Thuyt minh v gii thch cng ngh: Trc khi thc hin qu trnh trch ly ta phi chun b nguyn

liu v dung mi tht tt. y l khu quan trng v n quyt nh phm cht tinh du thnh phm ti 90% khi kt thc qu trnh v hiu sut trch ly, cc ch tiu kim tra nguyn liu l: m, hm lng tinh du trong nguyn liu, hm lng cc tp cht nguyn liu dng trong trch ly phi ro nc v c m thch hp, chn dung mi ph hp vi nguyn liu v phng php trch ly thch hp. Kim tra thit b sn xut: kn, an ton cc thit b, cc dung c o nhit , lu lng, p lc v cc ch lm vic Phng php trch ly c th l tnh hoc ng, trch ly ng c trch ly ng thun chiu v trch ly ng ngc chiu, trch ly ng ngc chiu cho nng sut cao v thi gian trch ly nhanh hn. Trch ly ngc chiu thng c thc hin bng cch cho nguyn liu v dung mi chy ngc chiu nhau. Xc nh thi gian trch ly cn thit ph hp vi nguyn liu m ta trch ly. C s l thuyt ca qua trnh trch ly l da vo s chnh lch hng s in mi ca dung mi v cht cn trch ly. Nhng cht c hng s in mi gn nhau s ha tan vo nhau. Bn cht ca qu trinh trch ly l qu trnh khuch tn nn ta dung nh lut Fck tnh ton v gii thch: tinh du c hng s in mi t 25 v cc dung mi hu c c hng s in mi t 1,52. Trong qu trnh trch ly th dung mi l pha c nng thp. Cht lng tinh du ph thuc nhiu vo dung mi nn th ta phi chn dung mi cho tht tt, mun th dung mi phi m bo cc yu cu sau: Nhit si thp d tch tinh du ra khi dung mi bng phng php chng ct, nhng khng qu thp v gy tn tht dung mi, d gy chy v kh thu li dung mi ( kh ngng t). dung mi tuyt i khng tc dng ha hc vi tinh du. Dung mi ha tan tt cc tinh du nhng ha tan km cc tp cht. Dung mi khng n mn thit b v lm gim phm cht ca tinh du thnh phm. D mua v r tin. Nhng iu kh l trn thc t t c dung mi no tha mn nhng yu cu trn. Ngy nay, ngi ta dng ph bin nht l te ptrol ( te du ha), nhit si ca chng t 45700C vi thnh phn chnh l cc hir cacbon nh pentan, hexan,v lng nh heptan nhng nhc im cha dung mi ny l d gy ra chy n, c v v th phi dm bo an ton khi sn xut v phng chy cha chy. Khc phc cc nhc im ny ngi ta nghin cu s dng cacbonixit: khng c v c bn ha hc cao nn m bo cho tinh du c phm cht tt. Thc hin qu trnh trch ly, sau khi cho nguyn liu v dung mi vo thit b trch ly, sau khong thi gian nht nh ( ty loi nguyn liu m c thi gian trch ly khc nhau) th dung mi s cha mt lng nht nh cc cht ha tan ta thu c mit-xen. Mit-xen l hn hp gm tinh du v dung mi ha tan v phn cn li l b ca qu trnh trch ly. Phn b ny c tch d ly li phn dung mi, phn b khng cn gi tr trong qu trnh trch ly c mang i s dng vo mc ch khc nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh t: lm nguyn liu ln 2, lm phn bn,lm giy, lm than hot tnh, lm thc n gia sc.... Mit-xen qua qu trnh lng lc s loi b tp cht nh cc mnh nguyn liu ( nu nguyn liu l ha th tp cht c th l nhy hoa, phn hoa). Qu trnh lng lc lm cho mitxen gn cht vo nhau to thnh cc mng. Nh c qu trnh lng lc ny m ta thc hin qu trnh tch dung mi ra khi tinh du giai on tip theo d dng hn, mit-xen qua qu trnh lng lc v tch dung mi c gi l Cng-crt. Thnh phn ca Cng-crt l hn hp gm tinh du, sp nha thm v mt s tp cht khc (axit hu c) dng st. tch sp v tp cht ngi ta dng ru Eetylic 960 ha tan ri sau lm lnh -150C, nhit d ny th sp v tp cht s ng c li v sau lc ta s thu c hn hp cui l tinh du v ru, s d ta thc hin c qu

