C GII HA TRONG SN XUT NNG NGHIP V CHNH SCH H TR NHM GIM TN THT SAU THU HOCH

Vn Nam Cc Ch bin, Thng mi Nng Lm Thy sn v Ngh mui I. THC TRNG C GII HA NNG NGHIP Hin nay, c nc c gn 500 nghn my ko cc loi s dng trong nng nghip, vi tng cng sut trn 5 triu m lc (CV), tng 4 ln so vi nm 2001; 580.000 my tut p la; 17.992 my gt la cc loi (so vi nm 2007 my gt p lin hp nm 2010 tng 9,75 ln; nm 2011 tng 16,6 ln; my gt xp dy nm 2010 tng 1,4 ln, nm 2011 tng 3,4 ln), ring vng BSCL c 11.424 chic my gt cc loi, trong : 6.609 my GLH v 4.815 chic my gt ri hng (tng hp bo co my gt la ca 25 tnh n 8/2011). Hin nay, trang b ng lc trong sn xut nng nghip c nc t 1,3 CV/ha canh tc. Mc c gii ho bnh qun cc khu trong sn xut nng nghip nh sau: lm t trng la t 35- 80 %; ti la ch ng t 85%; thu hoch t 23% (vng BSCL t 36%); sy la ch ng BSCL 39%; tut la 95%; xay xt la, go 95%, gp phn bo m tnh thi v khn trng, tng nng sut, cht lng v gim tn tht sau thu hoch. Mt s tnh ng bng sng Cu Long c mc c gii ha cao nh: ng Thp lm t v bm ti t 100%, thu hoch bng my t 85%; Long An thu hoch bng my t 70%, sy la 40-45% v h thu v 2530% v ng Xun; Tin Giang lm t bng my 100%; Vnh Long 100% din tch lm t bng my trong cy i chim 78,34%; thu hoch t 76% din tch; Kin Giang my gt p lin hp phc v trn 45% din tch, l sy la bo m 50% sn lng, my lm t phc v trn 98% din tch. Cn Th bo m 100% c gii ha lm t, tut la, bm ti, sy la h thu t 68%, thu hoch la 54,7%. An Giang lm t v ti tiu t 95%, gieo x 48%, thu hoch t 42%. Tuy nhin, c gii ho trong sn xut nng nghip cn thp, cha ng b v pht trin cha ton din. So vi cc nc trong khu vc, mc trang b ng lc ca nng nghip Vit Nam cn thp, bnh qun t 1,3 CV/ha canh tc (Cc khu canh tc ch yu trong nng nghip c c gii ha trn 90% ca mt s nc trong khu vc nh: Thi Lan t 4 CV/ha, Hn Quc 4,2 CV/ha, Trung Quc 6,06 CV/ha) C gii ha nng nghip ch yu khu lm t cy hng nm, tp trung cy la, tut p, vn chuyn v xay xt la, go. Cc khu canh tc nh gieo cy, chm sc, thu hoch la v cc loi cy trng khc mc c gii ha rt thp, lao ng th cng vn l ch yu.
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Quy m ng rung nc ta nh, phn tn, manh mn. Hin c nc c ti 70 triu tha rung, bnh qun mi h nng dn ch c 0,7 ha t canh tc, gm 7-8 tha. Mc du c ch trng dn in i tha, song nhn chung tnh trng manh mn vn l ph bin. iu ny hn ch vic xy dng kt cu h tng k thut ni ng (cng ho cc mng thu li, ng cho di chuyn my mc, san phng ng rung...) cng nh vic p dng my mc, thit b trong nng nghip c hiu qu. Mt khc, mi lin kt hu c gia cc c quan nghin cu vi cc doanh nghip cha cao, nn rt t sn phm hng ha, c thng hiu xut x t kt qu nghin cu, chuyn giao khoa hc cng ngh trong lnh vc c in nng nghip. Mt s sng ch, sng kin, ci tin my mc ca nng dn c nh gi cao, song ch sn xut c quy m nh l, n chic, chp v v thiu tnh tiu chun, hot ng khng n nh v khng th tr thnh sn phm hng ha. Cc yu km trn c nguyn nhn c bn sau: - Sn xut nng nghip ph bin vn l sn xut nh. - Thu nhp t sn xut nng nghip thp, bp bnh, kh nng tch lu u t, mua sm my mc, trang thit b sn xut ca nng dn gp nhiu kh khn; - Trnh sn xut cng nghip, nht l cng nghip ch to ca nc ta vn im xut pht thp. Nng lc nghin cu khoa hc, cng nh nng lc ch to my nng nghip cn nhiu hn ch. II. C KH CH TO MY NNG NGHIP 1. Th phn my nng nghip: Hin nay, th trng sn phm c kh phc v sn xut nng nghip gm: nhp khu t Trung Quc v mt s c s lp rp my nng nghip ca Trung Quc ti Vit