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H sinh, c s, s chiu v hng ca mt h vect

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1. H sinh:
1.1 nh ngha: Cho S l mt tp con ca khng gian vect V. Ta gi tp hp cc t
hp tuyn tnh ca cc phn t ca S l bao tuyn tnh ca S v k hiu l E(S). S c gi
l h sinh ca V nu E(S) = V. Ta gi S l h sinh ti tiu nu n khng cha tp con thc
s cng l h sinh.
Khng gian vect c mt h sinh hu hn c gi l khng gian hu hn sinh hay
khng gian hu hn chiu.
Do , nu cho
1 2
{ , ,..., } ,
n
S u u u V
S l h sinh ca V khi v ch khi:
1 2 1 1 2 2
, ( , ,..., ) : ...
n
n n n
u V u u u u + + +
.
Nu S l h sinh ca V th ta k hiu
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
V S u u u
.
1.2 V d:
1. Nu
{ } S
th
( ) { } E S
.
2. i vi khng gian vect
n
, h vect gm cc vect
1 2
(1, 0,..., 0); (0,1, 0,..., 0);...; (0, 0,....,1)
n
e e e
l mt c s ca khng gian vect
n
.
3. Tp cc n thc { | 0}
n
t n l mt h sinh ca khng gian cc a thc K[t].
4. Nu S l h sinh ca V, th mi tp cha n u l h sinh ca V. Ni ring V l h
sinh ca V.
1.3 Nhn xt:
chng minh S l mt h sinh ca V ta chng minh mi tp con hu hn
1 2
, ,..,
n
v v v
l
h sinh ca V. Khi , ta c th s dng mt trong cc phng php sau:
Phng php 1:
Chng minh vi mi vector v thuc V th c cc s
1 2
, ,...,
n

thuc trng K sao cho
1 1 2 2
...
n n
v v v v + + +
.
Trong khng gian vector
m
K vi
n m
iu ny tng ng vi h phng trnh:
11 1 12 2 1 1
21 1 22 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
...
...
...
...
n n
n n
m mn n m
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
+ + +

+ + +

'

+ + +

lun c nghim vi
1 2
( , ,..., )
m
m
v b b b K
trong
1i 2i
( , ,..., ), 1,..,
i mi
v a a a i n .
Phng php 2:
Nu bit trc 1 h sinh
1 2
, ,...,
m
u u u
ca V th cn chng t mi vector
i
u
biu din c
qua cc vector
1 2
, ,...,
m
v v v
vi i = 1, , m.
V d: Chng minh rng h 4 vector
(1, 2, 3); (0, 2,1); (0, 0, 4); (2; 4;5) u v w z
l h
sinh ca khng gian vector
3
.
Gii:
Xt h phng trnh
1 2 3 4 1
1 2 3 4 2
1 2 3 4 3
1. 0. 0 2
2. 2. 0 4
3. 1. 4. 5
x x x x b
x x x x b
x x x x b
+ + +

+ + +
'

+ + +

H ny c nghim v hng ca ma trn h s bng vi hng ca ma trn h s m rng


v nghim ca h phng trnh l:
1 1
2
2 1
3 3 1
4
2
( 3 ) / 4
0
x b
b
x b
x b b
x

'

1.4 nh l: E(S) l khng gian con ca V v l khng gian con nh nht ca V cha
tp S.
1.5 nh l: S l h sinh ti tiu ca E(S) khi v ch khi S l h c lp tuyn tnh.
2. C s, s chiu v hng ca h vect:
2.1 nh ngha: Ta gi h vect S V l c s ca V nu S l h sinh ti tiu ca V.
Ni cch khc S l c s ca V nu v ch nu S l h sinh ca V v S l h vect c lp
tuyn tnh.
Nu tp c sp th t
{ | }
i
S u i I
l c s ca V v u V th b cc s
( )
i i I


