1.Thng thng nhit si ca cc cht tng dn nh sau: Ete< Este<Andehit/Xeton<Ancol<Axit cacboxylic.

. Nguyn nhn l do:Kh nng to lin kt H,tnh phn cc ca lin kt... 2.Nhit si phn t khi.Cht c phn t khi nh c nhit si thp hn cht c PTK ln-c cng thuc mt loi hp cht VD:n-butan C4H10(-0,5) cn n-hexan C6H14(69). 3.Trong cc ng phn mch h th ng phn mch thng lun c nhit si cao nht,ng phn no cng c nhiu nhnh nhit si cng thp.Hy nh[thng th

cao]
VD: neo-pentan(10)<iso-butan(28)<n-butan(30,1). 4.i vi ancol: ng phn tert<sec<iso<n-ancol.Hy nh[t<s<i<n] VD:ancol tert-butylic(82,5)<ancol sec-butylic(99)<ancol iso-butylic(107,8)<ancol butylic(117,6). 5.i vi cc cht cha vng benzen:ng phn ortho lun c nhit si thp hn ng phn meta v para.Hy nh [o<m,p] VD:o-crezol(191,3) <

N TP HU C (CHUYN SO SNH NHIT SI) / Vi Hidrocacbon - i theo chiu tng dn ca dy ng ng ( Ankan , Anken , Ankin , Aren ..) th nhit si tng dn v khi lng phn t tng VD : C2H6 > CH4 - Vi cc Ankan , Anken , Ankin , Aren tng ng th chiu nhit si nh sau Ankan < Anken < Ankin < Aren L do : khi lng phn t tng ng nhng do tng v s lng ni pi nn dn n nhit si cao hn ( mt thm nng lng ph v lin kt pi ) - Vi cc ng phn th ng phn no c mch di hn th c nhit si cao hn ( c phn lc phn tn london ) - Vi cc dn xut i vi dn xut R-X , nu khng c lin kt hidro , nhit si s cng cao khi X ht e cng mnh. VD :C4H9<C4H8Cl<C4H9CHO<C4H9N02 - Dn xut halogel ca anken si v nng chy nhit thp hn dn xut ca ankan tng ng. - Dn xut ca benzen : a mt nhm th n gin vo vng benzen s lm tng nhit si. II/ Vi hp cht cha nhm chc a/ 2 cht cng dy ng ng cht no c khi lng phn t ln hn th nhit si ln hn VD : - CH3OH v C2H5OH th C2H5OH c nhit si cao hn - CH3CHO v C2H5CHO th C2H5CHO c nhit si cao hn b/ Xt vi cc hp cht c nhm chc khc nhau Nhit si ca ru , Andehit , Acid , xeton , Este tng ng theo th t sau : - Acid > Ru > Amin > Andehit , xeton v Este - Xeton > Andehit c/ Ch vi ru v Acid : - Cc gc y e ( CH3 , C2H5 .....) s lm tng nhit si tng do lin kt H bn hn VD: CH3COOH < C2H5COOH - Cc gc ht e ( Phenyl , Cl ...) s lm gim nhit si do lin kt H s gim bn i

VD: Cl-CH2COOH < CH3COOH ( ht e gim dn theo th t F > Cl > Br > I ) d/ Ch vi cc hp cht thm c cha nhm chc -OH , -COOH , -NH2 : - Nhm th loi 1 ( ch cha cc lin kt sigma nh : CH3 , C3H7 ..) c tc dng y e vo nhm thm lm lin kt H trong chc bn hn nn lm tng nhit si - Nhm th loi 2 ( cha lin kt pi nh NO2 , C2H4 ...) c tc dng ht e ca nhm thm lm lin kt H trong chc km bn i nn lm gim nhit si - Nhm th loi 3 ( cc halogen : -Br , -Cl , -F , -I .. ) c tc dng y e tng t nh nhm th loi 1 Kt Lun : - Vi cc hp cht n gin th ch cn xt cc yu t ch yu l khi lng phn t v lin kt H so snh nhit si ca chng - Vi cc hp cht phc tp th nn xt y tt c cc yu t nh hng n nhit si a n kt qu chnh xc nht. m-crezol(202) xp x p-crezol(202)
Phng php so snh nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c. 1. nh ngha : Nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c l nhit m ti p sut hi bo ha trn b mt cht lng bng p sut kh quyn. 2. Cc yu t nh hng n nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c. C 2 yu t nh hng n nhit si l khi lng phn t ca HCHC v lin kt hiro ca HCHC . 3. So snh nhit si gia cc hp cht. - Nu hp cht hu c u khng c lin kt hiro th cht no c khi lng phn t ln hn th nhit si cao hn. -Nu cc hp cht hu c c cng nhm chc th cht no c khi lng phn t ln hn th nhit si cao hn. - Cht c lin kt hiro thi c nhit si cao hn cht khng c lin kt hiro. -Nu cc HCHC c cc nhm chc khc nhau th cht no c linh ng ca nguyn t ln hn th c nhit si cao hn nhng 2 hp cht phi c khi lng phn t xp x nhau.

