HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG ---------------

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM c lp -T do - Hnh phc ........o0o....... H ni, ngy 25 thng 04 nm 2012

CNG BI TP NHM MNG VIN THNG

TN BI TP:

nh tuyn trong mng PSTN

NHM 1 1 Nguyn Thanh An 2 Bi Tng Anh 3 L Trng Anh 4 Nguyn c Anh 5 Hong nh Bo 6 Hong Minh Chu 7 L c Cng

PHN CNG CNG VIC:

Chng I. Gii thiu v mng PSTN + bn word Chng II. Mng v k thut PSTN
2.1 Thu bao u cui (The subscriber Terminal). Vng ni b (Local loops ). Tng i (Exchange). Trung k hay mch lin i (Trunks). 2.2 Cc giao thc chnh
-

(Nguyn Thanh An 01)

(L Trng Anh 03)

(Hong nh Bo 05) (L c Cng 07)

2.3 Cc chun k thut

2.4 K thut nh tuyn trong PSTN K hoch nh s. (Nguyn c Anh 04) Phng php nh tuyn trong chuyn mch knh. (Nguyn c Anh 04) X l nh tuyn cuc gi trong node mng. (Bi Tng Anh 02) Bo hiu x l cuc gi trong PSTN. (Bi Tng Anh 02)

Chng III. Xu hng pht trin mng v k thut

(Hong Minh Chu 06)

Tng hp & phn loi cu hi: Nguyn c Anh Slide: Nguyn c Anh + Bi Tng Anh

Mc Lc
A.LI M U B.THUT NG VIT TT C.NI DUNG CHNG Mc Lc.........................................................................................................................................3 Khi nim cht lng.................................................................................................................26 Cc c tnh c c trng.....................................................................................................26 CHNG III. XU HNG PHT TRN MNG V K THUT...................................42

LI M U

Mng in thoi truyn chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN) l mng vin thng c bn nht ra i v pht trin rt sm, sau in bo Morse v cung cp cc dch v thoi v phi thoi. L mng vin thng lu i nht v ln nht (hn1 t thu bao -2006). nh tuyn l mt chc nng then cht trong cc mng truyn thng nhm nh ra cc tuyn ng chuyn lu lng t ngun n ng ch. Ty theo tiu ch cn thit khi xy dng cc h thng mng m p dng cc k thut nh tuyn khc nhau: nh tuyn phn cp, nh tuyn tnh, nh tuyn ng ng dng in hnh ca k thut chuyn mch knh l mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN. Ni dung ch yu ca chuyn ny s xem xt cc k thut nh tuyn c bn ca cc h thng chuyn mch knh dng trong mng PSTN gn lin vi k hoch nh s v hot ng ca nt mng chuyn mch knh khi thc hin x l nh tuyn cuc gi.

THUT NG VIT TT

ANSI CC CAS CCS CCITT

American national standards Cental control Channel Associated Signaling

Vin tiu chun quc gia hoa k iu kin trung tm Bo hiu knh lin kt Bo hiu knh chung

NDAR DTMF HU ITU

Common channelsignaling y ban t vn v in Consultative thoi v in bo quc t Committee for International Telephone and Telegraph nh tuyn thay th ng Dynamic Alternative Routing Quay a tng kp trung Dual Tone Multi Frequency. k lu lng ln Hight usage Lin minh vin thng International quc t Telecommunication Union Lin minh vin thng International Quc t -v tuyn Telecommunication Union sector Lin minh vin thng quct-chun ha vin thng International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Mng in thoi cng cng public switched telephone network My tnh c nhn personal computer Mng bo hiu s 7

ITU-R

ITU-T
PSTN

PC SS7

SPS Store Program Control VF FDX Voice Frequency Full Duplex

Chng trnh c lu ch sn Tn s thoi Hot ng song cng

CHNG I. GII THIU V MNG PSTN

1.1 Mng in thoi truyn chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN) l mng vin thng c bn nht ra i v pht trin rt sm, sau in bo Morse v cung cp cc dch v thoi v phi thoi. L mng vin thng lu i nht v ln nht (hn1 t thu bao -2006).

1.1Cu trc chung ca mang PSTN.

Bn cht PSTN l mt mng hot ng theo phng thc mch knh (circuit mode) theo kiu kt ni c hng (connection-oriented) gm 3 pha s dng cc h thng bo hiu.

.Thit lp kt ni (setup) Duy tr kt ni (conversation) Xo kt ni (released).

1.2 c im ch yu ca PSTN:
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_ Truy nhp analog 300-3400 Hz. _ Kt ni song cng chuyn mch knh. _Bng thng chuyn mch 64kb/s hoc 300-3400Hz i vi chuyn mch analog. _Khng c kh nng di ng hoc di ng rt hn ch. _ C nhiu chc nng tng ng vi mng N-ISDN. 1.3 Cc thit b u cui: Telephone - in thoi c nh, Fax, in thoi ko di , PC, Modem

1.2 S khi in thoi c nh

a. Telephone - in thoi c nh

L mt thit b u cui Analog, hot ng song cng FDX (Full Duplex), thi t b ny to ra hai knh ting ni ngc chiu nhau va l my thu va l my pht khng cn qua mt qu trnh chuyn i no. S dng h thng bo hiu chun gi l bo hiu thu

bao Analog ging nh modem, fax, cardphone.

Truy cp vo mng qua ng dy (mch vng thu bao).

b.Fax

Trao i vn bn tnh v hnh nh tnh trn mt trang giy. i vi PSTN hin nay ngi ta s dng my fax G3 c thit k ph hp vi ng dy in thoi Analog. Ngoi Fax G3 cn c Fax G4 cho ISDN v my fax th h c G1, G2. Dng cng ngh x l tnh hiu s t chuyn t hnh nh trn vn bn nn s nh mt thit b qut nh (scanner), tn hiu s mang hnh nh ca bn gc (origin) chuyn qua mt kt ni ca mng PSTN my thu, c b phn in in hnh nh trn mt trang giy (copy).

Mt cuc lin lc fax cng ging nh lin lc thoi v phn quay s , tnh cc.Hot ng y khc vi hot ng trong in thoi.
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 L mt thit b bn song cng do thng tin mt chiu. My fax G3 c modem t trong my (buildin) chuyn t tn hiu s sang VF (Voice Frequency). hng ngc: chuyn i ngc li, t VF sang Digital .

c. PC + Modem
o In thoi ko di.

o L mt TB C ca mng PSTN to ra nh c lin kt v tuyn gia hai b phn ca h thng cordless (Base Unit v Handset) m handset c th di ng trong mt phm vi h p. o nn c kh nng di dng trong phm vi hp v d b va chm tn s, khng tin cy v s dng cng ngh Analog

1.4 Cu trc mng thoi PSTN VN hin ti dng cu trc phn cp trong cc mng in thoi c th lm n gin S cng tc qun l mng v n gin trong thit k chuyn mch.

Xu hng hin nay l gim cp trong phn cp mng v cung cp thm nhiu tuyn thay th.

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1.3 Cu trc mng thoi PSTN Vit Nam hin ti

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CHNG II. MNG V K THUT

2.1 Kin trc mng PSTN

cung cp dch v thoi cho ngi s dng , mng PSTN phi gm 4 thnh phn c bn: _Thu bao u cui (The subscriber Terminal) _Vng ni b (Local loops ) _Tng i (Exchange) _Trung k hay Mch lin i (Trunks)

2.1Cu trc mng PSTN

2.1.1 Thu bao u cui dng n gin nht, thu bao u cui l mt chic in thoi thng thng vi bn phm quay s. C 2 loi quay s: (a) quay xung; v (b) quay a tng m kp (DTMF). Trong quay s bng xung, vi mi s mt chui xung s c gi n switch. Trong quay a tng m kp, vi mi s c quay s gi i mt s kt hp gia 2 sng sin tng ng. (a) Quay xung (Pulse dialing): trong quay xung, khi mt s c quay, mt chui xung tng ng s c gi i. Khi ngi dng quay s 1, 1 xung s c gi n tng i, khi s 2 c quay, 2 xung s c gi i, v cng nh th, khi s 0 c quay, s c 10 xung c gi i. Tng i s dng mt b m xung nhn ra con s. Tuy nhin
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xung d b mo trn ng truyn do suy hao nn kh nng nhn bit c chnh xc xung khng cn cao. Rt nhiu b chuyn mch v in thoi c ch h tr quay xung, tuy nhin quay xung vn dn tr nn li thi. (b) Quay a tng m kp (DTMF dialing): DTMF vit tt ca Dual Tone Multi Frequency. Quay a tng kp c bit n nh quay m (tone dialing) hay quay s nhanh (speed dialing). Khi mt s c quay, mt tn hiu bao gm s kt hp ca 2 tn s tng ng c gi i. Gi tr ca s kt hp ny c biu din hnh 11.2. Khi s 1 c quay, mt tn hiu t s kt hp gia 2 tn s 697Hz v 1209Hz c bi i t thit b u cui n tng i. Mt con chip nhn din DTMF c s dng ti tng i gii m con s nhn c. chnh xc ca DTMF cao hn v do ngy cng chim u th. Hu ht cc in thoi ngy nay u h tr DTMF.

