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TM CH S TN CNG
Tm ch s tn cng ca mt s t nhin l dng ton hay. a s cc ti liu v dng ton ny u s
dng khi nim ng d, mt khi nim tru tng v khng c trong chng trnh. V th c khng t
hc sinh, c bit l cc bn lp 6 v lp 7 kh c th hiu v tip thu c.
Qua bi vit ny, ti xin trnh by vi cc bn mt s tnh cht v phng php gii bi ton tm ch
s tn cng, ch s dng kin thc THCS.
Tnh cht 1 :
a) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 0, 1, 5, 6 khi nng ln ly tha bc bt k th ch s tn cng vn
khng thay i.
b) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 4, 9 khi nng ln ly tha bc l th ch s tn cng vn khng thay
i.
c) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 3, 7, 9 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n (n thuc N) th ch s tn cng l
1.
d) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 2, 4, 8 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n (n thuc N) th ch s tn cng l
6.
Vic chng minh tnh cht trn khng kh, xin dnh cho bn c. Nh vy, mun tm ch s tn cng
ca s t nhin x = am, trc ht ta xc nh ch s tn cng ca a.
- Nu ch s tn cng ca a l 0, 1, 5, 6 th x cng c ch s tn cng l 0, 1, 5, 6.
- Nu ch s tn cng ca a l 3, 7, 9, v am = a4n + r = a4n.ar vi r = 0, 1, 2, 3 nn t tnh cht 1c => ch
s tn cng ca x chnh l ch s tn cng ca ar.
* Cc bn hy gii cc bi tp sau :
Bi 1 : Tm s d ca cc php chia :
a) 21 + 35 + 49 + + 20038005 cho 5
b) 23 + 37 + 411 + + 20038007 cho 5
Bi 2 : Tm ch s tn cng ca X, Y :
X = 22 + 36 + 410 + + 20048010
Y = 28 + 312 + 416 + + 20048016
Bi 3 : Chng minh rng ch s tn cng ca hai tng sau ging nhau :
U = 21 + 35 + 49 + + 20058013
V = 23 + 37 + 411 + + 20058015
Bi 4 : Chng minh rng khng tn ti cc s t nhin x, y, z tha mn :
19x + 5y + 1980z = 1975430 + 2004.
* Cc bn th nghin cu cc tnh cht v phng php tm nhiu hn mt ch s tn cng ca mt
s t nhin, chng ta s tip tc trao i v vn ny.
Tm hai ch s tn cng
Nhn xt : Nu x N v x = 100k + y, trong k ; y N th hai ch s tn cng ca x cng chnh l
hai ch s tn cng ca y.
Hin nhin l y x. Nh vy, n gin vic tm hai ch s tn cng ca s t nhin x th thay vo
ta i tm hai ch s tn cng ca s t nhin y (nh hn).
R rng s y cng nh th vic tm cc ch s tn cng ca y cng n gin hn.
T nhn xt trn, ta xut phng php tm hai ch s tn cng ca s t nhin x = am nh sau :
Trng hp 1 :
Nu a chn th x = am 2m. Gi n l s t nhin sao cho an - 1 25.
Vit m = pn + q (p ; q N), trong q l s nh nht aq 4 ta c :
x = am = aq(apn - 1) + aq.
V an - 1 25 => apn - 1 25. Mt khc, do (4, 25) = 1 nn aq(apn - 1) 100.
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca am cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca aq. Tip theo, ta tm hai ch s
tn cng ca aq.
Trng hp 2 :
Nu a l , gi n l s t nhin sao cho an - 1 100.
Vit m = un + v (u ; v N, 0 v < n) ta c :
x = am = av(aun - 1) + av.
V an - 1 100 => aun - 1 100.
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca am cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca av. Tip theo, ta tm hai ch s
tn cng ca av.
Trong c hai trng hp trn, cha kha gii c bi ton l chng ta phi tm c s t nhin n.
Nu n cng nh th q v v cng nh nn s d dng tm hai ch s tn cng ca aq v av.
b) 799
Li gii :
a) Do 22003 l s chn, theo trng hp 1, ta tm s t nhin n nh nht sao cho 2n - 1 25.
Ta c 210 = 1024 => 210 + 1 = 1025 25 => 220 - 1 = (210 + 1)(210 - 1) 25 => 23(220 - 1) 100.
Mt khc : 22003 = 23(22000 - 1) + 23 = 23((220)100 - 1) + 23 = 100k + 8 (k N).
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca 22003 l 08.
b) Do 799 l s l, theo trng hp 2, ta tm s t nhin n b nht sao cho 7n - 1 100.
Ta c 74 = 2401 => 74 - 1 100.
Mt khc : 99 - 1 4 => 99 = 4k + 1 (k N)
Vy 799 = 74k + 1 = 7(74k - 1) + 7 = 100q + 7 (q N) tn cng bi hai ch s 07.
Bi ton 8 : Tm s d ca php chia 3517 cho 25.