trnh tch tp cht v sp l da vo s chnh lch nhit ng ca gia cc cht. Dng phng php chng ct tch ru ta thu c tinh du tuyt i, ru b tch ra s c s dng li qu trnh tch sp, thu c tinh du nguyn cht vi tinh khit cao chng ta phi dng phng php chng luyn nhiu ln, ru c nhit si thp hn s bay hi ra v c dn qua thit b ngng t ha lng, cn li tinh du trong thit b chng ct. Nhit trong cc qu trnh c tnh ton mt cch chu o, chnh xc v cn thn: nhit c tc dng tng tc khuch tn v gim nht, phn t ha tan chuyn ng d dng khi khuch tn gia cc phn t dung mi, tuy nhin nhit l mt yu t c tnh gii hn, khi nhit qu cao c th xy ra cc phn ng khc khng cn thit gy kh khn cho qu trnh cng ngh.Tinh du nguyn cht tri qua qu trnh kim tra cht lng: kim tra cc ch tiu cm quan nh mu sc, mi v, trong sut, cc ch tiu vt l nh trng lng ring, ch s chit quang hay gc chit quang, ha tan trong ru etylic, nhit si hay nhit ng cc ch s ha hc nh: hng s axit, hm lng cc cht: phenol, ete xtn Nhit si ca mt s cht trong qu trnh ct ru p sut thng: STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Glyoxan Axeton Metyl axetat Ru metylic Etyl axetat Ru Etylic Benzen iso-propylic n-propylic Axit formic Limoxen Xitronenlal Mentol Linalol Giraniol Aneton Andehit xinamic Ogenol Tn cht Andehit axetic CH3-CHO CHO-CHO CH3COCH3 CH3COOCH3 CH3-OH CH3COOC2H5 C2H5OH C6H6 CH3CHOHCH3 CH3CH2CH2OH HCOOH 21.0 51.0 56.5 57.0 64.6 77.2 78.3 80.2 82.4 97.2 107.0 175.0 206.5 212.0 226.0 230.0 235.5 246.0 253.5 Tinh du cam Tinh du chanh Tinh du bc h Tinh du mi Tinh du x Tinh du hi Tinh du qu 90% <25% 80-9-% 80-90% <85% 80-90% 70-80% Nhng cht kh bay hi hn ru Eetylic, mt t tp cht trung gian v tp cht cui ca qu trinh ct ru. Cc cht d bay hi hn ru Eetylic: tp cht u ca qu trnh ct ru v mt t tp cht trung gian. Ts Ghi ch

Tinh du hng nhu 65%

mc ch v yu cu:tch cht ha tan trong cht lng hoc cht rn bng mt cht ha tan khc mc dch :khai thc (ma ng ..) chun b: ngm c khoai m vt liu v qu trnh bin i: lng- lng, rn -lng dung mi: http://baigiang.violet.vn/present/show/entry_id/240829/cm_id/1653765 http://d3.violet.vn/uploads/previews/562/2281808/preview.swf Trch ly l mt qu trnh quan trng ngnh cng nghip ho hc hin nay,cng l mt bc