2.1.2 Vng ni b

Vng ni b l tuyn chuyn dng ni gia thu bao v b chuyn mch ca mng, cn c gi l vng thu bao. Hu ht cc kt ni vng ni b s dng cp xon i. Chiu di cc vng ni b t vi km ti vi chc km. Hin nay, loi hnh kt ni cc b v tuyn s dng sng radio (wireless local loops WLLs) ang ngy cng pht trin nh cc u im nh: ci t nhanh, chi ph bo tr thp, tit kim sc ngi v ca ci cho vic o t lp mng Trong tng lai, cp quang s c s dng nhm h tr mt tc truyn cao hn. (Hnh 2 gii thiu h thng mng k thut s (Digital loop carrier - DLC) ang c s dng hin nay). Cc loi cp in thoi c phn phi n cc h thng DLC, v cc DLC s c kt ni ti b phn chuyn mch k thut s s dng cp bng thng cao

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Hnh 2: H thng mng cc b k thut s DLC trong PSTN

2.1.3 Tng i ( chuyn mch )

Trong PSTN, h thng chuyn mch c t chc phn tng, gm 4 tng nh hnh 3. tng thp nht, b chuyn mch c gi l tng i cui (End offices) hay tng i cc b (Local exchanges). pha trn l nhng tng i trung chuyn (tng i cp 4), tng i chnh (cp 3), tng i cp 2, v tng i khu vc(cp 1).

Hnh 3: Cu trc phn tng ca h thng chuyn mch. 2.1.4 Trung k ( mch lin i ) Hai thit b chuyn mch c kt ni vi nhau thng qua ng trc. Nhng ng trc c cc loi hnh khc nhau:

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 ng trc hai chn tng t,ci m c s dng kt ni thit b chuyn mch nh. ng trc bn chn, ci m cng c dng kt ni thit b chuyn mch nh. Sng mang T1 mang ng trc k thut s. Mi Sng mang T1 mang 24 knh thoi. Ti chu u, cc tiu chun tng ng c gi l ng trc E1. Mi ng trc E1 h tr 30 knh thoi. Ni chung, cc thit b chuyn mch c kt ni thng qua T1. D liu tng ng vi 24 knh thoi th ghp to thnh T1. i vi mi 125 micro giy, dng bit t mi knh thoi bao gm 8 bit trong c 7 bit l d liu v mt bit l kim sot thng tin. Do , vi mi knh thoi, d liu tng gm 7 X 8000 =56000 bps ca ging ni v 1 8000 bps = 8000 bps cho thng tin iu khin. Cc thit b chuyn mch nh c ni lin bng cch s dng ng trc hai chn hay bn chn tng t hoc lung k thut s T1. T1 h tr 24 knh thoi bng cch s dng phng php k thut thi gian phn chia (TDM). Ch : trong sng mangT1, khung bao gm 193 bit-192 bit tng ng vi d liu 24 knh thoi v mt bit b sung cho khung. Khung thi gian l 125 micro giy. Do ,tc d liu tng ca sng mang T1 l 1,544 Mbps.

Trong th x, thnh ph ln, v giao thng cao, sng mang T1 s khng . Trong trng hp ny, cc sng mang T2, T3, T4 c s dng. ng trc cng sut cao hn thu c bng vic ghp cc lung T1. Cc tiu chun cp bc k thut s ny c th hin trong hnh 11,8. Bn sng mang T1 c ghp c c sng mang T2. By sng mang T2 c ghp c c sng mang T3. Su sng mang T3 c ghp c c sng mang T4.

2. 2. Cc giao thc chnh

2.2.1.Bo hiu knh kt hp CAS.

L phng thc bo hiu m mi knh cuc gi li tn ti mt knh bo hiu dnh ring cho knh cuc gi . Cc thng tin bo hiu cha cc Code iu khin cuc gi, cc Code c truyn trong knh dnh ring cho bo hiu trn cng mt tuyn kt hp vi tuyn ca knh cuc gi.
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Cc loi h thng bo hiu knh kt hp c s dng l: H thng bo hiu xung thm nhp, hay n tn 1VC. H thng bo hiu hai tn s 2 VC, hay chnh l h thng (CCITT s 4). H thng bo hiu xung a tn MFP (hay chnh l h thng CCITT s 5, R1). H thng bo hiu a tn (CCITT, R2) Cc vn gp phi i vi CAS: Hiu sut bo hiu khng cao do 1 cuc gi chim 2 knh (knh cho thoi v knh cho bo hiu). Khi knh bo hiu ny tn ti trong sut thi gian cuc gi d cuc gi c truyn tin hay khng (thng thng cc thng tin bo hiu li ch c truyn trc khi v sau khi kt thc cuc gi). Dn n s lng ph khng thun tin nht l cho cc cuc gi chim nhiu thi gian (nh cc cuc gi truyn d liuV s dng m bo hiu nn s lng cc thng tin bo hiu rt t do hn ch cc kh nng iu khin , thng tin bo hiu cho cc dch v gi tr gia tng qua mng Knh bo hiu c truyn kt hp cng tuyn vi knh cuc gi do vy kh nng tm kim v nh tuyn km cho cc u cui khng c nh, ng thi lm tng lu lng mng bo hiu trong qu trnh tm kim thu bao di ng do hn ch kh nng ng ngy cng cao ca cc dch v gi tr gia tng ..

M hnh mng bo hiu CAS i cng vi mng vin thng

Yu cu c t ra l cn phi c mt mng bo hiu mi p ng c mi dch v mi ca cng ngh mng truyn thng (C v dch v thoi v d liu) thi im hin ti v trong tng lai, cc i hi ngy mt ln hn v nhiu mt ca

16

khch hng nh m bo cht lng dch v, tnh bo mt, lu lng ln v kh nng p ng nhanh Mt v d c th l vo nm 1960 nhng tng i c iu khin theo chng trnh c lu ch sn (Store Program Control - SPS) vi vic truyn s liu tc cao gia cc b vi x l, bo hiu y c truyn trn c hai hng trn mt knh s liu..Tt c nhng iu ny dn n s ra i ca mng bo hiu mi l mng bo hiu knh chung CCS p ng c hu ht cc dch v gi tr ra tng v nhng i hi mi ca mng vin thng s hin i. 2.2.2. Bo hiu knh chung CCS Bo hiu knh chung l bo hiu m knh bo hiu khng dnh ring cho knh cuc gi no. y l phng thc bo hiu theo bn tin sao cho mi mt bn tin c dng trong bo hiu cho mt cuc gi. Bn tin c khun dng chung cho cho mi cuc gi. trong bn tin c th c truyn trn knh dnh ring cho bo hiu cng tuyn vi cuc gi hoc c th truyn trn 1 hoc nhiu knh chung trn cc tuyn khc tuyn cuc gi. Do n lp thnh mt mng bo hiu c lp vi mng truyn tin, song song v ln mng truyn tin . Hin nay c hai loi tn hiu chun khc nhau cho bo hiu knh chung kh dng: H thng th nht l h thng bo hiu knh chung s 6 ca CCITT, n ra i vo u nm1968 c s dng dnh cho ng dy analog v cho lu lng thoi quc t. Cc ng lm vic vi tc thp 2,4kb/s vi di bn tin b hn ch v khng c cu trc phn mc m c cu trc n. V nhng hn ch trn m h thng ny khng p ng c s pht trin ca mng. H thng th 2 l h thng bo hiu s 7 (SS7) ca CCITT, ra i vo nhng nm 1979 1980 dnh cho mng chuyn mch s trong nc v quc t, ni c th s dng h thng truyn dn s tc cao (64Kb/s) hoc cho cc ng dy analog. H thng bo hiu s 7 ca CCITT khng nhng c thit k iu khin, thit lp, gim st cho dch v thoi m cn s dng cho cc cuc gi ca dch v phi thoi. Thch ng vi nhiu loi mng thng tin nh: PSTN, Mobile, Data, ISDN, IN. Nhng u im ng k c k ra nh sau: Tc nhanh: trong phn ln cc trng hp thi gian thit lp cuc ni di 1s. L do thng tin bo hiu c truyn trc tip gia cc b vi x l, tn hiu c iu ch di dng s v theo tc chun 64kb/s ca CCITT. Dung lng cao: mi knh bo hiu c th x l tn hiu bo hiu cho rt nhiu cuc gi trong cng mt lc. Nng cao hiu sut ca vic s dng knh thng tin trong mng. Tnh kinh t: SS7 cn t thit b hn so vi thit b truyn thng. Mt u im na l SS7 ch chim knh khi thu bao b gi nhc my tin cy cao: nh s dng mng bo hiu dnh ring c lp v ln tuyn truyn tin. Cng vi vic s dng cc m sa sai ( nh s dng cc t hp bt pht hin li, gim st v s li cho cc bn tin bo hiu). Tnh mm do: do thc hin vic truyn tin theo gi m tc bo hiu c th thay i v p ng c nhiu hn cc dch v gi tr gia tng.