nhit si, nhit nng chy da vo: cc loi lin kt , khi lng phn t lk ion> lk H2 > lk + ha tr...............(cng 1 loi Lin kt M ln hn th nhit nng chy v nhit si ln hn) v d hidrocacbon,ete,este.....v...v..<CH3OH<CH3COOH< H2N-CH2-COOH H2N_CH2-COOH cha lin kt ion bn hn lin kt hidro ca CH3COOH,CH3OH nh lin kt hidro ca CH3COOH li bn hn CH3OH ete,hidrocacbon , khng c lin kt hidro nn nhit si thp tuy nhin khi lng tng th nhit si tng nhng nu thi trc nghim bn ch cn nh: ete,hidrocacbon,este<ru < axit<amino axit.
So snh tnh axit ca 1 s hp cht hu c l so snh linh ng ca nguyn t H trong HCHC.Hp cht no c linh ng ca nguyn t H cng cao th tnh axit cng mnh. 1. nh ngha linh ng ca nguyn t H ( hidro) : L kh nng phn ly ra ion H(+) ca hp cht

hu c . 2. Th t u tin so snh : - so snh ta xt xem cc hp cht hu c (HCHC) cng nhm chc cha nguyn t linh ng ( VD : , ....) hay khng. -Nu cc hp cht hu c c cng nhm chc th ta phi xt xem gc hydrocacbon ca cc HCHC l g y in t hay ht in t. + Nu cc HCHC lin kt vi cc gc y in t ( hyrocacbon no )th linh ng ca nguyn t hay tnh axit ca cc hp cht hu c gim. +Nu cc HCHC lin kt vi cc gc ht in t ( hyrocacbon khng no ,hyrocacbon thm ) th linh ng ca nguyn t hay tnh axit ca cc hp cht hu c tng. 3.So snh tnh axit ( hay linh ng ca nguyn t ) ca cc hp cht hu c khc nhm chc...Tnh axit gim dn theo th t: Axit V C > Axit hu c > > Phenol > > Ru. 4. So snh tnh axit ( hay linh ng ca nguyn t ) ca cc hp cht hu c cng nhm chc.. -Tnh axit ca HCHC gim dn khi lin kt vi cc gc hyrocacbon( HC) sau : Gc HC c lin kt 3 > gc HC thm > gc HC cha lin kt i > gc HC no . -Nu HCHC cng lin kt vi cc gc y in t ( gc hyrocacbon no) th gc axit gim dn theo th t : gc cng di cng phc tp ( cng nhiu nhnh ) th tnh axit cng gim. -Nu cc hp cht hu c cng lin kt vi cc gc y in t nhng trong gc ny li cha cc nhm ht in t(halogen ) th tnh axit tng gim theo th t sau : + Cng 1 nguyn t halogen , cng xa nhm chc th th tnh axit cng gim . + Nu cng 1 v tr ca nguyn t th khi lin kt vi cc halogen s gim dn theo th t : t ln n nh Ht ! Phng php so snh nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c 1. nh ngha : Nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c l nhit m ti p sut hi bo ha trn b mt cht lng bng p sut kh quyn. 2. Cc yu t nh hng n nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c. C 2 yu t nh hng n nhit si l khi lng phn t ca HCHC v lin kt hiro ca HCHC . 3. So snh nhit si gia cc hp cht. - Nu hp cht hu c u khng c lin kt hiro th cht no c khi lng phn t ln hn th nhit si cao hn. -Nu cc hp cht hu c c cng nhm chc th cht no c khi lng phn t ln hn th nhit si cao hn. - Cht c lin kt hiro thi c nhit si cao hn cht khng c lin kt hiro. -Nu cc HCHC c cc nhm chc khc nhau th cht no c linh ng ca nguyn t ln hn th c nhit si cao hn nhng 2 hp cht phi c khi lng phn t xp x nhau. So snh tnh axit ca 1 s hp cht hu c l so snh linh ng ca nguyn t H trong HCHC.Hp cht no c linh ng ca nguyn t H cng cao th tnh axit cng mnh. 1. nh ngha linh ng ca nguyn t H ( hidro) : L kh nng phn ly ra ion H(+) ca hp cht hu c . 2. Th t u tin so snh : - so snh ta xt xem cc hp cht hu c (HCHC) cng nhm chc cha nguyn t linh ng ( VD : , ....) hay khng. -Nu cc hp cht hu c c cng nhm chc th ta phi xt xem gc hydrocacbon ca cc HCHC l g y in t hay ht in t. + Nu cc HCHC lin kt vi cc gc y in t ( hyrocacbon no )th linh ng ca nguyn t hay tnh axit ca cc hp cht hu c gim. +Nu cc HCHC lin kt vi cc gc ht in t ( hyrocacbon khng no ,hyrocacbon thm ) th linh ng ca nguyn t hay tnh axit ca cc hp cht hu c tng. 3.So snh tnh axit ( hay linh ng ca nguyn t ) ca cc hp cht hu c khc nhm chc...Tnh axit gim dn theo th t: Axit V C > Axit hu c > > Phenol > > Ru. 4. So snh tnh axit ( hay linh ng ca nguyn t ) ca cc hp cht hu c cng nhm chc.. -Tnh axit ca HCHC gim dn khi lin kt vi cc gc hyrocacbon( HC) sau : Gc HC c lin kt 3 > gc HC thm > gc HC cha lin kt i > gc HC no . -Nu HCHC cng lin kt vi cc gc y in t ( gc hyrocacbon no) th gc axit gim dn theo th t : gc cng di cng phc tp ( cng nhiu nhnh ) th tnh axit cng gim. -Nu cc hp cht hu c cng lin kt vi cc gc y in t nhng trong gc ny li cha cc nhm ht in t(halogen ) th tnh axit tng gim theo th t sau :

