H v tn : L Quang Minh

Bo co thc tp.
ti : nn tn hiu s - chun nn MPEG4 trong truyn hnh s mt t th h th 2 DVB-T2.
Chng I : Gii thiu v ni thc tp a. Chc nng :
Trung tm tin hc o lng l n v s nghip c thu trc thuc i truyn hnh Vit Nam, c chc nng qun l v thng nht p dng lnh vc pht trin cng ngh ca i, gim nh cht lng k thut thit b ca thit b chuyn ngnh thuc lnh vc truyn hnh theo chc nng v quy nh ca php lut.

b. Nhim v v quyn hn :
1. Tham mu gip tng gim c trong lnh vc ng dng v pht trin cng ngh thng tin, lp k hoch ngn hn v di hn v nghin cu v ng dng ca lnh vc cng ngh thng tin trong THVN, tham gia t vn thm nh cc d n cng ngh thng tin theo cc quy nh ca tng gim c. T chc trin khai chng trnh v k hoch ng dng cng ngh thng tin c tng gim c ph duyt. 2. Qun l, duy tr v m bo hot ng ca mng my tnh THVN. T chc trin khai cc ng dng chung v phi hp vi cc n v trc thuc i trin khai cc ng dng ring. 3. Nghin cu trin khai truyn hnh trn mng v truyn hnh tng tc. 4. m bo v k thut ca mng Internet dng ring cho THVN.

5. T chc t vn, thm nh, o lng v khoa hc k thut truyn hnh, tin hc vi cc n v trong v ngoi i. 6. Qun l cc mt cng tc tiu chun o lng cht lng chuyn ngnh truyn hnh. 7. Thc hin nhim v o lng, th nghim k thut truyn hnh gm : +) gim nh cht lng k thut ban u, nh k v sau sa cha, lp rp cc thit b chuyn ngnh truyn hnh. +) xy dng cc ch tiu cht lng k thut ca cc thit b chuyn dng thuc lnh vc truyn hnh. 8. Son tho nhim v c th, quy ch hot ng, l li lm vic v mi quan h cng tc ca trung tm trnh tng gim c ph duyt.

9. Cng vi ban t chc cn b xy dng k hoch o to, o to li v bi dng nghip v cho cn b nhn vin ca trung tm theo quy nh chung ca i.

c. T chc b my trung tm tin hc v o lng :

Trung tm gm 4 phng :

Gim c Trung tm

Phng Tng hp

Phng K thut

Phng o lng & Th nghim

Phng Cng ngh thng tin

Chng II: Tm tt l thuyt 1.Gii thiu chung v truyn hnh s mt t:

Ra i vo cui thp k 90, truyn hnh s mt t ang ngy cng c chp nhn, pht trin rng ri v tr thnh xu th khng th thay i ca truyn hnh th gii trong tng lai. Theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia, truyn hnh s c nhiu u im hn hn so vi cng ngh truyn hnh thng thng m ni bt trc ht l kh nng chng nhiu cao, t nhy cm vi nhiu, c kh nng pht hin sa li v thu tt trong truyn sng a ng. Ngoi ra, truyn hnh s cn cho php tit kim ph tn, truyn c nhiu chng trnh trn cng mt knh sng trong khi truyn hnh tng t phi dng mt knh cho mi chng trnh. Hn th na, truyn hnh s cn c kh nng kho m, qun l chng trnh theo yu cu ng thi cn cho php truyn hnh a phng tin. Hin nay, ang thnh hnh 3 tiu chun cho truyn dn truyn hnh s mt t l DVB-T ca chu u, ATSC ca M v ISDB-T ca Nht Bn. Trong cc h pht hnh s mt t, tiu chun chu u DVB-T t ra c nhiu u im v c hu ht cc nc trn th gii chp nhn.

Hin nay ,chun DVB-T2 ra i l th h th 2 ca chun DVB-T vi nhng ci tin v cht lng v k thut.