quan trng trong dy chuyn sn xut trc tip ra sn phm. ti ny tp trung nghin cu v qu trnh trch ly lng lng mt bc ngc chiu, v nhng nh hng ca cc thng s khc n qu trnh nhm tm cch nng cao hiu sut qu trnh mt cch ti u nht
Cht lng cua tinh du thu c bng phng phap trich ly phu thuc rt nhiu vao dung mi dung trich ly, vi th dung mi dung trich ly cn phai am bao cac yu cu sau: - Nhit si thp d dang tach tinh du ra khoi dung mi bng phng phap chng ct, nhng khng c thp qua vi se gy tn tht dung mi, d gy chay va kho thu hi dung mi (kho ngng tu), - Dung mi khng tac dung hoa hoc vi tinh du, - nht cua dung mi be rut ngn thi gian trich ly ( nht nho khuch tan nhanh), - Dung mi hoa tan tinh du ln nhng hoa tan tap cht be, - Dung mi khng n mon thit bi, khng gy mui la cho tinh du va c bit khng gy c hai, - Dung mi phai re tin va d mua. Tuy nhin, khng co loai dung mi nao at c tt ca yu cu trn. Vi du: ru, axton hoa tan tinh du tt nhng hoa tan ca nc va ng co trong nguyn liu na va nh vy tinh du se co mui caramen sau khi dung nhit tach dung mi. Nu s dung te tilic dung lam dung mi trich ly thi dung mi nay hoa tan nha va sap tt nhng c va d sinh ra hn hp n. Hin nay, ngi ta thng dung dung mi la te du hoa, nhit si 45 - 70''C thanh phn chu yu la cac hidro cacbon no nh pentan, hexan va ln mt it heptan. te du hoa cn c tinh ch trc khi san xut. te du hoa c em i ct lai ly nhng phn co nhit si t 45 '70''C a vao trich ly. te du hoa d chay n, c, do o trong san xut cn thc hin nghim tuc cac qui tc v an toan lao ng va phong cha chay. Hin nay, mt s nc ngi ta dung dung mi trich ly la CO2 long, dung mi nay khng c, co bn hoa hoc cao nn am bao cho tinh du thu c co cht lng cao. S cng ngh qua trinh trich ly vi dung mi bay hi: * Chun bi cho qua trinh trich ly: - Chon dung mi phu hp vi nguyn liu va phng phap trich ly. Phng phap trich ly co th la tinh hay ng, trong phng phap trich ly tinh, nguyn liu c ngm trong dung mi trong mt thi gian nht inh (ca hai u khng chuyn ng), phng phap trich ly ng thi dung mi hoc nguyn liu chuyn ng hoc ca hai cung chuyn ng. - Lam sach dung mi - Xac inh thi gian trich ly cn thit phu hp vi tng loai nguyn liu. * S cng ngh: NGUYN LIU X LY DUNG MI TRICH LY MITXEN BA TACH DMI LNG, LOC BA THAI DMI TACH DMI DMI TINH CH CANCRT TACH SAP BNG C2H5OH LAM LANH LOC SAP C2H5OH TACH C2H5OH TINH DU THANH PHM * Trich ly: Nguyn liu dung cho trich ly phai rao nc. Sau khi cho dung mi va nguyn liu vao thit bi trich ly, em loc ta se c mitxen, mitxen la hn hp gm tinh du va dung mi. em lng va loc mitxen tach cac tap cht nh cac manh nguyn liu, nu nguyn liu la hoa thi cac tap cht co th la nhuy hoa, phn hoa. Trong trng hp mitxen co nc cn phai tach nc, Sau o, dung hi ct thu hi lai dung mi. Dung mi t ba trich ly va dung mi thit bi ct thu hi c

em i tinh ch s dung tr lai. Mitxen a tach dung mi xong goi la cancrt, cancrt la mt hn hp gm tinh du, sap, nha thm va mt s tap cht khac (axit hu c) dang st. tach sap va tap cht ngi ta hoa tan cancrt bng ru tilic sau o em lam lanh -15''C, sap va tap cht se ng c lai, sau o ta loc tach. Luc nay hn hp chi con lai ru va tinh du, dung phng phap ct tach ru, ta thu c tinh du tuyt i, ru c em tinh ch dung lai. Sap la cht inh hng co gia tri trong tinh du, nhng khi co sap trong tinh du, tinh du thng bi uc doo phai tin hanh tach sap trong tinh du. Thit bi trich ly thng t tin va phc tap, do o phng phap trich ly chi c dung san xut nhng loai tinh du qui him (ham lng tinh du trong nguyn liu be). --------------------------------