+ Cng 1 nguyn t halogen , cng xa nhm chc th th tnh axit cng gim . + Nu cng 1 v tr ca nguyn t th khi lin kt vi cc halogen s gim dn theo th t : t ln n nh Ht ! Phng php so snh nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c 1. nh ngha : Nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c l nhit m ti p sut hi bo ha trn b mt cht lng bng p sut kh quyn. 2. Cc yu t nh hng n nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c. C 2 yu t nh hng n nhit si l khi lng phn t ca HCHC v lin kt hiro ca HCHC . 3. So snh nhit si gia cc hp cht. - Nu hp cht hu c u khng c lin kt hiro th cht no c khi lng phn t ln hn th nhit si cao hn. -Nu cc hp cht hu c c cng nhm chc th cht no c khi lng phn t ln hn th nhit si cao hn. - Cht c lin kt hiro thi c nhit si cao hn cht khng c lin kt hiro. -Nu cc HCHC c cc nhm chc khc nhau th cht no c linh ng ca nguyn t ln hn th c nhit si cao hn nhng 2 hp cht phi c khi lng phn t xp x nhau. Nu hp cht hu c cng nhm chc lin kt vi gc hidrocarbon khng no nhng cc gc l ng phn ca nhau, th phi so snh nh th no? V d: so snh tnh acid ca cc hp cht sau:(1) CH3CH=CHCH2COOH, (2) CH3CH2CH=CHCOOH, (3) CH2=CHCH2CH2COOH

Sp xp cc cht theo chiu tng (gim) dn ca nhit si

Posted on 07/09/2010 by Mr. Rocky

Sp xp cc cht theo chiu tng dn (hay gim dn) ca nhit , nhit nng chy l mt ch thng xuyn xut hin trong cc cu hi v hp cht hu c, c bit l phn cc hp cht hu c c cha nhm chc. Thc ra dng bi ny khng h kh. Cc bn ch cn nm vng nguyn tc so snh l hon ton c th lm tt. Trong bi ny mnh s post phng n gii quyt vn trn cc bn tham kho. C g sai st mong c gp . Tiu ch so snh nhit si v nng chy(nc) ca cc cht ch yu da vo 3 yu t sau: 1. Phn t khi: thng thng, nu nh khng xt n nhng yu t khc, cht phn t khi cng ln th nhit si, nhit nng chy cng cao. V d: metan CH4 v pentan C5H12 th pentan c nhit si cao hn. 2. Lin kt Hydro: nu hai cht c phn t khi xp x nhau th cht no c lin kt hydro s c nhit si cao hn. V lin kt hydro l g v ti sao c lin kt hydro th cc bn click vo y c thm. 3. Cu to phn t: nu mch cng phn nhnh th nhit si cng thp. V d: ta xt hai ng phn ca pentan (C 5H12) l n-pentan: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 v neo-pentan C(CH3)4. Phn t neo-pentan c mch nhnh nn s c nhit si thp hn ng phn mch thng l n-pentan. Nguyn nhn l trong thc t chng c cu cu trc khng gian ch khng phng l nh trn giy u nh. Cng phn nhnh cng lm gia tng cu trc hnh cu nh hnh v m mnh minh ha di y.

p x p cc ch t theo chi u tng d n (hay gi m d n) c a nhi t , nhi t nng ch y l mt ch thng xuyn xut hin trong cc cu hi v hp cht hu c, c bit l phn cc hp cht hu c c ch a nhm ch c .