2.Tng qut v chun DVB-T:

Nm 1997, khi cc nc chu u gii thiu tiu chun truyn hnh s pht song qung b mt t DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial). DVB-T da trn k thut m ha knh, k thut iu ch ghp knh phn hia theo tn s trc giao OFDM v c gi chung l iu ch m COFDM. Chun DVB c s dng chu u, truyn ti tn hiu video s nn theo chun MPEG-2 qua cp, v tnhv pht truyn hnh mt t. Chun DVB-T c mt s c im nh sau: -M ha Audio tiu chun MPEG-2 lp II -M ha Video chun MP@ML

- phn gii ti a 720x576 im nh

3.Tng qut v chun DVB-T2 : a. S cu trc DVB-T2

b.Cc tiu ch ca chun DVB-T2:

- DVB-T2 phi tun th tiu ch u tin c tnh nguyn tc l tnh tng quan gia cc chun trong h DVB. iu c ngha l s chuyn i gia cc tiu chun DVB phi thun tin cao nht n mc c th, v d gia DVB-S2 (tiu chun truyn hnh s qua v tinh th h th 2 vn ly) v DVB-T2. - DVB-T2 phi k tha nhng gii php tn ti trong cc tiu chun DVB khc. DVB-T2 phi chp nhn 2 gii php k thut c tnh then cht ca DVB-S2, c th: + Cu trc phn cp trong DVB-S2, ng gi d liu trong khung BB (Base Band Frame). + S dng m sa sai LDPC (Low Density Parity Check). - Mc tiu ch yu ca DVB-T2 l dnh cho cc u thu c nh v di chuyn c, do vy, DVB-T2 phi cho php s dng c cc anten thu hin ang tn ti mi gia nh v s dng li cc c s anten pht hin c.

- Trong cng mt iu kin truyn sng, DVB-T2 phi t c dung lng cao hn th h u (DVB-T) t nht 30%. - DVB-T2 phi t c hiu qu cao hn DVB-T trong mng n tn SFN (Single Frequency Network) - DVB-T2 phi c c ch nng cao tin cy i vi tng loi hnh dch v c th. iu c ngha l DVB-T2 phi c kh nng t c tin cy cao hn i vi mt vi dch v so vi cc dch v khc. - DVB-T2 phi c tnh linh hot i vi bng thng v tn s. - Nu c th, phi gim t s cng sut nh/ cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu gim thiu gi thnh truyn sng. Vi nhng cng ngh s dng trong DVB-T2, dung lng d liu t c ti UK ln hn khong 50% so vi DVB-T, ngoi ra DVB-T2 cn c kh

nng chng li phn x nhiu ng (Multipaths) v can nhiu t bin tt hn nhiu so vi DVB-T.

Chng III : Tng quan v nn tn hiu s : 1. Khi nim chung :

Nn tn hiu s (digital signal compression) hay nn d liu (data compression) ngha l biu din tn hiu s bng 1 s lng ln bit t hn. Vi ngha nh vy, nn tn hiu s cn c gi l gim d liu (data reduction). Nn tn hiu s cn c gi l m ha ngun (source coding) tc l biu din ngun tn hiu di dng thch hp vi tng loi ngun tn hiu khc nhau. Nh vy quy trnh nn tn hiu s c thc hin pha ngun, tc l pha pht, trc khi cung cp tn hiu cho knh (cung cp cho truyn dn truyn i hay cung cp cho knh lu tr ghi li tn hiu trn bng, a ).

pha thu tn ti 1 qu trnh ngc li l gii nn (decompression) hay gii m ngun (source decoding).

2. Ti sao phi nn, nn c tc dng g ?

Hai mc ch chnh ca nn tn hiu s l gim dung lng lu tr v gim di thng (bandwith) truyn dn. Gim bt dung lng lu tr dn n thu gn phng tin lu tr, tit kim chi ph lu tr, m rng kh nng ng dng ca cc phng tin lu tr t tin nh RAM. Gim di thng truyn dn cho

php tit kim chi ph truyn dn, c th truyn c nhiu knh truyn di rng khng i, gim c thi gian truyn trn knh di hp, cho php truyn dn trong thi gian thc (real time) hoc thm ch nhanh hn thi gian thc. Th d tn hiu truyn hnh s cha nn cn di thng khong 100MHz trong khi knh truyn hnh tng t hin nay ch rng khong 6 8MHz, tuy nhin nu s dng bin php nn tn hiu thch hp, hon ton c th s dng knh 8MHz truyn vi chng trnh truyn hnh s.