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Mng bo hiu SS7 v bn cht l mt mng chuyn mch gi hot ng ring bit v song song vi h thng mng thoi. Cc bn tin c truyn trn mng thc hin cc chc nng thit lp, duy tr, gii phng v qun tr mng. Nh trong hnh 1.2, cc node cu thnh ln mng bo hiu c thit k, cu to gm c: cc im bo hiu SP, cc im chuyn tip bo hiu TP, cc im va bo hiu va chuyn tip bo hiu STP c k hiu nh sau ST im chuyn tip bo hiu (ch chuyn tip, khng c chc nng x l) SP im bo hiu (im u cui bo hiu) STP im chuyn tip bo hiu (va c chc nng u cui va c chc nng ca thit b chuyn tip )

2.3 Cc chun k thut. 2.3.1Cc k thut c bn ca mng PSTN

Mng PSTN s dng k thut chuyn mch, thc hin kt ni cc cuc gi gia thu bao ch gi v thu bao b gi (truyn nhn tn hiu nm trong di tn thoi t 0 n 4 KHZ). Vic kt ni cc cuc gi ch mang tnh logic v n ch c xc lp khi c yu cu 1 cuc gi (nhc my in thoi v quay s). Bn ch gi la chn hng i ti bn b gi, bn b gi nhc my tr li th hng v c xc lp. Mt tuyn thng tin c dnh ring cho hai i tng cho ti khi cuc gi chm dt. Cc k thut c bn ca mng PSTN l : Mt trong cc k thut truyn tin c hiu qu l cho php nhiu thit b hoc nhiu ngi dng chia s, s dng chung mi trng truyn, k thut ny gi l ghp knh. Ngoi ra s gia tng ca cc dch v cn m bo cho h thng khng b qu ti. thng tin thng sut, cc thit b buc phi phi ghp vi h thng truyn. Ton b cc dng thng tin u phi thng qua vic dng tn hiu in t lan truyn c qua mi trng truyn. Bi vy vic to tn hiu l mt i hi tt yu ca thng tin. Khng ch c tn hiu, h thng thng tin cn yu cu s ng b gia my pht v my thu. My thu cn phi xc nh c khi no tn hiu bt u ti v khi no n kt thc. N cng cn bit khong thi gian tn ti ca mi phn t tn hiu. Qun l trao i l cc yu cu cn thit phc v cho vic thng tin gia hai i tng. thc hin vic thng tin lin lc, hai i tng cng phi hp tc vi nhau mt cch cht ch.

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 Pht hin v hiu chnh li l i hi trong nhng trng hp khng cho php thng tin sai lch, thng l trong cc h thng x l d liu, v d nh khi truyn file gia cc my tnh . iu khin lung nhm m bo cho trm gi khng lm trn trm nhn khi gi d liu qu nhanh m trm nhn khng th x l kp, dn ti vic b qua, mt d liu. Khi cc phng tin truyn c dng chung bi nhiu i tng, nhiu ngi dng, vic nh a ch l cn thit trm gi c th thng tin ng vi trm nhn m mnh mong mun. Khi ny h thng truyn thc t to thnh mt mng, vi nhiu ng truyn c th ni gia hai trm. Cn thit phi chn ng xc nh mt ng c th xuyn qua hai mng ny cho mt cuc ni. K thut hi phc l cn thit, nh trong trng hp qu trnh truyn file, d liu b ngt do s c no ca h thng. Cc i tng phi c kh nng kch hot tr li ti im b ngt hoc t nht cng phi hi phc li trng thi ca h thng v trng thi khi thu bt u trao i. Hai i tng lin lc vi nhau phi c cng dng d liu cn trao i. Tho thun v iu ny c hiu nh nh dng vn bn. V d hai bn phi dng chung mt m m t k t chng hn. Chc nng bo v cng rt cn thit cho h thng thng tin lin lc. Ngi gi mun m bo rng, ch c ngi nhn hp l mi nhn c d liu. Cn ngi thu mun m bo rng, d liu khng b thay i trong qu trnh trung chuyn v m bo l gi t ng i tng. Cui cng l kh nng qun l h thng l cn thit. qun l cu hnh h thng, gim st cc trng thi ca n, phn ng vi cc h hng hay qu ti, lp k hoch cho tng lai. 2.3.2 Cc cu hnh c bn ca mng PSTN

Khi s u cui nh, mng sp xp bng cch thu xp tt c u cui vo mt tng i (hnh 2.a). Tuy nhin, khi s u cui tr nn qu ln i vi vic thu xp vo mt tng i th cn thit phi ci t mt hoc nhiu tng i v ni cc tng i bi ng trung k (hnh 2.b). Khi nhiu hn mt tng i c ni bng cc ng trung k, n c gi l mt t chc mng li. Cc t chc mng li tiu biu l : mng hnh li, mng hnh sao v mng hn hp.

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Hnh 2.a: Cu hnh s dng cho mt tng i

Hnh 2.b: Cu hnh s dng cho nhiu tng i : Tng i

: Thit b u cui

2.3.2.1Mng hnh li.

Mt mng hnh li l mt t chc mng m ti tt c cc tng i c ni trc tip n tt c cc ci khc. Mt mng hnh li c th c sp xp d dng khng cn s dng tng i chuyn tip no. Chc nng la chn ng trong tng i l n gin. Khi s tng i l n, s ng kt ni gia hai tng i ( N ) l: N = n(n-1)/2 S ny gn t l vi n2. Theo , khi s tng i tng ln, s cc ng kt ni tng mnh. V nguyn nhn ny mng hnh li khng thch hp vi mt mng phm vi rng. Khi lu lng gia cc tng i nh, s mch trn mi ng kt ni tr nn nh, do gim hiu qu mch. Ni chung, khi mt s lng nh tng i c tp trung trong mt vng nh th thch hp dng mng hnh li, hoc khi khi lng lu lng gia cc

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tng i ln v s mch l qu ln. nh gi v chi ph, mng hnh li thch hp cho trng hp m ti chi ph chuyn mch cao hn chi ph truyn dn. Trong mt mng hnh li, khi c s c xy ra mt tng i, th phm vi s c ca tng i ny c hn ch. V th, s c ch nh hng vi mt phm vi kh hp.

: ng trung k : ng dy thu bao

: Thit b u cui : Tng i ni ht Hnh 2.1: Mng hnh li.

Mng hnh sao. Mng hnh sao l mt t chc mng m ti cc tng i ni ht c ni n mt tng i chuyn tip nh hnh sao. Trong mng hnh sao, lu lng gia cc tng i ni ht c tp trung bi tng i chuyn tip, do mch c s dng hiu qu. Mng hnh sao thch hp cho nhng ni m chi ph truyn dn cao hn chi ph chuyn mch, v d nhng ni m cc tng i c phn b trong mt vng rng. y l nguyn nhn chi ph chuyn mch tng ln bi vic lp t cc tng i chuyn tip.
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Trong mt mng hnh sao, khi tng i chuyn tip hng, cc cuc gi gia cc tng i ni ht khng th kt ni. V th s c s nh hng n mt vng rng.