Thc ra dng bi ny khng h kh. Cc bn ch cn nm vng nguyn t c so snh l hon ton c th lm tt. Trong bi ny mnh s post phng n gii quyt vn trn cc bn tham kho. C g sai st mong c gp . Tiu ch so snh nhit si v nng chy(nc) ca cc cht ch yu da vo 3 yu t sau: 1. Phn t kh i: thng thng, nu nh khng xt n nhng yu t khc, cht phn t khi cng ln th nhit si, nhit nng chy cng cao.V d: metan CH4 v pentan C5H12 th pentan c nhit si cao hn. 2. Lin k t Hydro: nu hai cht c phn t khi xp x nhau th cht no c lin kt hydro s c nhit si cao hn. 3. C u t o phn t : nu mch cng phn nhnh th nhit si cng thp.V d: ta xt hai ng phn ca pentan (C5H12) l n-pentan: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 v neo-pentan C(CH3)4. Phn t neo-pentan c mch nhnh nn s c nhit si thp hn ng phn mch thng l n-pentan. Nguyn nhn l trong thc t chng c cu cu trc khng gian ch khng phng l nh trn giy u nh. Cng phn nhnh cng lm gia tng. Cc bn ngh xem cc hnh zig-zag xp chng ln nhau hay cc qu bng t ln nhau s lin kt vi nhau cht ch hn? Ni chung 2 ci u thng c cp n hn l ci th 3. CC CH KHI LM TRC NGHIM DNG BI TP SO SNH NHIT SI Cc bi thng gp trong thi hoc cc b luyn tp l sp xp theo chiu tng dn , hoc gim dn nhit si , vi kiu dng nh th , chng ta ch cn nm r cc tiu ch sau . I/ V i Hidrocacbon - i theo chiu tng dn ca dy ng ng ( Ankan , Anken , Ankin , Aren ..) th nhit si tng dn v khi lng phn t tngVD : C2H6 > CH4- Vi cc Ankan , Anken , Ankin , Aren tng ng th chiu nhit si nh sauAnkan < Anken < Ankin < Aren L do : khi lng phn t tng ng nhng do tng v s lng ni pi nn dn n nhit si cao hn ( mt thm nng lng ph v lin kt pi )- Vi cc ng phn th ng phn no c mch di hn th c nhit si cao hn ( c phn lc phn tn london ) -Vi cc dn xut i vi dn xut R-X , nu khng c lin kt hidro , nhit si s cng cao khi X ht e cng mnh. VD :C4H9<c4h8cl></c4h8cl> - Dn xut halogel ca anken si v nng chy nhit thp hn dn xut ca ankan tng ng. - Dn xut ca benzen : a mt nhm th n gin vo vng benzen s lm tng nhit si. II/ V i h p ch t ch a nhm ch c 2 ch t cng dy ng ng ch t no c kh i l ng phn t l n h n th nhi t si l n h n VD : - CH3OH v C2H5OH th C2H5OH c nhit si cao hn - CH3CHO v C2H5CHO th C2H5CHO c nhit si cao hn b/ Xt v i cc h p ch t c nhm ch c khc nhau Nhit si ca ru , Andehit , Acid , xeton , Este tng ng theo th t sau :- Acid > Ru > Amin > Andehit , xeton v Este- Xeton > Andehit c/ Ch v i r u v Acid : Cc gc y e ( CH3 , C2H5 .....) s lm tng nhit si tng do lin kt H bn hn. VD: CH3COOH < C2H5COOH- Cc gc ht e ( Phenyl , Cl ...) s lm gim nhit si do lin kt H s gim bn i. VD: ClCH2COOH < CH3COOH ( ht e gim dn theo th t F > Cl > Br > I ) d/ Ch v i cc h p ch t th m c ch a nhm ch c -OH , -COOH , -NH2 : - Nhm th loi 1 ( ch cha cc lin kt sigma nh : CH3 , C3H7 ..) c tc dng y e vo nhm thm lm lin kt H trong chc bn hn nn lm tng nhit si. - Nhm th loi 2 ( cha lin kt pi nh NO2 , C2H4 ...) c tc dng ht e ca nhm thm lm lin kt H trong chc km bn i nn lm gim nhit si - Nhm th loi 3 ( cc halogen : -Br , -Cl , -F , -I .. ) c tc dng y e tng t nh nhm th loi 1

5 - Vi cc hp cht n gin th ch cn xt cc yu t ch yu l khi lng phn t v lin kt H so snh nhit si ca chng- Vi cc hp cht phc tp th nn xt y tt c cc yu t nh hng n nhit si a n kt qu chnh xc nht B xung thm: - V ng phn cu to, cc cht ng phn c cng loi nhm chc th th t nhit si s c sp xp nh sau: Bc 1 > bc 2 > bc 3 > ...