c
gi l ta ca u theo S nu
i i
i I
u u

.
V d:
Trong
4
xt c s chnh tc gm 4 vector sau y:
1 2 3 4
(1, 0, 0, 0); (0,1, 0, 0); (0, 0,1, 0); (0, 0, 0,1) u u u u
khi vector
4
(1, 2, 3, 4) u
c biu th tuyn tnh qua cc vector
1 2 3 4
, , , u u u u
nh sau:
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 u u u u u + + +
. Suy ra ta ca vector u i vi c s trn l u = (1, 2, 3, 4).
Mt khc, trong
4
xt c s gm cc vector sau:
1 2 3 4
(1, 0, 0,1); (0,1, 0, 0); (0, 0,1, 0); (1,1, 0, 0) v v v v
th khi vector
4
(1, 2, 3, 4) u c biu th tuyn tnh qua cc vector trn nh sau:
1 2 3 4
2 3 3 u v v v v + +
. Khi , ta ca u i vi c s ny l u = (-2, -1, 3, 3).
2.2 nh l: Nu V l khng gian hu hn sinh th s vect trong mi c s ca V l
nh nhau. S ny gi l s chiu ca V. K hiu l dimV.
2.3 V d:
- Cc vect
1 2
(1, 0, 0,..., 0); (0,1, 0,..., 0);...; (0, 0, ....,1)
n
e e e
lp thnh mt c s ca
khng gian vect
n
. Ta gi y l c s chnh tc (c s t nhin) ca
n
, vy
dim
n
n . Mt vect
1 2
( , ,..., )
n
x x x x
c ta vi h
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
e e e
l
1 2
( , ,..., )
n
x x x
. Tuy
nhin, ta ca x theo h
2 1
{ , ,..., }
n
e e e
li l
2 1
( , ,..., )
n
x x x
- Cc ma trn
1 2 3 4
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
; ; ;
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
I I I I
_ _ _ _


, , , ,
lp thnh mt c s ca
khng gian cc ma trn M(2;K). Mt ma trn
a b
A
c d
_


,
s c ta i vi h c s ny
l (a, b, c, d).
- Trong khng gian vect cc ma trn
( ; ) M m n
, ta c th lp mt h c s bao gm
cc ma trn ij
E
trong cc phn t tng ng dng i v ct j vi
1 ;1 i m j n
bng
1 cn cc phn t cn li ca ma trn ij
E
ny u bng 0. Khi ,
dim ( ; ) M m n K mn
.
-
( )
n
x
l tp hp cc a thc h s thc bc nh hn hay bng n vi cc php ton
thng thng l mt khng gian vect. Trong , h
2
1, , ,...,
n
x x x l mt c s ca khng
gian vect ny. Do ,
dim ( ) 1
n
x n +
.
2.4 nh l: Cho S l mt h vect ca khng gian vect V. Khi , cc iu kin sau
tng ng:
i) S l c s ca V;
ii) Mi vect ca V c th biu din duy nht qua cc vect ca h S;
iii) S l mt h c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca V. Khi ta c dimV = n th cc iu kin
trn tng ng vi: iv) S l mt h sinh c ng n phn t;
v) S l mt h c lp tuyn tnh c n phn t;
vi) S c ng n phn t v ma trn cc ct (dng) l cc vect ta ca cc phn t
ca S theo mt c s bit c nh thc khc khng.
2.5 Nhn xt:
i vi khng gian hu hn chiu (gi s dim V = n ) th chng minh mt h vector
gm n vector l c s ca khng gian V ta ch cn chng minh h vector ny l c lp
tuyn tnh.
2.6 H qu 1:
i) Bt k h sinh no ca V cng cha mt c s ca V.
ii) Bt k h c lp tuyn tnh no cng c th b sung cc vect tr thnh c s.
2.7 H qu 2:
i) Khng gian con ca khng gian hu hn chiu l khng gian c s chiu hu hn.
ii) Khng gian cha mt khng gian v hn chiu l v hn chiu.
2.8 nh ngha: Cho mt h hu hn vect { }
i
i I
x

trong khng gian vect V. S phn
t ca mt h con c lp tuyn tnh ti i ca { }
i
i I
x

l mt hng s (khng ph thuc
vo cch chn h con, ch ph thuc vo bn cht ca h
{ }
i
x
). Hng s ny c gi l
hng ca h vect { }
i
i I
x

