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TIU CHUN ISO 22000:2005: H THNG QUN L AN TON THC PHM

Hong Mnh Dng( * )

1.

S ra i ca tiu chun ISO 22000:2005:

An ton thc phm tr thnh mt vn c quc t quan tm trc s bng n v nhim c thc phm. Kt qu nghin cu khoa hc cho thy: Dioxin, mt ho cht gy ung th c pht hin trong tht gia sc, gia cm v trng. Listeria l mt loi trc khun gy bnh thng c pht hin trong cc sn phm ti sng bao gm cc loi tht ngui, pho mt v xc xch. Nm 1999, s kin nhim khun Listeria M gy nh hng ti hng trm ngi v 20 ngi cht do n phi xc xch. Sau , Cc qun l Dc phm v Thc phm M (FDA) v Ban kim tra v an ton thc phm (FSIS) yu cu cc nh sn xut thc phm ngui, n nhanh phi nh gi li phng php qun l an ton thc phm. ng thi, cc nh sn xut phi tin hnh cc hnh ng khc phc cn thit v xc nh mi nguy v Listeria. Ngy 29/11/2005, Hi ngh s kt t thanh tra v sinh an ton thc n ng ph nm 2005 ti H Ni, Tp.HCM v Nang cng b t l thc ISO 22000:2005 n ng ph khng t ch tiu v vi sinh Food safety management l 30%. Ngoi ra, vic s dng ph gia systems thc phm khng thuc danh mc cho php ca B Y t vn cn kh ph bin. Trc , y ban thc phm Codex ban hnh h thng HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point: H thng phn tch cc mi nguy v im kim sot ti hn) nh mt cng c qun l an ton thc phm. y l mt phng php khoa hc v c h thng xc nh, nh gi v kim sot cc
(*)

Tin s, Gim c C s III (Bnh Dng), i hc M Bn cng TP.HCM

mi nguy trong qu trnh ch bin, sn xut, bo qun v s dng thc phm nhm m bo an ton khi tiu th. Ti Vit Nam, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng - Cht lng qui nh k t thng 6/2005 nhng c s t yu cu ca HACCP mi c php sn xut, kinh doanh cc mt hng thuc 10 nhm thc phm c nguy c cao. l tht/sn phm t tht; sa/sn phm t sa; trng/sn phm t trng; thy sn ti sng/ch bin; kem, nc /nc khong; cc loi thc phm chc nng, b sung, ph gia; thc phm ch bin n ngay; thc phm ng lnh; sn phm t u nnh v cui cng l rau, c, qu c th n ngay. Ngy 04/01/1997, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng - Cht lng ban hnh Quyt nh s 05/TC-Q: Hng dn chung v nhng ni dung c bn ca iu kin thc hnh sn xut tt (GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice) p dng trong cc c s sn xut thc phm. Nhn chung, mt c s sn xut thc phm u chu chi phi bi yu cu v HACCP v cc qui nh thc hnh hin ang trin khai p dng. Ngy 01/09/2005, T chc quc t v tiu chun ha ISO (International Organization for Standardization) chnh thc ban hnh tiu chun ISO 22000:2005. Tiu chun ny do y ban k thut ISO/TC 34 son tho. y l tiu chun quc t v h thng qun l an ton thc phm nhm p ng yu cu ca ngi tiu dng ln cc bn quan tm trn phm vi ton th gii. Tiu chun ISO 22000:2005 c nhn nhn nh s tch hp gia HACCP v GMP trong sn xut thc phm. Qua y to iu kin hp nht v n gin ha tng bc khi p dng cc h thng qun l cng c trin khai trong mt t chc. p dng h thng qun l an ton thc phm theo ISO 22000:2005 tit kim c nhiu cng sc v chi ph i vi cc t chc; c bit khi phi vn hnh mt mt lc ISO 9001:2000, HACCP, GMP.
2.

