan cho tng ngoi nh nhng cu to phc tp khi sinh ra dt kh sa cha 6.8.1.3. S n : Kch thc ca s n ph thuc vo khu mi v lng ma. Tit din thng l hnh ch U. Theo kinh nghim vi khu mi nh 6m dng s n rng hn 250, vi khu t 6-15m dng s n rng hn 300, vi khu mi ln

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hn 15m dng mng nc, s n rng hn 450, S n cn phi t dc u v ming thu nc ca ng thot nc , dc thng thng t 0,1-0,2%. S n c lm bng btng ct thp, c th cu to lin vi dm hoc ging, cn ch chng lt cho sn. Khi btng s n xong cn ngm nc ximng chng thm. S n c th b tr trong hoc ngoi mt bng cng trnh. S n ngoi: c c lin vi ging tng hoc dm, sau khi btng hoc gc panen mi, c th cu to lin vi vi btng chng thm. S n bng btng ct thp c chiu dy bn khng nh hn 40, thnh bn ngoi ca sn thp hn pha trong 20-40 chng trn vo trong, trng hp thnh ngoi cao hn thnh trong 30 th ta phi b tr ng chng trn. S n trong: Khi yu cu mt nh phng th cn phi b tr s n pha trong tng vt mi, thng l tm panen ch U t nga, sau lp b tng chng thm ln trn lin vi lp btng chng thm ca mi hoc c th cu to bng btng ct thp ton khi 6.8.1.4. Cu to ng xung: Mng nc v ng xung thng c ch to bng cc loa vt liu nh gang, tn, km, btng ct thp....Tit din ca ng xung c th vung hay trn. Ming thot nc phi di ca ng xung nn lm cong gim bt lc ca dng nc xung. Nc ma t ng xung c th cho thot t do trn mt hoc cho thot vo mng hoc ng cng xy ngm ( ch ng cng c xy h lng ly rc) Tit din ca ng c th l hnh vung hoc trn. Ph thuc vo din tch mi nh v lng ma hng nm khu vc xy dng cng trnh. S b c th chn tit din ng thot nc l 0,01m2 din tch tit din ng thot nc c kh nng thot nc cho 1-2,5m2 nc ma thu c trn mi nh, thng c chn kch thc ng trn l 100, ng vung l 150, khong cch gia cc ng xung thng chn t 15-24m. ng c lin kt vo tng bng thp chn su vo tng vi khong cch 1000 c mt ci, ng cn c t cch tng hn 20.

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Hnh 6.8.1 T chc thot nc cho mi bng 6.8.2. T CHC THOT NC CHO MI DC T chc thot nc cho mi dc : c hai cch Thot t do: khi chiu cao t ng git nc ca mi n mt t khng cao qu 5m. Cn cu to mi a rng a ng git nc ra xa nhm phng m chng thm chn tng. Thot nc ma trn mi dc c thu gom v cc mng nc, mng xi cu to bng tn trng km chy xung cc ng thu ng . 6.8.2.1. Cu to mng nc, sn

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Mng nc thng c ch to bng cc loi vt liu nh gang, tn, km, btng ct thp.Mng nc c hnh thc bn nguyt ch U , V. nc chy d dng, mng nc cn c t dc u v pha ming thu nc 1-2% . ti v tr tip gip gia mng v ng xung c b tr ng ni tip v thng nc trn. Ti v tr ming thu nc ca mng ni t ng xung cn t li chn rc. thnh bn ngoi ca mng nc, sn cn phi thp hn thnh bn trong t 20-30 trnh nc trn vo. Mng nc oc lm bng tn trng km, dy 2mm. c lin kt vi cu phong bng inh vt v mc thp i vi mi ngi, bng iinh c v mc thp vo tm lp i vi mi Fibr Ximng hay tn. Sn c lm bng btng ct thp, c th cu to lin vi dm hoc ging, cn ch chng lt cho sn, v yu cu chng thm cao. Cu to ng xung: tng t mi bng