: Tng i chuyn tip

: Thit b u cui : Tng i ni ht

: ng trung k : ng dy thu bao Hnh 2.2: Mng hnh sao

Mng hn hp. Cc mng hnh li v hnh sao u c c hai u im v nhc im. V vy, mt mng li hn hp c c cc u im ca c hai t chc hnh li v hnh sao c s dng cho cc mng thc t. Trong mt mng hn hp, khi khi lng lu lng gia cc tng i ni ht nh, cuc gi gia cc tng i ny c kt ni qua mt tng i chuyn tip. Khi khi lng lu lng ln th cc tng i ni ht c ni trc tip vi
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nhau. iu ny cho php cc tng i v thit b truyn dn c s dng mt cch hiu qu v gp phn nng cp tin cy trong ton b mng li.

: Tng i chuyn tip

: ng trung k

: Thit b u cui : Tng i ni ht Hnh 2.3: Mng hn hp : ng dy thu bao

Phng php xc nh cu hnh mng. Thng thng, mng hn hp c s dng cho cc mng li thc t. Tuy nhin, xc nh mt cu hnh mng, cn phi xem xt s lng thu bao, v tr ca thu bao, lu lng gia cc tng i, hng lu lng, chi ph thit b, vv...

T chc phn cp mng.

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Khi mt mng c quy m nh, n c th c sp xp khng cn cp no, v d nh mt mng hnh li. Nhng khi mng li tr nn ln v phm vi, vic s dng ch mt mng hnh li tr nn phc tp v khng c li v kinh t . V l do ny, t chc phn cp thng c chp nhn cho mng li quy m rng. Trong trng hp ny, mi tng i ni ht trong vng c ni n tng i cp trn ca n m c bit nh l trung tm c s. Cuc gi gia cc tng i ni ht trong mi vng c kt ni qua trung tm c s. Khi phm vi mng li rng hn, cc trung tm c s c ni n tng i chuyn tip cp cao hn, gi l trung tm cp hai. Lp li nh trn, mng li c thit lp cu hnh. Thng th, mng li c t chc theo cch ny c mt t chc phn cp nh c ch ra trong h

Vng khc

: Trung tm cp hai : Tng i ni ht

: Trung tm c s : Bin gii vng

Hnh 2.4.1: Khi nim t chc phn cp. V kha cnh t chc mng li, cc mch c th c phn ra theo chc nng thnh cc mch c bn v cc mch ngang. Chng cn c th c phn loi theo chc nng thay th thnh mch sau cng v mch s dng cao.
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(a). Mch c bn. L cc tuyn kt ni gia mt tng i cp cao hn n tng i cp thp hn, hoc cc kt ni gia cc tng i cp cao nht. (b). Mch ngang. L cc mch khc vi mch c bn l mch ngang. Mch ngang ni trc tip n n cc tng i, khng cn quan tm n cp ca tng i . Thng thng mt mch ngang c thit lp nhng ni c khi lng lu lng gia cc tng i ln. (c). Mch cui. Mch cui khng c php nh tuyn thay th khi tt c cc mch ca tuyn b chim. Thng thng, cc mch c bn l cc mch cui cng. (d). Mch s dng cao. Cho php nh tuyn thay th khi tt c cc mch ca tuyn b chim. Thng thng, cc mch ngang l cc mch s dng cao.
2.3.3. Chun k thut nh hng n cht lng thng tin

Ngi s dng vin thng quan tm n nhng im sau ca dch v: - Kh nng c v kh nng vn hnh dch v. - Cp dch v. - Chi ph v cc iu kin. Cc im ny ch r cch thc (chc nng), mc tiu t c (cht lng), v iu kin cn thit (h thng) ca dch v c cung cp. Mc tiu t c hay cht lng c xc nh c xem xt n s cn i gia mc tho mn ca ngi s dng vi dch v v chi ph cn thit cho thit b cung cp dch v.

Khi nim v cht lng thng tin.

Bng 3.1.1 Cho thy khi nim v dch v ch ra cc cp dch v chung cho tt c cc dch v vin thng khc nhau. Tu theo cc c tnh ca cc nhn t nh hng truyn dn, cht lng thng tin phn thnh ba loi: cht lng chuyn mch, cht lng truyn dn, v cht lng n nh.

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Khi nim cht lng

Cc c tnh c c trng

Chuyn mch Truyn dn n nh

Thi gian v t l kt ni chnh xc ca thng tin truyn dn n nh ca cc dch v

Bng 3.1.1: Khi nim v cp ca dch v vin thng. Cht lng chuyn mch ch ra thi gian cn thit thit lp kt ni, v kt ni c thc hin tt nh th no. Cht lng truyn dn ch ra mc chnh xc vi thng tin m c truyn i. Cht lng n nh ch ra dch v c cung cp nh th no, trong quan im n nh trong khi li h hng thit b v tc nghn lu lng c gim st Tiu chun cht lng. Tiu chun cht lng ch r mc tiu ca cht lng dch v c cung cp cho ngi s dng. N biu th s thc hin m mng li vin thng nn c, hon thnh dch v ca n. Tiu chun cht lng cn rt quan trng nh l bng ch dn cho thit k v qun l mng. xc nh mc tiu ca cht lng, cn thit i xc nh nhng nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Mc cht lng m tho mn nhu cu ngi s dng c xc nh thng qua vng cht lng c biu din trong hnh sau

(Vn hnh /bo dng) -Tiu chun vn hnh

(Xy dng) -Tiu chun thit k DO

PLAN

(nh gi cht lng)

(Tiu chun cht lng thit lp) 26

Hnh 3.1.2 Vng tiu chun cht lng.

Vng ny bao gm PLAN (xc nh mc cht lng c cung cp cho ngi s dng). DO (xy dng mt mng m tun theo mc cht lng v vn hnh mng cung cp dch v). SEE (nh gi mc cht lng).

Cht lng chuyn mch.

Trong cc dch v vin thng, mt s lng ln ngi s dng chia s thit b hn ch trong mng li, v th n c th tr nn rt kh khn kt ni cuc gi trong iu kin lu lng b tc nghn. Cht lng trong qu trnh kt ni nh vy c gi l cht lng chuyn mch. Cht lng chuyn mch ch ra cp ca cc dch v i vi qu trnh m khi ngi s dng bt u mt cuc gi vi mc ch thng tin. N kt thc khi cuc gi c ni n ngi c gi, hay khi thit b khi phc li trng thi ban u ca n sau khi kt thc cuc gi. Cht lng chuyn mch quan h cht ch n ton b thit b v lu lng. Gi thit rng thit b vn hnh mt cch chnh xc v trng thi lu lng l bnh thng. Cht lng chuyn mch c phn loi s b theo cc nguyn nhn lm xu cht lng thnh mt kt ni v tr kt ni. Mt kt ni c ngha rng cuc gi b mt do mch trung k, thit b, hay ngi c gi bn, hay ngi c gi khng tr li. Mt kt ni thng c biu hin bi xc sut mt (t l mt cuc gi). Tr kt ni c ngha l thi gian t khi ngi s dng bt u cuc gi n khi ngi s dng nhn c m quay s, thi gian t khi quay s n khi gi i tn hiu chung nghe r (tr quay s), hay thi gian t khi kt thc cuc gi n khi trng thi sn sng cho cuc gi khc (tr khi phc). Tr kt ni c ch ra bi thi gian tr trung bnh hay t l phn phi thi gian. Cc nhn t chnh nh hng n cht lng chuyn mch. (1). Mt kt ni. Mt kt ni c phn loi thnh mt giai on quay s, mt giai on chuyn mch, mt do ngi c gi bn, mt do ngi c gi khng tr li.