Nam, sn phm ca Nht lp rp ti Vit Nam; my ko v my nng nghip nhp khu t cc nc: Nga, M, Hn Quc...sn phm qua s dng ca Nht Bn, Hn Quc; cc doanh nghip nh nc (ch yu tp trung Tng Cng ty my ng lc v my nng nghip Vit Nam, VEAM - B Cng Thng); cc c s cc a phng. Trong sn phm my ko v my nng nghip nhp khu mi t Trung Quc v qua s dng ca Nht chim khong 70% th phn (bo co ca B Cng Thng 2010). C th nh sau: - Cc loi ng c diesel v xng ca VEAM chim 25% th phn (hin nay ch to c ng c diesel di 30 CV), hng qua s dng chim 20%, Trung Quc chim 50% v 5% nhp khu t cc nc khc. - My xi nh di 15 HP ch yu l my qua s dng v my Trung Quc chim 90% th phn. My Bng Sen (cng ty my ko, my nng nghip) chim khong 10% khu vc pha Bc, ring my xi ca VIKYNO ch yu xut khu. Cc loi my ko 4 bnh khong 90% l sn phm qua s dng ca Nht (cng sut 24-37 CV), 10% cn li c nhp khu t M, Nga, Trung Quc v mt s t c sn xut ti cc thnh vin ca VEAM.
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- My gt la cc loi (my gt p lin hp, my ct la xp dy, my ct la cm tay): Nm 2007-2009 khong 60-70% my gt p lin hp la nhp khu mi t Trung Quc, my qua s dng ca Hn Quc, cn li do cc c s t nhn ng bng sng Cu Long, ca VINAPPRO v C kh An Giang (ch yu my ct la xp dy), n nay my gt lin hp la KUBOTA lp rp ti Vit Nam v ca cc c s t nhn ch to ang dn thay th my gt lin hp la Trung Quc cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long. - Cc loi my xay xt la go trn 97% do cc doanh nghip trong nc sn xut (loi cng sut nh n 1 tn/gi do VEAM v mt s c s c kh a phng, loi c cng sut ln do Cng ty SINCO, Bi Vn Ng v LAMICO sn xut). 2. Nng lc sn xut ca cc doanh nghip trong nc: 2.1. Theo bo co ca Tng Cng ty my ng lc v my nng nghip Vit Nam (VEAM) B Cng Thng, ang tp trung mt s sn phm ch lc: - ng c diesel v xng phc v sn xut nng nghip c th cung cp chi th trng 100.000 120.000 chic/nm. - My xi cng sut di 15 HP cung cp cho th trng trong nc v xut khu 12.000-15.000 chic/nm. - My gt p lin hp la ang u t y mnh sn xut ti mt s cng ty thnh vin ca VEAM nh C kh An Giang, VIKYNO&VINAPPRO, c kh Vinh cng vi s lin kt ca cc i tc nc ngoi, cc doanh nghip c kh a phng trong vng 1-2 nm ti c th p ng khong 3.000 chic/nm. 2.2. Tng Cng ty C in, xy dng nng nghip v thy li - B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn. Hin c 20 n v thnh vin, trong c mt s n v ch to, kinh doanh cc loi ph tng, thit b, my mc nng nghip, lm nghip, thy li, dim nghip, cng nghip ch bin, thy in, xy dng v phng tin vn ti; Hng nm nhp khu s lng nh my mc, thit b phc v sn xut nng lm nghip nh my ko 4 bnh ca Belarus, my o h.. 2.3. Cng ty TNHH KUBOTA Vit Nam, cng sut thit k 15.000 my ko/nm v 2.000 my gt p lin hp/nm, khnh thnh 9/2009 ti huyn Bn Ct, tnh Bnh Dng, chuyn lp rp my ko (24-45 CV), my phay; my gt la lin hp (1,5-2 m); my cy 4-6 hng; my thu hoch ng. Hin c 30 i l bn hng trn c nc (trong min Bc c 04 i l). Cc loi my nng nghip ca KUBOTA cht lng tt, ph hp vi iu kin canh tc Vit Nam, tuy nhin gi my qu cao. 3. V cng ngh ch to: Xt v v tr cnh tranh gia cc n v sn xut my ng lc v my nng nghip trong nc c tnh cht cng nghip th VEAM l n v ng u v my ng lc v my nng nghip (ng c, my ko nh, my lm t, bm nc, my mc, thit b nui trng hi sn). Thi gian va qua, VEAM thc hin hng lot cc d n nng cao kh nng ch to phi liu c, rn, gia cng c kh n lp rp cc n v, nh: VIKYNO&VINAPPRO; Ph tng 1; DISOCO; C kh Trn Hng o; NAKYCO; Cty c s 1... khng