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Hnh 6.8.1 T chc thot nc cho mi dc 6.8.2.2. Cu to mi ua : - Cng dng: Mi ua l phn vn ra khi tng nhm bo v tng khng b m t, che cc l thng gi, cc l ca, ng thi to khng gian m gia trong v ngoi nh, che ma chn nng v kt hp t chc tt vic thot nc cho mi nh - Cu to : Dim mi: bo v cc u x g hoc cu phong cn ng dim mi bng tm tn kim loi, hoc vn g dy 2,5-3 cm Trn mi ua : thng lm bng trn vi sn cu to ging nh trn nh Khong nh ra ca mi ua thng l 60 cm, nu hn cn phi b tr conson chu x g, ng thi t chc thoi nc tt cho mi

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6.6.2.3. B chn mi : Tng ngoi oc xy cao che mi dc theo tng bin du hi ca mi. t chc thot nc tt, c th t mng nc nm dc pha bn trong tng chn mi, vi mng c ch to bng tn km hoc c bng b tng ct thp, mt trong tng chn mi v mng nc cn trt xi mng ct 1/3 v nh mu

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CHNG 7 CA S - CA I 7.1. KHI NIM


Khi nim

Trong cc cng trnh kin trc, ca l b phn bao che, ngn cch c kt cu ng hoc c nh khi thit k ca nhm m bo cc chc nng Yu cu Giao lu: Kim sot gn lc tip thu nh sng, nng m, thng thong v n c gi mt, i li thun tin gia nt tht v ngoi vi cng lin lc vi t nhin thun tin. Ngn chn: Nhng tc hi khc nghit ca thi tit kh hu nh gi rt, ma bo, nng chi. Cch m tt, v yu cu kn o v an ton Thm m kin trc: trang tr v x l mt ng cng trnh v m bo ngh thut. Phn loi v kch thc Theo yu cu s dng ca c hai loi chnh l ca s v ca i. Trong cc cng trnh kin trc dn dng cc loi ca thng c cu to bng g, nhm, thp. ngoi ra c th dng knh , vt liu p, cht do... lm ca theo chc nng v yu cu s dng c th ca phng c v loi cng trnh. Kch thc cc loa ca cn tu thuc vo V tr trong b cc mt bng kin trc V tr trn b cc mt ng cng trnh 7.2. CA S 7.2.1. YU CU V PHN LOI: 7.2.1.1. Yu cu chung. Khi thit k cc ca s cn bo m yu cu s dng ca n. Mt ca s hp l cn tho mn cc yu cu sau:ly snh sng y , thng gi tt, m bo phng nng, ma, chng bo, ng m linh hot thun tin , lau chi d dng v an ton. 7.2.1.2. Phn lai ca, s lp, hnh thc ng m S lp ca ca s ch yu cn c vo iu kin kh hu v yu cu s dng ca nh quyt nh, c th l ca s mt lp, hai lp v ba lp. nhng vng kh hu lnh m bo trong phng kh hu bnh thng v trong mt s nh yu cu cch m, cch nhit thng dng hai lp ca hoc ba lp. Ca m theo chiu ng. Trc quay ca cnh ca theo chiu thng ng c hai loi: - Trc quay bn cnh: l loi ng dng rng ri nht trong kin trc. i vi ca s mt lp cn phn thnh m ra ngoi hoc trong nh. i vi ca hai lp th mt

