LM TH NO NG DNG C GII HA TRONG

SN XUT NNG NGHIP

MT CCH HIU QU BSCL
TS. Nguyn Vn Khi
Ph trng b mn K thut c kh Khoa Cng ngh
Trng i hc Cn Th
I. T VN
ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL) l vng trng im sn xut nng nghip ca
c nc, vng sn xut nng nghip hng ha ln vi din tch gieo trng la
khong 3,9 triu ha. Nm 2010, sn lng la ca BSCL t 21,558 triu tn.
Hng nm BSCL cung cp: Trn 50% sn lng la ca c nc v hn 90%
lng go xut khu.
gim bt cng vic nng nhc v tng nng sut lao ng, tng bc ngi dn
p dng c gii ha (CGH) vo qu trnh canh tc la: Lm t, gieo cy, phun
thuc, bn phn, ti tiu, thu hoch, vn chuyn v sy.
Nhng Lm th no ng dng c gii ha trong sn xut nng nghip mt cch
hiu qu BSCL l mt vn rt cp thit hin nay cho ton vng ng bng.
Trong CGH sn xut nng nghip hai yu t nh hng quan trng n qu trnh
sn xut: trnh ngun nhn lc s dng thit b v tnh trng k thut ca my
phc v nng nghip.
II. HIN TRNG O TO V S DNG NGUN NHN LC PHC
V CGH NNG NGHIP
2.1 Hin trng o to ngun nhn lc phc v CGHNN
Trc y, hai c quan trong vng o to ngun nhn lc chnh phc v CGH sn
xut nng nghip ng bng sng Cu Long l Khoa C kh nng nghip Trng
i Hc Cn Th, o to trnh k s C kh nng nghip v Trng Cng
nhn c kh nng nghip 2 trung ng Mn, o to cng nhn S dng c kh
nng nghip.
Trng Cng nhn c kh nng nghip 2 trung ng (Hin nay chuyn thnh
Trng Cao ng C in v nng thn Nam b) t nm 1979 n nm 1995 mi
nm o to trung bnh 150 hc vin ngnh S dng c kh nng nghip. T nm
1996 n nay, 16 nm qua khng c hc vin theo hc.(Ngun: S liu t Hiu
trng thng 04 nm 2012). Cc hc vin c o to trc y, mt s ngi
c iu kin kinh t mua mt trong cc loi: my ko, my xi, my p la
hoc my gt p lin hp lm dch v c gii ho nng nghip, a phn cn li
chuyn sang lm cng vic khc. Lc lng lao ng tr s dng my nng
nghip hin nay ch hc vic t ngi lm lu nm truyn ngh li.
1/11

Tng t, Khoa C kh nng nghip Trng i Hc Cn Th (Hin nay chuyn

thnh Khoa Cng Ngh). T nm 1999 n nay 13 nm khng c sinh vin theo
hc ngnh C kh nng nghip. Cc k s c kh nng nghip c o to
trc y, cn rt t ngi hot ng trong lnh vc chuyn mn.
Bng 1. S lng sinh vin theo hc ngnh c kh nng nghip t nm 1976 -1999.
1976 1996

Nm hc
S lng
sinh vin

19961997

719

19971998
0

19981999

43

19992000

76

Ngun: Khoa Cng Ngh i Hc Cn Th thng 04 nm 2012

2.2 Hin trng s dng ngun nhn lc phc v CGHNN
a) S dng my
Thu hoch la bng my gt xp dy, my gt p lin hp (GLH) ang pht
trin nhanh chng trong vng, do trnh ry nn xung ging ng lot, khi thu
hoch trong thi gian ngn, khi lng cng vic nhiu v tnh trng thanh nin ri
nng thn vo tm vic cc khu cng nghip dn n thiu ht lao ng gay gt
ti thi im thu hoch la dn n s lng my tng nhanh hng nm p ng
yu cu thc t ca sn xut. Theo s liu ca Trung tm khuyn nng quc gia
bng 2.
Bng2. Tng hp s lng my ct xp dy v my gt p lin hp thng 4/2011
Tnh