Cc yu t chnh ca ISO 22000:2005:

Tiu chun ISO 22000:2005 a ra bn yu t chnh i vi mt h thng qun l an ton thc phm. Cc yu t ny m bo an ton thc phm trong sut chui cung ng thc phm (Food chain) t khu u tin n khi tiu th sn phm. Bn yu t chnh ca tiu chun ny l: 2.1 Trao i thng tin tng h (interactive communication): Cc thng tin tng h rt cn thit nhm m bo cc mi nguy c xc nh v kim sot mt cch y mi giai on trong sut chui cung ng thc phm. Trao i thng tin vi khch hng v cc nh cung ng v cc mi nguy c xc nh v cc bin php kim sot hng n p ng cng khai cc yu cu ca khch hng. Qu trnh trao i thng tin trong chui cung ng thc phm c c th ha nh sau:

C quan c thm quyn v ch nh /lut php

Nh sn xut nng nghip Nh sn xut thc n gia sc Nh sn xut thc phm s ch Nh sn xut thc phm Nh sn xut thc phm han h h Nh Bc s Nh bn l, cung cp dch v thcphm v ngi bn thc phm

Nh sn xut thuc bo v thc vt, phn bn v th y Chui cung ng thc phm sn xut cht b sung v ph gia Nh vn ti v tn tr Nh sn xun trang thit b Nh sn xut cc thit bdng c v sinh Nh t t li b

Ch thch M hnh khng ch r cc dng thng tin tng h theo chiu dc v cho nhau trong chui cung ng va ngi tiu dng Hnh 1: V d v thng tin trong chui chung ng thc phm. Ngun: ISO 2000:2005

Ngi tiu dng

2.2

Qun l h thng:

H thng qun l an ton thc phm c thit lp, vn hnh v lun cp nht trong b khung ca mt h thng qun l c cu trc ng thi thng nht vi ton b hot ng qun l chung trong mt t chc. iu ny gip ti a ha li ch cho khch hng v cc bn quan tm. Tiu chun quc t ny c lin kt vi tiu chun ISO 9001 tng cng tnh tng thch gia hai tiu chun. Tuy nhin, tiu chun ny vn c th p dng mt cch c lp vi cc h thng qun l khc khi iu hnh qun l ti mt c s sn xut thc phm. 2.3 Cc chng trnh tin quyt (PRPs: Prerequisite programmes): Cc chng trnh tin quyt PRPs l cc iu kin c bn v hot ng cn thit duy tr mt mi trng v sinh xuyn sut chui cung ng thc phm. Cc iu kin v hot ng ny cn ph hp vi yu cu sn xut, s dng v cung cp s an ton i vi sn phm cui cng cng nh ngi tiu dng. PRPs l mt trong nhng chun mc cn v cc c s iu kin tham gia sn xut thc phm. Qui nh v PRPs c

quan h cht ch vi cc qui nh v GMP, GAP, GVP, GHP, GPP, GDP, GTP (Xem bng 2). 2.4 Cc nguyn tc ca HACCP:

Nguyn tc 1: Tin hnh phn tch mi nguy hi

Xc nh cc mi nguy tim n mi giai on nh hng ti an ton thc phm t s ch, ch bin, phn phi cho ti khu tiu th cui cng. nh gi kh nng xut hin cc mi nguy v xc nh cc bin php kim sot chng. Control Points). Xc nh cc im kim sot ti hn ti tng cng on ca chui cung ng thc phm cn c kim sot loi b cc mi nguy hoc hn ch kh nng xut hin ca chng.

Nguyn tc 2: Xc nh cc im kim sot ti hn (CCP: Critical

Nguyn tc 3: Xc lp cc ngng ti hn
Xc nh cc ngng ti hn khng c vt qu nhm m bo khng ch c hiu qu cc im kim sot ti hn.

Nguyn tc 4: Thit lp h thng gim st cc im kim sot ti hn

Xy dng h thng cc chng trnh th nghim hoc quan st nhm gim st tnh trng ca cc im kim sot ti hn. khi h thng gim st cho thy ti mt im kim sot ti hn no khng c thc hin y . HACCP ang hot ng c hiu qu.

Nguyn tc 5: Xc nh cc hot ng khc phc cn phi tin hnh

Nguyn tc 6: Xc lp cc th tc kim tra khng nh h thng Nguyn tc7: Thit lp h thng ti liu lin quan n mi th tc,
hot ng ca chng trnh HACCP ph hp vi cc nguyn tc trn v cc bc p dng chng.

3.