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lp ph trong v mt lp ph ngai.i vi ca ba lp th hai lp m ra ngoi v mt lp m v trong. u im: Khi m ra ngoi khng chim din tch trong nh , khng tr ngi n cc hot ng trong nh. Nhc im: tho lp, lau chi khng thun tin, trc tip chu nh hng ca ma gi, d mc nt khng an ton. - Trc quay gia cnh ca : sau khi ng m, mt b phn ca nm pha trong nh v mt b phn ngoi nh. u im: d lau chi. Nhc im: x l khng tt nc ma s lt vo trong nh. Ca s lt ( ca quay ngang) Trc quay ca cnh ca theo chiu nm ngang, trc quay c th pha trn hoc di hoc gia. Loi ny c th dng c lp, cng c th kt hp lm b phn ca ca lt trn loi ca m theo chiu ng. Ca s trt C hai loi: trt ngang v trt ng .u im ca loi ca ny l ng m khng tn din tch v khng gian trong nh. Ca s trt ngang ni chung dng a vt trong nh. Ca s trt theo hng thng ng t bnh xe ln trong rnh trt.

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Hnh 7.2 Kch thc v mt s hnh thc ca s

7.2.2. CU TO CHI TIT CA S

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7.2.2.1. Cc b phn ca s Ca s do 2 b phn chnh hp thnh: Khun ca, cnh ca cng cc ph kin i km Khun ca: khun ca c lm g, gm c hai thanh ng, thanh ngang trn v thanh ngang di. Ngoi ra cc vt liu lm ca cn c dng bng thp hay nhm, thu tinh, v c th lm bng btng ct thp Cnh ca: Bao gm thnh phn khung ca cnh v b phn trm kn khong trng gi khung c th knh, l chp, pan bng vn g, g dn, li thp, li ngn rui mui. Ph kin: bao gm cc thnh phn lin kt n nh, v bo v khun, khung cnh nh bn l, then ci, kho, ke.

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Hnh 7.2.2 Cc b phn ca ca s knh Khun ca. - Hnh thc Tit din ca cc thnh phn cu to khun ca thng c hnh a gic li lm. G lm c tc dng khi ca ng s ngn chn khng cho gi, nc ma

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thm lt vo bn trong nh. B su ca phn lm vo khong 10-15mm. B rng s do chiu dy khung cnh ca quyt nh. Kch thc tit din cc thnh phn ca khung ca ni chung thng nht bng nhau nhng khng do tnh ton quyt nh thng c chn theo kinh nghim v s thch dng ca mi trng hp. i vi ca thng dng, kch thc tit din ny c th chn: Ca 1 lp :60x80, 60x130mm Ca 2 lp :60x160, 60x250mm Vi mt s chiu rng khun ca bng chiu rng tng - Lin kt khun ca vo tng: tu thuc kt cu chu lc ca tng vch m kiu cch lin kt c chn cho thch hp, gii php c gi thiu y l lin kt khun vo tng xy. C hai phng php tu theo trnh t thi cng, do cu to c khc nhau vi u khuyt im ca n. Lp dng khun ca trc khi xy l ca: khi xy tng n b ca s th dng khun ca vo v tr, sau s tip tc xy. Thanh ngang trn v di u nh ra mt khong 1/2gch (110mm) v hai bn thanh ng ca khun, cch khong 300-500 c th gn cc vin gch g hoc thp trn ui c, bt thp t xin vo tim tng lin kt cht khun vo tng. u im: Lin kt gia tng v khun ca cht st, bn lu Khuyt im: Lp khun nh hng n tin thi cng xy tng, trong qu trnh thi cng rt d sinh ra cc hin tng va chm lm hng khun ca hoc s dch v tr ca khun ca. Xy l ca trc, lp khun ca sau: khi xy tng cha li l ca, vi mp tng hai bn l ca c cch 10 lp xy li chn mt vin gch g bng 1/2 vin gch thng tm thuc chng mc. Khi xy xong s dng inh 4-5 di 125 ng vo gch g c nh khun vo tng. d dng lp khung vo ca, l ca phi rng hn khun 15-20 mm, sau khi dng khun ca xong s dng va trt kn. u im: thi cng tng v lp dng khun ca khng nh hng ln nhau do to iu kin y nhanh tc xy dng Nhc im: cn c bin php chn kn khe h gia khun cav tng, m bo chng thm tt, ng thi kt hp m quan bng cch ng np g che ph. Cnh ca: - Hnh thc: Tit din ca cc thnh phn cu to khung cnh ca thng dy 4045mm rng 60-80-100mm, d ngang , dc 35-40. - Hnh dng tit din ca khung cnh ca: Khung cnh ca, cnh ca mt hng ra ngoi u soi thnh nhng hm lp knh. Cc hm su 10-16mm rng 8-