Li gii :
Trc ht ta tm hai ch s tn cng ca 3517. Do s ny l nn theo trng hp 2, ta phi tm s t
nhin n nh nht sao cho 3n - 1 100.
Ta c 310 = 95 = 59049 => 310 + 1 50 => 320 - 1 = (310 + 1) (310 - 1) 100.
Mt khc : 516 - 1 4 => 5(516 - 1) 20
=> 517 = 5(516 - 1) + 5 = 20k + 5 =>3517 = 320k + 5 = 35(320k - 1) + 35 = 35(320k - 1) + 243, c hai ch s tn
cng l 43.
Vy s d ca php chia 3517 cho 25 l 18.
Trong trng hp s cho chia ht cho 4 th ta c th tm theo cch gin tip.
Trc tin, ta tm s d ca php chia s cho 25, t suy ra cc kh nng ca hai ch s tn
cng. Cui cng, da vo gi thit chia ht cho 4 chn gi tr ng.
Cc th d trn cho thy rng, nu a = 2 hoc a = 3 th n = 20 ; nu a = 7 th n = 4.
Mt cu hi t ra l : Nu a bt k th n nh nht l bao nhiu ? Ta c tnh cht sau y (bn c t
chng minh).
Tnh cht 4 : Nu a N v (a, 5) = 1 th a20 - 1 25.
Tm ba ch s tn cng
Nhn xt : Tng t nh trng hp tm hai ch s tn cng, vic tm ba ch s tn cng ca s t
nhin x chnh l vic tm s d ca php chia x cho 1000.
Nu x = 1000k + y, trong k ; y N th ba ch s tn cng ca x cng chnh l ba ch s tn cng
ca y (y x).
Do 1000 = 8 x 125 m (8, 125) = 1 nn ta xut phng php tm ba ch s tn cng ca s t
nhin x = am nh sau :
Trng hp 1 :
Nu a chn th x = am chia ht cho 2m. Gi n l s t nhin sao cho an - 1 chia ht cho 125.
Vit m = pn + q (p ; q N), trong q l s nh nht aq chia ht cho 8,
Ta c : x = am = aq(apn - 1) + aq.
V an - 1 chia ht cho 125 => apn - 1 chia ht cho 125. Mt khc, do (8, 125) = 1 nn aq(apn - 1) chia ht
cho 1000.
Vy ba ch s tn cng ca am cng chnh l ba ch s tn cng ca aq. Tip theo, ta tm ba ch s
tn cng ca aq.
Trng hp 2 :
Nu a l , gi n l s t nhin sao cho an - 1 chia ht cho 1000.
Vit m = un + v (u ; v N, 0 v < n) ta c :
x = am = av(aun - 1) + av.
V an - 1 chia ht cho 1000 => aun - 1 chia ht cho 1000.
Vy ba ch s tn cng ca am cng chnh l ba ch s tn cng ca av. Tip theo, ta tm ba ch s
tn cng ca av.
Tnh cht sau c suy ra t tnh cht 4.
Tnh cht 6 :
Nu a N v (a, 5) = 1 th a100 - 1 chia ht cho 125.
Chng minh :
Do a20 - 1 chia ht cho 25 nn a20, a40, a60, a80 khi chia cho 25 c cng s d l 1
=> a20 + a40 + a60 + a80 + 1 chia ht cho 5. Vy a100 - 1 = (a20 - 1)( a80 + a60 + a40 + a20 + 1) chia ht cho
125.
Bi ton 11 : Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 123101.
Li gii :
Theo tnh cht 6, do (123, 5) = 1 => 123100 - 1 chia ht cho 125 (1).
Mt khc :
123100 - 1 = (12325 - 1)(12325 + 1)(12350 + 1) => 123100 - 1 chia ht cho 8 (2).
V (8, 125) = 1, t (1) v (2) suy ra : 123100 - 1 chi ht cho 1000
=> 123101 = 123(123100 - 1) + 123 = 1000k + 123 (k N).
Vy 123101 c ba ch s tn cng l 123.
Bi ton 12 : Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 3399...98.
Li gii :
Theo tnh cht 6, do (9, 5) = 1 => 9100 - 1 chi ht cho 125 (1).
Tng t bi 11, ta c 9100 - 1 chia ht cho 8 (2).
V (8, 125) = 1, t (1) v (2) suy ra : 9100 - 1 chia ht cho 1000 => 3399...98 = 9199...9 = 9100p + 99 = 999(9100p 1) + 999 = 1000q + 999 (p, q N).
Vy ba ch s tn cng ca 3399...98 cng chnh l ba ch s tn cng ca 999.
Li v 9100 - 1 chia ht cho 1000 => ba ch s tn cng ca 9100 l 001 m 999 = 9100 : 9 => ba ch s
tn cng ca 999 l 889 (d kim tra ch s tn cng ca 999 l 9, sau da vo php nhn
xc nh
Vy ba ch s tn cng ca 3
399...98
).
l 889.
b) 111213