Tng ng gia h thng qun l an ton thc phm theo ISO 22000:2005 vi ISO 9001:2005, cc qui nh thc hnh hin ang p dng v HACCP. Bng 1: Tng ng gia ISO 22000:2005 vi ISO 9001:2000 v cc iu khon ch yu

ISO 22000:2005 Li gii thiu Phm vi Tiu chun trch dn Thut ng v nh ngha

0 1 1 2 2 3 3

ISO 9001:2000 Li gii thiu Phm vi Tiu chun trch dn Thut ng v nh ngha

4 4 H thng qun l cht lng Trch nhim ca lnh o 5 5 Trch nhim ca lnh o Qun l ngun lc 6 6 Qun l ngun lc Hoch nh v to sn phm an ton 7 7 To sn phm Xc nhn gi tr s dng, kim tra xc 8 8 o lng, phn tch v ci nhn v ci tin h thng qun l an ton tin thc phm. Ngun: ISO 22000:2005 Bng 2: Tng ng gia cc chng trnh tin quyt (PRPs) vi cc qui nh thc hnh hin ang p dng trn th gii Cc chng trnh tin quyt (PRPs) theo ISO 22000:2005 Cc qui nh thc hnh hin ang p dng trn th gii

H thng qun l an ton thc phm

Thc hnh sn xut nng nghip tt Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) Thc hnh cng tc th y tt Good Veterinarian Practice (GVP) Thc hnh sn xut tt Good Manufacturing Practice PRPs c th p dng mt hoc nhiu (GMP) cc qui nh thc hnh ty theo phn Thc hnh v sinh tt on ca chui cung ng thc phm. Good Hygienic Practice (GHP) Thc hnh sn xut tt Good Production Practice (GPP) Thc hnh phn phi tt Good Distribution Practice (GDP) Thc hnh trao i mua bn tt Good Trading Practice (GTP) Bng 3: Tng ng gia HACCP vi ISO 22000:2005 Nhng nguyn tc ca HACCP Nhng bc p dng HACCP Thnh lp nhm Bc HACCP 1 M t sn phm Bc 2 ISO 22000:2005 7.3.2 Nhm an ton thc phm

7.3.3 Nhng c tnh ca sn 7.3.5.2 phm

Xc nh mc ch s dng Thit lp s dy chuyn sn xut. Thm nh s dy chuyn sn xut so vi thc t sn xut. Lit k tt c cc mi nguy tim n. Nguyn tc 1: Tin hnh phn tch Tin hnh phn cc mi nguy. tch mi nguy. Nghin cu cc bin php kim sot. Xc nh cc im kim sot ti hn (CCP). Nguyn tc 3: Xc lp cc ngng ti hn. Nguyn tc 4: Thit lp h thng gim st cc im kim sot ti hn (CCP) Nguyn tc 5: Xc nh cc hot ng khc phc cn tin hnh khi h thng gim st cho thy ti mt im kim sot ti hn no khng c thc hin y .

Bc 3 Bc 4 Bc 5

7.3.4

M t cc cng on ca qu trnh v cc bin php kim sot. Mc ch s dng

7.3.5.1 S dy chuyn sn xut

7.4 Bc 6 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.6.2

Phn tch mi nguy Lit k mi nguy v xc nh mc chp nhn. nh gi mi nguy. La chn v nh gi cc bin php kim sot. Xc nh cc im kim sot ti hn. Xc nh cc ngng gii hn i vi cc im ti hn. H thng theo di cc im ti hn.

Nguyn tc 2:

Xc nh cc im kim sot ti hn. Xc nh cc mc ti hn ti mi im kim sot ti hn. Xy dng h thng theo di ti mi im kim sot ti hn.

Bc 7 Bc 8 Bc 9

7.6.3 7.6.4

7.6.5

Hnh ng khi kt qu theo di vt qu ngng gii hn.

Thit lp hnh ng khc phc.

Bc 10

Nguyn tc 6: Xc lp cc th tc kim tra khng nh rng h thng HACCP ang hot ng c hiu qu. Nguyn tc 7: Thit lp h thng ti liu lin quan n mi th tc, h s ph hp vi cc nguyn tc v cc bc p dng chng.

7.8 Xy dng cc th tc nh gi xc nhn. Bc 11

Lp k hoch kim tra xc nhn.