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12mm. Mt pha trong dng lm cc g ch gim bt kh nng che nh sng v tng v p cho ca. - Lp knh:Thng ngi ta dng knh dy 3-5mm. C nh knh vo ca s c hai cch: trc ht ngi ta dng inh c nh tm knh, sau dng mt tt trt u xung quanh mp knh;mt cch khc c th dng np g c nh knh. - Ch tip gip gia hai cnh ca: Cc thanh ng dc theo khe c cu to li lm , ch Z hoc ng np ngn chn khng cho gi ma vo nh Cu to g chn nc : chn nc ma xuyn qua khe ca trn khun ca cn lm g chn nc v rnh thot nc theo cc hng dc ngang khi c ma, nc s chy theo rnh ng v rnh ngang chy ra ngoi. Trn cnh ca ti thanh di ca khung mt ngoi cn cu to g git nc hoc gn bn chn nc. i vi ca s m vo pha trong nh, nht l loi ca s knh x lnh, cn t bit ch cu to chng thm qua khe ca s v b tr rnh thu nc ng cng vi l thot thanh ngang di ca khun. 7.2.2.2. Din tch , kch thc v v tr Din tch ly sng Cn c vo yu cu s dng quyt nh din tch ly sng. Phng php xc nh n gin thng tnh theo h s chiu sng, l t s din tch ca l ca trn din tch ca l ca trn din tch mt nn phng. - Phng lm vic, hc tply bng : 1/5 - 1/6 - Phng , tip khch, gii tr ly bng : 1/7 - 1/8 - Phng ph, kho, v sinh ly bng : 1/10 - 1/12 Din tch thng gi. Cn c vo iu kin kh hu tng ni quyt nh, ni chung nh nht bng 1/2 din tch ly sng. vng kh hu nng c th ly ln hn Kch thc v v tr ca ca s Chiu cao ca b ca s thng thng B = 0,8-1m Chiu cao ca ca s thng thng H = 0,9-1,8m, Ca s cao1,5-1,8m thng c lm ca lt. Chiu cao ca ca lt 0,35-0,55m. cao mp trn ca s xung ca lt B+H =1/2 chiu su phng. Mp trn ca ca s cch mt trn mt on K bng chiu cao ca lanh t , ni chung khng vt qu 30cm, khi cn thit K= 0 7.2.3. CU TO CC LOI CA S KHC. 7.2.3.1. Ca chp l sch:

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Ca chp c dng che ma ht, chn nng, kn o nhng vn m bo thng gi tt, Ca chp thng c m ra ngoi nh, nu l ca hai lp th ca chp t phi ngoi. Ca chp cn thng oc lp dng cc phng c yu cu thng hi nh gc lng, bp, kho, tng nc du hi. Cu to ca chp c khc vi ca knh ch khong trng gia khung c lp trm bi nhng nan chp bng g, kim loi hoc knh. Gc nghing ca nan chp c chn trong khong 45-600 tu theo vng kh hu, Gc cng ln th kh nng thng gi cng km, nhng che ma tt v ngc li i vi nan chp bng g , b dy ca nan chp e = 10-15mm, khong cch gia cc nan chp V=15-20mm nan chp thng di 200-300mm tng cng kh nng thng gi, ng thi kt hp ly sng vng kh hu nng, s dng thun tin theo yu cu tng lc trong ngy, ma hoc c th ng kn th nn p dng ca chp lt. 7.2.3.2. Ca s lt: Ca s lt c cng dng ly sng v thng gi tt t chong ch lc m, thch hp cho kho, phng v sinh. Cu to ca s lt cn lu cc im sau: thanh gia ca khun ca s ( nu c). So vi cc thanh bn chung quanh ca khun cn lm dy v rng hn mt cht li ra phi ngoi nhm to thnh g git nc, g chn nc khun cho phn trn trc quay b tr mp ngoi, cho phn di trc quay th mp trong ca khun. na phn cnh ca pha trn trc quay nn ly di hn mt it cnh ca d lt lc m. 7.2.3.3. Ca s y: Khi ng m, cnh ca ch chong phn khng gian trong phm vi l ca, khng nh hng n khng gian ca phng c , nhng l ca b thu hp s hn ch din tch thng gi v ly sng . khc phc th c th p dng kiu ca y vi cnh xp hoc cu to du cnh vo tng. Hng y ca c th p dng theo cch dy ln h xung hoc y ngang qau li hai bn. gip vic y ca nh nhng trong trng hp cnh ca rng ln th c th cu to thm h thng i trng nng cnhhoc t bnh xe ln trong rnh trt treo. Khi cu to ca s dy cn quan tm n v tr t cc g kn gi v chng thm gia khun cnh v hai cnh. 7.2.3.4. Cu to ca s khun khung kim loi Ca khun kim loi v khun g ni chung c cu to ging nhau, c th lm thnh ca mt lp , ca hai lp , ca c nh hoc ca ng m .v.v nhng ch tip gip gia hai cnh ca cn c mt thanh thp ng. Thp khun v thp khung cnh ca u l thp nh hnh ( ch Z,L,T..) hoc hnh thp hp hn li vi nhau m thnh. Hnh bn th hin cu to khun ca m theo chiu ng. lin kt khun ca vo tng khi xy bn bn tng gch ngi ta cc l trng. Khi Lp ca trc tin cc

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thanh thp gc, v cc thanh thp trn ui c c chn vo l tng, dng bulng vt cht khun ca vo thp gc, sau dng va ximng . Ca s khun kim loi gi thnh tng i cao, ch to c yu cu k thut cao. Nhng ca khun kim loi c nhiu u im: kin c, bn lu, ng m kn, phng chy, m t, khng b bin hnh, tit din nh tit kim khun nn din tch ly sng nhiu. 7.2.3.5. Cu to ca s nhiu lp Ca s hai lp m ra pha ngoi hoc pha trong ch cn lm khun kp, hai bn trong v ngoi u c hm lp cnh ca. h8.21a Ca s hai lp u m vo phi trong c th lm mt khun ca ( khun kp), c hai hm u hng vo trong nh vi c im ca loi ny l ca trong ln hn ca ngoi . Khi khong cch gia hai ca tng i ln c th lm hai khun ca ri nhau. 7.2.3.6. Cu to ca s li thp mt co Ca li thp mt co c th hm c nh hoc ng m, c th lp pha trong hoc pha ngoi ca knh ( li mt co c th l li thp, ng, hoc cht do). Ca ny trng lng nh, chu lc nh cho nn tit din v kch thc ca khun v khung cnh ca tng i nh, kch thc thng dng l dy 20-30mm rng 45-50mm 7.2.3.7. Cu to ca khng khun. tit kim g, ca s c th c lm khng khun. Bn l oc chn vo gch btng c sn kch thc 55x105x220, hoc chn trc tip vo tng gch. Phn tng xung quanh ca c bit phn xy bao quanh gch btng bn l khng oc dng va thng m phi dng va xi mng mc 50-75. Hm ca phi trt phng v thng , lp ca khng b vnh v ch phi dng va mc 50. Cu to mt ca s khng khun,hnh dng v kch thc bn l gng c th hin hnh di .