. Ta k hiu hng ca h { }
i
i I
x

l
( )
i i I
rank x

.
2.9 nh l: Gi A l ma trn c cc dng (ct) l cc ta ca cc vect
i
x
khi
ta c
( ) ( )
i i I
rank A rank x

.
Nhn xt: T nh l trn mun tm hng ca mt h vect ta c th lp ma trn gm
c cc dng l ta ca cc vect v tm hng ca ma trn .
V d:
Xt h vector
1 2 3 4
(1, 0, 0,1); (0,1, 0, 0); (0, 0,1, 0); (1,1, 0, 0) u u u u
. Khi ,
1,4
( )
i
i
rank u rankA


= 4 vi A l ma trn c cc dng l ta ca cc vector
i
u
trong
c s chnh tc ca
4
.
4 4 1 4 4 2
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
d d d d d d
A

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

1 1 1
1 1 1

] ] ]
3. Khng gian hu hn chiu:
3.1 nh ngha: Khng gian vect V c gi l khng gian vect n chiu nu c s
ca V c n vect.
3.2 Tnh cht:
Cho V l mt khng gian hu hn chiu, dimV = n. Khi :
(a) Mi h vect c nhiu hn n vect u ph thuc tuyn tnh.
(b) Mi h c n vect c lp tuyn tnh u l c s ca V.
(c) Mi h c n vect l h sinh ca V u l c s ca V.
(d) Mi h c lp tuyn tnh c k vect u c th b sung thm n-k vect lp
thnh mt c s ca V.

Ch : T tnh cht (b) v (c) ta suy ra, nu bit dimV = n th chng minh mt h n
vect l c s th ta cn chng minh l h c lp tuyn tnh hoc l h sinh.
Bi tp
3.2.trong cc trng hp sau y, xt xem W c phi l khng gian con ca
khng gian vect R
3

a) W = ( ) { }
3
1 2 3 1
, , ) : 0 x x x R x
b)W =
( ) { }
3
1 2 3 1 2 3
, , : 2 x x x R x x x +
C)w =
( ) { }
3
1 2 3 1 2
, , : 0 x x x R x x

Bi gii
a) Vi u = (1,2,3) u

W , Ta c -3u = (-3,-6, -9)

W( V -3 0)
Do W khng l khng gian con ca R
3
b) ta c 0 = (0,0,0)

W ( v 0 + 2.0 = 0 ). Suy ra W

vi mi u = ( x
1
,x
2
,x
3
)

W ngha l x
1
+ 2x
2
= x
3

v v = (y
1,
y
2
,y
3
)

W ngha l y
1
+ 2y
2
= y
3
suy ra x
3
+ y
3
= x
1
+y
1
+ 2x
2
+ 2y
2
= x
1
+ y
1
+ 2(x
2
+ y
2
)
ta c u + v = (x
1
+ y
1
,x
2
+ y
2
,x
3
+ y
3
) = (x
1
+ y
1
,x
2
+ y
2
, x
1
+ y
1
+ 2(x
2
+ y
2
) )
vy u + v

W (1)
mt khc, ta li c
vi mi

R

u = (

x
1
,

x
2
,

x
3
) = (

x
1
,

x
2
,

(x
1
+ 2x
2
))
= (

x
1
,

x
2
,

x
1
+ 2

x
2
)
vy

W (2)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra W R
c) ta c 0 = (0,0,0)

W suy ra W

vi mi u = ( x
1
,x
2
,x
3
)

W ngha l u = (0,0,x
3
)
v v = (y
1,
y
2
,y
3
)

W ngha l v = (0,0,y
3
)
ta c u + v = (0,0,x
3
+ y
3
)
vy u + v

W(1)
mt khc ta li c vi mi

R

u = (0,0,

x
3
)
vy

W (2)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra W R
3.7trong khng gian R
4
cho cc tp
W
1
= {( x
1
,x
2
,x
3
,x
4
)

R
4
: x
1
+ x
2
= x
3
,x
1
- x
2
+ x
3
= 2x
4
}
W
2
= {( x
1
,x
2
,x
3
,x
4
)