3. Nn trong cc thit b truyn hnh.

Tn hiu truyn hnh, d l tng t hay s u mang mt lng thng tin rt ln, v vy k thut lm gim bng tn lun c s dng trong mi phm vi hot ng. C th k thut qut cch dng l v d u tin thc hin vic lm gim rng bng tn ca tn hiu truyn hnh. Vi mt s lng dng qut v t l khun hnh xc nh, qut cch dng gim rng bng tn yu cu xung cn mt na. Qa trnh ny khng lm mt thng tin, qut cch dng to ra mt cm gic gi do s tc ng gia thng tin v mt (vertical) v thng tin v thi gian, v vy gim c phn gii v mt (vertical) ca hnh

nh. Tuy nhin, do b i s lng ln cc thnh phn khng lin quan nn qut cch dng ch l cch biu din n gin v c gi tr trong thi im ra i m thi. Tht khng may khi qut cch dng v hiu ng gi m n to ra li lm ri lon v gy phc tp cho s nn s. Cu trc MPEG-2 tr nn phc tp hn rt nhiu khi phi c gng duy tr tn hiu qut cch dng, ng thi y cn l nguyn nhn gy mt mt thng tin trong m ho hiu qu so vi tn hiu qut lin tc. V d ng k tip theo l vic gim bng tn i vi tn hiu mu. Camera mu to ra tn hiu RGB, bnh thng th ba tn hiu ny to ra lng thng tin ln gp ba ln tn hiu chi - nhng trong truyn dn, ba tn hiu mu c truyn i vi bng thng ch bng tn hiu en trng. V mt sinh hc, h thng mt ngi rt nhy cm i vi sng, v c th nhn hnh nh vi phn gii rt cao. Nhng mt ngi li khng nhy cm vi thnh phn mu v n cm nhn mu sc vi phn gii tng i thp. Kt qu l vi mt gii hn bng tn, tn hiu en trng thu nhn c l khng r rng th cc thng tin v mu sc vn sc nt. R rng l khng th tn dng

c c im ny khi ta lm vic vi tn hiu RGB khi mi tn hiu u bao gm c thnh phn sng v mu sc. Mt s k thut trong th gii s l hon ton khc nhau nhng li c chung mt nguyn l. V d MPEG chuyn i tn hiu sang dng hiu n lp thng tin khng lin quan. Trong h thng truyn hnh truyn thng, tn hiu RGB ca Camera c chuyn i thnh tn hiu Y, Pb, Pr thnh phn dng cho qu trnh sn xut v m ha thnh tn hiu Video composite truyn dn. Trong cc thit b hin i ngy nay, tn hiu ny c chuyn i thnh Y, Cr, Cb di dng tn hiu s ni tip (SDI) cho qu trnh sn xut hay m ho MPEG cho truyn dn. R rng MPEG l gii php cc nh qung b la chn thay th hiu qu cho tn hiu Video composite. Nhn chung, MPEG c kh nng linh hot hn rt nhiu so vi m ho Video composite v tc bit c th iu chnh mt cch tu ph hp vi lnh vc ng dng. Vi tc bit v phn gii thp, MPEG c th dng cho cc hi tho Video hay ng dng Video phone. DVB v ATSC (tiu chun truyn hnh s qung b ca Chu u v M) s

khng th tn ti c nu khng p dng nn tn hiu v gii thng yu cu l qu ln. Nn tn hiu cn cho php ko di thi gian pht ca cc DVD (Digital Versatile Disk), cho php ghi chn mt phim di ln mt a, khng gy cm gic kh chu cho ngi xem khi phi dng li thay a.