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Mt kt ni bi ngi c gi bn hay bi ngi c gi bn khng tr li ph thuc vo hnh ng ca ngi c gi, m c quan vn hnh cung cp dch v khng th qun l. V th, mt kt ni c ch r ch i vi mt giai on chuyn mch v mt giai on quay s. Mt giai on quay s ch n iu kin m ti cuc gi b mt do tt c chuyn mch b chim dng bi cc cuc gi khc, v th m bn c gi ngay khi ngi s dng nhc my. N l cuc gi khng c kt ni ti im A trong hnh 3.2.1. Mt giai on chuyn mch ch n iu kin m ti cuc gi b mt trong khi th tc kt ni sau khi quay s do cc ng hay cc chuyn mch bn. N l cuc gi khng c kt ni ti im B trong hnh 3.2.1. Mt do ngi c gi bn hay mt do ngi c gi khng tr li ch n iu kin m ti cuc gi b mt do ngi c gi bn hay vng mt. N l cuc gi m khng c kt ni ti im C trong hnh 3.2.1. (2). Tr kt ni. Tr kt ni c phn loi thnh tr m quay s, tr quay s, tr tr li, v tr khi phc. Tr m quay s l thi gian t khi ngi s dng nhc my ln n khi m mi quay s nghe thy (a trong hnh 3.2.1). Thi gian ny c xc nh bi thi gian cn thit cho s vn hnh chuyn mch. Tr quay s l thi gian t khi ngi s dng hon thnh quay s n khi nghe thy tn hiu hi m chung (b trong hnh 3.2.1). Thi gian ny ph thuc vo dng ca tng i v h thng bo hiu. N cn tch lu bi s tng i chuyn tip. Tr tr li l thi gian t khi c tn hiu hi m chung n khi ngi c gi tr li in thoi (c trong hnh 3.2.1). Tr khi phc l thi gian t khi ngi gi t my ti khi mch c hi phc thc s (d trong hnh 3.2.1). Trong s cc tr cp trn, tr tr li ph thuc vo hnh ng ca ngi c gi, m c quan vn hnh (cung cp dch v) khng th qun l. Tr khi phc xy ra sau khi cuc gi kt thc, v th n khng th hin l nhn t cht lng i vi ngi s dng. V th tr kt ni c xc nh ch i vi tr m quay s v tr quay s.

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Ngi gi Nhc my a Nhc my b c Thi gian Nhc my m quay s Tn hiu quay s

Tng i

Tng i

Ngi gi

Tn hiu a ch B Tn hiu chung Ct m chung m thoi t my d Khi phc Ngt vng Tn hiu mt kt ni Mt kt ni C Nhc my

Hnh 3.2.1: Qu trnh kt ni in thoi v cc nhn t cht lng chuyn mch Ch tiu nh gi cht lng thng tin. (1) Ch tiu nh gi cho mt kt ni. Mt kt ni thng c o bi xc sut mt. Xc sut mt l t l ca lu lng mt v lu lng a ra, c cho bi cng thc sau:
Xc sut mt = (Lu lng a ra Lu lng dc ti) / Lu lng a ra

Cho 10 VND lu lng a ra, 9 VND trong s c ti Xc sut mt=(10-9)/10 = 0,1 Xc sut mt l 0,1 ch ra rng c trong 10 cuc gi c 1 cuc khng c kt ni. (2). Ch tiu nh gi cho tr kt ni. Tr kt ni c o bi thi gian tr trung bnh hay t l phn phi thi gian tr. Mc d cc phn phi thi gian tr l khc nhau, tr trung bnh c th l nh nhau. V d: Trng hp 1: Thi gian tr trung bnh: 1 giy Phn phi thi gian tr :10% cho 2 giy hoc di hn. Trng hp 2: Thi gian tr trung bnh: 1 giy
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Phn phi thi gian tr : 20% cho 2 giy hoc di hn. C 2 trng hp c thi gian tr trung bnh nh nhau (mt giy). Tuy nhin, phn phi thi gian tr ca chng l khc nhau. Nh c ch ra trong hnh 2.16 trng hp 1 a ra dch v tt hn.

Mt xc sut

Trng hp 1 Trng hp 2

T l tr vt qu 2 giy

Tiu chun i vi mt kt ni v tr kt ni. (1). Tiu chun i vi mt kt ni.

T l tr vt qu 2 giy

Trong cc khuyn ngh E.500 m xc nh cc phng php o lng lu lng, ITU-T nh ngha gi tr trung bnh ca 30 ngy lm vic cao nht trong khong thi gian 12 thng ca lu lng gi bn trung bnh ca nhm mch l ti bnh thng, v gi tr trung bnh ca 5 ngy lm vic cao nht trong khong thi gian 12 thng l ti cao. Xc sut mt i vi cc h thng quc t c xc nh nh sau (Khuyn ngh E.520) - Xc sut mt trn tuyn mc ti bnh thng: 0,01 hoc nh hn. - Xc sut mt trn tuyn mc ti cao: 0,07 hoc nh hn. (2). Tiu chun i vi tr kt ni. ITU-T vch ra cp dch v trong cc khuyn ngh E.540 ca n. Cht lng chuyn mch (cp dch v) cho tng i quc t c khuyn ngh trong E.543. Khuyn ngh ITU-T v thi gian tr cho qu trnh vn hnh kt ni trong tng i s quc t c a ra trong bng 3.2.3.

Thi gian tr

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Bng 3.2.3: Khuyn ngh ca ITU-T v tr kt ni

2.4. K thut inh tuyn trn PSTN 2.4.1 K hoch nh s K hoch nh s ton cu ng dng in hnh ca k thut chuyn mch knh l mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN. Nguyn tc chung ca qu trnh nh tuyn cho cc cuc gi trong mng PSTN da trn a ch ch, cc h thng chuyn mch thc hin qu trnh nh tuyn thng qua a ch ch trn c s thng tin bo hiu. Cc phng php nh tuyn trong mng PSTN thc t lun thng nht vi k hoch nh s, tnh cc, truyn dn v bo hiu. T chc lin minh vin thng quc t ITU-T ch ra cc nguyn tc c bn ca k hoch nh s trong mng PSTN nhm m bo 3 yu t: 1) Cung cp nhn dng duy nht trong phm vi quc gia v quc t 2) p ng c cc yu cu tng trng ca thit b u cui 3) di cc con s ph hp vi khuyn ngh ca t chc vin thng quc t. Khuyn ngh ITU-T E.164 ra i vo thng 5 nm 1997, thuc vo seri E vi tiu "Hot ng chung ca mng, dch v in thoi, hot ng dch v v cc tc nhn con ngi", quy nh cc "Hot ng, nh s, nh tuyn v cc dch v di ng - Hot ng quc t - Quy hoch nh s cho dch v in thoi quc t". Chi tit hn, E.164 quy nh v cc phng php nh s cho cc thit b vin thng

Tr ti bnh thng Tr p ng vo P(>0,5 giy) 5% Tr thit lp cuc gi tng i P(>0,5 giy) 5% Tr kt ni P(>0,5 giy) 5% Nhn t tr

Tr (ti cao) P(>1 giy) 5% P(>1 giy) 5% P(>1 giy) 5%

hot ng trong mng cng cng. E.164 tp trung quy nh cu trc con s v chc nng ca cc s s dng trong vin thng cng cng quc t tun theo theo 3 dng: Vng, dch v chung v theo mng. E.164 quy nh c th mi loi tin t cn thit cho tng dng nhm thng nht vic nh s ton cu cho mi loi nhu cu dch v. Ngoi ra, E.164 cng cung cp cc quy c chung nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc con s v nhm s trn ton h thng. i vi mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN, E.164 quy nh tng di cc con s s dng khng vt qu 15 digits, c phn cp thnh cc vng m gm: m quc gia, m vng, m tng i v cc con s thu bao. Cc h thng m ny thng i km vi m trung k to ra cc tin t c nh (prefix). Cc h thng chuyn mch da trn cc tin t phn bit cc cuc gi ra trong vng, trong nc hoc quc t. Cn c vo cc a ch tin t, h thng bng bin dch ca h thng chuyn mch s lu cc nh x a ch logic sang a ch vt l s dng trong qu
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trnh nh tuyn. Mt v d v h thng nh s theo vng a l nh sau: +84 43 556 9999; Trong : + l tin t cho bit dy a ch c vit theo dng y ; 84 l m quc gia ca Vit nam, 43 l m vng hay cn gi l m trung k, 556 9999 l s thu bao gm 556 l m tng i v 9999 l con s thu bao ni i. Quy c nh s trong SS7 Mng bo hiu s 7 ng mt vai tr quan trng trong c ch nh tuyn ca mng PSTN v hin l phng php bo hiu ph bin nht hin nay cho mng PSTN. Cc a ch node trong SS7 (Signalling System No7) c gi l cc m im (point code), chng l cc a ch logic v c nhn dng ti lp 3 ca chng giao thc SS7. C hai dng m im c s dng trn th gii hin nay tun theo chun ca ANSI v ITU c m t trn hnh 2.8.