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Hnh 7.2 Mt s Ca i, s 7.3. CA I


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7.3.1. YU CU V PHN LOI: 7.3.1.1. Yu cu chung Ca i l phng tin giao thng lin h gia trong v ngoi nh, gia hnh lang v cc phng, hoc gia cc phng vi nhau. Ngoi ra cn c tc dng thng gi v ly sng. Khi thit k ca i cn phi bo m cc yu cu sau: S lng ca v b rng ca ca bo m thot ngi cng nh vn chuyn c c nhanh chng v d dng B tr v tr ca hp l, ng m thun tin chim din tch t nht khng nh hng n vic b tr c v phn khu chc nng Ngoi ra cu to ca i cng m bo m quan cho chnh bn thn ca cng mt ng cng trnh, thi cng v bo tr d dng, ng thi vi yu cu cch m bn ngoi, chn ng sinh ra khi ng m ca. 7.3.1.2. Phn loi ca Theo vt liu : c th phn thnh cc loi: ca g, thp, nhm, ca knh.... Theo nhim v: ca bn , ca pan, ca knh, ca i cch nhit gi nhit, cch m, ca i kt hp ca s, ca thot him. Theo phng cch ng m: - Ca m mt chiu: trc quay thng ng, hng ra ngoi nh hoc m vo trong theo yu cu s dng, nhng ca thot him bt buc phi quay ra ngoi - Ca m ra hai chiu: thng c dng ni cng cng, ngi i li nhiu v trong phng thit b h thng iu ho nhit . - Ca y trt: vic ng m ca khng ng din dch v khng gian ca phng nhng cn b tr mng tng cho cch m, thng c dng trong vic ngn chia cc phng a dng, ca nh kho, xng, ca phng chy chn la cnh ca dy trt theo 2 cch: + Cnh ca c thit k b tr bnh xe lm trn ng ry t trn u l ca s thun tin hn. + Cnh ca trt theo st hng dn t ng v c thit tr i trng gip ng m d dng. - Ca y xp : Dng khi l ca rng ln, ngn chia phng, ca hng, nh kho, nh xe. Ca c cu to mt xp bng da hoc vi hay ghp nhiu cnh bng g, thp, nhm, ca xp song st. - Ca quay: Loi ca c cng dng cch ly, gi nhit ngn gi lnh, hi nng, bi la t ngoi vo, ng thi vi vic hn ch lng ngi qua li. Ca c cu to phc tp thng c dng trong cc cng trnh kin trc cao cp nh trong khch sn.

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- Ca cun: Dng bo v ca hnh c mt knh trng by rng, ca gara, ca kho. Tu theo v tr v yu cu s dng m cu to ca cun thong hoc kn cng vi vic t thp hng dn v hp che du b phn cun cho thch hp. 7.3.2. CU TO CHI TIT CC B PHN CA I: 7.3.2.1. Khun ca : Khc vi ca s cc b phn cu to khun ca i gm hai thanh ng v mt thanh ngang trn, nu ca c nhiu cnh th s tu trng hp m b tr thm thanh ng chu quay m ca v thanh ngang trn. Kch thc tit din: i vi ca thng dng, kch thc tit din c th chn: Ca 1 lp :60x80, 60x130mm Ca 2 lp :60x160, 60x250mm Vi mt s chiu rng khun ca bng chiu rng tng, Cc thanh ng cn d tr di thm 1 on chn su vo nn 5- 8cm.