Chng IV : Chun nn MPEG4 : 1. Tng quan v nn nh trong MPEG:

_ M hnh nn nh : Nguyn l ca nn video l loi b cc thnh phn d tha trong chui hnh nh trc khi truyn i hay lu tr. H thng nn video gm 3 thnh phn c bn:

Bi di u n thu l i n

L ng t ha M havide o

Gn t m

X l knh

Gi t i m

Gi i L ng t ha Gi m vide i o

Bi di u n thu l i n

Vide o khi phc

- u tin ca b m ha video, tn hiu video c trnh by di dng thun tin nn c hiu qu nht. im ct yu l phi xc nh ci g c m ha. - Hot ng th hai ca b m ha l lng t ha, gip ri rc ha thng tin c biu din. - Hot ng th ba l gn cc t m. Cc t m l mt chui bit dng biu din cc mc lng t ha.

2. S pht trin ca H.264

_ H.264 cung cp kh nng nn tuyt vi m khng lm suy hao cht lng c th cm nhn c. N t c gn 50% gim tc bit khi so snh vi cc

chun trc y. iu c ngha l bng cch s dng H.264, c th pht nhiu knh hn qua cc ng truyn dn ang tn ti, cc nh cung cp dch v di ng c th truyn dn Video cht lng tt hn vi cng tc bit v cc nh xut bn c th lu tr nhiu hn cc phim trn DVD. Tt c cc vn ny c thc hin bng cch kt ni cc k thut tt nht trong lnh vc nn nn Video. _ Nhng khuyn ngh ca ITU c thit k dnh cho cc ng dng truyn thng Video thi gian thc nh : Video Conferencing hay in thoi truyn hnh. Mt khc, nhng tiu chun MPEG c thit k hng ti mc tiu lu tr Video chng hn nh trn a quang DVD, qung b Video s trn mng cp, ng truyn s DSL, truyn hnh v tinh hay nhng ng dng truyn dng Video trn mng Internet hoc thng qua mng khng dy (wireless). Vi i tng truyn dn Video l mng Internet th ng c vin hng u l chun nn MPEG-4 AVC, cn c gi l H.264, MPEG-4 part 10, H.26L hoc JVT.

 Tnh k tha ca chun nn H.264 : _ Mc tiu chnh ca chun nn H.264 ang pht trin nhm cung cp Video c cht lng tt hn nhiu so vi nhng chun nn Video trc y. iu ny c th t c nh s k tha cc li im ca cc chun nn Video trc y. Khng ch th, chun nn H.264 cn k tha phn ln li im ca cc tiu chun trc l H.263 v MPEG-4 bao gm 4 c im chnh nh sau: _ Phn chia mi hnh nh thnh cc Block, do vy qu trnh x l tng nh c th c tip cn ti mc Block. _ Khai thc trit s d tha v mt khng gian tn ti gia cc hnh nh lin tip bi mt vi m ca nhng Block gc thng qua d on v khng gian. _ Khai thc s ph thuc tm thi ca cc Block ca cc hnh nh lin tip bi vy ch cn m ho nhng chi tit thay i gia cc nh lin tip. _ Khai thc tt c s d tha v khng gian cn li trong nh bng vic m cc block d tha.

Tng quan k thut m ha ca H.264/AVC :

H.264 chp nhn cc k thut c bn ca m ho Video. Tuy nhin k thut t c cc kt qu m ho ny c nhiu thay i. a. Cu trc H.264 : Nhm cc macroblock vo cc Slice vi th t macroblock mm do. Cc Slice I/ P/ SP/ SI/ B. D on chuyn ng kch thc block thay i. Tham chiu a khung. D on chuyn ng vi chnh xc 1/4 pixel. Cc ch d on Intra tng cng. Chuyn i nguyn 4x4. K thut m ho entropy VLC/ CABAC tin tin. Lc tch khi theo vng lp.

b. C ch nn nh ca H.264 (MPEG-4 AVC)