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nhng bo m cho nhu cu pht trin ca doanh nghip trong tng lai, m cn nng cao mt bng cng ngh chung ca ngnh C kh nng nghip Vit Nam. V ch to my gt la: Qua kho st thc t hin c 4 n v (trong nc) ch to my gt la xp dy c kh nng ch to 2.600 chic/nm, my gt p lin hp c 13 c s (trong nc) c kh nng ch to 1.230 chic/nm. Mt s c s u t h thng my cng c ch to hin i nh my gia cng iu kin k thut s (CNC), gm: c s C kh Phan Tn; Doanh nghip t nhn T Sang 2. III. CC C CH CHNH SCH 1. i vi cc a phng: T nm 2004 n nm 2008 Chnh ph cho php cc tnh h tr nng dn mua sm my mc phc v sn xut nng nghip t ngn sch ca a phng (vn bn s 3095/VPCP-KTTH ngy 18 thng 6 nm 2004 ca Vn phng Chnh ph v vic h tr li sut cho nng dn mua my, thit b phc v sn xut nng nghip). Tnh n 2008, c trn 30 tnh, thnh ph thc hin chnh sch h tr (tnh Ngh An thc hin t nm 1998), vi c ch tnh h tr nng dn t 70- 80% tng gi tr vn vay vi li sut u i, hoc h tr 50- 100% li sut tin vay, thi gian tr vn vay 3 nm. Qua 5 nm thc hin (2004-2009) c hng chc nghn my ko, my nng nghip n c vi b con nng dn, gp phn y nhanh qu trnh c gii ho sn xut nng nghip ng thi hng dn v o to c mt b phn nng dn vn hnh, s dng my mc. Th phn ch to my ko, my nng nghip trong nc c m rng; chng trnh thc hin c s tham gia tch cc ca cc doanh nghip v Hi Nng dn Vit Nam. 2. Trung ng: - Thc hin Quyt nh s 497/Q-TTg ngy 17/4/2009 v 2213 ngy 31/12/2009 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic h tr li sut vn vay mua my mc, thit b, vt t phc v sn xut nng nghip v vt liu xy dng nh khu vc nng thn (gi kch cu ca Chnh ph). Theo bo co ca B Cng Thng (ngy 26/7/2011), c 1.011.000 h gia nh v c nhn c hng gi h tr ny, vi d n cho vay theo Q 497 l 739 t ng trong 656,4 t ng mua my mc, thit b c kh v phng tin phc v sn xut, ch bin nng nghip (85%); Q 2213 (n 31/12/2010) t 1.560,14 t ng trong 374,45 t ng l d n cho vay vi nhm vt t nng nghip (thi hn gii ngn t ngy 01/01/2010 n 31/12/2010). - Nm 2011, Quyt nh s 63/2010/Q-TTg ngy 15/10/2010 ca Th tng Chnh ph v chnh sch h tr nhm gim tn tht sau thu hoch i vi nng sn, thy sn; B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn ban hnh Thng t s 62/2010/TT-BNNPTNT ngy 28/10/2010 v quy nh danh mc cc loi my mc, thit b c hng chnh sch theo Quyt nh s 63 ca Th tng Chnh ph; Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam ban hnh thng t s 03/2011/TT-NHNN ngy 08/3/2011 v hng dn chi tit thc hin Quyt nh s 63/2010/Q-TTg ngy 15/10/2010 ca Th tng Chnh ph v chnh sch h tr nhm gim tn tht sau
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thu hoch i vi nng sn, thy sn c hiu lc t ngy 01 thng 5 nm 2011. B Ti chnh ban hnh Thng t 65/2011/TT-BTC ngy 16/5/2011 v hng dn h tr li sut vay vn v cp b chnh lch li sut do thc hin chnh sch h tr nhm gim tn tht sau thu hoch i vi nng sn, thy sn. Nm 2011, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn cng b c 4 t cho 34 t chc, c nhn sn xut my mc, thit b gim tn tht sau thu hoch c hng chnh sch theo Quyt nh s 63/2010/Q-TTg ngy 15 thng 10 nm 2010 ca Th tng Chnh ph, bao gm: My sy nng sn; my tch ht bp; my gt la ri hng; my gt p lin hp; my v thit b sy c ph; xt c ph kh; ch bin t c ph; my mc, thit b nng cao phm cp c ph; my xay xt la go; my ko 2 bnh; my ko 4 bnh; my cy; bm nc; thit b nui trng hi sn. V kt qu thc hin: Theo s liu tng hp ca Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam n 30/11/2011 cho vay 769 khch hng trong 14 doanh nghip 755 c nhn vi tng d n 370 t ng, trong cho vay theo iu 1 ca Quyt nh 63 c 89 t ng v iu 2 ca Quyt nh 63 c 281 t ng. Trong qu trnh trin khai thc hin Quyt nh 63 ca Th tng Chnh ph, tip thu kin xut ca cc B, ngnh v a phng; B trnh Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh quyt nh s 65/2011/Q-TTg ngy 02/12/2011 v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Quyt nh s 63/2010/Q-TTg ngy 15 thng 10 nm 2010 ca Th tng Chnh ph v chnh sch h tr nhm gim tn tht sau thu hoch i vi nng sn, thy sn. Theo , Quyt nh 65/2011/Q-TTg quy nh, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn c trch nhim cng b Danh mc my mc, thit b nhm gim tn tht sau thu hoch c t l gi tr sn xut trong nc trn 60% v cc c s sn xut cc loi my mc, thit b thuc danh mc nu trn, lm c s cc ngn hng thc hin cho vay. V n v thc hin vic cho vay vn (c h tr li sut) i vi cc khon vay di hn, trung hn bng ng Vit Nam ca t chc, c nhn mua my mc, thit b sn xut trong nc nhm gim tn tht sau thu hoch, thay v ch c ngn hng Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn Vit Nam thc hin vic cho vay th theo Quyt nh 65/2011/Q-TTg mi ban hnh, cc ngn hng thng mi nh nc thc hin vic cho vay theo quy nh. Quyt nh 65/2011/Q-TTg c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 20/01/2012. Thng 2/2012, B cng b t I/2012 cho 08 t chc, c nhn sn xut my mc, thit b gim tn tht sau thu hoch i vi nng sn, thy sn (Quyt nh s 244/Q-BNN-CB ngy 10 thng 02 nm 2012). Trong thng 4 ang trnh B cng b t II/2012 cho 06 t chc, c nhn sn xut my mc, thit b nhm gim tn tht sau thu hoch i vi nng sn, thy sn. Ngoi ra mt s a phng c chnh sch h tr nng dn mua my nh: - UBND thnh ph Cn Th c chnh sch th im h tr li sut cho nng dn mua my mc, thit b phc v sn xut nng nghip giai on 2011-2012 (Q s 29/2011/Q-UBND ngy 28/9/2011), theo h tr cc i tng mua 200 my
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gt p lin hp v 50 my ko. i tng nng dn, ch trang trang tri c mua 01 loi my, thi gian c h tr li sut ti a 36 thng. Trng hp i tng mua my mc, thit b c t l ni a thp hn 60% v c mc gi cao hn mc gi c cng b th phn chnh lch gi do i tng mua t thanh ton. - UBND tnh ng Thp c Quyt nh 833/Q-UBND.HC ngy 29/9/2011 ph duyt d n u t h tr pht trin l sy la trn a bn tnh ng Thp giai on 2011-2013, theo h tr u t xy dng mi 250 l sy la cc loi c cng sut t 20-40 tn/m vi tng nhu cu vn 228,357 t ng trong vn vay ngn hng chim 70% tng vn, vn t c ca cc t chc, c nhn tham gia d n chim 30%. - UBND tnh Thi Bnh c Quyt nh 574/Q-UBND ngy 08/4/2011 v c ch, chnh sch h tr sn xut nng nghip nm 2011, theo h tr kinh ph mua my phc v sn xut nng nghip, bao gm: my lm t a nng, my gt p lin hp. C ch h tr 50% n gi my sn xut trong nc v nc ngoi c cng sut t 25 CV tr ln cho my lm t a nng, my gt p lin hp c cng sut t 40 CV tr ln. H tr kinh ph mua my sy cho 3 huyn Hng H, Thi Thy, V Th mi huyn 2-3 x im, c din tch trng u t 100 ha tr ln, c ch h tr 70% kinh ph mua thit b my sy. - Hi ng nhn dn tnh Sc Trng c Ngh Quyt s 37/2011/NQ-HND ngy 09/12/2011 v vic h tr li sut mua my gt p lin hp thc hin khu thu hoch trong sn xut la trn a bn tnh Sc Trng giai on 2011-2015, u tin nhng cnh ng sn xut tp trung, theo h tr u t mua mi 150 my gt p lin hp, ngn sch tnh h tr li sut trong 2 nm u (ti a 70% gi tr my)./.

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