MY GT P LIN HP

MY CT XP DY

Thi
im

7/20 3/20 3/20 9/20 4/2 7/20 3/20 3/20 9/20 4/20
07
08
09
10 011 07
08
09
10
11

An
Giang

175

251

618

1.01 1.25 168

9
4

267

398

369

381

Kin
Giang

164

400

800

843

1.31 27
0

27

200

172

160

ng
Thp

51

105

279

771

992

526

87

1.00 846
1

497

2/11

Long
An

28

100

756

876

1.03 1.57 1.84

0
8
6

1.81 1.57 2.16

5
8
7

Vnh
Long

12

193

475

719

91

105

110

130

141

Tr
Vinh

30

330

330

34

38

40

40

40

Cn
Th

25

51

144

217

345

165

165

135

135

135

Tin
Giang

14

38

181

216

260

285

319

537

548

Sc
Trng

16

26

84

163

32

32

32

10 Bc
Liu

11

23

48

70

40

40

40

40

40

11 Hu
Giang

18

19

43

60

30

30

41

35

41

12 C
Mau

14

25

71

13 Bn
Tre

11

11

25

36

25

25

25

476

989

2.94 4.92 6.5

2
3
71

CN
G

2.94 3.39
7
9

3.24 4.06 4.53

4
2
1

Ngun: Tng hp ca Pgs. Mai Thnh Phng, TTKNQG t ngun bo co ca cc

tnh qua 4 ln hi thi my GLH vng BSCL ti Kin Giang(07/2007), ng
Thp (3/2008), An Giang (3/2009), Sc Trng (9/2010) v Bnh nh(4/2011)
Thng 7 nm 2007 ton vng c khong 476 my GLH thu hoch la v gn
3.000 my gt xp dy, n thng 4 nm 2011 c hn 6.571 my GLH v hn
4.500 my gt xp dy. Nh vy, trong bn nm s lng my gt xp dy tng ln
1,5 ln v my GLH tng nhanh ln hn 13 ln.
Trong thi gian ti s c nhiu nng dn tip tc mua my GLH s dng. Mi
my cn 2 ngi vn hnh p ng kp thi v thu hoch, nh vy c khong
13.000 ngi trc tip vn hnh my GLH, mt trong cc loi my phc tp nht
ca CGH sn xut nng nghip, cha qua o to cn bn t trng lp, dn n
nhng trc trc, h hng v iu chnh cc thng s k thut cha ph hp lm
tht thot ht trong qu trnh s dng my l iu khng th trnh khi.
3/11

My GLH s dng Vit Nam hin nay c cung cp t nhiu nc: Trung
Quc, Hn Quc, Nht Bn v my ni a sn xut trong nc. Cc c s sn xut
my trong nc trn c s nhp khu: Hp s, ng c, xch cao su v mt s chi
tit khc..., t sn xut ra my GLH.
b) Ch to my GLH
Trong lnh vc ch to my GLH qua kt qu kho st cc c s sn xut my
tham gia bnh tuyn v H Thu, nm 2010 ti tnh Sc Trng, cho thy trnh
c o to ca ngun nhn lc trong lnh vc ny cn rt hn ch.
Bng 3. S liu kho st trnh ngun nhn lc cc c s ch to my GLH
ng bng sng Cu Long thng 9/2010.
Tn