Hnh: M im theo tiu chun ANSI v ITU M im bo hiu theo tiu chun ca ANSI c di 24 bit v c chia thnh 3 trng chc nng 8 bit gm: S hiu mng, m vng v thnh vin. Cch nh a ch theo ANSI tng t nh cch nh a ch IP. Trng 8 bit u tin nhn dng bi nh cung cp mng SS7, trng th hai nhn dng im m bo hiu SSP v trng chc nng th 3 ch ra cc thnh vin kt ni ti im m bo hiu. M im bo hiu theo ITU c di 14 bit v chia thnh 3 trng chc nng: trng th nht gm 3 bit nhn dng vng, trng th hai gm 8 bit nhn dng mng v trng th 3 gm 3 bit l nhn dng im bo hiu. 2.4.2 H thng nh tuyn phn cp Trong PSTN, h thng chuyn mch c t chc phn tng. B chuyn mch cc b c kt ni ti cc tng i trung chuyn. Tng i trung chuyn c kt ni vi tng i chnh l tng i c kt ni vi tng i cp 2 v tng i khu vc. Trn hnh 2.7 ch ra mt cu hnh mng n gin gm 2 cp, h thng chuyn mch 1, 4 ti cp thp v h thng chuyn mch (c k hiu l node trn th) 2, 3 ti mc cao. Trn hnh 2.7 (a) mt cuc gi c kt ni trc tip t node 1ti node 4 nu tn ti lin kt trc tip. nu lin kt 14 bn, cuc gi s trn theo hng 3 v y c coi l cuc gi th, khi lin kt 34 cn ti nguyn cho cuc gi th kt ni thnh cng t 14. Nu lin kt 34 khng cn knh ri cho cuc gi th cuc gi c coi l khng th kt ni. Trong trng hp ny, ng kt ni (134) c gi l hng trn cho hng 14. Tuy nhin, lc ny cn c th cung cp nh tuyn lun phin, nu cuc gi khng tm thy mch ri trn lin kt 1-4, cuc gi th s chim ng 1-2 nh nhm trung k cui.

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Hnh: V d v nh tuyn phn cp Cc nhm trung k trong mng nh tuyn phn cp gm c 2 loi: trung k lu lng ln HU (high usage) v trung k cui (final trunk). Nhm trung k lu lng ln l nhm trung k thng xuyn c lu lng trn , nhm trung k cui l nhm khng cho php cc nhm khc trn ti nu cuc gi khng tm c knh ri. Trong hnh trn, cc nhm trung k 1-4, 1-3 v 2-4 l trung k lu lng ln v 1-2, 3-4 l nhm trung k cui. Th t ca cc cuc gi th s l 14, 134, 124. Trong m hnh mng trn hnh 2.12 (b) c b sung nhm trung k cui 2-3, th t cuc gi th s l 14, 134, 124, v 1234. Cng trong m hnh mng ny, cuc gi c th bt u ti node 2 ti node 4, hai ng nh tuyn c sp theo th t sau 24 v 234. Tuyn 214 s khng c xc nh bi c ch nh tuyn phn cp khng cho php nh tuyn ti cc node c cp thp hn. Vi mc tiu trnh lp vng trong qu trnh nh tuyn, mt s lut c p dng cho c ch nh tuyn phn cp nh sau: Mt node ti mc cao hn phi c chc nng nh tuyn v chuyn mch cho cc node cp thp hn. Cuc gi c nh tuyn qua node phn cp trc tip i vi c node ngun v node ch. i vi cc cuc gi t min phn cp ny sang min phn cp khc, cc nhm trung k HU trong min cha node ngun chuyn mch ti bc cao hn trong min cha node ch. Lut ny c gi l lut nh tuyn u tin. phc v cho nhng vng rng ln, h chng chuyn mch c t chc phn tng nh hnh 11.3. tng thp nht, b chuyn mch c gi l tng i cui (end offices) hay tng i cc b (local exchanges). pha trn l nhng tng i trung chuyn (tng i lp 4), tng i chnh (lp 3), tng i lp 2, v tng i vng (lp 1).

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Hnh: cu trc phn cp chuyn mch trong nh tuyn phn cp

Hnh : Phn cp a l ca nh tuyn phn cp Trong mt thnh ph, mt tng i c thit k nh mt tng i trung chuyn v hot ng nh mt ca ng cho tt c cc cuc gi ng di. Tng t nh vy, mt s tng i quc t s chuyn cc cuc gi t mt nc n mt nc khc. Tuy
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nhin, vic tnh ph cho thu bao lun c thc hin bi tng i cha (tng i m thu bao kt ni ti). Hai phng php nh tuyn c bn thng s dng trong mng chuyn mch knh l nh tuyn c nh v nh tuyn lun phin. nh tuyn c nh thng c s dng trong cc kt ni trc tip hoc cc mng cpthp. Phng php ny n gin v nhanh chng khi ton b cc hng u c ngm nh. nh tuyn c nh b hn ch khi xy ra s c v khng linh hot la chn tuyn, dn ti kh nng tc nghn cao khi lu lng khng n nh.

nh tuyn lun phin bao gm hai kiu lun phin c nh v lun phin ng, trong thc t vic p dng nguyn tc nh tuyn lun phin c thc hin nh hnh trn. Trong , lulng gia hai nt mng A v C c th thc hin qua hai tuyn: tuyn trc tip A-C, tuyn trnA-T-C. Nguyn tc chung khi cc knh trn tuyn AC b chim ht th lp tc lu lng trns c chuyn sang tuyn A-T-C. Nu lc , tuyn A-T-C m cng b chim ht th lu lng trn ny s b tn tht.Trong nh tuyn nh hnh trn, c gi l nh tuyn lun phin c nh bi v mi mt tuyn s knh c khai bo s dng l c nh c tnh ton da trn kt qu d bo lu lng. Trong trng hp kt qu d bo lu lng sai th s xy ra hai trng hp: lu lng s b tn tht nhiu dn n cht lng dch v khng cao hoc cc knh b tha nhiu dn n hiu qu s dng knh khng cao. Trong nh tuyn lun phin t ng, nu mt cuc gi thnh cng trong mt tuyn cho th vic chn mch c lu li. Tri li, i vi la chn hin ti m cuc gi khng thnh cng th s thc hin mt la chn mi cho cuc gi tip theo. Do s dng bo hiu knh khng cao.Trong nh tuyn lun phin t ng, nu mt cuc gi thnh cng trong mt tuyn cho th vic chn mch c lu li. Tri li, i vi la chn hin ti m cuc gi khng thnh cng th s thc hin mt la chn mi cho cuc gi tip theo. Do s dng bo hiu knh chung gia cc tng i kt hp vi cc tng i c cc tuyn ni n nhiu trung tm bc cao hn th c th to nn mt k hoch nh tuyn lun phin t ng phc tp. Nh vy, nu mtcuc gi gp tc ghn ti mc cao hn trong phn cp, n c th quay li tng i bc thp hnv chn mt tuyn i khc. nh tuyn lun phin t ng s nh tuyn li cc cuc gi ra t mt tuyn mc s dng cao bt c khi no m n khng th chuyn ti lu lng c. iu ny c th xy ra nu c s thay th tuyn lu lng cao hn hng hc. Nh th rt c li v
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lu lng vn n c ch ca n trong khi n khng th lm c nu ch c cc tuyn trc tip. Tuy vy, nu b sung thm mt lu lng ln vo tuyn trung k c th gy nn tc ghn cc cuc gi cho cc im thu m ch do tuyn ny phc v (n s n hu ht cc tng i khc trong mng). Mt gii php cho kh khn ny l dnh trc ng trung k. Mt phn cc mch trn tuyn cui cng c dnh ring cho cc cuc gi m ch xy ra trn tuyn . Nh vy, cc cuc gi ny vn t c mt mc dch v hp l khi lu lng trn qua mt tuyn tng bt thng. khc phc nhc im trn kiu nh tuyn lun phin ng c a ra. N c chia thnh hai loi: nh tuyn ng theo trng thi trung k v nh tuyn ng theo thi gian. Nguyn tc nh tuyn ng theo trng thi trung k : truyn ti lu lng gia hai nt mng, s lng knh trn cc hng khng gn c nh. Trong trng hp c cc cuc gi xut hin gia hai nt trung tm qun l mng s xc nh c trng thi cc knh trn cc hng v iu khin chim vo mt knh ri. thc hin c nguyn tc ny cn phi xy dng c mt mng qun l tng th. Mt trung tm qun l mng s kt ni ti tt c cc phn t trn mng thng qua mt mng truyn s liu v x l cc s liu v tnh trng chim dng cc trung k. Nguyn tc nh tuyn ng theo thi gian : Trong thc t lu lng xut hin trong mt khu vc hay gia hai nt mng l thay i theo gi trong ngy. V d nu vng phc v ca hai nt mng l khu thng mi th lu lng vo bui sng hoc chiu l rt cao, trong khi lulng vo bui ti thp. Ngc li, trong cc khu dn c, lu lng vo bui ti thng cao hn ban ngy. m bo p ng c s thay i ln v lu lng nh vy ti cc nt mng s lng knh cung cp cho cc tuyn s thay i theo nhu cu mt cch t ng (theogi). nh tuyn lun phin t ng phc tp hn c th gy ra tc nghn bt ngun t mt phn ca mng dn n s bng n lu lng trn qua cc tuyn khc. R rng iu ny l khng mong mun, nn ngi ta da vo k thut qun l mng. Mt trung tm qun l tp trung c th gim st lu lng trn cc tuyn khc nhau v nu cn n c th gim hoc ct ton b lu lng bt ngun t cc trung tm chuyn mch ngn nga s qu ti. Theo kiu nh tuyn chuyn mch theo thi gian, cc thay i nh tuyn thay th lun ph hp vi iu kin lu lng trong mi mt chu k thi gian (tc l ngy/ m, ngy trong tun, cc dp c bit). 2.4.3. Nguyn tc chuyn mch Khi mt thu bao thc hin mt cuc gi thu bao khc, mt mch c thnh lp l mt s mc ni ca cc knh khc nhau trn thn gia vic chuyn i kt ni vi cc thu bao ang gi v chuyn cc kt ni vi cc thu bao c gi. Hot ng chuyn mch lin quan n cc bc sau: 1. Thit lp cuc gi 2. Truyn d liu (tr chuyn) 3. Ngt kt ni cuc gi