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Hnh 7.3 Khun Ca i

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Lin kt vo tng: Lin kt khun ca i vo tng ging nh ca s. qu trnh lp dn theo hai cc: Lp dng khun ca trc khi xy l ca hoc xy l ca trc, lp khun ca sau . i vi tng xy hoc c cn ti thiu 2 im lin kt vo tng cho mi thanh ng. Trng hp khun c t st tng, cn xy thm mt khong tng >10cm chn ph kin lin kt oc d dng ng thi cng bo v tay nm cho cnh ca lc m. Cc phn g ca khun ca tip xc hoc chn vo tng hoc nn cn phi c to rnh g co ngt v sn qut chng phng m v mi mt. 7.3.2.2. Khung cnh ca : Chiu dy ca cc thanh g lm khung thng c chn trong khong 4 - 4,5m. Bn rng ca cc thanh ny s cn c vo hnh thc ca cnh ca m quyt nh, cc thanh ng hai bn thng rng 8-10cm, thanh ngang trn 1015cm, thanh ngang di 12-20cm 7.3.2.3. Cu to b phn trm bt: Ca pan: dng g bn hay g dn dy 12mm -15mm ghp phng vo khung bng cch la vo rnh v ng np chn.

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Hnh 7.3.2 Cnh Ca i

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Ca chp: dng nan chp bng g dy 10mm nghin 450 nh ca s chp c nh hoc c th iu chnh theo yu cu s dng, nan chp thng di 250 -300mm. Ca knh: thng dng knh dy 3-5mm c ghp vo khung nh ca s, phn di ca cnh ca t mt nn ln khong 100cm thung oc ghp pan hoc nan chp. Ca g dn cch m: Loi ca c ghp g dn c 3-5 lp vo hai mt bn ca khung cnh c sn tng cng gia. khng kh c th lu thng, bo m kh thong bn trong thn cnh, cn b tr cac l thng hi Cnh ca khng khun Bng g , l loi ca g n gin , thng dng cho nh kho, nh tm. cp 4, Cnh c c cu to bi cc vn ghp ng trn cc thanh ngang v chng cho hnh ch Z, m bo cnh ca khng b x dc lc ng m, cn dt hng thanh chng v vi tr bt bn l gng ng cnh Bng knh hoc cht do: Ton b cnh ca c thc hin bng mt tm knh (thu tinh kh b) hoc bng cht do. bn l v kha s c bt trc tip vo cnh. Loi c c dng nh cp cao hoc kho xng c bit. 7.3.2.4. Kch thc ca ca i Kch thc ca i ph thuc cng dng ca v yu cu m quan. Trong kin trc dn dng kch thc ca ca c chn theo yu cu i li v thng thong vi chiu cao ca ca 1,8-2,2m. Chiu rng m bo vn chuyn trang thit b ra vo phng c d dng v yu cu v thot ngi. Chiu rng ca c chn cho trng hp mt cnh l 0,65m; 0,7m; 0,8m; 0,9m. Chiu rng ca c 2 cnh l 1,2m-1,6m. Chiu rng ca c 4 cnh l 2,1m - 2,8m m. Chiu rng ca qu ln so vi chiu cao ca to cm gic cn i ng thi ly sng v thng gi chng ta b tr thm ca s hm hoc ca s lt vi chiu cao khong 40-60cm trn cnh ca. 7.3.2.5. Cu to ca i bng thp - nhm: Ca i vi khun v khung bng thp hoc nhm oc cu to nh ca s cng vt liu ny. Tuy nhin c vi yu cu ring bit cn quan tm khi thit k l: B phn trm bt khong gia khung ca cnh c th dng tn dy 1,3mm bc 1 lp hoc 2 lp hay lp knh vi np m cao su. Vi loi ca i cch nhit , gi nhit cu to bng thp hoc nhm, cn chn trm vt liu cch nhit, chu nhit gia hai lp tn chu nhit bc hai mt ngoi ca khung sn cnh ca. 7.3.3. CC PH KIN CA CA 7.3.3.1. B phn ng m.