R
4
: x
1
= x
2
= x
3
}
W
3
= {( x
1
,x
2
,x
3
,x
4
)

R
4
: x
1
= x
2
= 0}
a)Chng minh W
1
, W
2
, W
3
l cc khng gian con ca R
4

b) tm mt c s ca W
1
, W
2
, W
3
bi gii
a)
Xt W
1.
Ta c 0 =(0,0,0,0)

W
1
( v 0 + 0 = 0 v 0+0+0= 2.0)
Suy ra W
1


T bi ta c th vit : x
1
+ x
2
x
3
= 0 v x
1
x
2
+ x
3
2x
4
= 0
vi mi u = ( x
1
,x
2
,x
3,
x
4
)

W ngha l x
1
+ x
2
x
3
= 0 v x
1
x
2
+ x
3
-2x
4
= 0
v v = (y
1
,y
2
,y
3
,y
4
)
W ngha l y1 + y2 y3 = 0 v y1 y2 + y3 -2y4 = 0
ta c u + v = ( x1+y1,x2+y2,x3+y3,x4+y4)
v (x
1
+y
1
) + (x
2
+y
2
) (x
3
+y
3
) = (
x
1
+ x
2
x
3
) + (
y
1
+ y
2
y
3
) = 0 + 0 = 0
v (x
1
+y
1
) (x
2
+y
2
) + (x
3
+y
3
) -2(x
4
+y
4
) = (x
1
x
2
+x
3
2x
4
) + (y
1
-y
2
+y
3
-2y
4
)
= 0+0 = 0
Do u+v

W (1)
Mt khc vi mi R u = ( x
1
, x
2
, x
3
,

x
4
)
V x
1
+ x
2
x
3
= (x
1
+ x
2
x
3
) = .0 = 0 v
x
1
x
2
+ x
3
-2x
4
= (x
1
x
2
+x
3
-2x
4
) = .0 = 0
do u
W (2)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra W
1
R
Xt W
2
ta c ( )
2
0 0, 0, 0, 0 0 0 0 W vi

Vi mi ( )
1 2 3 4 2
, , , u x x x x W
ngha l x
1
= x
2
=x
3
(1)
V v = ( )
1 2 3 4 2
, , , y y y y W
ngha l y
1
=y
2
=y
3
(2)
Ta c u + v = (x
1
+y
1
,x
2
+y
2
,x
3
+y
3
,x
4
+y
4
)
T (1) v (2) ta c x
1
+y
1
= x
2
+y
2
= x
3
+y
3

Do
2
u v W +
(3)
Mt khc vi mi R
1 2 3 4
( , , , ) u x x x x
t (1) ta c
1 2 3
x x x
Do u R (4)
T (3) v (4) suy ra W
2
R
Xt W
3
d thy
Vi mi ( )
1 2 3 4 3
, , , u x x x x W
ngha l u = (0,0,x
3
, x
4
)
V ( )
1, 2 3 4 3
, , v y y y y W
ngha l v = (0,0,y
3
,y
4
)
Ta c u+v = (0,0, x
3
+y
3
,x
4
+y
4
)
Do
3
u v W +
(1)
Mt khc vi mi R ( )
3 4
0, 0, , u x x
Do
3
u W
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra W
3
R
b)
Tm mt c s ca W
1
Ta c x
1
+ x
2
= x
3
v x
1
x
2
+x
3
= 2x
4
nn
(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
,x
4
) = ( x
1
,x
2
, x
1
+x
2
,
1 2 3
2
x x x +
) = (x
1
,x
2
x
1
+x
2
,x
1
)
=(x
1
,0,x
1
,x
1
) + (0,x
2
,x
2
,0) = x
1
(1,0,1,1) + x
2
(0,1,1,0)
Vy 2 vecto u = (1,0,1,1) v v = (01,1,0) l tp sinh ca W
1
Xt ma trn A =
1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
r(A) =2 = S dng ca A
Suy ra u v v c lp tuyn tnh
Vy u v v l mt c s ca W
1
Tm mt c s ca W
2
Ta c x
1
= x
2
= x
3
nn
(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
,x
4
) = (x
1
,x
1
,x
1
,x
4
) = (x
1
,x
1
,x
1
,0) + (0,0,0,x
4
)
= x
1
(1,1,1,0) + x
4
(0,0,0,1)
Vy 2 vect u = (1,1,1,0) v v = (0,0,0,1) l tp sinh ca W
2
Xt ma trn A =
1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
r(A) =2 = S dng ca A
Suy ra u v v c lp tuyn tnh
Vy B = ( ) ( ) { }
1,1,1, 0 , 0, 0, 0.1 u v
l mt c s ca W
2
Tm mt c s ca W
3
Ta c x
1
= x
2
= 0 nn
(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
,x
4
) = (0,0,x
3
,x
4
) = (0,0,x
3
,0) + (0,0,0,x
4
)
= x
3
(0,0,1,0) + x
4
(0,0,0,1)
Vy 2 vect u = (0,0,1,0) v v =(0,0,0,1) l tp sinh ca W
3
Xt ma trn A =
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
r(A) = 2 = s dng ca A
Suy ra u v v c lp tuyn tnh
Vy B = ( ) ( ) { }
0, 0,1, 0 , 0, 0, 0,1 u v
l mt c s ca W
3
3.10
a) chng minh B l c s ca R
3
Lp A =
1
2
3
1 0 1
1 2 2
0 1 1
u
u
u