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PSTN hot ng trn chuyn mch. i vi hai thu bao tr chuyn, mch c thit lp gia hai thu bao, v sau khi hon thnh cuc thoi, mch s ngt kt ni. Mch l mt s mc ni khc nhau gia cc thit b chuyn mch.

Channel lin quan bo hiu. thit lp v ngt kt ni cuc gi, thng tin cn phi c truyn t cc thu bao n thit b chuyn mch cng nh gia cc thit b chuyn mch. Thng tin ny c bit n nh l tn hiu thng tin. Trong PSTN, cc tn hiu c thc hin bi cc knh vt l nh nhau c s dng truyn ti m thanh. Cc tn hiu gia hai thit b chuyn mch c thc hin trn cc ng dy. Nh trong hnh 11,6, mt s ng dy c phn cng nh nh cc ng tn hiu. iu ny c bit n nh l mt knh lin kt bo hiu (CAS). thit lp cuc gi v sau ngt kt ni cuc gi, thng tin cn c trao i gia cc thit b u cui thu bao v nh tuyn v cng gia cc thit b chuyn mch. i vi vic thanh ton ca thu bao v mng li qun l, thng tin c trao i gia cc thit b chuyn mch. Thng tin ny c gi l tn hiu thng tin v c truyn trn ng truyn tn hiu. Mc d chuyn mch c s dng rng ri trong nhiu nm, bt li ca n l cc knh truyn thng khng c s dng hiu qu. c bit l khi ting ni c truyn i, gn 40% thi gian, knh c nhn ri v nhng khong trng trong cc tn hiu ting ni. Nhc im khc l cc thng tin tn hiu c thc hin bng cch s dng trn cng cc knh,cng mt kt qu dn n vic khng hiu qu trong vic s dng knh. Cc phn mm x l cuc gi nm trn chuyn mch thc hin cc chc nng sau: lu cc ch s gi i ca thu bao, lun chuyn cc cuc gi n cc thu bao gi l nm bt nhng ng truyn, cung cp nhc khc nhau cho cc thu bao,
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 gii phng nhng ng truyn sau khi cuc gi c hon thnh v thu thp s liu thng k lin quan n cc cuc gi. 2.4.4. X l nh tuyn cuc gi trong node mng chuyn mch knh Nh trnh by trn nh tuyn trong mng PSTN bao gm cc th tc tm mt ng i trong mng cho cuc gi gia 2 thu bao. Vi cc trng hp 2 thu bao ny cng kt ni vo mt tng i gi l cuc gi ni b hoc 2 thu bao kt ni vo 2 tng i khc nhau c gi l cuc gi lin i m s lin kt to nn tuyn ng cho cuc gi l khc nhau. Vi mc tiu phn tch qu trnh x l bo hiu v nh tuyn cho cuc gi trong mt node mng mt cch y nn phn ny tp trung vo qu trnh x l cuc gi lin i. Vic thit lp v gii phng ng i trong mng c bt u v kt thc thng qua bo hiu. Trong h thng chuyn mch knh cc kt ni cho cuc gi lin i c thit lp dc theo ng i n ch c nh sn qua cc bng nh tuyn. Bng nh tuyn c xy dng trn c s nhn cng. Thng thng, mt h thng chuyn mch knh gm mt s bng bin dch, v d nh bng bin dch cho cc tuyn ng nh tuyn quc t, quc gia v ni ht. Ngy trc, nhng thit b chuyn mch in t, chuyn mch c (b chuyn mch ma trn v b chuyn mch Strowger) c s dng rng ri. Ngy nay b chuyn mch s dng cng ngh s. Nhng b chuyn mch s c kh nng h tr hng ngn n vi t in thoi. Cn c vo cc con s m thu bao ch gi gi ti tng i m h thng phn tch s s la chn bng bin dch nh tuyn cho ph hp. Phng php truy nhp bng bin dch trong mt s tng i chuyn mch knh in hnh thng s dng kiu con tr, vi kha l cc tin t. Cn c vo tin t v thng tin c ci t sn ti h thng chuyn mch knh m tng i trung gian hoc kt cui c xc nh. Tin trnh bo hiu tip theo s thc hin vic xc nh tuyn v knh truyn cho cc cuc gi. Mt cch tip cn nh tuyn lin quan n vic s dng ca nh tuyn thay th ng Dynamic Alternative Routing (DAR). DAR lm cho vic s dng cc tnh cht phn phi ca mt mng li vin thng v tnh ngu nhin vn c ca n t ng xc nh con ng ti u nh tuyn. Phng php ny to ra mt nn tng phn phi, ngu nhin tnh ton song song gim thiu tc nghn trn mng, v c th thch ng vi thay i m hnh giao thng v nhu cu vo ti khon 2.4.5. Bo hiu trong PSTN

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Bo hiu ng dy thu bao trong PSTN Bo hiu trong cng bng tn( in-band): Khi mt ngi nhc my in thoi ca mnh, anh ta nhn c mt m quay s c cung cp bi switch. Ngi gi quay s cn gi sau c cc switch dch v tm n cc switch m ngi c gi kt ni. Switch thit lp mt kt ni n mt Switch khc v witch kim tra vic thu bao c gi c sn sng hay khng. Nu thu bao c gi sn sng, mt ng dn c thit lp v cuc tr truyn s c bt u . Khi ngi gi t in thoi li v tr c, mch kt ni gia hai thu bao s c gii phng. Trc v sau khi cuc tr truyn din ra vic trao i thng tin l thng tin bo hiu, thng thng thng tin bo hiu c trao i trong cng mt ng kt ni vi vic trao i thng tin tr chuyn. Thng tin bo hiu nh trn gi l bo hin trong cng bng tn (in-band). Vic bo hiu trong cng bng tn c thc hin n gin, nhng v th m to ra mt vn bi v cc m ging m bo hiu ri vo bng tn v lm nhiu cuc tr chuyn. Cc thng tin bo hiu trao i gia cc thu bao v gia cc switch bao gm cc ch s v cc m bo khc nhau nh m quay s , m bo bn Thng tin bo hiu ny c mang trn mng cc b s dng c ch in-band. Channel Associated (knh lin kt ) Signaling (CAS): Gia hai Switch, mt knh ring bit c s dng cho bo hiu v trao i thng tin (hnh 11.6). V d, khi hai switchc kt ni bng cch s dng mt lin kt E1, mt khong thi gian c s dng bo hiu. Kt qu s tit kim ng k nh cc knh lu thng khng c s dng chuyn thng tin tn hiu. Common channelsignaling (CCS): (Bo hiu knh chung): Mt c ch bo hiu l phi c mt mng truyn thng ring trao i thng tin bo hiu.Khi hai phn t mng c trao i thng tin bo hiu, h s dng mng c lp ny,v thc t cc cuchi thoi din ra bng cch s ng truyn voice. C ch ny (mc d n c v phc tp v i hi phi b sung cho c s h tng ) l cc k hiu qu v hin ang c s dng rng ri.