1. t vn Trong thi k i mi, nn cng nghip nc ta c bc chuyn bin c v quy m v c cu pht trin. Nhiu ngnh cng nghip then cht cng vi nhng m hnh t chc sn xut mi c hnh thnh v phn b hp l gn lin vi li ch tng vng, lnh th. Trong , ngnh cng ngh lc du l mt trong nhng ngnh c nhiu ng gp quan trng i vi nn kinh t. Cc sn phm ca ngnh c s dng rng ri trn th trng. M cc sn phm ny l nhng hn hp bao gm nhiu hp cht phc tp, mi hp cht li c ng dng trong mi ngnh cng nghip khc nhau. Do vy vic nghin cu, tm ra cc phng php k thut thc hin qu trnh phn ring cc hp cht l v cng quan trng. Qu trnh trch ly khng nhng l mt qu trnh c ng dng rng ri trong ngnh cng nghip ho hc v thc phm ni chung m n cn c ngha rt quan trng i vi ngnh cng ngh lc du: qu trnh trch ly c s dng trch ly cc hp cht thm tn ti trong du c s c tnh nhn nhm iu ch cc loi du nhn, qu trnh kh asphalt ca phn cn chng ct chn khng, hay qu trnh trch ly cc hp cht thm BTX( Benzen,Toluen, Xylen) trong cc loi nhin liu. Trong cc ng dng trn th vic trch ly cc hp cht thm BTX l rt quan trng, c bit Toluen c ng dng rt rng ri trong cng nghip nh: lm dung mi ho tan cho nhiu loi vt liu (sn, cht ho hc, cao su, cht kt dnh, mc in). Vi vai tr quan trng nh vy th vic nghin cu cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh trch ly l rt cn thit. Do vy, chng ti tin hnh nghin cu v qu trnh trch ly dung dch axit axetic toluen trn thit b trch ly lng - lng ngc chiu.
2. Ni dung 2.1. S thit b 2.2. Thuyt minh s : Qu trnh trch ly axit axetic toluen trong thit b trch ly ngc dng mt bc y c tin hnh nhit thng ( 25o C ). Trc tin hn hp nguyn liu cn c trch ly (dung dch axit axetic v toluen ) c cho vo thng cha (3) ti y nguyn liu c a ln thng cao v (2) bi bm s (5), ti thng cao v (2) ny nh lc trng trng nguyn liu cn c trch ly s chy vo phn di ca thp trch ly (6). Lu lng nguyn liu chy vo thit b s (6) s c iu chnh bi lu lng k (4). Cu to v nguyn l vn hnh thp nh sau: thp gm mt ng hnh tr, bn trong c lp cc a tng din tch tip xc gia cc cht lng khi i qua thp. Pha nng ( nc ) c cho vo nh thp t thng cao v (1) v lu lng nc vo y cng c khng ch sao cho ph hp vi kh nng lm vic ca thp trch ly bi lu lng k (4), cn pha nh ( dung mi hu c axit axetic toluen ) th c cho vo di y thp. Lu lng ca pha lin tc c th c iu chnh ti mc mong mun. Sau khi chy pha lin tc, b mt phn pha c th b dao ng. Vi b mt phn pha c xc lp mi bt u cho pha phn tn. Khi pha phn tn chong y thp tin hnh chy cnh khuy. Sau khi xc lp c trng thi bn vng ( c th mt khong 30 pht ). Ta bit c s phn lp nh vo knh quan st (8). Lc th cc mu sn phm s c ly ra: ti nh thp ta ly c pha giu toluen ( pha ny cha rt t hm lng axit axetic v nc ). Cn dng ra khi y thp s rt nhiu axit axetic ( pha ny ch yu l axit axetic, nc v cha rt t hm lng toluen cn trn ln ). 2.3. X l sn phm: Sn phm y thu c ta trch 10ml em i chun NaOH 3M, sau ghi li s liu cc

ln chun. y l nhng s liu c s dng tnh hiu sut ca qu trnh. Tng t sn phm nh cng c chun vi dung dch NaOH nhng nng 0.1 M. Thu hi axit axetic v toluen : Sn phm y gm ch yu l axit axetic, nc v mt t toluen. thu hi exit, ta a vo thp chng. Cn toluen sn phm nh ta thu hi bng phng php chit. 3. Kt qu thc nghim. nh hng ca tc khuy n qu trnh trch ly

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