Vi chun nn H264, mi hnh nh c phn chia thnh nhiu Block, mi block tng ng vi mt s lng nht nh cc MacroBlock. Thm vo mi hnh nh c th c phn thnh s nguyn ln cc lt mng (slice), vic ny rt c gi tr cho vic ti ng b trong trng hp li d liu. Mi hnh nh thu c c xem nh mt nh I. nh I l nh c m ho bi vic p dng trc tip cc php bin i ln cc MacroBlock khc nhau trong nh. Cc nh I c m ho s c kch c ln bi n c xy dng t mt khi lng ln thng tin ca bn thn nh hin ti m khng s dng bt c thng tin no t min thi gian trong qu trnh x l m ho tng hiu qu x l m ho bn trong H.264. c. Gim bt d tha Cng ging nh cc b lp gii m khc, H.264 nn video bng cch gim bt d tha c v khng gian v thi gian trong hnh nh. Nhng d tha v mt thi gian l nhng hnh nh ging nhau lp i lp li t khung (frame) ny

sang khung khc. D tha v khng gian l nhng chi tit ging nhau xut hin trong cng mt khung. d. Chn ch , phn chia v ch ng B lp gii m bt u bng vic quyt nh loi khung cn nn ti mt thi im nht nh v chn ch m ho ph hp. Ch "trong khi" to ra nh "I", trong khi ch "gia khi" to ra khung "P" hoc "B". Sau , b m ho s chia nh thnh hng trm hng v ct cc im nh ca nh video s cha nn thnh cc khi nh hn, mi khi c cha mt vi hng v ct im nh. e. Nn theo min thi gian Khi b m ho ang hot ng ch "gia khi" (inter), khi ny s phi qua cng on hiu chnh chuyn ng. Qu trnh ny s pht hin ra bt k chuyn ng no din ra gia khi v mt khi tng ng mt hoc hn mt nh tham chiu c lu tr t trc, sau to ra mt khi "chnh

lch" hoc "li". Tip n l cng on bin i csin ri rc (DCT) bt u nn theo min khng gian. Khi b m ho hot ng ch "trong khi" (intra), khi ny s b qua cng on hiu chnh chuyn ng v ti thng cng on DCT.

S khi m ho MPEG, ng t nt c trng cho phn b sung ca MPEG-4 AVC trong vic nn theo min khng gian.

f. Nn theo min khng gian

_ Cc khi thng c cha cc im nh tng t hoc thm ch ging ht nhau. Trong nhiu trng hp, cc im nh thng khng thay i my (nu c). Nh vy c ngha l tn s thay i gi tr im nh trong khi ny l rt thp. Nhng khi nh th c gi l khi c tn s khng gian thp. B lp m li dng c im ny bng cch chuyn i cc gi tr im nh ca khi thnh cc thng tin tn s trong cng on bin i csin ri rc.

Bin i cosin ri rc:

_ Cng on DCT bin i cc gi tr im nh ca khi thnh mt ma trn gm cc h s tn s ngang, dc t trong khng gian tn s. Khi khi ban u c tn s khng gian thp, DCT s tp hp phn ln nng lng tn s vo gc tn s thp ca mng. Nh vy, nhng h s tn s thp gc s c gi tr cao hn. _ Mt s lng ln cc h s khc cn li trn ma trn u l cc h s c tn s cao, nng lng thp v c gi tr thp. H s DC v mt vi h s tn s thp

s hm cha phn ln thng tin c m t trong khi ban u. iu ny c ngha l b lp m c th loi b phn ln h s tn s cao cn li m khng lm gim ng k cht lng hnh nh ca khi. _ B lp m chun b cc h s cho cng on ny bng cch qut cho mng li theo ng zig-zag, bt u t h s DC v qua v tr ca cc h s ngang dc tng dn. Do vy n to ra c mt chui h s c sp xp theo tn s.

Lng t ho v m ho entropy:

_ Ti y thao tc nn khng gian mi thc s din ra. Da trn mt h s t l (c th iu chnh bi b m ho), b lng t ho s cn i tt c cc gi tr h s. Do phn ln h s i ra t DCT u mang nng lng cao nhng gi tr thp nn b lng t ho s lm trn chng thnh 0. Kt qu l mt chui cc gi tr h s c lng t ho bt u bng mt s gi tr cao u chui, theo sau l mt hng di cc h s c lng t ho v 0. B lp m entropy

c th theo di s lng cc gi tr 0 lin tip trong mt chui m khng cn m ho chng, nh vy gim bt c khi lng d liu trong mi chui.