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Mt v d v CAS Mt tiu chun ITU-T gi l h thng bo hiu s 7 (SS7) c s dng cho bo hiu knh chung.SS7 s dng tng v truyn thng d liu, gii thiu cc khi nim bo hiu v thoi tch bit vi nhau. N c m t trn Hnh di y

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Lin kt truy nhp (A-link) kt ni cc SSP ti STP, hoc SCP ti STP. Lin kt cu ni (B-link) kt ni cc STP khng cng lp. Lin kt cho (C-link) kt ni cho cc STP cng lp. Lin kt trc giao (D-link) kt ni cc SSP ti cc STP ca vng khc. Lin kt m rng (E-link) s dng kt ni mt SSP ti STP ca vng khc. Lin kt (F-link) s dng kt ni trc tip hai nhm SSP. nh tuyn cc bn tin bo hiu trong mng SS7 c thc hin theo phng php hop-by-hop v da trn mt tp lut nh tuyn di y: Mt bn tin pht ra t SSP ti mt SSP kt ni trc tip s chn ng F-link trc. Nu F-link khng tn ti, bn tin s chn A-link l tuyn ng dn cho bn tin. Mt bn tin t mt SSP ti mt SSP khc c phc v bi mt cp STP cnh tuyn theo ng A-link ti STP ca vng sau mi c chuyn tip. Mt bn tin ti STP ca vng ch la chn A-link kt ni ti SSP ch, nu A-link khng tn ti, bn tin theo ng C-link ti STP cng cp kt ni ti SSP ch. Mt bn tin ti STP ca vng ch c th chn E-link ti SSP ch, nu Elink khng tn ti, bn tin c nh tuyn ti STP ca vng ngun theo Blink. La chn tip theo l s dng B-link ti vng ch th hai ca SSP hoc s dng C-link ti cc vng khc c kt ni ti SSP ch. Mt bn tin t mt SSP ti mt SCP thc hin nh tuyn trn F-link nu n tn ti, nu F-link khng tn ti, bn tin s c nh tuyn ti STP ngun trn ng A-link kt ni ti SCP.

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CHNG III. XU HNG PHT TRN MNG V K THUT

3.1. Hi t gia mng c nh, mng di ng v mng internet Trong mt s nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh tin tin l xu hng hi t c v cng ngh v dch v mng truyn thng gia mng c nh, mngdi ng v mng internet sang mng th h k tip NGN . VNPT xy dng mt mng PSTN cung cp dch vu thoi truyn thng cht lng tt cho khch hang. Tuy nhin cng vi thi gian mng PSTN bc l mt s hn ch: cc tng ai chuyn mch knh khai thc ht nng lc v tr nn lc hu so vi nhu cu ca khch hang hin nay, s km hiu qu ca TDM trong vic phn b bng thng, mang PSTN c nhiu cp nn phc tp trong vic phn phi h thng bo hiu, ng b Mt khc nhu cu v cc dch v d liu pht trin ngay cng manh m , internet pht trin ngy cang mnh m, ph bin rng di, xu th tch hp IP/ATM/MPLS cho mang ng trc cng vi s pht trin ca nn vin thng th gii i hi phi c mt mng c bng tn rng, hiu sut cao h tr nhiu dch v , n gin, v cu truc v qun l , d dng pht trin dich v v nhanh chng cung cp ti khch hang. C hai s la trn: mt la xy dng mt c s h tng mi hai la xy dng mt mng co kh nng cung cp cac dch v IP bng cch nng cp trn c s h tng mng PSTN c sn.vic xy dng mt c s h tng mi la mt chuyn kh c th lm c trong thi gian ngn v s tn kh nhiu thi gian. Cho nn mng th h mi NGN c hinh thnh v pht trin. chnh v vy xu hng pht trin ca mang PSTN hin nay la phat trin ln mang th h mi NGN l iu tt yu

Hinh. c u tr c mang NGN Trong tng lai, mng th h mi NGN s hon ton da trn c s h tng l mng gi. Do mng PSTN hin ti vn hot ng tt v cung cp dch v kh tin cy 99,999%) nn vic chuyn c mng truy nhp v mng li ca PSTN thnh mng gi
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l rt tn km. tn dng c s h tng ca PSTN v u im ca chuyn mch gi, cu hnh mng NGN bao gm chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi c th hin nh trong hnh trn Cng vi s pht trin ca cc cng ngh vin thng, h thng chuyn mch mm ra i vi cc tnh nng u vit, khc phc c phn ln cc hn ch ca h thng chuyn mch knh truyn thng. H thng chuyn mch mm tr thnh mt thnh t quan trng bc nht trong mng th h mi NGN. Vic a ra kin trc ca mng hi t vi mc tiu nh sau: S dng mt c s h tng truyn ti chung da trn cng ngh IP. C kin trc bo hiu IP chung cho cc dch v a phng tin c yu cu bo hiu (cc dch v truyn s liu s khng cn bo hiu IP). Mi trng kin to dch v m, c giao din chun m vi phn bo hiu IP, cho php trin khai dch v ca nh khai thc cng nh ca bn th 3. Cho php truy nhp mng bng nhiu cng ngh truy nhp khc nhau (nh xDSL, WLAN,3G). Trong mi trng kinh doanh bin ng hm nay, cc loi nh khai thc khc nhau s c cc cch tip cn khc nhau. Tuy nhin, r rng rng hi t s c mt vai tr quan trng vi mi loi nh khai thc v mi hng tip cn khc nhau. Nh khai thc phi phn ng nhanh nhy vi th trng v thch nghi nhanh vi mi trng kinh doanh cng nh c cc chng trnh marketing to cho tng trng v gim ch ph. Mt mi trng dch v cho php trin khai cc gi dch v tch hp nhanh chng l mt iu khng th thiu i n thnh cng. Xu th s dng cng ngh IP trong mi lnh vc ca vin thng tng i r rng. Mt mng IP chung cung cp cc tnh nng chung v do gim chi ph k hoch v vn hnh. Kh nng ct gim chi ph cho nh khai thc cng l mt trong nhng ng lc thc y vic hi t mng. Ngoi ra, khi cu trc nn tng mng c chun ho, cc dch v mi dnh ring cho mt phn on th trng no s c pht trin v trin khai d dng v hiu qu hn. .

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Hnh 1- Kin trc mng hi t Phng n pht trin mang c inh bo ton ngun vn v phc v cc thu bao hin c mt cch lin tc, cc nh khai thc mng khng th ngay lp tc b mng c v xy dng mng mi. Qu trnh chuyn i cng ngh cn thc dn hin tng bc. Mi nh khai thc c phng php, l trnh chuyn i ring theo hon cnh v c tnh ring ca h. Tuy vy, cc kch bn chuyn i ln NGN u da vo vic phn tch cc chc nng trong mng: truyn ti, iu khin, dch v, v qun l. Vic trin khai cc gii php mng NGN c thc hin thng qua mt hay nhiu bc tu thuc vo mc m rng ca tng gii php

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Danh mc ti liu tham kho : - Bi ging k thut chuyn mch HVCNBCVT- Nguyn Hong Minh - Dinhchithanh.org - Wikipedia.org - Gio trnh mng vin thng HVBCVT- Nguyn Th Thu Hng - Tailieu.vn

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