Tnh
TT

c s

Trnh c o to v c kh

Tng
s
nhn
vin

K
s

Cao Trung Cng

ng cp Nhn

chng
ch
ngh

T
o
to

Nht
Thnh

50

10

40

Chn
Ngha*

15

14

Hip
Hng

19

14

Tin
4
Giang

T
Sang

57

42

Phan
Tn

80

76

Vn
Phc

25

22

t
My
Cy*

30

30

Hong
Thng

30

18

Nm
Sanh

20

20

10 Tm

55

50

Long
An

ng
Thp

Cn
Th

4/11

Phc*
11

Hai
Tnh

An
T
12
Giang
Hng

10

10

Dng
s 5

20

20

15

14

435

34

24

370

1,6
0,00
1

7,82

5,52

13

Kin
c
14
Giang
Ngn
Tng
% so
vi
tng

0,00 85,06

(Ghi ch: Cc c s c du * phng vn qua in thoi, khng ng k tham gia

bnh tuyn).
T kt qu bng 3 cho thy s lng k s v cao ng c kh cc c s ch
to my gt p lin hp chim t l rt thp 1.61%, trnh trung cp 7.82% v
cng nhn c o to chnh qui 5,52%. Cc c s vn duy tr theo li c l t
o to nhn vin trong qu trnh sn xut. Ch c 4/14 c s ch to my gt p
lin hp c nhn vin c kh t trnh k s c kh. Vi trnh ngun nhn lc
nh hin nay a s cc c s ch to my gt p lin hp kh t uc n nh
cht lng sn phm trong qu trnh s dng.
Bng 4. Trnh ngun nhn lc cng ty c phn c kh An Giang, n v tham gia
bnh tuyn my v H Thu nm 2010

Tn cng ty

C Kh An Giang
% so vi tng s

Tng
nhn
vin
275

Trnh c o to v c kh
K
s
28

Cao Trung
ng
cp

Cng
nhn

chng
ch ngh

T o
to

20

223

10,1 1,45
8

7,27

81,0
9

Cng ty c phn c kh An Giang c t l k s c kh, cao ng, trung cp v cng

nhn c o to t trng lp ln nht trong cc c s ch to my gt xp dy
v my gt p lin hp trong vng. y l c s ch to my gt xp dy ln
hng nm cung cp ra th trng trong nc v xut khu khong 1.400 my/nm.
5/11

c) Trung tm khuyn nng khuyn ng 13 tnh BSCL

Bng 5. Hin trng ngun nhn lc k s C Kh cc Trung Tm Khuyn Nng Khuyn Ng (TTKNKN)13 tnh BSCL( thng 4/2012)
TT

TT KN
KN

K s
CKNN

K s CK

Ni o to, kha,
Nm Tt nghip

An Giang

01

Long An

01 HCT (K27- 2006)

Tin Giang

01 HCT (K27- 2001)

Kin Giang

01 HCT- KG (2007)

Vnh Long

01 H Cu Long (2004)

Tr Vinh

01 HSPKT Th c

Cn Th

ng Thp

Sc Trng

10

Bc Liu

11

Hu Giang

12

C Mau

13

Bn Tre

01

05

Tng

0 HCT (K8 - 1986) 1996

T kt qu kho st cho thy ngun nhn lc c trnh chuyn mn v lnh vc

CGH nng nghip trong cc TTKNKN ca 13 tnh BSCL rt hn ch: ch c 1
TTKNKN c k s CKNN, 5 TTKNKN c k s C kh v 7 TTKNKN cn li
ca BSCL khng c cn b trnh k s C kh! y l mt kh khn cho vic
trin khai cc tin b k thut v CGH trong sn xut nng nghip cc a
phng.
Trong tng lai gn s c gii ho ng b cy la, rau mu, cy h u, lm
vn, thu hoch ma, nui trng thu sn,... Do , rt cn mt ngun nhn lc ln
c trnh chuyn mn su v c gii ho sn xut nng nghip. Nhng hin nay
trong vng khng c ngi theo hc, y l mt kh khn rt ln trong ton b s
nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho nng nghp nng thn hin nay.
6/11

III. HIN TRNG TRANG THIT B PHC V CGH CY LA

BSCL

Bng 6. Trang thit b phc v CGH cy la BSCL

T
T

Tnh

My
S
Ti
lm
hng
tiu
t
(Cng
(My)
(My)
c)

Ct
xp
dy

Phun
thuc

(My)

GL
H

p
Sy
la
(My)
(My) (My)

4.200bt
15.000

Long
An

- 120
s ta

2
ng
Thp

2.875
c

1.943
ln

1.030

6.862

1.356

35.034

911

1.168

2.083

742

640
tpkd

727
trm
11.256
in
20
254
my
trm
du

3.820
nh

2.167

An
Giang

381

1.254

2.327

Kin
Giang

4.827

14.511

160

1.319

2.293

1.020
(xi
tay)