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Bn l: Ph kin lin kt gia cnh ca v khun ca gip vn hnh ng m cnh ca c d dng. - Kch thc: Ca s dng bn l kch thc 8 -10 - 12 -14 -16cm Ca i dng bn l kch thc 8 -10 - 12 -14 -16cm Cc ca c chiu cao >1,8m thng mi cnh bt 3 bn l. - Phn loi: Bn l c ba loi chnh gm: Bn l ci dng cho ca c khun. Bn l gng thng dng cho c khng khun Bn l bc dng cho ca m 2 chiu. Ngoi ra cn b phn ng m t ng vn hnh c kh hoc ng m vn hnh bng quang in. - Cc b phn khc gip ng m ca c k l: Tay chng hoc ko dng cho c s m c trc quay ngang t thanh ngang trn hoc thanh ngang dica khung cnh ca. Cht quay dng cho ca s lt c trc quay ngang t gia cnh trn 2 thanh ng bn ca khung cnh ca. hoc cho ca m c trc quay ng t gia cnh trn thanh ngang trn v trn thanh ngang di ca khung cnh. Bnh xe ln trn rnh hoc thp hng dn dng cho ca dy trt ,y xp. 7.3.3.2. B phn lin kt : ke v T: B phn ny cng c cnh ca gi cho khung cnh ca lun vung gc, khng bin hnh tu theo kch thc ca khung m dng cc c m dng cc c t 8- 10- 12 -14 -16 cm v oc bt vo mt khung pha trong nh i vi cnh ca c bt krmn, th cn dch v tr ke vo trong cha ch va bt chp kr-mn. Bt st: B phn dng lin kt v n nh khun vo tng ti thiu 3 bt st cho mt thanh ng ca khun c i. inh vt: lin kt cc loi ph kin vo khun v khung cnh ca, thng dng cc c. - 3x15 - 3x20 dng lp ke, T vo ca s - 4x30mm dng lp ke , T vo ca i. - 4x40mm dng lp kho, krmn. 7.3.3.3. B phn then kho: Kr-mn : B phn c tc dng c nh cnh ca vo khung ca c lp pha trong nh ca cnh ca m trc, ng sau i vi ca s; cnh ca ng trc, m sau i vi ca i.

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Tay vn t cao1,5m t mt nn i vi ca s v 0,8m -1m i vi ca i. i vi c s cht th chp hai u kr-mn nn bt lui vo 1,5cm khi ng khng b vng vo g khung ca. Then ci: B phn b phn oc thay cho kr-mn. then ci ngang dng cho ca 1 cnh then ci dc lp trn v di dng cho ca 1 cnh hoc nhiu cnh. Kho: kho s tu loi m oc lp m trong thanh ng ca khung cnh hoc bt l ngoi v tr u ngoi gia pha hm ca. thng thng kho oc lp vo cnh ca bn phi i vi hng i vo nh. Ngoi ra i vi mt s loi kho, cn phi phn bit c tri phi lc lp t vo cnh ca cho ph hp vi vic m y hoc m ko. 7.3.3.4. B phn bo v: Tay nm : Gip ng m c d dng. i vi c thot him, tay nm kt hp vi m kh t ng. Mc gi v chn cnh: B phn c tc dng c nh cnh ca v tr m ca, i vi ca s th inh khuy c bt mc, mc thp vo khun i vi ca i mc thp bt vo g chn sn tng. Phng chng h mc: Cc b phn ca ni chung c cu to bng g thp, nhm u cn phi bao ph hoc sn qut mt lp bo v tc khi lp dng vo l ca nhm phng chng m mc hoc r st nht l cc b mt v v tr tip xc vi tng vch hoc trc tip vi nhng chn ng ca thay i thi tit v nhng va chm trong khi thi cng. ng thi n giai on hon thin, ton b ca cn c bo v theo k thut sn hoc nh vernis. Ngoi ra cn cu to kt hp cc b phn chng trm cp, che chn nhn t ngoi vo trong phng v bc x mt tri.

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Ti liu tham kho 1. Cu to kin trc nh dn dng, Tc gi : GS. TS. KTS Nguyn c Thim, GS. TS. KTS Nguyn Mnh Thu,..., Nh xut bn KHKT- 1997 2. Gio trnh Cu to Kin trc, B Xy Dng, Nh xut bn Xy dng 2005 3. Mt s gio trnh ca cc tc gi khc

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