Ta c detA = 1 Suy ra B c lp tuyn tnh, mt khc s vect ca B bng 3 =
dimR
3
nn B l c s ca R
3
Chng minh E l c s ca R
3
Lp A =
1
2
3
1 0 1
1 1 1
1 2 2
u
u
u

Ta c detA = -3 suy ra E c lp tuyn tnh, mt khc s vect ca E bng 3 =


dimR
3
Nn E l c s ca R
3
b)
tm ma trn chuyn c s t B sang E
Lp ma trn m rng
(v
1
T
,v
2
T
,v
3
T
u
1
T
,u
2
T
,u
3
T
)
1 1 0 1 1 1
0 2 1 0 1 2
1 2 1 1 1 2



1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 2 1 1
0 0 1 4 1 4

Vy P(BE) =
1 0 0
2 1 1
4 1 4

Cho u = (1,2,3) tm [ ] [ ] ,
B E
u u
Lp ma trn m rng (v
1
T
,v
2
T
,v
3
T
u
T
)
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 2 1 2 0 1 0 0
1 2 1 3 0 0 1 2


Vy [ ]
1
0
2
B
u
1
1

1
1
]
Lp ma trn m rng (u
1
T
,u
2
T
,u
3
T
u
T
) =
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 2 2 0 1 0 2
1 1 2 3 0 0 1 0
1
1

1
1

]

Vy
[ ]
1
2
0
E
u

1
1

1
1
]
b)
Tm P(E B)
Ta c P(E B) = ( )
1
P B E

1
]
=
1 0 0
4 4 1
3 3 3
2 1 1
3 3 3
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

]
Cho [ ]
3
2
1
B
v
1
1

1
1
]
tm v
Ta c [ ]
3
2
1
B
v
1
1

1
1
]
suy ra v = 3v
1
+ 2v
2
v
3
= 3(1,0,1) + 2(1,2,2) (0,-1,-1)
= (5,5,8)
Tm [ ]
E
v
Lp ma trn m rng
(u
1
T
,u
2
T
,u
3
T
v
T
) =
1 1 1 5 1 0 0 3
0 1 2 5 0 1 0 7
1 1 2 8 0 0 1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1

] ]
Vy [ ]
3
7
1
E
v
1
1

1
1
]
( )
1
P B E

1
]
Ti liu tham kho
Bi ging mn hc i s A
1
L Vn Luyn i hc Khoa Hc T
Nhin thnh ph H Ch Minh
Bi tp ton cao cp - tp 1 Nguyn Thu Thanh nh xut bn i
hc Quc Gia H Ni
Chung 4: khng gian vect -
http://linearalgebra1.wikispaces.com/file/view/Chuong+4-
Khong+gian+vector.doc
Bi ging ton cao cp A
2
C
2
i Hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm
Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

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