141

719

4.340

174

40

330

230

- 42.925

425

345

1.790

796

548

216

395

5
Vnh
Long

Tr
Vinh

7
Cn
Th
8

Tin
Giang

200
Cy

716
>12cv
1.150
<12cv
-

6.503

7/11

Sc
Trng

5.185

163

5.955

602

40

70

200

175

35

60

1.080

425

7.296

68

679

50

25

11

10 Bc
Liu
11 Hu
Giang
12
C
Mau

1.289
nh
98
ln

13 Bn
Tre

Ngun:Bo co a phng v CGH sn xut la trong hi thi my GLH thu

hoch la cc tnh pha Nam nm 2010, 2011 v Hi ngh Gii php cho sy la
v H Thu BSCL 23/03/2012. Bt:bm tay; c:ng c; tpkd: thng phuy ko
dy.
Bng 7. Hin trng CGH cy la ca mt s tnh BSCL
% so
vi tng
sn
lngH
T

T l % CGH so vi tng din tch

T
T

Tnh

Lm S
Ti
t
hng tiu

Phun Ct
thuc xp
dy

GLH

Long
An

100
%

60% 100%

ng
Thp

100
%

52%

Trm
45%

55,48%

100
%

35%

An
Giang

95%

48%

95%

42%

70%

Kin

98%

12% 100%

45%

65%

73%

70%

p
la

Sy

45%
2530%X

8/11

Giang
5

Vnh
Long

100
%

Tr
Vinh

Cn
Th

100
%

100%

Tin
Giang

100
%

Sc
Trng

100
%

1
0

Bc
Liu

1
1

Hu
Giang

1
2

C
Mau

>95
%

1
3

Bn
Tre

>90
%

10,7
%

76%

100
%

21%

(26-30)%

35%
HT-T

54,7%
X

100
%

68%

25%

35%

75,2%
X(2011-2012)

100
%

39%

15%

(5-6)%

40%

60%

30%

(30-35)%

>90
%

(5-7)%

15% >95%

< 10%

Ngun:Bo co a phng v CGH sn xut la trong hi thi my GLH thu

hoch la cc tnh pha Nam nm 9/2010, 4/2011 v Hi ngh Gii php cho sy
la v H Thu BSCL 23/03/2012.
T kt qu bng 6 v bng 7 cho thy cc khu: lm t, ti tiu v p la ca
cc tnh vng BSCL u t trn 90% rt nhiu tnh t 100% . y l mt n
lc rt ln ca ca nh nc v nhn dn trong vng. Tuy nhin, qua kho st mt
s ni, phn ln cc my lm t l my qua s dng.
Khu thu hoch la bng my GLH ang tng dn theo hng nm tu thuc vo
iu kin t ai canh tc la ca mi tnh t 10% n 76%. y l khu tng
nhanh nht trong qu trnh CGH cy la BSCL. a s cc my GLH u l
my mi. Sau 4 nm my GLH lm thay i nng thn trong ma thu hoch
la.
Khu sy la H Thu trong vng cng tng theo qu trnh thu hoch bng my
GLH ca mi a phng. Nhng a phng c iu kin t ai rng ln, s
lng my GLH nhiu, s c t l sy la khi thu hoch hn cc ni khc. a s
cc tnh c t l sy la H Thu t 30% sn lng la thu hoch, cc tnh c t l
9/11