4.2 7.7 Xy dng h thng ti liu v lu tr h s. Bc 12

Cc yu cu ca h thng ti liu. Cp nht cc thng tin s b v ti liu c trng ca PRPs v k hoch HACCP.

Ngun: ISO 22000:2005

4.

Trin khai ISO 22000:2005 ti cc c s sn xut thc phm

trin khai h thng qun l an ton thc phm theo ISO 22000:2005 ti cc c s sn xut thc phm c th tin hnh theo cc bc sau: Bc 1: Tm hiu tiu chun v xc nh phm vi p dng: Lnh o cn thu hiu ngha ca ISO 22000:2005 i vi pht trin t chc, nh hng cc hot ng, xc nh mc tiu v cc iu kin p dng c th. Bc 2: Lp nhm qun l an ton thc phm: p dng ISO 22000:2005 cn thnh lp mt nhm qun l an ton thc phm. Nhm ny bao gm Trng nhm v i din ca cc b phn trong phm vi p dng ISO 22000:2005. Trng nhm an ton thc phm thay mt lnh o c s sn xut ch o p dng h thng theo ISO 22000:2005 v chu trch nhim v lnh vc ny. Bc 3: nh gi thc trng ca c s sn xut thc phm so vi cc yu cu ca tiu chun: Cn r sot cc hot ng, xem xt yu cu v mc p ng hin ti ca c s sn xut thc phm. nh gi ny lm nn tng hoch nh nhng ngun lc cn thay i hay b sung. Qua , c s sn xut thc phm xy dng cc chng trnh, d n chi tit nhm m bo kim sot cc mi nguy hng n an ton thc phm vo mi thi im khi tiu dng.

Bc 4: Hun luyn o to vi nhiu chng trnh thch hp vi tng cp qun tr cng nh nhn vin. Ni dung o to chnh bao gm ISO 22000:2005, ISO 9000:2005, HACCP, GMP v/hoc GAP v/hoc GVP v/hoc GHP v/hoc GPP v/hoc GDP v/hoc GTP, ISO/TS 22004. Chng trnh hun luyn o to c th thc hin gn lin vi cc h thng khc (nh ISO 9001:2000 v/hoc ISO 14001:2004 v/hoc SA 8000:2001 v/hoc OHSAS 18001:1999) di hnh thc tch hp cc h thng qun l trong mt c s sn xut thc phm. Bc 5: Thit lp h thng ti liu theo ISO 22000:2005: H thng ti liu c xy dng v hon chnh p ng yu cu ca tiu chun v cc yu cu iu hnh ca c s sn xut thc phm bao gm: Chnh sch an ton thc phm. Cc mc tiu v an ton thc phm. Cc qui trnh - th tc theo yu cu ca tiu chun. Cc h s theo yu cu ca tiu chun. Cc ti liu cn thit t chc thit lp, trin khai v cp nht c hiu lc mt h thng qun l an ton thc phm. Bc 6: Trin khai h thng qun l an ton thc phm : Ph bin mi nhn vin nhn thc ng v h thng ti liu theo ISO 22000:2005. Xc nh r trch nhim, quyn hn lin quan n tng qui trnh c th. Hng dn nhn vin thc hin theo cc ti liu c ph duyt. Bc 7: Kim tra xc nhn h thng qun l an ton thc phm v chun b cho nh gi chng nhn bao gm: C s sn xut thc phm tin hnh cc cuc nh gi ni b, thm nh cc kt qu kim tra xc nhn ring l, phn tch kt qu ca cc hot ng kim tra xc nhn xc nh s ph hp ca h thng qun l an ton thc phm v tin hnh cc hot ng khc phc, phng nga cn thit. La chn t chc chng nhn: C s sn xut thc phm c quyn la chn t chc chng nhn nh gi v cp chng ch.

nh gi trc chng nhn nhm xc nh mc hon thin v s san sng ca h thng qun l an ton thc phm ng thi chun b cho cuc nh gi chnh thc. Bc 8: nh gi chng nhn do t chc c lp, khch quan tin hnh nhm khng nh tnh ph hp ca h thng qun l an ton thc phm vi cc yu cu tiu chun ISO 22000:2005 v cp giy chng nhn. Bc 9: Duy tr h thng qun l an ton thc phm sau khi chng nhn: C s sn xut thc phm cn tip tc duy tr h thng qun l an ton thc phm nhm p ng yu cu ca tiu chun v khng ngng ci tin hng n tha mn cng khai yu cu ca khch hng v cc bn quan tm. p dng thnh cng h thng qun l an ton thc phm theo ISO 22000:2005 cn cc iu kin nh sau: Cam kt ca lnh o i vi thc hin chnh sch an ton thc phm v kin tr theo ui n cng h thng qun l an ton thc phm l iu kin quan trng nht i vi s thnh cng ca ISO 22000:2005. S tham gia ca nhn vin: S tham gia tch cc v hiu bit ca mi thnh vin trong c s sn xut thc phm m bo h thng qun l an ton thc phm vn hnh, duy tr v ci tin c hiu lc v hiu qu. Cng ngh h tr: ISO 22000:2005 c p dng cho mi loi hnh t chc. Tuy nhin, cc c s sn xut thc phm c cng ngh ph hp vi cc yu cu ca dy chuyn thc phm cng nh cc PRPs p dng trong ISO 22000:2005 s c nhanh chng v thun tin hn. Ch trng ci tin lin tc: Cc hnh ng ci tin tng bc hay i mi u mang li li ch nu c thc hin thng xuyn i vi h thng qun l an ton thc phm ca cc c s sn xut thuc lnh vc ny. ISO 22000:2005 c mt vai tr quan trng trong i sng hng ngy. Tiu chun ny tr thnh mt hng dn cn thit. p dng ISO 22000:2005 vo cc c s sn xut thc phm gp phn nng cao cht lng cuc sng ng thi to ra s n nh trong x hi trc nguy c nhim c thc phm ang ng trc tnh trng bo ng cao. H thng qun l an ton thc phm theo ISO 22000:2005 gip cc c s sn xut thc phm ci tin phng php lm vic;

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tun th cc yu cu php lut; gim bt ngha v php l; giy chng nhn l bng chng khch quan v s chuyn cn xng ng; ci thin nhng c hi xut khu v thm nhp vo th trng kh tnh; nng cao tin cy i vi khch hng; gim bt tn sut ca cc hot ng kim tra; to li th cnh tranh v nng cao hnh nh cng nh uy tn ca cc c s sn xut thc phm trn thng trng.

Ti liu tham kho: 1. ISO 22000:2005 2. ISO 9000:2005 3. ISO 9001:2000 4. Ti liu p dng GMP & HACCP cho cc c s ch bin thc phm, 2003. 5. Quyt nh s 05/TC-Q ngy 04/01/1997: Hng dn chung v nhng ni dung c bn ca iu kin thc hnh sn xut tt (GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice) p dng trong cc c s sn xut thc phm ca Tng cc Tiu chun o lng - Cht lng. 6. ASEAN Good Manufacturing Practice Guidelines, Third Edition, 1996. 7. http://www.vpc.org.vn 8. http://www.tcvn.gov.vn 9. http://www.iso.org 10. http://www.codexalimentarius.net TM TT An ton thc phm tr thnh mt vn c quc t quan tm trc s bng n v nhim c thc phm. ISO 22000:2005 c mt vai tr quan trng trong i sng hng ngy. Tiu chun ny tr thnh mt hng dn cn thit. Tiu chun ISO 22000:2005 c nhn nhn nh s tch hp gia HACCP v GMP trong sn xut thc phm. Qua y to iu kin hp nht v n gin ha tng bc khi p dng cc h thng qun l cng c trin khai trong mt t chc. p dng ISO 22000:2005 vo cc c s sn xut thc phm gp phn nng cao cht lng cuc sng ng thi to ra s n nh trong x hi. H

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thng qun l an ton thc phm theo ISO 22000:2005 gip cc c s sn xut thc phm ci tin phng php lm vic; tun th cc yu cu php lut; gim bt ngha v php l; giy chng nhn l bng chng khch quan v s chuyn cn xng ng; ci thin nhng c hi xut khu v thm nhp vo th trng kh tnh; nng cao tin cy i vi khch hng; gim bt tn sut ca cc hot ng kim tra; to li th cnh tranh v nng cao hnh nh cng nh uy tn ca cc c s sn xut thc phm trn thng trng.