sy la H Thu cao nht vng nh: Kin Giang, Cn Th v An Giang t 65% n

70%.
Khu gieo s mt vi tnh nh An Giang, ng Thp v Long An p dng
phng php s hng t 48% n 60% din tch. Tnh Kin Giang v Bn Tre t
12% n 15% din tch.
Khu phun thuc tnh Long An t 73% din tch, ng Thp v Kin Giang cng
t din tch kh ln da trn s lng my c trong tnh.
IV. XUT GII PHP NG DNG CGH HIU QU TRONG SN
XUT LA BSCL
a) Hon chnh h thng thu nng m bo ti tiu nc ch ng theo
thi gian sinh trng ca cy la. Tng cng cc trm bm u mi
gim chi ph sn xut. Giao thng nng thn thu, b phi thun li cho
my di chuyn trong ma v. Cc cu xy mi nng thn cn lu
m bo cho cht ch my qua li d dng.
b) Bng nhiu gii php tng kch thc l tha, to iu kin cho cc
lin hp my (lm t, phun thuc, thu hoch) hot ng hiu qu trn
ng.
c) Cn san i c mt rung tng i bng phng lm gim chi ph sn
xut (gim ging, gim chi ph bm nc) v to iu kin tng din
tch s hng. Cn chn ging la v qui trnh canh tc trnh la b
ng khi thu hoch.
d) Nn p dng cy i vo sn xut la, to tng canh tc cho b r la
pht trin tt, la ng cy lm gim tht thot khi thu hoch.
e) Ngun ng lc trang b cho CGH nng nghip cn trang b cc loi my
mi, lm gim chi ph nhin liu trong qu trnh s dng. Hin nay
cn nhiu nng dn vn s dng my qu c, my qua s dng ca
cc nc. Cc loi my ny tin cy trong s dng khng cao hay h
hng, trong qu trnh s dng lm nhim mi trng do du, nht ri
ra ngoi my v chi ph nhin liu s tng hn t (0,5 1) lt nhin liu/
ha lm t hon chnh. Nu c tnh hin nay s dng my c lm t
khong 2 triu ha (1/2 din tch la BSCL). Nh vy, mi nm BSCL
s mt s tin tng ng 100 my ko 45 m lc mi. Nu s lng
my c cn nhiu hn th mi nm s mt nhiu hn na.
f) Cn t chc nhiu lp tp hun v bo tr, s dng my GLH mt s
a phng, nhng ngi vn hnh my bit cch iu chnh, cc
thng s cn thit khi s dng, lm gim t l tht thot ht khi thu
hoch. Qua kho st s b Bc Liu, C Mau cho thy hin nay t l
tht thot do my GLH cn nhiu, do ngi iu khin cha chn ng
ch lm vic ca my hoc chy theo nng sut, chy qu nhanh. Nu
chn ng ch lm vic, mi ha c th gim tht thot 20kg la. S
lng my GLH hin nay khong 6.500 my, trung bnh mi my thu
10/11

hoch 100ha/nm. Nh vy c tnh mi nm s tit kim c s tin

mua 100 my GLH mi.
g) Cc TTKNKN cha c k s C kh Nng nghip cn gi ngi i tp
hun v CGH nng nghip c th chuyn giao cc k thut mi v
CGH nng nghip, ng thi nn tuyn thm nhn s c chuyn mn v
CGH t vn v c gii trong cc cnh ng mu ln.
h) Cc trung tm dy ngh nn c cc lp dy v s dng, sa cha, an ton
lao ng trong cc my phc v CGH nng nghip. Tng bc b sung
lc lng lao ng tr, c chuyn mn vo cng cuc hin i ho nng
nghip nng thn.
i) Tip tc nng cao t l CGH cy la tt c cc khu cn li, c bit l
khu: gieo cy, bn phn v phun thuc.
KT LUN V NGH
- Qu trnh c gii ho sn xut nng nghip ang din ra vng ng bng sng
Cu Long. Trnh ngun nhn lc ang thc hin cng vic c gii ho sn xut
nng nghip trong s dng my, ch to my v khuyn nng cn hn ch, a s
cha c o to t trng lp chuyn v CGH nng nghip. Do cn c
nhng lp tp hun v CGH cho cc i tng c lin quan.
- Cc khu lm t, ti tiu, p la BSCL CGH t gn 100% din tch.
Cc khu cn li mc CGH tng dn theo thi gian, ph thuc vo iu kin
ca mi a phng. Ring khu lm t cn trang b cc loi my ko mi.
- Cn thc hin 9 gii php xut CGH trong sn xut la mang li hiu
qu thit thc cho BSCL.
- y l nhng vn cn c cc c quan chc nng quan tm trong nh hng
hin i ho sn xut nng nghip v pht trin nng thn vng BSCL trong
tng lai.
Tm tt
hn 10 nm, Trng Cao ng C in v nng thn Nam b, Khoa Cng Ngh
Trng i hc Cn Th khng c ngi theo hc S dng my v k s C kh
nng nghip. Nhng ngi vn hnh khong 6.500 my gt p lin hp u cha
qua o to. S lng k s, cao ng, trung cp v cng nhn trong cc c s ch
to my gt p lin hp t nhn u t. Mt s TTKNKN c nhn vin t trnh
k s v CGH. y l nhng vn cn c cc c quan chc nng quan tm
hn, trong nh hng hin i ho sn xut nng nghip v pht trin nng thn
vng BSCL trong tng lai.

11/11